dcsimg

Associations ( Inglês )

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Foodplant / pathogen
Discula destructiva infects and damages live stem of Cornus florida
Other: major host/prey

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Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: frequency, severity

Hodgkins [43] observed that fire-caused mortality in small hardwoods is
related to diameter, season of burn, weather, frequency of fire, and the
amount of heat received at the ground line. In relatively hot, dry
portions of eastern Texas, flowering dogwood was killed by winter,
spring, and fall burns repeated after 2 years [43]. Hot annual summer
fires may be necessary to kill small hardwoods in moist areas of the
Southeast. Gill and Healy [31] reported that flowering dogwood can
survive infrequent low severity winter fires when plants are at least 10
to 15 feet (3-5 m) in height.

Fire-caused mortality of flowering dogwood is correlated with the amount
of heat received at the cambium. The mean time required for the cambium
to reach lethal temperatures (approximately 140 degrees F [60 degrees
C]) has been reported as follows [39]:

bark thickness seconds required for cambium
(in inches) to reach 140 degrees F

0.20 30.4
0.30 59.4
0.40 126.2
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citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: basal area, cover, crown fire, density, forest, fruit, prescribed burn, seed, surface fire, tree

Cover: The cover of flowering dogwood was estimated at 33.7 percent of
the total basal area on unburned plots in a loblolly pine community of
North Carolina [70]. After a surface fire, crown cover was reduced to
14.6 percent of the total basal area and accounted for only 10.2 percent
after a crown fire. Specific results are as follows [70]:

density % freq. % basal area

unburned 13.1 100 4.47
surface fire 7.3 80 0.80
crown fire 10.6 90 0.70

Fruit/seed production: Landers [53] reported that fruit production may
be greater during the first year after fire. Average fruit yields were
as follows after a winter prescribed burn in the Southeast [88]:

1973 1975
(preburn) (1 yr. after burn)

burn 0.86 30.75
control 1.12 9.21

On the George Washington National Forest, West Virginia, a spring prescribed
fire increased total flowering dogwood density in a mixed-hardwood forest.
Average flowering dogwood seedling densities before fire and in postfire
year 5 were 605 and 737 seedlings/acre, respectively; flowering dogwood sprout
densities were 1,158 sprouts/acre before and 1,553 sprouts/acre 5 years after
the fire. See the Research Paper of Wendel and Smith's [104] study for details
on the fire prescription and fire effects on flowering dogwood and 6 other
tree species.

Cushwa and others [17] reported postfire decreases in seed production in
Georgia.

The Research Project Summary Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and
eastern white pine stand in Michigan
provides information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of plant community species, including flowering
dogwood, that was not available when this species review was written.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
flowering dogwood
cornel
boxwood
arrowwood
white cornel
Cornelian tree
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Flowering dogwood has been placed on the protected list in many of the
states in which it occurs [61].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

Flowering dogwood provides good cover for many wildlife species [31].
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: drupe, fruit, root crown, shrub, tree

Flowering dogwood is a multibranched shrub or small tree that commonly
reaches 16 to 49 feet (5-15 m) in height [31,76]. In the South, plants
may grow 40 feet (12 m) tall with a d.b.h. of 18 inches (46 cm) [61],
but in the North, flowering dogwood more often grows as a multibranched
shrub, reaching heights of 10 to 13 feet (3-4 m) [86]. Flowering
dogwood is characterized by a broad, rounded crown [21,32]. Several
trunks may develop from a single root crown [76]. Rooting depths are
generally shallow and often less than 3 feet (1 m) [1]. The large,
simple, opposite leaves generally average 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) in
length [61].

Fruit is a glabrous, smooth, yellow to red, berrylike drupe [87] that
averages 0.6 inch (1.5 cm) in length and are borne in clusters of two to
six [32,79]. Flowering dogwood fruit tends to be heavier at higher
latitudes [99]. Each drupe contains one to two cream-colored, ellipsoid
seeds averaging 0.3 to 0.4 inch (7-9 mm) in length [33,87].

Important distinctions between commonly recognized varieties and forms
are summarized below [60,65,79]:

var. urbiniana - bracts narrower, twigs grayer, with
larger drupes.
var. pringlei - bracts fused.
f. xanthocarpa - drupes yellow.
f. rubra - red involucral bracts.
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Flowering dogwood grows from central Florida northward to southwestern
Maine [32,65,87] and extends westward through southern Ontario to
central Michigan, central Illinois, Missouri, southeastern Kansas,
eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas [57,65]. The variety urbiniana (or
subspecies) is found in the mountains of Nuevo Leon and Veracruz in
eastern Mexico [27,65,79]. The form xanthocarpa occurs in parts of New
York [79].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire regime, root crown, seed

Flowering dogwood is well adapted to periodic fire [50]. Plants
commonly sprout from the root crown after aboveground vegetation is
damaged or destroyed. Seedling establishment by means of bird and
mammal-dispersed seed is also commonly observed.

Flowering dogwood can persist in some fire-maintained seral communities
[67]. In the southern Appalachians, vegetative shifts toward scarlet
oak, hickories, red maple, sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), and flowering
dogwood have been reported after fire where preburn communities were
dominated by yellow poplar, chestnut oak, northern red oak (Quercus
rubra), and white oak [29].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, phanerophyte

Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (mesophanerophyte)
Undisturbed State: Phanerophyte (microphanerophyte)
Burned or Clipped State: Chamaephyte
Burned or Clipped State: Hemicryptophyte
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: hardwood, mesic

Flowering dogwood grows in mesic deciduous woods, on floodplains,
slopes, bluffs, and in ravines [33,87,100]. It also occurs in gum
swamps, along fencerows, and in oldfield communities [15]. Growth is
often poor on dry, upland slopes and ridges [65]. Flowering dogwood
grows as an understory associate in many hardwood and conifer forests
throughout eastern North America [65].

Plant associates: In addition to those identified in the Distribution
and Occurrence slot, common overstory associates include scarlet oak
(Quercus coccinea), southern red oak (Q. falcata), post oak (Q.
stellata), pitch pine (Pinus rigida), slash pine (P. elliottii),
Virginia pine (P. virginiana), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera),
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), red
maple (Acer rubrum) [37,65]. Understory associates are numerous and
often include serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), blueberries (Vaccinium
spp.), and brambles (Rubus spp.) [8,46].

Soils: Flowering dogwood occurs on soils that vary from moist, deep
soils to light-textured, well-drained upland soils [65] but most
commonly occurs on coarse to medium-textured acidic soils [2,86].
Abundance generally increases with better drainage and lighter soil
textures. It is often virtually absent on heavy, poorly drained soils
[65]. Soil pH generally ranges from 6 to 7 [28]. Common parent
materials include gravel, sandstone, and limestone [87].

Elevation: In the southern Appalachians, flowering dogwood grows from
sea level to 4,931 feet (0-1,500 m) [22] but does best on flats and
lower or middle slopes from 1,000 to 4,000 feet (304-1,219 m) in
elevation [28]. In the Great Smoky Mountains flowering dogwood grows
below 3,000 feet ( less than 914 m) [96].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
23 Eastern hemlock
44 Chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
70 Longleaf pine
75 Shortleaf pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
110 Black oak
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES39 Prairie
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K083 Cedar glade
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
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cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: prescribed burn

Flowering dogwood has been variously described as a fire-tolerant [53]
and fire-intolerant species [34]. Its bark is among the thinnest of all
eastern trees [40], and mature individuals are readily damaged by fire
[65]. Approximately 50 percent of all flowering dogwood stems were
top-killed by fire in south-central New York [89] and 58 percent
mortality was reported after a prescribed burn in a 22-year old loblolly
pine plantation in Tennessee [101]. All aboveground portions of the
plants died within 1 year of a fire in the Northeast [31].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, fruit

Fruit: Flowering dogwood is a valuable species for wildlife. Its fruit
is readily eaten by many songbirds including the hermit, olive-back, and
gray-cheeked thrushes, veery, northern cardinal, white-throated sparrow,
tufted titmouse, towhees, grosbeaks, thrashers, bluebirds, and juncos
[4,24,38,63,97]. The fruit is particularly important to the American
robin. Flocks often move from the forest edge to the interior as
berries are depleted [4]. The pileated woodpecker, red-headed
woodpecker, red-bellied woodpecker, common crow, common grackle, and
starling also seek out flowering dogwood fruit [24]. Value of fruit to
upland game birds is rated as good [13]. In the Missouri Ozarks,
flowering dogwood fruit is particularly important to the wild turkey
from September to February [31]. Berries are readily eaten by the
eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, gray fox, gray squirrel, black
bear, beaver, white-tailed deer, skunks, and other mammals [31,65,91].

Browse: Beaver occasionally feed on flowering dogwood browse [31] and
sprouts are often heavily browsed by rabbits [65]. In southwestern
Michigan, browse is preferred by cottontail rabbits during the winter
[31] and in parts of Pennsylvania, flowering dogwood is considered an
important deer browse [12]. Deer utilization has reached 25 to 35
percent in parts of southeastern Texas [55].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: codominant

Flowering dogwood commonly grows as a scattered understory species in
many eastern deciduous or coniferous forests. It has been identified as
and important understory dominant or codominant in several eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and white oak (Quercus alba) communities.
Spotted wintergreen (Chimaphila maculata) has been listed as a
codominant. Flowering dogwood is included as an indicator or dominant
in the following community types (cts) classifications:

Area Classification Authority

SC general veg. cts Jones 1990

Shen. Nat'l. Park, VA general veg. cts Hall & Kuss 1989
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Chemical control: Flowering dogwood is moderately difficult to kill
with herbicides [51,66,68,83]. It is intermediately resistant to
glyphosate [95]. Winter treatments are generally less effective than
summer treatments [51]. Good results have been obtained with directed
sprays of Garlon.

Mechanical treatment: Flowering dogwood typically sprouts vigorously
after stems are cut [11]. Plants cut in July or early August tend to
produce the shortest sprouts and smallest sprout clumps. Three years
after treatment, sprout clumps originating from midsummer cuts averaged
2.5 feet (0.8 m) shorter and 1.5 feet (0.5 m) narrower than those from
winter cuts [11].

Silviculture: Flowering dogwood is typically more abundant in lightly
cut stands than in clearcuts [16]. Loftis [58] reported increases in
numbers following shelterwood treatments. In upland oak forests,
greatest abundance is often reached in unthinned stands [42].

Damage: Flowering dogwood can be killed by drought or flooding [31].
It is potentially sensitive to ozone damage [78].

Insects/diseases: Flowering dogwood is susceptible to many insects,
including the dogwood borer, flat-headed borer, dogwood twig borer, twig
girdler, and dogwood scale [65]. Flowering dogwood is now seriously
threatened by dogwood blight, also known as dogwood decline [104,94],
which has affected large numbers of trees from New England to Virginia
[85,94]. The primary cause is believed to be the dogwood anthracnose
fungus, although a combination of factors may be involved [104,85].
Unfavorable environmental factors such as drought or acid rain may
weaken trees, predisposing them to dogwood decline [104]. The dogwood
borer may play a similar role [94]. Some experts see little hope of
saving flowering dogwood in the wild [85].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire management, fruit, phenology

The nutrient value of flowering dogwood varies significantly by plant
part, site history [see Fire Management Considerations], phenology, and
soil moisture levels [19,54].

Browse: Leaves of flowering dogwood are high in calcium, fat, and
fluorine [31,65]. Leaves were found to contain 1.72 percent calcium,
and twigs 1.44 percent [31]. Fluorine content of leaves was 72 p/m in
June but increased to 103 p/m by October [65]. Selected nutrient values
for flowering dogwood browse on unburned sites were reported as follows
[54]:

(percent measured at 15 percent moisture level)
dates protein fat fiber N-free extract ash Ca

spring 10.26 3.82 13.54 51.22 6.16 2.04
summer 6.49 5.61 13.61 51.57 7.72 2.76
fall 5.12 6.84 15.82 48.41 8.13 2.90
winter 4.49 4.30 21.85 48.23 6.13 2.01

Nutrient content of foliage has been measured as follows [65]:

K P Ca Mg S B Cu Fe Mn Zn
oven-dry (mg/kg of foliage) - ppm (mg/kg)

4,000 1,800 27,000 3,000 3,800 23 7- 240- 30- 3-
11,000 3,200 42,000 5,000 7,000 9 380 50 28

Fruit: Fruit of flowering dogwood is high in calcium and fats [65].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IN IL KS KY
LA ME MD MA MI MS MO NH NJ NY
NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX VT WV
ON MEXICO
licença
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citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
Flowering dogwood is highly valued as an ornamental and was first
cultivated in 1731 [9]. Showy blossoms and attractive fall foliage
contribute to its year-round beauty. It is widely used in landscaping
and street plantings [87]. At least 20 cultivars are now available
[65]. Popular cultivars include 'Sweetwater Red,' 'Silveredge,' 'White
Cloud,' 'Spring Song,' 'Gigantea' [61], and 'Welchii' which is
characterized by unique yellow and red variegated leaves [65].

