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Asclepias tuberosa ( Inglês )

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Description of taxonomy and ecology of Asclepias tuberosa

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Asclepias tuberosa - Species Page - ISB: Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants ( Inglês )

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Taxonomy and Florida distribution of Asclepias tuberosa.

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Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Chile Central
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Asclepias tuberosa ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

Asclepias tuberosa ye una especie fanerógama de la familia Apocynaceae. Tien el so orixe nel sur de los EE. XX. y estiéndese hasta'l norte, prefiriendo los terrenes con grava o arenosos.

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Flores y frutos
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Vista de la planta

Descripción

Ye una planta de raigañu perenne ramificada y carnosa de la que broten tarmos d'hasta 1 metro d'altor, estos son rectos y de color verde o acolorataos. Les fueyes pedunculaes son alternes. Les flores, numberoses, son de color mariellu o anaranxáu brillante y arrexuntar en corimbos.

Propiedaes

Taxonomía

Asclepias tuberosa describióse por Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 217. 1762.[2]

Etimoloxía

Asclepias: nome xenéricu que Carlos Linneo nomó n'honor d'Esculapio (dios griegu de la medicina), poles munches aplicaciones melecinales que tien la planta.

tuberosa: epítetu llatín que significa "tuberosa, con bultu".[3]

Variedaes
  • Asclepias tuberosa decumbens (L.) Pursh 1814.
  • Asclepias tuberosa interior (Woodson) F.Seym. - centru d'Estaos Xuníos.
  • Asclepias tuberosa rolfsii (Britton ex Vail) Shinners (Rolfs Milkweed), sur d'Estaos Xuníos.
  • Asclepias tuberosa tuberosa Woodson - este d'Estaos Xuníos.
Sinonimia
  • Acerates decumbens Decne.
  • Acerates decumbens var. erecta Durand
  • Asclepias decumbens L.
  • Asclepias elliptica Raf.
  • Asclepias lutea Raf.
  • Asclepias revoluta Raf.
  • Asclepias rolfsii Britton ex Vail[4]

Ver tamién

Referencies

Bibliografía

  • Bailey, L. H. & Y. Z. Bailey. 1976. Hortus Third i–xiv, 1–1290. MacMillan, New York.
  • CONABIO. 2009. Catálogu taxonómicu d'especies de Méxicu. 1. In Capital Nat. Méxicu. CONABIO, Mexico City.
  • Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
  • Cronquist, A. J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren. 1984. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 4: 1–573. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  • Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  • Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  • Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  • Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  • Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
  • Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Scoggan, H. J. 1979. Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). Part 4. 1117–1711 pp. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.
  • Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
  • Voss, Y. G. 1996. Michigan Flora, Part III: Dicots (Pyrolaceae-Compositae). Cranbrook Inst. of Science, Ann Arbor.
  • Woodson, J. R. Y. 1954. The North American species of Asclepias L. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 41(1): 1–211.
  • Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainseville.
  • Peterson, Roger Tory; Margaret McKenny (1968). A Field Guide to Wildflowers of Northeastern and North-central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-18325-1.
  • Photo of a J.J. Audubon Plate Clay-Colored Sparrow perched atop Asclepias tuberosa

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Asclepias tuberosa

Asclepias tuberosa ye una especie fanerógama de la familia Apocynaceae. Tien el so orixe nel sur de los EE. XX. y estiéndese hasta'l norte, prefiriendo los terrenes con grava o arenosos.

 src= Flores y frutos  src= Vista de la planta
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original
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wikipedia AST

Asclepias tuberosa ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Asclepias tuberosa, auch Knollige Seidenpflanze oder Orange Seidenpflanze genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Seidenpflanzen (Asclepias) in der Unterfamilie Asclepiadoideae innerhalb der Familie der Hundsgiftgewächse (Apocynaceae). Das weite Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Ostkanada bis ins nördliche Mexiko.

