Phragmidiaceae

Tversted Å, Jylland, Danmark

Mushroom Observer Image 148232: Gymnoconia nitens (Schwein.) F. Kern & Thurst.

Mushroom Observer Image 226479: Phragmidium tuberculatum Jul. Müll.

Dilston, Tasmania, Australia

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Mushroom Observer Image 323757: Gymnoconia nitens (Schwein.) F. Kern & Thurst.

Mushroom Observer Image 226487: Phragmidium tuberculatum Jul. Müll.

Dilston, Tasmania, Australia

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Mushroom Observer Image 323760: Gymnoconia nitens (Schwein.) F. Kern & Thurst.

Mushroom Observer Image 226489: Phragmidium tuberculatum Jul. Müll.

Dilston, Tasmania, Australia

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Mushroom Observer Image 323761: Gymnoconia nitens (Schwein.) F. Kern & Thurst.

Tabberabbera, Victoria, Australia

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)!Rose Rust, Common Leaf Rust, DE: RosenrostSlo.: rja vrtnicDat.: April 24. 2017Lat.: 45.08710 Long.: 14.44961Code: Bot_1049/2017_DSC7443Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Place: West part of Krk Island, between villages Brzec and Poljica, Adriatic Sea, Kvarner bay, Croatia EC. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region.Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds.Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores.Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum

Slo.: rja vrtnic - syn.: Puccinia mucronata Pers., Phragmidium rosae (Pers.) Rostr., and more than 50 other names (Index Fungorum)! - Habitat: (sub)mediterranean maquis scrubland; narrow, dirt road side, almost flat terrain, calcareous, skeletal ground, Karst region; warm, dry and quite sunny place; average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevation 125 m (410 feet), (sub)mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: small, living shrub of Rosa sp. (canina ?) leaves and buds. Comments: Phragmidium mucronatum is a common rust fungus growing on roses (Rosa). It feeds off the plants own supplies thereby weakening it. This is the reason why gardeners hate it. Taxonomy of rust fungi is very 'difficult' (see number of synonym names for Phragmidium mucronatumit above!). Also its life cycle is very complex. Leaf rust of roses grows through several different stages. It produces four different forms of spores. The original pustules (aecia) produce aecidospores (each spore has two nuclei, they appear usually in chains), which infect other leaves or other parts of the plant and in turn produce the yellow-orange pustules and wounds. They form urediniospores (dikaryotic spores, which disperse widely, spreading infection), which germinate to form black pustules. They contain teliospores (thick-walled resting spores) which overwinter on fallen leaves, to germinate in the spring producing basidiospores (spores produced by specialized fungal cells called basidia), which are blown by wind. Pictures show the orange, spring time stage with urediospores. Urediospores not smooth, minutely, (sharply ?) warted; spores of irregular shape. Dimensions: 20 [24.3 ; 26.2] 30.5 x 15.3 [19.9 ; 21.9] 26.5 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.5; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 25.2 x 20.9 microns ; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (squash), dry material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) http://eol.org/pages/1009444/hierarchy_entries/51043771/media (2) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Phragmidium (3) http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/383622-Phragmidium-mucronatum