Some Native American peoples made a scarlet dye from the roots of
flowering dogwood [61]. Teas and quinine substitutes were made from the
bark [61]. Plants contain cornine which is used medicinally in parts of
Mexico [27]. The bright red fruits are poisonous to humans [65].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fruit

Flowering dogwood is fairly palatable to deer in southeastern Texas
[54]. Palatability may be somewhat higher in parts of Pennsylvania
[12]. The fruit of flowering dogwood is highly palatable to a wide
variety of birds and mammals.
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, fruit, seed

Vegetatative growth occurs throughout most of the summer but may cease
during periods of adverse weather conditions [56]. In a Massachusetts
study, seedlings grew from April 24 through September 4, although 90
percent of the total growth took place from May 15 through August 18
[65]. Growth was most rapid during the first week of August [65].
Laboratory tests indicate that short day lengths can force plants into
premature dormancy [28]. Rapid diameter growth typically lasts 80 to 90
days [28]. New floral and vegetative buds become evident in August,
develop somewhat during the summer months, remain dormant through the
winter, and expand the following spring [36]. Flowers develop with
[86,87] or before the leaves [61]. In Ohio, Gorchov [103] reported a
mean average of 138 days between flowering and fruit ripening.
Flowering typically occurs in mid-March in the South and as late as May
in the North [65]. Flowering and fruiting dates by geographic location
are as follows:

Location Flowering Fruiting Authority

FL Panhandle April-June ---- Clewell 1985
Great Plains March-May ---- Great Plains Flora
Association 1986
NC, SC March-April Sept.-Oct. Radford & others 1968
n-c Plains April-May late Sept. Stephens 1973
New England May 8-June 12 ---- Seymour 1985
ON late May Aug.-Sept. Soper & Heimburger 1982
TX late March-early May Sept. Simpson 1988, Lesser &
Wistendahl 1974
WV ---- Sept. Pack 1942

Seed dispersal occurs from mid-October to November or later [56]. In
West Virginia, latest fruit persistence was recorded on December 2; in
Texas, some seed persisted until January [56]. Leaves turn a deep red
in late September [87] and leaf fall occurs from early October to early
November [28].
licença
cc-publicdomain
citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fire frequency, fire severity, frequency, hardwood, root crown, severity

Flowering dogwood usually sprouts profusely from the stump or root crown
after plants are top-killed or damaged by fire [31,65]. Specific
postfire response is related to fire severity and intensity, season of
burn, site factors, and fire frequency. Postfire recovery is generally
more rapid after surface fires than after crown fires [70] [see
Qualification and Discussion of Plant Response to Fire].

In south-central New York, Swan [89] reported an average of 7.2 sprouts
per top-killed stem. Postfire increases in sprout numbers have been
reported in oak-hickory stands of Missouri and in upland hardwood stands
of northern Alabama [45,59,65]. Prefire frequency of flowering dogwood
was measured at 1, with stem densities of 153 per acre (378/ha). Ten
years after fire, frequency had climbed to 9, with stem densities of 267
per acre (660/ha) [59]. Increases in stem density were recorded after 2
burns in an oak-pine stand of Kentucky [98]. However, frequent fires at
short intervals can reduce the relative number of flowering dogwood
stems. Comparisons of flowering dogwood on an annually burned plot and
on an adjacent plot left undisturbed for 15 years are as follows [23]:

# stems/acre rel. dom. % rel. dens. % freq. %

15 yr. 115 2 73 5
annual burn 8 < 1 13 7
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citação bibliográfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: fruit, layering, natural, root crown, scarification, seed, stratification

Flowering dogwood reproduces through seed as well as by vegetative
means.

Seed: Plants grown from seed often produce seed as early as 6 years of
age [9,65,73]. Six-year old sprouts with a diameter of 0.75 inch (19
mm) and height of 4 feet (1.2 m) have also reportedly produced seed
[65]. Good seed crops are produced every 2 years, with crop failures
likely in 1 of 4 years [56]. Pack [71] reported that 71 percent of all
plants bore fruit during a single year, with average yields of 0.50
quart (0.4 l). An annual average of 1,417 fruits per acre (3,500/ha)
was reported in oak-hickory stands and up to 27,530 per acre (68,000/ha)
in openings [14]. Flowers are pollinated by beetles, bees, butterflies,
and flies [24]. Seeds are dispersed by birds, mammals, and gravity
[65].

Germination: Flowering dogwood is characterized by delayed germination
due to embryo dormancy [65]. Under natural conditions, seeds overwinter
before germination occurs [72], and some seeds do not germinate until
the second spring [9]. Warm, moist stratification for 60 days followed
by long periods (120 days) of cold temperatures increases germination
[5,9]. Chemical or mechanical scarification can also promote
germination. Results of specific germination tests are as follows [9]:

test conditions germ. energy germ.
light duration amount period capacity

8 hrs. 60 days 14-45% 15-20 days 35 %

Seedling establishment: Adequate soil moisture is necessary for
successful establishment and growth of flowering dogwood seedlings [44].
Seedling survival is generally best on moist, rich, well-drained soils
[56] and at stand margins [65].

Vegetative regeneration: Flowering dogwood often sprouts vigorously
after plants are cut or burned. Plants sprout best after winter
fellings; those cut in midsummer produce the fewest stump sprouts
[31,65] [see Management Considerations - mechanical treatment]. Greater
sprout height growth has been correlated with increasing stump diameter
[65]. An increase of 0.3 feet (9 cm) has been reported for every 1 inch
(2.5 cm) increase in stump diameter.

Sprouting from the root crown has been reported after fire. Multiple
stems commonly develop from a single surviving root crown [33].
Flowering dogwood also reproduces through layering [65]. Epicormic
branching has been reported [28].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Inglês )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest, hardwood, seed, tree

Flowering dogwood is very tolerant of shade and is capable of persisting
beneath a forest canopy [65]. Although it commonly grows as a
suppressed understory tree, it is also important in gap closure and
grows in several strata in stands with a multicanopied structure [93].
Flowering dogwood is physiologically plastic [93] and can also occupy
seral communities such as certain clearcuts and oldfield communities
[3,64]. It also grows in seral, fire-maintained sandhill communities
[67]. McDonnell [64] observed that flowering dogwood was absent until
the third year after fields were abandoned but continued to invade
through the twelfth year of the study. Scattered patches of flowering
dogwood are common in young fields [64]. Because seed is primarily
bird-dispersed, seedling concentrations often occur beneath powerlines
and poles.

Flowering dogwood occurs in climax magnolia-beech, magnolia-holly
hammock communities, and southern mixed hardwood stands in the South
[26,67,75]. It is present in old-growth white oak forests of
southwestern Pennsylvania and in old-growth beech-oak stands of South
Carolina [47]. In parts of the South, flowering dogwood commonly grows
in pine stands which are seral to climax hardwood forests [28].
Billings [7] reported that it commonly appears when shortleaf pine
stands are 40 to 50 years old. Flowering dogwood is typically an
important transitional species as pine is replaced by hardwoods in
southern mixed hardwood forests, but has been slow to reinvade these
types of stands in central Florida [41].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

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More info for the term: fruit

Flowering dogwood is a member of the subgenus Cynoxylon within the
family Cornaceae [27,61]. The currently accepted scientific name is
Cornus florida L. [49]. Earlier taxonomists recognized several
subspecies or varieties, but most are no longer accepted. The following
varieties are currently recognized by many authorities [60,65]:

Cornus florida var. urbiniana Wang.
Cornus florida var. florida
Cornus florida var. pringlei

These varieties are distinguished primarily on the basis of differences
in floral and vegetative morphology. Several forms, including those
with pink or yellow flowers and red or yellow fruit, have been
identified [24,61]. Commonly recognized forms are as follows [79]:

Cornus florida f. rubra (Weston) Palmer & Steyeim.
Cornus florida f. xanthocarpa Rehder
Cornus florida f. pendula (Dipp.) Schelle
Cornus florida f. pluribracteata Rehder

Flowering dogwood is not known to hybridize with any other species [65].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: hardwood, layering, seed, softwood

Flowering has been planted on strip-mined lands in Indiana [10] and
grows as volunteers on surface-mined lands in Missouri, Kansas, and
Oklahoma [92].

Flowering dogwood can be propagated by seed, root cuttings, layering,
and grafting [9,31]. Seed may be planted immediately or stratified for
spring plantings [9]. Cleaned seed averages approximately 4,500 per
pound (9,920/kg) [65]. Summer softwood cuttings, winter hardwood
cuttings, grafts, suckers, and budding can be used to propagate
flowering dogwood [65]. Flowering dogwood can be difficult to
transplant [91]. Seedlings with a root ball are preferred over bareroot
transplants; plants at the beginning of the third growing season are
generally best suited for transplanting [65].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( Inglês )

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The brownish wood of flowering dogwood is hard, strong, heavy, fine
grained, and shock resistant [9,22,61,87]. It was formerly used for
shuttles in the textile industry, and has also been used for tool
handles, charcoal, wheel cogs, mauls, hay forks, and pulleys [61]. The
wood is occasionally used to make specialty items such as golf club
heads, turnery, roller-skate wheels, jeweler's blocks, knitting needles,
and woodcut blocks [9,61,87].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Cornus florida. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Chile Central
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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por North American Flora
Cornus florida L. Sp. PI. 117. 1753
Benlhamidia florida Spach, Hist. Veg. 8: 107. 1839.
Cynoxylon floridum Britt. & Shaf. N. Am. Trees 744. 1908.
Benthamia florida Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 23: 41. 1909. (Nomen nudum.)
vSmall trees, or sometimes shrubs; branchlets green or red, minutely strigillose, becoming grey, the pith brown; bark of the trunk grey, fissured in roughly rectangular blocks; leaf-blades commonly 5-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. broad (sometimes up to 12 cm. long, 6.5 cm. broad), ovate to elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, cuneate and often asymmetric at the base, strigillose on both surfaces and paler beneath and somewhat villose along the midrib and veins especially when young; veins 4-6 on either side of the midrib, usually 4 arising from its basal half; petioles commonly about 1 cm. long, occasionally to 2 cm. ; inflorescence appearing in autumn, the subtending cataphylls narrowly lanceolate, ferruginous ventrally with a hoary-strigillose tip, the lower pair deciduous with the foliage (except sometimes in western plants), the upper persisting through the winter; bracts of the involucre 4, at anthesis commonly 3-15 cm. long, 2.5-4.5 cm. broad, white, parallel-veined, obcordate, the retuse apex callose, minutely pubescent dorsally especially at base and apex; flowers yellowish, 20-30 in a cluster 1—1.5 cm. across, subtended by an inner ring of obtuse bracts (? prophylls) each about 1 mm. long and broad; hypanthium 2.5 mm. high, canescent; calyx 2 mm. high, campanulate, the sepals united about half their length; petals 3.5 mm. long, revolute; style 2-2.5 mm. long; drupe red (drying black), about 1.5 cm. long, 0.S cm. broad, ellipsoid, crowned by the persistent calyx and style, usually 1-6 in a cluster, the endocarp about 1.0 cm. long, 0.5 cm. broad, smooth, acute.
Type locality: "Virginia."
Distribution: Southern Maine and southern Ontario to eastern Kansas, south to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern Texas.
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Albert Charles Smith, Mildred Esther Mathias, Lincoln Constance, Harold William Rickett. 1944-1945. UMBELLALES and CORNALES. North American flora. vol 28B. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Associated Forest Cover ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
The wide geographical range of flowering dogwood, and the diverse soils on which it is found, is indicative of a large number of associated species. Dogwood is specifically mentioned in 22 of the 90 Society of American Foresters forest cover types (3). Cover types range from Jack Pine (Type 1) and Beech - Sugar Maple (Type 60) in the North to Longleaf Pine (Type 70) in the South. Common associates include white, red, and black oaks Quercus alba, Q. falcata, Q. velutina), yellow-poplar, sassafras (Sassafras albidum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and longleaf, loblolly, shortleaf, slash, and Virginia pines (Pinus palustris, P. taeda, P, echinata, P. elliottii, and P. virginiana). A complete list of species found with dogwood would include a majority of the trees growing in the Eastern United States.

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Climate ( Inglês )

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Precipitation within the range of flowering dogwood varies from 760 mm (30 in) in the North to 2030 mm (80 in) in the southern Appalachians. Warm season precipitation varies from about 510 mm (20 in) in southern Michigan to 860 mm (34 in) in northern Florida, and annual snowfall ranges from none in Florida to more than 127 cm (50 in) in the North (15). Average annual temperature is 21° C (70° F) in the South and 7° C (45° F) in the North, with temperature extremes of 46° to -34° C (115° to -30° F). Growing season ranges from 160 days in southern Michigan to more than 300 days in Florida (12).

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Damaging Agents ( Inglês )

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Because of its thin bark, flowering dogwood is readily injured by fire. Its profuse sprouting ability may actually increase the number of stems in fire-damaged stands, however (12). Flooding also is detrimental to flowering dogwood.

Little is known of the pest status of insects associated with wild flowering dogwoods, but many insects have been identified attacking cultivated ornamentals. The dogwood borer (Synanthedon scitula) is a noteworthy pest of cultivated flowering dogwood. Other damaging insects include flatheaded borers (Chrysobothris azurea and Agrilus cephalicus), dogwood twig borer (Oberea tripunctata), the twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata), scurfy scale (Chionaspis lintneri), and dogwood scale (C. corni) (1). Dogwood club gall, a clublike swelling on small twigs, is caused by infestations of midge larvae (Resseliella clavula) and is a serious problem in some areas (10). The redhumped caterpillar (Schizura concinna), a tussock moth (Dasychira basiflava), io moth (Automeris io), and scarab beetles (Phyllophaga spp.) are among the numerous leaf feeders attacking dogwood (1). Introduced pests of flowering dogwood include the Japanese weevil (Pseudocneorhinus bifasciatus) and Asiatic oak weevil (Crytepistomus castaneus) (8).

Basal stem canker, caused by the fungus Phytophthora cactorum, may girdle the tree and is the most lethal disease. Target cankers (Nectria galligena) sometimes occur on the trunk and limbs, and Armillaria mellea has been found on dogwoods. Leafspot (Cercospora cornicola) attacks seedlings, and Meliodogyne incognita causes severe root galling, associated with dieback and premature leaf fall in seedlings. Twig blight, caused by the fungus Myxosporium nitidum, may cause dieback of small twigs. Leaf spots and dieback of flowers are caused by Botrytis cinerea, Elsinoe corni, and Septoria cornicola, while Ascochyta cornicola may result in shrivelling and blackening of the leaves (7). Verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum) attacks dogwood (15), and the cherry leafroll, tobacco ringspot, and tomato ringspot viruses have been isolated from dogwood leaves (13).

Noninfectious diseases include sunscald, mechanical and drought injury, and freezing. Dogwood reproduction is often browsed heavily by deer and rabbits.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Inglês )

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Flowering dogwood has many crowded, small, yellowish perfect flowers, borne in terminal clusters in the spring before the leaves appear, and surrounded by four snow-white, petal-like bracts. The bracts form "flowers" 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) across and provide a spectacular display in the springtime. Occasionally, trees with salmon-colored or light-pink bracts are found in nature. Pink and red flowering dogwoods and other cultivars with special ornamental characteristics are commonly propagated from clones by commercial nurseries. Dates of flowering range from mid-March in the South to late May in the North.

