More info for the terms:
fruit,
layering,
natural,
root crown,
seed,
shrubs,
top-kill,
vineVine maple is a very poor seed producer and relies primarily on
vegetative means of reproduction [
2].
Vegetative regeneration: Plants sprout from the root crown following
top-kill from logging or burning. Vine maple distribution in early
seral communities is therefore primarily dependent upon its
predistubance distribution [
6]. In early seral stands, layering occurs
infrequently, but as plants mature some stems become too long and
massive to remain erect and thus lay prostrate and root where the stem
touches the ground [
51]. Therefore layering probably increases with
stand age. Studies in western Oregon indicate that vine maple
reproduces almost exclusively by layering when under stands of old
growth conifers [
2,
51]. In these studies, new plants originating from
seed were extremely rare or absent from both clearcuts and mature
stands. Sprouts may also arise from shallow lateral roots that have
become exposed to light [
2].
Seed production and dispersal: Vine maple begins to produce seed at an
early age, probably before age 10 [
49]. The flowers appear in the
spring when the leaves are about half grown [
31]. Flowers occur in
loose drooping clusters that hang from the end of the branchlets. Male
and female organs occur in the same flower; however, in each flower only
male or female organs are functional. Thus only a few flowers from each
cluster develop into fruit [
31]. The fruit consists of two fused
samaras which eventually separate on shedding. Each samara contains a
single seed without endosperm. Small quantities of seed are produced
annually. The winged seeds are dispersed in the fall by wind; however,
dissemination of samaras in mature stands is probably restricted, since
strong winds normally do not prevail in coniferous understories [
2].
Seeds average approximately 5,000 per pound (11,000/kg) [
49,
62].
Seed viability and germination: Vine maple seeds have a dormant embryo
which requires approximately 6 months of chilling to germinate [
11].
Under natural conditions the seeds are dispersed in the fall and
germinate in the spring. Studies have shown that vine maple seedlings
are rare or absent from both clearcuts and mature stands [
2,
51]. This
lack of seedlings may possibly be attributed to: (1) the consumption of
a high proportion of samaras by squirrels, chipmunks, and insects, (2) a
thick moss layer or dense growth of other shrubs which often prevents
seeds from reaching mineral soil, and (3) poor germination [
2].