The clustered fruits of flowering dogwood are bright red drupes about 13 mm. (0.5 in) long and 6 mm (0.25 in) in diameter with thin, mealy flesh. Each fruit contains a two-celled, usually two-seeded, bony stone. In many stones, only one seed is fully developed. The fruits ripen from September to late October (10). Trees grown from seed commonly flower and produce fruits when 6 years old. Flowers also have been observed on trees of sprout origin at 6 years, when stump diameter is 19 mm (0.75 in), and height is 1.2 m (4 ft).

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Genetics ( Inglês )

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Near the northern limits of its range, flowering dogwood becomes a many-branched shrub (15). Other than this, little is known of population differences other than the tendency for fruit weights to decrease with decreasing latitude and increasing length of growing season (16).

More than 20 cultivars of flowering dogwood are sold commercially in the United States (17). Four clones of flowering dogwood most commonly propagated as ornamentals are Cornus florida f. pendula (Dipp.) Schelle, with pendulous branches, Cornus florida f. rubra (West.) Schelle, with red or pink involucral bracts, Cornus florida f. pluribracteata Rehder, with six to eight large and several small bracts on the inflorescence, and Cornus florida f. xanthocarpa Rehder, with yellow fruit. Another cultivar, called Welchii, has yellow and red variegated leaves and is offered commercially (17).

In addition to these clones, Cornus florida var. urbaniana, a variety found in the mountains of Nuevo León and Veracruz, Mexico, differs from the typical species by its grayer twigs and larger fruit (15).

Flowering dogwood is not known to hybridize with other species.

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Growth and Yield ( Inglês )

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The maximum size obtained by a flowering dogwood is 16.8 in (55 ft) in height and 48 cm (19 in) in d.b.h. as recorded in the American Forestry Association's register of champion trees. Heights on good sites of 9 to 12 in (30 to 40 ft) are common, with ranges in d.b.h. of 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in). On poorer sites, d.b.h. of mature trees may range from only 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in). Near the northern limits of its range, dogwood is a many-branched shrub (15). Height growth in the southern Appalachians is reported to be fairly rapid for the first 20 to 30 years, but then it practically ceases. Individual plants may live for 125 years. Annual growth rings are usually 2 to 4 mm (0.06 to 0.15 in) wide (12).

Flowering dogwood seldom if ever grows in pure stands. Thus, because it is usually a small, understory tree, little or no information is available concerning growth and yield on a per-acre basis. Moreover, it is treated as a weed tree in timber stand improvement operations more often than it is grown for its commercial value. One estimate has indicated that yields of 12.6 m³/ha of boltwood (2 cords/acre) may be cut on good sites, but it takes 15 to 20 times the area to obtain half this amount in other locations (15). No estimates of the volume of flowering dogwood are available for the entire range of the species. One writer noted that in six Southern States, where production is concentrated, a volume of 2.82 million m³ (99.8 million ft³) in trees 12.7 cm (5 in) d.b.h. and larger was shown by inventories made between 1962 and 1971 (12). This indicates a supply of more than 2.55 million m³ (1 million cords) within the six States.

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Reaction to Competition ( Inglês )

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Flowering dogwood is an understory species and is classed as very tolerant of shade. Maximum photosynthesis occurs at slightly less than one-third of full sunlight (15). It is tolerant of high temperatures. Soil moisture usually is the limiting factor. In Southern forests, dogwood leaves are often the first to wilt in dry weather. Continuing drought may cause leaves to fall and dieback of tops to occur.

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Rooting Habit ( Inglês )

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The extensive root system of flowering dogwood is extremely shallow. This fact undoubtedly accounts for the susceptibility of this species to periods of drought.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Inglês )

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Dogwood usually produces a good seed crop every other year, but seeds on isolated trees are frequently empty. Thus, seed collections should be made from groups of trees. In a Texas study, 88 percent or more of trees 9 cm (3.4 in) in d.b.h. and larger bore fruit each year. Year-to-year differences were more pronounced in the smaller diameter classes. Average fruit production was 185 kg/m² of basal area (37.9 lb/ft²) (9).

The yield of stones per kilogram of fruit ranges from 0.19 to 0.46 kg (19 to 46 lb/100 lb of fruit). The average number of cleaned stones per kilogram is 9,920 (4,500/lb). Clean, air-dried stones may be stored in sealed containers at 3° C (38° F) for 2 to 4 years (2). Birds and other animals are the primary agents of seed dissemination, although some seeds are scattered by gravity.

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Seedling Development ( Inglês )

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Natural germination of flowering dogwood usually occurs in the spring following seedfall, but some seeds do not germinate until the second spring. Germination is epigeal. Stratification of freshly collected seed at 5° C (41° F) for periods up to 120 days is recommended for overcoming embryo dormancy (2).

Seedlings usually show rapid root growth. In one greenhouse study, an average 6-month-old seedling had 3,000 roots with a total length of 51.2 in (168 ft), compared to 800 roots with a total length of 3.7 in (12 ft) for loblolly pine (15).

This species grows nearly all summer but stops temporarily during periods of adverse conditions. In a Massachusetts nursery, flowering dogwood displayed a height growth pattern different from that of any other species studied. Seedlings grew from April 24 to September 4, and 90 percent of the growth occurred from May 15 to August 18. The most rapid growth occurred during the first week of August (10).

In a North Carolina Piedmont study, flowering dogwood seedlings were planted under three situations: (1) in an open field, (2) under pine stands, and (3) on the margins of pine stands. Survival was significantly higher on the margins of pine stands than on the other two sites, but there was no significant difference in survival between the open field and the pine forest. The intermediate light intensity of the margins apparently provided some advantage. Growth of seedlings was greater in the open than on the margin of the pine forest. Seedlings in the forest were smallest (15).

Transplanting flowering dogwood seedlings with a root ball is preferred over bare-root transplanting, although both methods can be successful (4). Plants entering their third year are well suited for planting in permanent locations. Plants of this age are usually 0.6 to 1 in (2 to 3 ft) tall and can be lifted easily without excessive disturbance of the root system.

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Soils and Topography ( Inglês )

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The species grows on soils varying from deep and moist along minor streams to light textured and well drained in the uplands. It is found most frequently on soils with a pH of 6 to 7 (15). Dominant soil orders (with typical suborders in parentheses) in the range of flowering dogwood, in decreasing order of importance, include Ultisols (Udults and Aquults) in the South and East, Inceptisols (Ochrepts) in the Appalachians, Alfisols (Udalfs) in the Midwest, Spodosols (Orthods and Aquods) in New England and Florida, and Entisols (Psamments) in scattered areas of the Southeast (14). Seedling survival is low and the species is virtually absent on poorly drained clay soils. The frequency of flowering dogwood in forest stands increases as drainage improves and soils become lighter in texture.

Flowering dogwood grows well on flats and on lower or middle slopes, but not very well on upper slopes and ridges. The inability to grow on extremely dry sites is attributed to its relatively shallow root system. It is one of the most numerous species in the understory of loblolly pine and loblolly pine-hardwood stands in the South. As these stands progress toward the hardwood climax, dogwood remains an important subordinate species.

Flowering dogwood is considered a soil improver (7). Its leaf litter decomposes more rapidly than that of most other species, thus making its mineral constituents more readily available. Dogwood foliage decomposes three times faster than hickory (Carya spp.); four times faster than yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), and white ash (Fraxinus americana); and 10 times faster than sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and oak (Quercus spp.) (15). In addition to its rapid decomposition, dogwood litter is an important source of calcium, containing 2.0 to 3.5 percent of this element on an oven-dry basis. The range of major mineral elements, in milligrams per kilogram of foliage (parts per million), is as follows: potassium, 4,000 to 11,000; phosphorus, 1,800 to 3,200; calcium, 27,000 to 42,000; magnesium, 3,000 to 5,000; and sulfur, 3,800 to 7,000. The range of minor elements, in mg/kg (p/m), is boron, 23; copper, 7 to 9; iron, 240 to 380; manganese, 30 to 50; and zinc, 3 to 28 (15).

Dogwood leaves concentrate fluorine and may contain 40 mg/kg (p/m) compared to only 8 mg/kg (p/m) for apple (Malus spp.) and peach (Prunus spp.) leaves grown under similar conditions. In one study, fluorine increased from 72 mg/kg (p/m) in June to 103 mg/kg (p/m) in October, while that of black cherry (Prunus serotina) increased from 5.6 to 11.3 mg/kg (p/m) (15).

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Special Uses ( Inglês )

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Flowering dogwoods are extremely valuable for wildlife because the seed, fruit, flowers, twigs, bark, and leaves are utilized as food by various animals. The most distinguishing quality of dogwood is its high calcium and fat content (5). Fruits have been recorded as food eaten by at least 36 species of birds, including ruffed grouse, bob-white quail, and wild turkey. Chipmunks, foxes, skunks, rabbits, deer, beaver, black bears, and squirrels, in addition to other mammals, also eat dogwood fruits. Foliage and twigs are browsed heavily by deer and rabbits. The quality of browse may be improved by controlled burns in the spring, which increase the protein and phosphoric acid content.

Flowering dogwood also is a favored ornamental species. It is highly regarded for landscaping and urban forestry purposes.

Virtually all the dogwood harvested was used in the manufacture of shuttles for textile weaving, but plastic shuttles have rapidly replaced this use. Small amounts of dogwood are used for other articles requiring a hard, close-textured, smooth wood capable of withstanding rough use. Examples are spools, small pulleys, malletheads, jewelers' blocks, and turnpins for shaping the ends of lead pipes (12).

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Flowering dogwood reproduces by sprouting and sprouts most profusely when cut in late winter. Height growth of sprouts is known to increase with increasing stump diameter. The species also reproduces extensively by layering. Other means of vegetative propagation include softwood cuttings in summer, hardwood cuttings in winter, grafting in winter or spring, suckers and divisions in spring, and budding in the summer. Vegetative reproduction is necessary to propagate plants for characteristics such as fruit retention and color of bracts and fruit.

Flowering dogwood roots readily from cuttings taken in June or immediately after the plants bloom. Cuttings from young trees usually show better growth and survival after rooting than cuttings from mature trees. Only terminal shoot tips trimmed to about 8 cm (3 in) in length and retaining two to four leaves should be used. Bases of cuttings should be dipped in a mixture of indolebutyric acid crystals and talc, one part acid crystals to 250 parts talc by weight (10). Cuttings are then set about 3 cm (1.2 in) deep in the rooting medium and grown under a mist with a photoperiod of at least 18 hours.

The red form of flowering dogwood is difficult to start from cuttings and usually is propagated by budding in late summer or grafting in winter (6).

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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Cornaceae -- Dogwood family

B. F. McLemore

Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) is one of America's most popular ornamental trees. Known to most people simply as dogwood, it has other common names, including boxwood and cornel. The species name florida is Latin for flowering, but the showy petal-like bracts are not in fact flowers. The bright red fruit of this fast-growing short-lived tree are poisonous to humans but provide a great variety of wildlife with food. The wood is smooth, hard and close-textured and now used for specialty products.

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Silvics of North America

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Silvics of North America
The range of flowering dogwood extends from extreme southwestern Maine west to New York, extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, central Illinois, and central Missouri; south to extreme southeast Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, east Texas; and east to north Florida. A variety also grows in the mountains of Nuevo León and Veracruz, Mexico (11).


-The native range of flowering dogwood.


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Silvics of North America

Cornus florida ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

Cornus florida, Escuernacabres floríu[1] o sanguiñuelo floríu, ye una especie perteneciente a la familia de les Cornacees, orixinaria del este de Norteamérica dende Maine meridional al oeste hasta Ontario meridional y Kansas oriental, y al sur hasta Florida septentrional y Texas oriental y tamién en Illinois, con una población separada en Méxicu oriental en Nuevo León y Veracruz.

 src=
En flor
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Ilustración

Descripción

El sanguiñuelo o escuernacabres floríu ye un pequeñu árbol caducifoliu que crez hasta los 10 metros d'altor, de cutiu más anchu qu'alto cuando ye adultu, con un diámetru nel tueru d'hasta 30 cm. Un árbol de 10 años va alzase alredor de 5 m d'altu. Les fueyes son opuestes, simples, ovales con puntes agudes, de 6–13 cm de llargu y 4–6 cm d'anchu, con un cantu aparentemente enteru, pero en realidá dentáu bien finamente, como se ve con una lente; volver d'un ricu pardu acoloratáu na seronda.

Les flores son individualmente pequeñes y non conspicuas, con cuatro pétalos de color mariellu verdosu de 4 mm de llargu. Alredor de 20 flores producir nuna inflorescencia con forma d'umbela, trupa, arrondada, o cabeza floral, d'un diámetru de 1–2 cm. La inflorescencia ta arrodiada por cuatro grandes "pétalos" conspicuos blancos, roses o colloraos, qu'en realidá son bráctees, cada bráctea 3 cm de llargu y 2,5 cm d'anchu, arrondáu y de cutiu con una distintiva mozqueta nel ápiz. Les flores son bisexuales.

Ente que la mayor parte de los árboles monteses tienen bráctees blanques, dalgunos cultivares escoyíes d'esti árbol tienen tamién bráctees roses, dalgunes inclusive cuasi apuerten a un verdaderu colloráu. Florien típicamente a principios d'abril na parte meridional de la so zona de distribución, hasta finales d'abril o principios de mayu en zones septentrionales y de gran altitú. La paecencia Cornus kousa ("escuernacabres de Kousa"), orixinariu d'Asia, floria alredor d'un mes dempués.

El frutu ta nun recímanu de dos a diez drupes, caúna de 10–15 mm de llargu y alredor de 8 mm d'anchu, que maurecen a finales del branu y principios de la seronda hasta un colloráu brillosu, o dacuando mariellu con un toque rosáu. Son una importante fonte de comida pa docenes d'especies d'aves, que depués distribúin les granes.

Hai dos subespecies:

Taxonomía

Cornus florida describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 117. 1753.[2]

Sinonimia
  • Benthamia florida (L.) Nakai
  • Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Britton & Shafer
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf.
var. florida
  • Cornus candidissima Mill.
  • Swida candidissima (Mill.) Small
var. urbiniana (Rose) Wangerin
  • Cornus urbiniana Rose[3]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Nome vulgar preferíu en castellán, en Árboles: guía de campu; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 13: 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión n'español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. «Cornus florida». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 13 d'avientu de 2013.
  3. Cornus florida en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  7. Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Cornus florida

Cornus florida, Escuernacabres floríu o sanguiñuelo floríu, ye una especie perteneciente a la familia de les Cornacees, orixinaria del este de Norteamérica dende Maine meridional al oeste hasta Ontario meridional y Kansas oriental, y al sur hasta Florida septentrional y Texas oriental y tamién en Illinois, con una población separada en Méxicu oriental en Nuevo León y Veracruz.

 src= En flor  src= Vista de la planta  src= Ilustración
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Cornus florida ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
Tango Globe of Letters.svg
L'article necessita millores de traducció.
El text pot tenir parts per traduir o traduccions automàtiques de paraules o títols d'obres que no corresponguin al seu equivalent en català.

Cornus florida, corneller florit[1] o sanguinyol florit, és una espècie pertanyent a la família de les Cornàcies, originària de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord des de Maine meridional a l'oest fins a Ontàrio meridional i Kansas oriental, i al sud fins a Florida septentrional i Texas oriental i també a Illinois, amb una població separada a Mèxic oriental en Nuevo León i Veracruz.

 src=
En flor
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Il·lustració

Descripció

El sanguinyol o corneller florit és un petit arbre caducifoli que creix fins als 10 metres d'altura, sovint més ample que alt quan és adult, amb un diàmetre en el tronc de fins a 30 cm. Un arbre de 10 anys s'alçarà al voltant de 5 m d'alt. Les fulles són oposades, simples, ovals amb puntes agudes, de 6–13 cm de llarg i 4–6 cm d'ample, amb una vora aparentment sencera, però en realitat dentat molt finament, com es veu amb una lent; es tornen d'un ric marró vermellós en la tardor.

Les flors són individualment petites i no conspícues, amb quatre pètals de color groc verdós de 4 mm de llarg. Al voltant de 20 flors es produeixen en una inflorescència amb forma d'umbel·la, densa, arrodonida, o cap floral, d'un diàmetre de 1–2 cm. La inflorescència està envoltada per quatre grans "pètals" conspicus blancs, roses o vermells, que en realitat són bràctees, cada bràctea 3 cm de llarg i 2,5 cm d'ample, arrodonit i sovint amb una distintiva osca en l'àpex. Les flors són bisexuals.

Mentre que la major part dels arbres silvestres tenen bràctees blanques, alguns conreessis seleccionades d'aquest arbre tenen també bràctees roses, algunes fins i tot gairebé arriben a ser un veritable vermell. Floreixen típicament a principis d'abril en la part meridional de la seva zona de distribució, fins a finals d'abril o principis de maig en zones septentrionals i de gran altitud. El semblant Cornus kousa ("cornejo de Kousa"), originari d'Àsia, floreix al voltant d'un mes després.

El fruit està en un ramell de dos a deu drupes, cadascuna de 10–15 mm de llarg i al voltant de 8 mm d'ample, que maduren a la fi de l'estiu i principis de la tardor fins a un vermell brillant, o ocasionalment groc amb un toc rosat. Són una important font de menjar per a dotzenes d'espècies d'aus, que després distribueixen les llavors.

Hi ha dues subespècies:

Taxonomia

Cornus florida va ser descrita per Carlos Linneo i publicat en Species Plantarum 1: 117. 1753.[2]

Sinonímia
  • Benthamia florida (L.) Nakai
  • Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Britton & Shafer
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf.
var. florida
  • Cornus candidissima Mill.
  • Swida candidissima (Mill.) Small
var. urbiniana (Rose) Wangerin
  • Cornus urbiniana Rose[3]

Vegeu també

Referències

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed.
  2. «Cornus florida». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. [Consulta: 13 desembre 2013].
  3. Cornus florida en PlantList

Bibliografia

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  7. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Cornus florida Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Podeu veure l'entrada corresponent a aquest tàxon, clade o naturalista dins el projecte Wikispecies.
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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Cornus florida, corneller florit o sanguinyol florit, és una espècie pertanyent a la família de les Cornàcies, originària de l'est d'Amèrica del Nord des de Maine meridional a l'oest fins a Ontàrio meridional i Kansas oriental, i al sud fins a Florida septentrional i Texas oriental i també a Illinois, amb una població separada a Mèxic oriental en Nuevo León i Veracruz.

 src= En flor  src= Vista de la planta  src= Il·lustració
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Dřín květnatý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Dřín květnatý (Cornus florida) opadavý keř s jednoduchými vstřícnými listy, pocházející ze Severní Ameriky. V České republice je pěstován jako v době květu velmi dekorativní okrasný keř.

Synonyma

dřínovec květnatý, Cynoxylon floridum, Benthamia florida, Benthamidia florida

Popis

Dřín květnatý je rozkladitý keř nebo nevelký strom dorůstající výšky až 12 metrů. Borka na starších kmenech je tmavě šedohnědá a drobně kostkovitě rozpukaná. Listy jsou jednoduché, vstřícně postavené, na okraji nezřetelně oddáleně vroubkované. Čepel je eliptická, široce vejčitá nebo obvejčitá, obvykle 5 až 10 cm dlouhá a 2 až 6 cm široká, obvykle s 5 až 7 páry postranních žilek. Na líci jsou listy sytě zelené a roztroušeně chlupaté, na rubu bělavé a roztroušeně přitiskle chlupaté. Květenství se rozvíjejí v době rašení listů, mají 10 až 15 mm v průměru a jsou podepřena velkými listeny. Listeny jsou bílé nebo narůžovělé, podlouhle obsrdčité, na vrcholu vykrojené až uťaté, až 6 cm dlouhé. Plodem jsou červené přisedlé elipsoidní peckovice. Z jednoho květenství se vyvíjí obvykle jen 3 až 4 plody.[1][2]

Dřín květnatý je přirozeně rozšířen ve východních oblastech USA a zasahuje i do jihovýchodní Kanady. V severovýchodním Mexiku roste izolovaný poddruh Cornus florida ssp. urbiniana.[1][3]

Využití

Je to jeden z nejkrásnějších dřínů. Do kultury byl zaveden již v roce 1730. V Čechách byl poprvé vysazen roku 1835 v pražské Královské oboře. Okrasných kultivarů je dnes již velké množství.[3]

Dřevo dřínu květnatého je velmi pevné a tvrdé a je používáno na soustružnické práce. Kůra kořenů a větví má stimulující a povzbuzující účinky a je v Americe používána jako náhražka chininu.[3]

Pěstování

Dřín květnatý vyžaduje výživné humózní půdy s přídavkem rašeliny. Kultivary se množí vegetativně očkováním na mladé semenáče stejného druhu. Semenáčky rostou pomalu a jsou choulostivé. Nejlépe klíčí osivo získané z nepřezrálých plodů a ihned vyseté. Přesušené osivo je nutno dlouze stratifikovat.[4]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. a b SLAVÍK, Bohumil (editor). Květena České republiky 5. Praha: Academia, 1997. ISBN 80-200-0590-0.
  2. KOBLÍŽEK, J. Jehličnaté a listnaté dřeviny našich zahrad a parků. 2. vyd. Tišnov: Sursum, 2006. ISBN 80-7323-117-4.
  3. a b c Dendrologie online: Cornus florida [online]. Dostupné online.
  4. WALTER, Karel. Praha: Brázda, 2001. ISBN 80-209-0268-6.

Externí odkazy

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Dřín květnatý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Dřín květnatý (Cornus florida) opadavý keř s jednoduchými vstřícnými listy, pocházející ze Severní Ameriky. V České republice je pěstován jako v době květu velmi dekorativní okrasný keř.

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Blüten-Hartriegel ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Blüten-Hartriegel (Cornus florida), auch Amerikanischer Blumen-Hartriegel genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Hartriegel. Er stammt aus dem östlichen Nordamerika und wird in den gemäßigten Gebieten fast weltweit wegen seiner auffälligen Blütenstände gelegentlich als Zierpflanze verwendet.

Beschreibung

 src=
Stamm und Borke
 src=
Gegenständige, einfache, leicht bogennervige Laubblätter
 src=
Illustration

Vegetative Merkmale

Der Blüten-Hartriegel wächst in seinem natürlichen Verbreitungsgebiet als Strauch oder kleiner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von bis zu 12 Metern erreichen kann[1], im Unterwuchs oder am Rand von Wäldern. Am nördlichen Rand seines Verbreitungsgebietes und meist auch in Kultur bleibt er kleiner und wächst strauchförmig[2]. Die Krone ist ausgebreitet bis rundlich, oft wachsen die Seitenzweige fast waagrecht ausgreifend vom Stamm. Die Rinde der Zweige ist anfangs grünlich mit rötlicher Färbung auf der Sonnenseite, später wird sie grau, an dickeren Stämmen entwickelt sich eine rissige Borke. Die Winterknospen lassen sich deutlich in Blatt- und Blütenstandsknospen unterscheiden, letztere sind breit zwiebelförmig.

Das intensive Wurzelsystem bleibt flach unter der Bodenoberfläche, es ist empfindlich gegen Verdichtung, Überschwemmung und mechanische Verletzung. Ausläufer werden nicht gebildet.

Die gegenständig an den Zweigen angeordneten Laubblätter sind in Blattspreite und Blattstiel gegliedert. Die einfach Blattspreite ist 7 bis 12 Zentimeter lang und wie bei vielen anderen Hartriegeln auch geformt: oval, ganzrandig und neben der Mittelrippe mit fünf bis sechs nach vorne gebogenen Seitennerven. Im Austrieb sind sie gelblich grün, im Sommer stumpfgrün gefärbt, die Herbstfärbung ist leuchtend orangerot bis purpur. Die abgefallenen Laubblätter zersetzen sich außergewöhnlich schnell[2].

Generative Merkmale

Im Frühjahr, etwas vor dem Blattaustrieb oder gleichzeitig mit diesem, entfalten sich die Blüten. Etwa zwanzig sind zu kleinen kugelförmigen doldigen Blütenständen vereint, jede Dolde wird von vier weißen, selten auch rosa gefärbten Hochblättern eingefasst. Die Hochblätter sind schon an der Knospe im Winter zu erkennen, etwa 5 bis 10 Zentimeter lang und an der Spitze eingebuchtet. Oft hängen die Hochblätter lange mit den Spitzen aneinander fest, wenn sie sich entfalten.

 src=
Blüten-Hartriegel im Herbst mit Früchten
 src=
Steinkerne

Im Herbst färben sich die länglichen Beeren rot. Im Gegensatz zu den asiatischen Blüten-Hartriegeln verwachsen die einzelnen Früchte des Blütenstandes nicht zu einem Fruchtverband. Die Beeren enthalten einen Kern, der im folgenden Frühjahr keimt, selten erst nach zwei Wintern. Die Früchte werden von zahlreichen Vögeln und Säugetieren gefressen, die damit für die Verbreitung sorgen (Zoochorie).
Einige Quellen sprechen davon, dass die Früchte für Menschen giftig seien[3][4], andere nennen sie essbar.

Chromosomenzahl

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 22.[5]

Vorkommen

Cornus florida stammt aus dem östlichen Nordamerika, vom äußersten Süden Kanadas bis zum nördlichen Florida, von der Atlantikküste bis zum östlichen Texas und Oklahoma[6]. Die Varietät Cornus florida var. urbiniana ist aus dem östlichen Mexiko bekannt.

Der Blüten-Hartriegel meidet trockene und staunasse Standorte, er wächst im Unterwuchs oder am Rand von Laub- und Kiefernwäldern. Cornus florida gedeiht meist auf durchlässigen, humosen Böden mit leicht saurem bis neutralem pH-Wert.

Krankheiten

Der Pilz Discula destructiva, seit 1976 in Nordamerika nachgewiesen, verursacht die sogenannte Blattbräune (Anthracnose), die zum Absterben der Pflanze führt, Cornus florida ist in ihrem Verbreitungsgebiet deutlich dezimiert worden. Feuchte Standorte sind besonders betroffen[7]. Cornus florida kann hier auch von der europäischen Weißbeerigen Mistel befallen werden, ist also ähnlich wie viele andere nordamerikanische Gehölzarten mit inzwischen mistelfesten europäischem Verwandten nicht mistelfest.

 src=
Herbstfärbung und Habitus eines großen Blüten-Hartriegels

Taxonomie

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Cornus florida erfolgte durch Carl von Linné. Das Artepitheton florida bezieht sich nicht auf den US-Bundesstaat Florida, sondern auf die großen Hochblätter.

Verwendung

Innerhalb des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes wird der Blüten-Hartriegel für naturnahe Pflanzungen und Hecken verwendet und ist ein verbreitetes Ziergehölz; er ist die „Staatsblume“ der US-Bundesstaaten Virginia und Missouri. Aufgrund des dichten, weitreichenden Wurzelsystems hemmt er die Erosion von Böden.

Wegen der auffälligen Hochblätter und der roten Herbstfärbung wird der Blüten-Hartriegel als Zierstrauch kultiviert. Er stellt dabei hohe Anforderungen an den Boden, benötigt eine gleichmäßige Wasserversorgung und eine hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit. Auch unter guten Bedingungen wächst er recht langsam mit einem Jahreszuwachs von zehn bis 15 Zentimetern. Deshalb eignet er sich am besten als Solitär-Strauch an besonders gepflegten Standorten.
Obwohl er Schatten erträgt, ist für eine reiche Blüte ein zeitweise besonnter Standort günstiger. An vollsonnigen Standorten ist eine gute Boden- und Luftfeuchtigkeit wichtig.

Es gibt zahlreiche Sorten, vor allem mit besonders großen oder rosa gefärbten Hochblättern. Selten werden auch Hängeformen, Sorten mit panaschierten Blättern oder mit gelben Früchten angetroffen. Einige Sorten besitzen mehr als vier Hochblätter.

  • ‘Cherokee Chief’ – Intensiv rosa gefärbte Hochblätter
  • ‘Cloud Nine’ – Große, weiße Hochblätter
  • ‘Rubra’ – Unter diesem Namen sind verschiedene Typen mit mehr oder weniger intensiv rosa gefärbten Hochblättern im Handel
  • ‘Eddie's White Wonder’ – Eine Hybride zwischen Cornus florida und dem Pazifischen Blüten-Hartriegel (Cornus nuttallii)[8]

Die gärtnerische Vermehrung kann über Samen erfolgen, die nach dreimonatigem Kaltstratifizieren gut keimen. Sorten müssen über Stecklinge oder Veredelung vermehrt werden, damit werden auch schneller verkaufsfertige Pflanzen erzielt[9].

Einzelnachweise

  1. American Forest Association (Hrsg.): National Register of Big Trees, Online-Version (Memento des Originals vom 26. September 2015 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.americanforests.org
  2. a b J. Vimmerstedt: Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.). In: Silvics of forest trees of the United States. S. 162–166. U.S. Department of Agriculture (Hrsg.) 1965.
  3. Der Blüten-Hartriegel im Botanischen Garten Halle
  4. Russell M. Burns: Silvics of North America: Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1990 (google.de [abgerufen am 26. Januar 2020]).
  5. Cornus florida bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  6. Verbreitungskarte (PDF; 746 kB)
  7. TU München: Blattbräune (Anthracnose) beim Blüten-Hartriegel (Memento des Originals vom 3. Januar 2015 im Webarchiv archive.today)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.forst.tu-muenchen.de
  8. J. Hillier, J. Kelly (Hrsg.): Bäume und Sträucher. S. 240. Thalacker 1997.
  9. D. Mac Cárthaigh, W. Spethmann, (Hrsg.): Krüssmanns Gehölzvermehrung. Parey 2000, S. 243.
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Blüten-Hartriegel: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Der Blüten-Hartriegel (Cornus florida), auch Amerikanischer Blumen-Hartriegel genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Hartriegel. Er stammt aus dem östlichen Nordamerika und wird in den gemäßigten Gebieten fast weltweit wegen seiner auffälligen Blütenstände gelegentlich als Zierpflanze verwendet.

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Cornus florida ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cornus florida, the flowering dogwood, is a species of flowering tree in the family Cornaceae native to eastern North America and northern Mexico. An endemic population once spanned from southernmost coastal Maine south to northern Florida and west to the Mississippi River.[4] The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in residential and public areas because of its showy bracts and interesting bark structure.

Classification

The flowering dogwood is usually included in the dogwood genus Cornus as Cornus florida L., although it is sometimes treated in a separate genus as Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach. Less common names for C. florida include American dogwood, Florida dogwood, Indian arrowwood, Cornelian tree, white cornel, white dogwood, false box, and false boxwood.

Two subspecies are generally recognized:

Description

Flowering dogwood is a small deciduous tree growing to 10 m (33 ft) high, often wider than it is tall when mature, with a trunk diameter of up to 30 cm (1 ft). A 10-year-old tree will stand about 5 m (16 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite, simple, ovate, 6–13 cm (2.4–5.1 in) long and 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) broad, with an apparently entire margin (actually very finely toothed, under a lens); they turn a rich red-brown in fall.

Flowering dogwood attains its greatest size and growth potential in the Upper South, sometimes up to 40 feet in height. At the northern end of its range, heights of 30–33 feet are more typical. Hot, humid summer weather is necessary for new growth to harden off in the fall.

The maximum lifespan of C. florida is about 80 years.[5]

The flowers are individually small, inconspicuous, and a hermaphrodite, with four, greenish-yellow petals (not bracts) 4 mm (0.16 in) long. Around 20 flowers are produced in a dense, rounded, umbel-shaped inflorescence, or flower-head, 1–2 cm (0.39–0.79 in) in diameter. The flower-head is surrounded by four conspicuous large white, pink or red bracts (not petals), each bract 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) broad, rounded, and often with a distinct notch at the apex.

When in the wild they can typically be found at the forest edge and frequently on dry ridges. While most of the wild trees have white bracts, some selected cultivars of this tree also have pink bracts, some even almost a true red. They typically flower in early April in the southern part of their range, to late April or early May in northern and high altitude areas. The similar Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa), native to Asia, flowers about a month later.

The fruit is a cluster of two to ten separate drupes, (fused in Cornus kousa), each 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and about 8 mm (0.31 in) wide, which ripen in the late summer and the early fall to a bright red, or occasionally yellow with a rosy blush. They are an important food source for dozens of species of birds, which then distribute the seeds. They are also a larval host plant for several moth varieties, including Eudeilinia herminiata, the dogwood thyatirid moth, Antispila cornifoliella, the stinging rose moth, the grand arches moth,[6] the pecan bark borer,[7] the dogwood borer,[8] the rosaceous leaf roller, the diamondback epinotia moth, spring azures,[9] cecropia moths,[10] and the Io moth. While not poisonous to humans, the fruit is extremely sour and unpleasant-tasting. Flowering dogwood is monoecious, meaning the tree has both male and female flowers, and all trees will produce fruit.

Cultivation

Flowering dogwood does best horticulturally in moist, acidic soil in a site with some afternoon shade, but good morning sun. It does not do well when exposed to intense heat sources such as adjacent parking lots or air conditioning compressors. It also has a low salinity tolerance. The hardiness zone is 5–9 and the preferred pH is between 6.0 and 7.0.[11] In urban and suburban settings, care should be taken not to inflict mower damage on the trunk or roots, as this increases the tree's susceptibility to disease and pest pressure.[11]: 98–100  The common flowering dogwood has been placed on the endangered species list in Ontario.[12][13][14] Sites should be selected for reasonably well-drained, fertile soils; full sun is recommended in high-hazard areas (such as stream or pond banks). New plantings should be mulched to a depth of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in), avoiding the stem. Dead wood and leaves should be pruned and completely removed and destroyed yearly. Plants should be watered weekly during droughts, with watering done in the morning, avoiding wetting the foliage. Registered fungicides can be applied when necessary, according to manufacturers instructions and advice of local Extension Service.[15]

Pink variety flower clusters

Flowering dogwood is grown widely throughout the temperate world.

Selected cultivars[16]
  • 'Amerika Touch-O-Pink' – large bracts, tinged pink; large leaves; good disease resistance.
  • 'Appalachian Spring' – large white bracts; red fall foliage; resistant to dogwood anthracnose.
  • 'Autumn Gold' – white bracts; yellow fall color.
  • 'Barton' – large white bracts; blooms at early age; resistant to stem canker and powdery mildew.
  • 'Bay Beauty' – double white bracts; resists heat and drought; good for Deep South.
  • 'Cherokee Daybreak' – white bract; vigorous grower with variegated leaves.
  • 'Cherokee Chief' – red bracts; red new growth.[17]
  • 'Cherokee Brave' – Even redder than 'Cherokee Chief', smaller bracts but dark red color; consistently resistant to powdery mildew.
  • 'Cherokee Princess' – vigorous white bracts, industry standard for white flowers.
  • 'Cherokee Sunset' – purplish-red bracts; variegated foliage.
  • 'Gulf Coast Pink' – best pink flowering dogwood in Florida – northern part only.
  • 'Hohman's Gold' – white bracts; variegated foliage.
  • 'Jean's Appalachian Snow' – large, overlapping white bracts w/ green flowers; very resistant to powdery mildew.
  • 'Karen's Appalachian Blush' – delicate white bracts edged in pink; some powdery mildew resistance.
  • 'Kay's Appalachian Mist' – stiff, creamy white bracts; red fall foliage; good resistance to powdery mildew.
  • 'Plena' – double white bracts; spot anthracnose-resistant.
  • 'Purple Glory' – red bracts; purple foliage; spot anthracnose-resistant but susceptible to stem canker.
  • 'Weaver White' – large white blooms; large leaves; candelabra shape; good in north-central Florida.

Propagation

Foliage during autumn
Dogwood trees in Nagano, Japan

Cornus florida is easily propagated by seeds, which are sown in the fall into prepared rows of sawdust or sand, and emerge in the spring. Germination rates for good clean seed should be near 100% if seed dormancy is first overcome by cold stratification treatments for 90 to 120 days at 4 °C (39 °F).[11]: 100–102 [18] Flowering dogwood demonstrates gametophytic self-incompatibility, meaning that the plants can't self-fertilize. This is important for breeding programs as it means that it is not necessary to emasculate (remove the anthers from) C. florida flowers before making controlled cross-pollinations. These pollinations should be repeated every other day, as the flowers must be cross-pollinated within one or two days of opening for pollinations to be effective.[19]

Tree in the wild in autumn

Softwood cuttings taken in late spring or early summer from new growth can be rooted under mist if treated with 8,000 to 10,000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In cold climates, potted cuttings must be kept in heated cold frames or polyhouses the following winter to maintain temperatures between 0 and 7 °C (32 and 45 °F). Although rooting success can be as high as 50–85%, this technique is not commonly used by commercial growers. Rather, selected cultivars are generally propagated by T-budding in late summer or by whip grafting in the greenhouse in winter onto seedling rootstock.[18][11]: 102 

Micropropagation of flowering dogwood is now used in breeding programs aiming to incorporate resistance to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew into horticulturally and economically important cultivars. Nodal (axillary bud) sections are established in a culture of Woody Plant Medium (WPM) amended with 4.4 μmol/L 6-Benzyladenine (BA) to promote shoot growth.[20] Rooting of up to 83% can be obtained when 5–7 week-old microshoots are then transferred to WPM amended with 4.9 μmol/L IBA.[21]

Diseases

Dogwood anthracnose caused by the fungi Discula destructiva has caused severe mortality of dogwoods.[22] In regions where dogwood anthracnose is a problem, homeowners and public land managers are encouraged to know the symptoms and inspect trees frequently. The selection of healthy, disease-free planting stock is essential and transplanting trees from the forest should be avoided.[23] Species of Phytophthora cause Root Rot.[24]

Historical uses

Native Americans used the bark and roots in a remedy for malaria; a red dye was also extracted from the roots.[25] The species has been used in the production of inks, scarlet dyes, and as a quinine substitute. The hard, dense wood has been used for products such as golf club heads, mallets, wooden rake teeth, tool handles, jeweler's boxes and butcher's blocks.[26][11]: 100  Cornus florida is the state tree and flower of Virginia,[27] the state tree of Missouri, and state flower of North Carolina.[28][29] It was used to treat dogs with mange, which may be how it got its name.[29] The red berries are not edible, despite some rumors otherwise.[30]

In 1915, 40 dogwood saplings were donated by the U.S. to Japan in the 1912-15 exchange of flowers between Tokyo and Washington, D.C. While the cherry blossom trees survived the ensuing sour relations of these two countries and are the main feature of the National Cherry Blossom Festival, all dogwood trees in Tokyo died except the one that had been planted in an agriculture high school. In 2012, the United States sent 3,000 dogwood saplings to Japan to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Washington, D.C., cherry trees given as a gift to the U.S. by Japan in 1912.[31]

References

  1. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Cornus florida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61990536A61990538. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61990536A61990538.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  2. ^ "NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  3. ^ "Cornus florida L." The Plant List.
  4. ^ "Cornus florida County distribution map". The Biota of North America Program. 2014.
  5. ^ "Flowering Dogwood". Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
  6. ^ "Lacanobis grandis species information". bugguide.net.
  7. ^ "Species Synanthedon geliformis - Pecan Bark Borer - Hodges#2547". bugguide.net.
  8. ^ "Species Synanthedon scitula - Dogwood Borer - Hodges#2549". bugguide.net.
  9. ^ Adelman, Lauren (July 5, 2017). "The Joy of Butterfly Host Plants". Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  10. ^ Adelman, Lauren (July 5, 2017). "The Joy of Butterfly Host Plants". Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  11. ^ a b c d e Cappiello P, Shadow D (2005). Dogwoods: The Genus Cornus.. Portland: Timber Press.
  12. ^ "Eastern flowering dogwood". Species at Risk. Government of Ontario. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  13. ^ "Species Profile (Eastern Flowering Dogwood) - Species at Risk Public Registry". www.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca. Government of Canada, Environment. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  14. ^ "USDA Plants Database" (PDF).
  15. ^ Anderson RL, Knighten JL, Windham M, Langdon K, Hendrix F, Roncadori R (1994). "Dogwood anthracnose and its spread in the South" (PDF). Project Report R8-PR 26. Atlanta, GA: USDA Forest Service. p. 10.
  16. ^ Nowicki M, Boggess SL, Saxton AM, Hadziabdic D, Xiang QJ, Molnar T, Huff ML, Staton ME, Zhao Y, Trigiano RN (October 23, 2018). Heinze B (ed.). "Haplotyping of Cornus florida and C. kousa chloroplasts: Insights into species-level differences and patterns of plastic DNA variation in cultivars". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205407. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305407N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205407. PMC 6198962. PMID 30352068.
  17. ^ "Cornus florida 'Cherokee Chief'". RHS Plant Selector. The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  18. ^ a b Hartmann, HT, DE Kester, FT Davies, RL Geneve. 2002. Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, 7th Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. pp. 769.
  19. ^ Reed SM (2004). "Self-incompatibility in Cornus florida". HortScience. 39 (2): 335–338. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.39.2.335.
  20. ^ Kaveriappa KM, Phillips LM, Trigiano RN (April 1997). "Micropropagation of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) from seedlings". Plant Cell Reports. 16 (7): 485–489. doi:10.1007/BF01092771. PMID 30727637. S2CID 40422365.
  21. ^ Sharma AR, Trigiano RN, Witte WT, Schwarz OJ (January 2005). "In vitro adventitious rooting of Cornus florida microshoots". Scientia Horticulturae. 103 (3): 381–5. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.014.
  22. ^ Connor, Kristina Frances (2006). Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference: Memphis, Tennessee, February 28-March 4, 2005. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station.
  23. ^ "Dogwood Anthracnose and its Spread in the South" (PDF). Retrieved September 30, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ^ Report. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region. 1998.
  25. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 616. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  26. ^ Petrides GA (1972). A field guide to trees and shrubs; field marks of all trees, shrubs, and woody vines that grow wild in the northeastern and north-central United States and in southeastern and south-central Canada. The Peterson field guide series. Vol. 11. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 106.
  27. ^ "White Dogwood". Virginia Department of Forestry. Archived from the original on December 7, 2011. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  28. ^ "Cornus florida". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  29. ^ a b "State Flower--Dogwood" (PDF). North Carolina Museum of History. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
  30. ^ "Dogwood Tree - Beautiful Flowers, Unique Fruits". Eat The Planet. January 11, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
  31. ^ "U.S. eyes 3,000 dogwoods for 'sakura' anniversary. The Japan Times. Posted: Jan. 17, 2012". Japantimes.co.jp. January 17, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2014.

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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cornus florida, the flowering dogwood, is a species of flowering tree in the family Cornaceae native to eastern North America and northern Mexico. An endemic population once spanned from southernmost coastal Maine south to northern Florida and west to the Mississippi River. The tree is commonly planted as an ornamental in residential and public areas because of its showy bracts and interesting bark structure.

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Cornus florida ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Cornus florida, cornejo florido[1]​ o sanguiñuelo florido, es una especie perteneciente a la familia de las cornáceas, originaria del este de Norteamérica desde Maine meridional al oeste hasta Ontario meridional y Kansas oriental, y al sur hasta Florida septentrional y Texas oriental y también en Illinois, con una población separada en México oriental en Nuevo León y Veracruz.

 src=
En flor
 src=
Vista de la planta
 src=
Ilustración

Descripción

El sanguiñuelo o cornejo florido es un pequeño árbol caducifolio que crece hasta los 10 metros de altura, a menudo más ancho que alto cuando es adulto, con un diámetro en el tronco de hasta 30 cm. Un árbol de 10 años se alzará alrededor de 5 m de alto. Las hojas son opuestas, simples, ovales con puntas agudas, de 6–13 cm de largo y 4–6 cm de ancho, con un borde aparentemente entero, pero en realidad dentado muy finamente, como se ve con una lente; se vuelven de un rico pardo rojizo en el otoño.

Las flores son individualmente pequeñas y discretas, con cuatro pétalos de color amarillo verdoso de 4 mm de largo. Alrededor de 20 flores se producen en una inflorescencia con forma de umbela, densa, redondeada, o cabeza floral, de un diámetro de 1–2 cm. La inflorescencia está rodeada por cuatro grandes "pétalos" muy llamativos, blancos, rosas o rojos, que en realidad son brácteas, cada bráctea 3 cm de largo y 2,5 cm de ancho, redondeado y a menudo con una distintiva muesca en el ápice. Las flores son bisexuales.

Mientras que la mayor parte de los árboles silvestres tienen brácteas blancas, algunos cultivares seleccionadas de este árbol tienen también brácteas rosas, algunas incluso casi llegan a ser un verdadero rojo. Florecen típicamente a principios de abril en la parte meridional de su zona de distribución, hasta finales de abril o principios de mayo en zonas septentrionales y de gran altitud. El parecido Cornus kousa ("cornejo de Kousa"), originario de Asia, florece alrededor de un mes después.

El fruto está en un racimo de dos a diez drupas, cada una de 10–15 mm de largo y alrededor de 8 mm de ancho, que maduran a finales del verano y principios del otoño hasta un rojo brillante, u ocasionalmente amarillo con un toque rosado. Son una importante fuente de comida para docenas de especies de aves, que luego distribuyen las semillas.

Hay dos subespecies:

Taxonomía

Cornus florida fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 117. 1753.[2]

Sinonimia
  • Benthamia florida (L.) Nakai
  • Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Britton & Shafer
  • Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf.
var. florida
  • Cornus candidissima Mill.
  • Swida candidissima (Mill.) Small
var. urbiniana (Rose) Wangerin
  • Cornus urbiniana Rose[3]

Referencias

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  2. «Cornus florida». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2013.
  3. Cornus florida en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. CONABIO. 2009. Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  2. Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  3. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  5. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  6. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  7. Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  8. Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Cornus florida, cornejo florido​ o sanguiñuelo florido, es una especie perteneciente a la familia de las cornáceas, originaria del este de Norteamérica desde Maine meridional al oeste hasta Ontario meridional y Kansas oriental, y al sur hasta Florida septentrional y Texas oriental y también en Illinois, con una población separada en México oriental en Nuevo León y Veracruz.

 src= En flor  src= Vista de la planta  src= Ilustración
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Cornouiller à fleurs ( Francês )

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Cornus florida

Le Cornouiller à fleurs d'Amérique (Cornus florida) est une espèce de plante de la famille des Cornaceae. Il est parfois appelé Bois-de-chien.

Pharmacopée

Un rapport a quantifié les activités biologiques des anthocyanes Cornus florida sur cellules tumorales.

Il a montré des profils d'anthocyanes avec des anthocyanes majeures comme la cyanidine 3-O-galactoside et la cyanidine 3-O-glucoside.

Les anthocyanes testées ont été prélevées sur des fruits frais.

L'anthocyanine a montré une inhibition de la croissance dans les lignées de cellules tumorales humaines: côlon, sein, poumon, système nerveux central et estomac[2].

Photo

 src=
Cornouiller à fleurs roses

Notes et références

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Cornouiller à fleurs: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cornus florida

Le Cornouiller à fleurs d'Amérique (Cornus florida) est une espèce de plante de la famille des Cornaceae. Il est parfois appelé Bois-de-chien.

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Cornus florida ( Latin )

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Cornus florida (synonymum Benthamidia florida ((L.) Spach), est species generis Corni, in America Septentrionali orientali endemica, a Cenomannica meridiana occidentem versus ad Ontarionem meridianam et Kansiam orientalem, et meridiem versus ad Floridam septentrionalem et Texiam occidentalem, et in Illinoesia, grege disiuncto in Mexico orientali, in Nova Legione et Vera Cruce.

Descriptio

 src=
Inflorescentia C. floridae quattuor bracteas clare monstrat.

Cornus florida est parva arbor decidua, ad 10 m alta, matura saepe latior quam altior, trunco ad 30 cm lato. Stat arbor decem annos nata circa 5 m alta. Folia sunt opposita, simplicia, ovalia,? apicibus acutis, 6–13 cm longa, 4–6 cm lata, margine ut videtur integra (re vera subtiliter dentata, sub microscopio); autumno porphyrea fiunt.

Flores sunt parvi et inconspicui, quattuor petalis flavovirentibus 4 mm longis. Circa viginti flores in inflorescentia densa, rotunda, umbelliforme, 1–2 cm lata gignuntur. Inflorescentia a quattuor conspicuis magnis "petalis" albis, roseis, vel rubris (re vera bracteis) cingitur, quaque bractea 3 cm longa et 2.5 cm lata, rotunda, et saepe incisurá distinctá in apice. Flores sunt bisexuales.

Fructus est fasciculus duarum ad decem druparum, quaque 10–15 mm longa et circa 8 mm lata, quae aestate adulta autumnoque ineunte maturescunt ad clarum rubrum, vel aliquando flavum roseo suffusum. Ei sunt gravis cibus permultarum specierum avium, quae semina tum distribuunt.

Sunt duae subspecies:

C. florida late per Americam Septentrionalem mediam temperatam colitur. In orientali continentis parte, colitur tam septentrionale quam Torontum Ontarionis, et meridiem versus ad Floridam mediam.

In cultura

Cornus florida est arbor civica et flos civicus Virginiae,[1] arbor civica Missuriae,[2] et flos civicus Carolinae Septentrionalis.[3]

Pinacotheca

Notae

 src=
Inflorescentiae sunt quattuor petala flava in quoque flore.
  1. "White Dogwood". Virginia Department of Forestry .
  2. "Cornus florida". Missouri Botanical Garden .
  3. "State Flower--Dogwood" (PDF). North Carolina Museum of History .

Nexus externi

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Cornus florida spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Cornus florida" apud Vicispecies. Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici: TropicosTela BotanicaGRINITISPlant ListNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifePlant Name IndexIUCN Red ListINPN FranceFlora of North AmericaUSDA Plants Database
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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Cornus florida (synonymum Benthamidia florida ((L.) Spach), est species generis Corni, in America Septentrionali orientali endemica, a Cenomannica meridiana occidentem versus ad Ontarionem meridianam et Kansiam orientalem, et meridiem versus ad Floridam septentrionalem et Texiam occidentalem, et in Illinoesia, grege disiuncto in Mexico orientali, in Nova Legione et Vera Cruce.

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Gausiažiedė sedula ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Gausiažiedė sedula (lot. Cornus florida, angl. Flowering Dogwood) – sedulinių (Cornaceae) šeimos lapus metanti medžių rūšis, paplitusi Šiaurės Amerikoje (rytų JAV, šiaurės rytų Meksikoje).

Aukštis iki 10 m, kamieno skersmuo iki 30 cm. Lapai priešiniai, nesudėtiniai, ovalūs; 6-13 cm ilgio, 4-6 cm pločio. Žiedai maži, gelsvi, susitelkę po 20 į žiedyną, apsuptą keturių baltų ar rausvų žiedlapių. Vaisiai – raudoni kaulavaisiai, susitelkę po kelis.

Gausiažiedė sedula – populiarus dekoratyvinis augalas. Išvesta daug veislių.

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Gausiažiedės sedulos vaisiai


Vikiteka

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Blomsterkornell ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Blomsterkornell (Cornus florida eller Benthamia florida) er et lite løvfellende tre i kornellfamilien. Det vokser vilt i østlige Nord-Amerika, men plantes andre steder på grunn av den rike blomstringen.

Det blir opptil 20 meter høyt og starter å blomstre når det 2 meter høyt. Barken er korkaktig og sprukket opp i rektangulære flak, 0,5–1 cm brede. Bladene er motsatte, ovale, elliptiske eller omvendt eggformede, 5–12 cm lange, 2–7 cm brede og har 5–7 par buete sidenerver. De små blomstene sitter 15–30 sammen i et rundt hode. Det er omgitt av fire hvite, av og til delvis rosa, støtteblader, som er 2–6 cm lange og 1–4,5 cm brede. Blomstringstiden er i mars–juni. Frukten er rød, mer sjelden gul, avlang, 13–18 mm lang og 6–9 mm bred. Den er moden i august–oktober. Fruktene sitter tett sammen, men er ikke vokst sammen som hos slektningen koreakornell.[1]

Blomsterkornell trives på mange typer jord og i ulike klimatyper. Innenfor utbredelsesområdet vokser den sammen med blant annet eik, tulipantre, sassafras, Diospyros virginiana, ambratre og furu. Løvet brytes ned raskere enn hos andre treslag og er viktig i omsetningen av mineraler i økosystemene. Frukten er giftig for mennesker, men etes av mange fugler og pattedyr.[2]

Arten vokser nordover til helt sørvest i Maine, New York, helt sør i Ontario, sentrale Michigan, sentrale Illinois og sentrale Missouri. Den finnes vestover til sørøstligste Kansas, østlige Oklahoma og østlige Texas, og sørover til nordlige Florida. Isolerte populasjoner finnes i fjellene i Nuevo León og Veracruz i Mexico. Blomsterkornell er mye dyrket som prydplante i USA og andre steder.[2] I Norge kan den bare dyrkes i de aller mildeste strøkene (herdighetssone 1–2).[3]

Galleri

Referanser

  1. ^ «Cornus florida». Flora of North America. Besøkt 31. juli 2017.
  2. ^ a b B.F. McLemore. «Flowering Dogwood». Silvics of North America. Besøkt 31. juli 2017.
  3. ^ I. Palmstierna (1999). Trær & busker i hagen. Oversatt av N.P. Thuesen, foto B.K. Johanson. Orion. s. 122. ISBN 82-458-0370-7.

Eksterne lenker

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
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visite a fonte
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Blomsterkornell: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Blomsterkornell (Cornus florida eller Benthamia florida) er et lite løvfellende tre i kornellfamilien. Det vokser vilt i østlige Nord-Amerika, men plantes andre steder på grunn av den rike blomstringen.

Det blir opptil 20 meter høyt og starter å blomstre når det 2 meter høyt. Barken er korkaktig og sprukket opp i rektangulære flak, 0,5–1 cm brede. Bladene er motsatte, ovale, elliptiske eller omvendt eggformede, 5–12 cm lange, 2–7 cm brede og har 5–7 par buete sidenerver. De små blomstene sitter 15–30 sammen i et rundt hode. Det er omgitt av fire hvite, av og til delvis rosa, støtteblader, som er 2–6 cm lange og 1–4,5 cm brede. Blomstringstiden er i mars–juni. Frukten er rød, mer sjelden gul, avlang, 13–18 mm lang og 6–9 mm bred. Den er moden i august–oktober. Fruktene sitter tett sammen, men er ikke vokst sammen som hos slektningen koreakornell.

Blomsterkornell trives på mange typer jord og i ulike klimatyper. Innenfor utbredelsesområdet vokser den sammen med blant annet eik, tulipantre, sassafras, Diospyros virginiana, ambratre og furu. Løvet brytes ned raskere enn hos andre treslag og er viktig i omsetningen av mineraler i økosystemene. Frukten er giftig for mennesker, men etes av mange fugler og pattedyr.

Arten vokser nordover til helt sørvest i Maine, New York, helt sør i Ontario, sentrale Michigan, sentrale Illinois og sentrale Missouri. Den finnes vestover til sørøstligste Kansas, østlige Oklahoma og østlige Texas, og sørover til nordlige Florida. Isolerte populasjoner finnes i fjellene i Nuevo León og Veracruz i Mexico. Blomsterkornell er mye dyrket som prydplante i USA og andre steder. I Norge kan den bare dyrkes i de aller mildeste strøkene (herdighetssone 1–2).

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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NO

Dereń kwiecisty ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
 src=
Kwiatostan derenia kwiecistego
 src=
Zbliżenie na kwiatostan derenia kwiecistego
 src=
Kwitnąca odmiana botaniczna 'Cornus florida ssp. urbiniana'
 src=
Kwiatostany odmiany 'Cornus florida rubra'
 src=
Liście derenia kwiecistego wczesną jesienią
 src=
Odmiana 'Rainbow'

Dereń kwiecisty (Cornus florida L.) – gatunek krzewu z rodziny dereniowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje głównie we wschodniej części kontynentu, od południowych części stanu Maine w USA i prowincji Ontario w Kanadzie do północnej części Florydy i wschodniej części Teksasu. Ponadto rozproszona populacja naturalnie występuje także w Meksyku w stanach Veracruz i Nuevo León. Do Europy (Anglii) sprowadzony dosyć wcześnie bo już w 1731, lecz w dalszym ciągu nie jest rośliną powszechną w uprawie[2]. W Polsce, ze względu na przemarzanie, gatunek jest bardzo rzadko spotykany, głównie w ogrodach botanicznych. Po raz pierwszy w Polsce uprawiany był w Ogrodzie Botanicznym w Krakowie (1808)[3].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo lub wysoki krzew dorastający do 10 m wysokości, w ojczyźnie rzadko do 15 m. Rośnie wolno, 10-letnie drzewo ma nie więcej niż 5 m wysokości. Pokrój szeroki, roślina jest często szersza niż wyższa, często nieregularna. Pień często jest wielokrotny, pojedynczy osiąga do 30 cm średnicy.
Pędy
Pędy cienkie, czasem powyginane, młode zielone, pokryte siwobiałym nalotem, starsze zielono-brązowe.
Liście
Jajowato–eliptyczne, do 15 cm długości, z 5–7 parami nerwów, gładkie, z wierzchu ciemnozielone, spodem białawe. Po obu stronach pokryte przylegającymi włoskami. Jesienią przebarwiają się na kolor czerwono-karminowy do fioletowego.
Kwiaty
Rozwijają się przed liśćmi. Są obupłciowe, drobne, zielonkawe lub żółtawe, zebrane w drobne główkowate kwiatostany o średnicy ok. 12 mm. Cztery okazałe podsadki pod kwiatostanem to rozrośnięte najbardziej zewnętrzne pary łusek „cebulkowatych” pączków kwiatostanowych, odwrotnie jajowate i na szczycie wykrojone. Pojedyncza podsadka ma około 3 cm długości (do 5 cm) i 2,5 cm szerokości. Barwa biała do czerwonej w zależności od odmiany. Rośliny kwitną przez około dwa tygodnie, w kwietniu i maju w zależności od lokalizacji.
Owoce
Pestkowce o cylindrycznym kształcie i długości ok. 1 cm, o szkarłatnej barwie i połyskującej powierzchni, skupione po 2–10, lecz nie zrośnięte. Owoce często pozostają na drzewie w zimie[4][5]. Okazy uprawiane w Europie środkowej nie owocują[3].
Gatunki podobne
C. nutallii i dereń kousa (C. kousa) mają po 4–6 podsadek zaostrzonych na końcach, dodatkowo C. kousa ma owoce całkowicie zrośnięte[3].

Ekologia

Roślina nie lubi gleb wapiennych i ubogich w składniki pokarmowe. Najlepiej rośnie na glebach żyznych, przepuszczalnych, niezbyt zbitych o obojętnym lub lekko kwaśnym odczynie[6]. Źle reaguje na niedobory wody. Jest dość wrażliwa na mróz i w warunkach środkowoeuropejskich kwiaty są często uszkadzane. Według klasyfikacji stref mrozoodporności zaleca się uprawę w strefach 6b–9a.

Systematyka i zmienność

Podgatunki

Głównie ze względów geograficznych wyróżnia się dwa podgatunki:

  • Cornus florida subsp. florida. wschodnia część Stanów Zjednoczonych, południowo-wschodnia Kanada (Ontario).
  • Cornus florida subsp. urbiniana (Rose) Rickett (syn. Cornus urbiniana Rose). Wschodni Meksyk, (Nuevo León, Veracruz).

Mieszańce

Znany jest mieszaniec z Cornus nuttallii oznaczany jako kultywar C. × 'Eddies White Wonder'[3].

Ponadto uprawianych jest wiele mieszańców powstałych ze skrzyżowania C. florida × C. kousa (syn. C. × rutgersensis) otrzymanych na State University od New Jersey. Są to np.:[7][8]

  • Cornus Ruth Ellen® P.P. 7732 (‘Rutlan’) – niski i rozłożysty, z konarami do ziemi, białokwitnący. Wrażliwy na mączniaka.
  • Cornus Stardust® P.P. 7206 (‘Rutfan’) – niski, rozłożysty, podsadki nie zrośnięte, ostro zakończone.
  • Cornus Constellation® P.P. 7210 (‘Rutcan’) – wyniosły, silniej rosnący, o gałęziach równoszerokich na całej wysokości, podsadki ostro zakończone, nie zrośnięte.
  • Cornus Celestial® P.P. 7204 (‘Rutdan’) – silnie rosnący i wyrównanie szeroki, podsadki białe z zielonymi przebarwieniami, prawie okrągłe z ostrym końcem, odporny na mączniaka.
  • Cornus Aurora® P.P. 7205 (‘Rutban’) – silnie rosnący, pokrój wyniosły, gałęzie do ziemi, obficie kwitnący, białe podsadki przebarwiające się w czasie kwitnienia na kremowe. Odporny na mączniaka.

Odmiany uprawne

Znanych jest około 100 odmian uprawnych[8]. Poniżej najczęściej spotykane, pogrupowane w zależności od najbardziej charakterystycznych cech:

Wielkokwiatowe
  • 'Barton' – bardzo efektowna biała odmiana, lecz głównie na ciepłe stanowiska.
  • 'Cloud 9' – wcześnie i obficie kwitnie, drzewo dorasta do 4,5 m wysokości i 6 m szerokości.
  • 'Junior Miss' – odmiana odporna na plamistość liści, podsadki duże, różowe.
  • 'Spring Grove' – bardzo obficie kwitnie ze względu na potrójna liczbę pąków na końcach pędów.
  • 'Spring Time' – wyróżniają ją kwiatostany o bardzo dużych podsadkach, duża wytrzymałość na mróz.
Różowe lub czerwone kwiaty
  • C. florida f. rubra – różowe kwiaty i czerwone liście jesienią. Forma dość często obecna wraz z okazami typowymi na stanowiskach naturalnych.
  • 'Cherokee Chief' – różowe do czerwonych podsadki kwiatów, czerwone liście jesienią, wymiary drzewa – 6 m wysokości x 6 m szerokości.
  • 'Cherokee Sunset™' – kwiatostany ciemno różowe, liście żółto obrzeżonymi.
  • 'Red Beauty' – czerwone podsadki i kompaktowy charakter wzrostu.
Ulistnienie z przebarwieniami
  • 'Cherokee Daybreak™' – białe kwiaty, brzeg liści z białą obwódką. Liście odporne na poparzenia słoneczne.
  • 'Cherokee Sunset™' – kwiaty ciemno różowe do jasnoczerwonych, liście zielone z żółtą obwódką, jesienią przebarwiają się na czerwono.
  • 'First Lady' – liście z żółtą lub białą obwódką, kwiaty białe.
  • 'Welchii' – zielone liście z różowymi przebarwieniami i wrażliwe na upał, kwiaty białe.
Nietypowy charakter wzrostu
  • 'Compacta' – bardzo powolny charakter wzrostu.
  • 'Fastigiata' – odmiana biało kwitnąca, charakterystycznie wzniesione gałęzie.
  • 'Pendula' – nieregularny pokrój korony ze zwisającymi gałęziami.
  • 'Pygmaea' – wzrost karłowy, korona kulista, kwiaty biało kwitnące.
  • 'Salicifolia' – odmiana wolnorosnąca, kształt korony kulisty, liście wąskie jak u wierzby. Nie kwitnie.

Zastosowanie

Roślina uprawna
Sadzona w parkach, wzdłuż dróg jako roślina ozdobna, zarówno ze względu na bardzo obfite i spektakularne wiosenne kwitnienie jak i na charakterystyczny wygląd liści oraz interesującą barwę jesienią.
Surowiec drzewny
Jest to jeden z najtwardszych i niezniszczalnych gatunków drewna. Wytwarza się często z niego elementy wymagające wytrzymałości np. czółenka w tkalniach, wielokrążki, oprawy do narzędzi, czy nawet główki kijów golfowych[9]. Indianie z derenia kwiecistego w przeszłości często wytwarzali groty do strzał.
Roślina lecznicza
W medycynie indiańskiej aromatyczna kora i korzenie stosowane jako lekarstwo na malarię (zawierają alkaloid o nazwie cornin). Ponadto Indianie z korzeni pozyskiwali czerwony barwnik a początek kwitnienia wyznaczał termin przygotowania gleby, natomiast koniec sadzenie kukurydzy[8][2].

Uprawa

Wymagania
Najlepiej jest sadzić derenia na wilgotnym stanowisku, gdzie roślina jest dobrze oświetlona od rana i w półcieniu po południu. Należy unikać stanowisk gdzie będzie wystawiona na źródła ciepła (np. różnego rodzaju maszyny, samochody), bądź na uszkodzenia pnia lub korzeni gdyż łatwo prowadzi to do różnych chorób. Dereń nie należy do roślin tolerujących wysokie zasolenie gleby. Rośliny w okresie upałów i suszy powinny być co najmniej raz w tygodniu nawadniane. Zamierające pędy i liście należy usuwać, aby likwidować źródła ewentualnych infekcji.
Rozmnażanie
Najprostszym sposobem rozmnażania jest metoda generatywna. Nasiona wysiewa się jesienią w trociny lub piasek. Współczynnik kiełkowania jest wysoki i może osiągnąć nawet 100% o ile wcześniej przeprowadzono stratyfikację w temperaturze 4C° przez okres 90-120 dni. Odmiany ozdobne należy jednak rozmnażać wegetatywnie. Jedną z metod jest pobieranie sadzonek zielnych późną wiosną lub wczesnym latem, które po potraktowaniu 8.000 – 10.000 ppm IBA ukorzenia się w temperaturze od 0-7 °C. Inną często stosowaną metodą jest okulizacja lub szczepienie przez stosowanie. Derenia kwiecistego można również rozmnażać za pomocą kultur tkankowych[10].
Ochrona roślin
Najważniejszą chorobą występująca na dereniu jest antraknoza derenia (zgorzel) powodowana przez grzyb z rodzaju Discula sp. Choroba objawia się brunatnymi plamami z różową obwódką na liściach, a następnie zamieraniem pędów i zrakowaceniami pnia prowadzącymi w końcu do śmierci drzewa. Inną, już nie prowadząca do śmierci chorobą, lecz bardzo osłabiająca drzewo, jest plamistość liści powodowana przez grzyb Septoria cornicola. Obie choroby zwalcza się chemicznie wykonując opryski pestycydami wczesną wiosną[11].
Ponadto derenie mogą cierpieć na wiele chorób fizjologicznych związanych z nieprawidłowymi warunkami wzrostu, kiepskim stanowiskiem czy pielgnacją. Nie ma wyspecjalizowanych szkodników derenia kwiecistego, jednakże mogą być atakowane przez wszystkożerne szkodniki takie jak np. mszyce lub przędziorki, bądź też wiele larw motyli powodujących uszkodzenia liści bądź pędów.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-02-28].
  2. a b Boxwood, American A Modren Herbal (ang.). [dostęp 1.03.2009].
  3. a b c d Włodzimierz Seneta: Drzewa i krzewy liściaste C. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1994. ISBN 83-01-11074-0.
  4. Cornus florida (ang.). [dostęp 28.02.2009].
  5. Forrest service – Cornus florida (ang.). [dostęp 2010-11-11].
  6. Internetowa Baza Roślin (pol.).
  7. Lanscape plant – Cornus florida × Cornus kousa (ang.). [dostęp 5.03.2009].
  8. a b c Cornus florida, Extension Service Univ. of Kentucky (ang.). [dostęp 1.03.2009].
  9. Native Plant Database – Cornus florida (ang.). [dostęp 28.02.2009].
  10. Flowering Dogwood (ang.). [dostęp 28.02.2009].
  11. Univ. of Georgia – Forest and Ornamental Tree Disease Control (ang.). [dostęp 2010-04-15].

Bibliografia

  1. Michael A. Dirr: Dirr's Trees and Shrubs for Warm Climates. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, 2002. ISBN 0-88192-525-X.
  2. Ernie Wasson (Chef Consultant): The Complete Encyclopedia of Trees. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 2003. ISBN 1-59223-055-5.
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direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia POL

Dereń kwiecisty: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
 src= Kwiatostan derenia kwiecistego  src= Zbliżenie na kwiatostan derenia kwiecistego  src= Kwitnąca odmiana botaniczna 'Cornus florida ssp. urbiniana'  src= Kwiatostany odmiany 'Cornus florida rubra'  src= Liście derenia kwiecistego wczesną jesienią  src= Odmiana 'Rainbow'

Dereń kwiecisty (Cornus florida L.) – gatunek krzewu z rodziny dereniowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, występuje głównie we wschodniej części kontynentu, od południowych części stanu Maine w USA i prowincji Ontario w Kanadzie do północnej części Florydy i wschodniej części Teksasu. Ponadto rozproszona populacja naturalnie występuje także w Meksyku w stanach Veracruz i Nuevo León. Do Europy (Anglii) sprowadzony dosyć wcześnie bo już w 1731, lecz w dalszym ciągu nie jest rośliną powszechną w uprawie. W Polsce, ze względu na przemarzanie, gatunek jest bardzo rzadko spotykany, głównie w ogrodach botanicznych. Po raz pierwszy w Polsce uprawiany był w Ogrodzie Botanicznym w Krakowie (1808).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia POL

Blomsterkornell ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Blomsterkornell, (Cornus florida)[1] är en kornellväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Cornus florida ingår i släktet korneller, och familjen kornellväxter.[2][3] En underart finns: C. f. urbiniana.[2]

Namn

Arten kallas på engelska Flowering Dogwood. Av svenskarna i Nya Sverige kallades den hundträd.[4]



Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ L., 1753 In: Sp. Pl. 117
  2. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed) (27 april 2014). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16894366. Läst 26 maj 2014.
  3. ^ World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World
  4. ^ Pehr Kalm, Pehr Kalms resa till Norra Amerika, Helsingfors 1904, del 2, sid. 141.


Externa länkar


Blue morpho butterfly 300x271.jpg Denna artikel om korneller saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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original
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Blomsterkornell: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Blomsterkornell, (Cornus florida) är en kornellväxtart som beskrevs av Carl von Linné. Cornus florida ingår i släktet korneller, och familjen kornellväxter. En underart finns: C. f. urbiniana.

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Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
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wikipedia SV

Cornus florida ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cornus florida là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cornaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[2] Đây là loài bản địa miền đông và trung bộ Bắc Mỹ, từ phía nam Maine tây sang phía nam Ontario, Illinois, và đông Kansas, và phía nam xa đến miền bắc Florida và miền đông Texas, có quần thể biệt lập ở Nuevo León và Veracruz ở đông bắc Mexico[3]. Trong Ontario, loài cây này đã được đánh giá và hiện nay nằm trong danh mục loài nguy cấp. Cây rất thường được trồng làm cảnh ở các khu vực dân cư và công cộng vì lá bắc hoa sặc sỡ của chúng. Có hai phân loài được công nhận.

Chú thích

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Cornus florida: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cornus florida là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cornaceae. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753. Đây là loài bản địa miền đông và trung bộ Bắc Mỹ, từ phía nam Maine tây sang phía nam Ontario, Illinois, và đông Kansas, và phía nam xa đến miền bắc Florida và miền đông Texas, có quần thể biệt lập ở Nuevo León và Veracruz ở đông bắc Mexico. Trong Ontario, loài cây này đã được đánh giá và hiện nay nằm trong danh mục loài nguy cấp. Cây rất thường được trồng làm cảnh ở các khu vực dân cư và công cộng vì lá bắc hoa sặc sỡ của chúng. Có hai phân loài được công nhận.

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大花四照花 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Cornus florida
L.

大花四照花學名Cornus florida),又名大花山茱萸多花狗木,是山茱萸科的一種木本植物。原產於北美洲東部,從美國緬因州南部往西經加拿大安大略省南部至美國堪薩斯州東部;南至佛羅里達州北部及德克薩斯州東部。另外在墨西哥東部的新萊昂州韋拉克魯斯州也有出產一個亞種。

大花四照花是美國北卡羅萊那州維吉尼亞州的州花。[1][2]

形態特徵

大花四照花是一種落葉喬木,株高可達10公尺高,成熟株的樹冠通常會比植株的高度還要寬闊,樹幹直徑可達30公分。樹齡十年的樹大約可以長到5公尺高。葉子為單葉,對生。葉卵形,葉尖銳尖。葉長6-13公分,寬4-6公分。葉緣具有非常細的鋸齒,要用放大鏡才看的清楚,因此外觀看起來很像是全緣葉。葉綠色,秋天時會轉變為濃紅褐色。

小,不明顯,花為兩性花。花瓣四片,黃綠色,花瓣長4公釐花序為繖形花序,由大約20朵花密集生長而成,花序呈圓形,寬1-2公分。花序周圍有四片大型的白色苞片,苞片很明顯,常被誤認為是「花瓣」。苞片圓形,長3公分,寬2.5公分,在苞片頂端通常帶有明顯的凹痕。

 src=
大花四照花,四片白色的苞片及黃綠色的花。

野生種的苞片是白色的,一些特定園藝品種則具有粉紅色或紅色的苞片。生長在原生地南部的植株,通常在四月初開花,生長在北部及高海拔地區者則在四月下旬或五月初開花。

果實核果,二至十個果實聚生成一簇。果實長10-15公釐,寬約8公釐。果實在夏末至初秋時成熟,成熟時果實會轉變成鮮紅色,有些會或轉變成黃色帶玫瑰色的紅暈。果實可以作為鳥類的食物,是十幾種鳥類重要的食物來源,這些鳥類會協助散播種子

栽培

種植大花四照花最好的場所是早晨曬的到太陽,下午有些遮陰的地方,土壤濕潤且為酸性土壤。若是暴露在強烈的熱源下,例如靠近停車場或是在空調壓縮機附近等高溫的環境下,會使植株長的不好。它的耐鹽性很低,土壤鹽度過高時會影響植株生長。除草時應小心使用割草機,不要傷到樹幹或根,根或樹幹受傷時比較容易感染到病蟲害。[3]

 src=
秋天紅褐色的葉子

在四照花潰瘍病發生的地區,有種植大花四照花的個人及公有地管理單位應該要充分了解潰瘍病的症狀,且要經常檢查樹木是否有得到這種疾病。栽種時要選擇健康、無病害的苗木,儘量避免從森林中移植種苗。栽種的場地要選擇排水良好,土壤肥沃的地方。在容易得病的高風險地區,例如溪流或池塘邊,建議要種在光線充足的全日照環境下。每年要定期修剪,剪掉死亡的枯枝並加以銷毀。乾旱時期要每週澆水,澆水要在早晨進行,澆水時不要弄濕樹葉,要避免將水澆在葉子上。必要時可以使用殺菌劑來防治病害的發生,使用農藥時劑量要依據廠商或農業研究單位的指示和建議使用。[4]

繁殖

 src=
大花四照花的果實
 src=
粉紅色的品種

大花四照花可以用種子扦插嫁接組織培養的方式來繁殖。

用種子繁殖很容易,在秋天時播種,隔年春天發芽。選用品質優良的種子,播種前先用低溫層積法處理種子,在4℃的溫度下,處理90天-120天以打破種子的休眠,則種子的發芽率幾乎可達100%。[5][6]

扦插可以用嫩枝扦插的方式進行,在春末至夏初間,使用新生的枝條作插穗,扦插前先用發根劑3-吲哚丁酸(indole-3-butyric acid)8000-10000 ppm處理插穗,扦插後移至噴霧床下放置,至發根後再移出,扦插成活率可以達到50-85%。雖然扦插的成活率還算不錯,不過專業的生產者並不常用這種技術來繁殖,較常用的方法是使用嫁接繁殖。在夏末使用丁字形芽接的方法,或是冬季時於溫室內使用舌接的方法繁殖特定的品種。[6][7]

微體繁殖的方法可以用來作為育種工具,目標是育成抗炭疽病及白粉病的大花四照花新品種。將含有側芽的節段由植物體切下後,培養在木本植物培養基(Woody Plant Medium)內,培養基內添加6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-Benzyladenine)4.4 μM,可以誘導芽條生長。[8]將生長5-7星期的芽條,轉殖到添加3-吲哚丁酸(濃度4.9μM)的木本植物培養基內,可以促使芽條生根,發根率達到83%。[9]

用途

以前會用大花四照花來製造墨水、紅色染料及作為奎寧替代品。木材材質緻密堅硬,可以作高爾夫球桿的桿頭、木槌、木耙、工具的把手、珠寶盒及砧板[10][11]

亞種

 src=
墨西哥四照花

大花四照花有兩個亞種

  • 大花四照花(Cornus florida subsp. florida),原產於美國東部、加拿大東南部。
  • 墨西哥四照花(Cornus florida subsp. urbiniana),異名Cornus urbiniana,原產於墨西哥東部。

參見

參考資料

  1. ^ State Flower. NCpedia.
  2. ^ White Dogwood. Virginia Department of Forestry. (原始内容存档于2011-12-07).
  3. ^ Cappiello, P and D Shadow. 2005. Dogwoods: The Genus Cornus. Timber Press, Portland. pp 98-100.
  4. ^ Anderson, RL, JL Knighten, M Windham, K Langdon, F Hendrix, R Roncadori. 1994. Dogwood anthracnose and its spread in the South. Project Report R8-PR 26. USDA Forest Service, Atlanta, GA. 10pp.
  5. ^ Cappiello, P and D Shadow. 2005. Dogwoods: The Genus Cornus. Timber Press, Portland. pp 100-102.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Hartmann, HT, DE Kester, FT Davies, RL Geneve. 2002. Hartmann and Kester’s Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices, 7th Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. pp. 769.
  7. ^ Cappiello, P and D Shadow. 2005. Dogwoods: The Genus Cornus. Timber Press, Portland. pp 102.
  8. ^ Kaveriappa, KM, LM Phillips, RN Trigiano. 1997. Micropropagation of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) from seedlings. Plant Cell Reports 16: 485-489.
  9. ^ Sharma, AR, RN Trigiano, WT Witte, OJ Schwarz. 2005. In vitro adventitious rooting of Cornus florida microshoots. Scientia Horticulturae 103: 381-385.
  10. ^ Petrides, George A. 1972. A field guide to trees and shrubs; field marks of all trees, shrubs, and woody vines that grow wild in the northeastern and north-central United States and in southeastern and south-central Canada. The Peterson field guide series, 11. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. page 106.
  11. ^ Cappiello, P and D Shadow. 2005. Dogwoods: The Genus Cornus. Timber Press, Portland. pp 100.
licença
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direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

大花四照花: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

大花四照花(學名:Cornus florida),又名大花山茱萸、多花狗木,是山茱萸科的一種木本植物。原產於北美洲東部,從美國緬因州南部往西經加拿大安大略省南部至美國堪薩斯州東部;南至佛羅里達州北部及德克薩斯州東部。另外在墨西哥東部的新萊昂州韋拉克魯斯州也有出產一個亞種。

大花四照花是美國北卡羅萊那州維吉尼亞州的州花。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

ハナミズキ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
曖昧さ回避 この項目では、植物について説明しています。
ハナミズキ(アメリカヤマボウシ) Benthamidia florida
Benthamidia florida
(2007年4月14日、大阪府
分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 Angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 Eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 Core eudicots 階級なし : キク類 Asterids : ミズキ目 Cornales : ミズキ科 Cornaceae : ミズキ属 Cornus 亜属 : ヤマボウシ亜属 C. subg. Benthamidia : ハナミズキ C. florida 学名 Cornus florida
L.[1] シノニム
  • Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach
  • Cynoxylon florida (L.) Raf. ex Jackson
英名 flowering dogwood 亜種
  • C. f. subsp. florida
  • C. f. subsp. urbiniana

ハナミズキ(花水木、学名:Cornus florida)は、ミズキ科ミズキ属ヤマボウシ亜属落葉高木。別名、アメリカヤマボウシ[1]

ハナミズキの名は、ミズキの仲間でが目立つことに由来する。また、アメリカヤマボウシの名は、アメリカ原産で日本の近縁種のヤマボウシに似ていることから。

分布[編集]

北アメリカ原産。おもにアメリカ合衆国東海岸からミシシッピ川あたりまで自生しており、山岳部西海岸にはない。アパラチア山脈を南部のジョージア州などで初春に、北部のメイン州などで春の終わりに開花が移動する模様は、「ハナミズキ前線」が日本桜前線のように報道されることもあり、特に南部山岳のブルーリッジ山脈Blue Ridge Parkway)などで野生のハナミズキの花を見る行楽も行われる。通常白い花は、日本の大部分の桜のように、葉が出る前に花を付ける。[2] 南部のジョージア州、ノースカロライナ州などで珍重されていて、栽培種をまるで日本の盆栽のように展示する家庭も多い。

形態・生態[編集]

樹皮は灰黒色。

葉は楕円形となっている。には紅葉する。

花期は4月下旬から5月上旬で、白色や薄いピンク色の花をつける。但し、花弁のように見えるのは総苞で、中心の塊が花序である。実際の花は、4弁の直径5mm程度の目立たない花が集合して、順次開花する。

秋につける果実は複合果で、赤い。

人間との関わり[編集]

 src=
のハナミズキ。紅葉が始まっている。

庭木のほか、街路樹として利用される。栽培する際には、うどんこ病などに注意する。また、アメリカシロヒトリの食害にも遭いやすい。ハナミズキの深刻な病害であるハナミズキ炭疽病の感染地域では、感染によってハナミズキの街路樹が枯死すると、ハナミズキ炭疽病に抵抗性があるヤマボウシまたはハナミズキのヤマボウシ交配品種に植え替える病害対策が行われることがある。

ハナミズキは英語では「犬の木」を意味する「dogwood(ドッグウッド)」と呼ばれる。この語の語源には諸説あるが、一説には17世紀頃に樹皮の煮汁がイヌ皮膚病治療に使用されたためと言われ、他には、木製のを意味する英古語の「dag」「dog」を作る材料に使われる堅い木であったことからとも言われる。ただし、イヌの皮膚病治療に使ったとされる「dogwood」は、同じミズキ科の植物でもセイヨウサンシュユと考えられており、ハナミズキとは異なる。

日本における植栽[編集]

日本における植栽は、1912年に当時の東京市長であった尾崎行雄が、アメリカ合衆国ワシントンD.C.サクラソメイヨシノ)を贈った際、1915年にその返礼として贈られたのが始まり。この話は、1981年改訂版の日本の中学生向け教科書『NEW PRINCE』中3版でもエピソード的に取り上げられた。贈られたハナミズキは全部で60本で、うち白花の苗木が40本、ピンク花の苗木が20本で、日比谷公園小石川植物園などに植えられた。 [3] 原木は第二次世界大戦中にほとんどが伐採されるなどして、戦後小石川植物園で切株が発見されて、その標本が憲政記念館に展示されており [4]、原木は現在東京都立園芸高等学校にしか残っていない[5]。なお、2012年にサクラの寄贈100周年を記念して、再びハナミズキを日本に送る計画が持ち上がっている。

シンボル[編集]

日本[編集]

  • 区の花 : 五十音順

アメリカ合衆国[編集]

イエス・キリストに関する伝説[編集]

イエス・キリストが掛かった十字架にはハナミズキの木が使われて、そのため以前は大きかったこの木は小さくなり、花は4弁で十字架に似ていて、花弁にくぎを刺された傷跡があるという伝説がある。[6] この伝説の出どころはアメリカ合衆国と推察され、「When Christ was on earth, the dogwood grew / To a towering size with a lovely hue.」で始まる詩があり、これは1954年に「The Victoria Advocate」紙(1954年4月18日)に発表されたことまでは分かっている。20世紀よりも前にはない伝説で、キリスト教聖書には書かれておらず、またハナミズキは北アメリカ原産でイスラエルには自生していない。 [7]

ハナミズキを題材とした作品[編集]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]

参考文献[編集]

  • 茂木透写真 『樹に咲く花 離弁花2』 高橋秀男・勝山輝男監修、山と溪谷社〈山溪ハンディ図鑑〉、ISBN 4-635-07004-2。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにハナミズキに関する情報があります。  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ハナミズキに関連するカテゴリがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

ハナミズキ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

ハナミズキ(花水木、学名:Cornus florida)は、ミズキ科ミズキ属ヤマボウシ亜属落葉高木。別名、アメリカヤマボウシ

ハナミズキの名は、ミズキの仲間でが目立つことに由来する。また、アメリカヤマボウシの名は、アメリカ原産で日本の近縁種のヤマボウシに似ていることから。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語