Beschreibung

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Behaarter Stängel mit wechselständigen Laubblättern
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Ausschnitt eines Blütenstandes
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Offene Balgfrucht und Samen
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Balgfrüchte und Samen

Vegetative Merkmale

Asclepias tuberosa wächst als ausdauernde krautige Pflanze und erreicht Wuchshöhen von bis etwa 90 cm. Der Milchsaft ist klar[1]. Sie bildet eine tiefreichende Pfahlwurzel aus der jedes Jahr im Frühjahr ein bis etwa 100 starke Stängel wachsen. Die sich nur am Blütenstand verzweigenden Stängel sind mit dünnen weichen oder auch steifen Härchen (Trichome) besetzt.

Die unregelmäßig, gewöhnlich wechselständig am Stängel angeordneten Laubblätter besitzen kurze, 1 bis 5 mm lange Stielen. Die dünne, feste und gelegentlich gekräuselte Blattspreite ist bei einer Länge von 3 bis 11 cm und einer Breite von 0,3 bis 3,0 cm schmal bis breit lanzettförmig mit zugespitztem oder auch gerundetem Ende. Vor allem die Blattunterseite ist mit dünnen Härchen besetzt.

Generative Merkmale

Die Blütezeit reicht von Mai bis Juli. Der Blütenstand trägt wenige bis viele, terminale bis subterminale, wenig- bis vielblütige, doldenförmige Cymoide. Die Blütenkrone besitzt einen Durchmesser von bis zu 1 cm, je nachdem wie stark die Kronzipfel umgebogen sind. Die 7 bis 8 mm langen Kronzipfel sind stark zurückgebogen und variieren in der Farbe von gelblich, meist orange bis rot. Das gestielte Gynostegium ist meist orange, seltener gelb. Der Stiel weist eine Länge von etwa 2 mm lang und einen Durchmesser von etwa 1,5 mm auf. Die Nebenkronenzipfel sind aufrecht länglich-lanzettförmig, kapuzenförmig und 4 bis 5 mm lang. Der hornförmige Sekundärfortsatz ist länger als die Zipfel und biegt sich über dem Gripfelkopf ein. Der Griffelkopf ist zylindrisch und misst etwa 2 mm in der Höhe und 2 mm im Durchmesser.

Die aufrecht auf einem kurzen Stiel stehenden Balgfrüchte sind bei einer Länge von 8 bis 15 cm sowie einem Durchmesser von 1,0 bis 1,5 cm relativ lang und schlank. Ihre Oberfläche ist kahl und mit Warzen besetzt. Die bei einer Länge und Breite von 5 bis 7 mm breit-eiförmigen, flachen Samen besitzen einen 3 bis 4 cm langen, weißen Haarschopf.

Die Chromosomengrundzahl beträgt n = 11.

Ökologie

Die Bestäubung erfolgt gewöhnlich durch große Bienen und Wespen, weniger häufig auch durch Schmetterlinge. Asclepias tuberosa ist eine wichtige Nahrungspflanze für die Raupen des Monarchfalters (Danaus plexippus).

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Habitus

Vorkommen

Asclepias tuberosa kommt in fast allen kontinentalen Staaten der USA mit Ausnahme von Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nebraska, Montana, North Dakota und Alaska vor, sowie im südöstlichen Kanada (Quebec und Ontario) und Nordmexiko.

Asclepias tuberosa ist eine verbreitete Wildpflanze entlang Straßen und anderen vom Menschen beeinflussten Habitaten. Sie gedeiht am häufigsten in steinigen, relativ trockenen Böden an sonnigen Standorten.

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Illustration aus American medicinal plants, Tafel 135

Systematik

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Asclepias tuberosa erfolgte durch Carl von Linné.[2]

Die Art Asclepias tuberosa wird von Woodson (1954) in vier Unterarten unterteilt:

  • Asclepias tuberosa L. subsp. tuberosa: Die Blätter sind typischerweise eiförmig bis lanzettförmig und keilförmig an der Basis, die Ränder sind gewöhnlich glatt. Verbreitung: New Hampshire bis nördliches Florida (dort in die subsp. rolfsii übergehend), westwärts bis zu den Alleghenies (dort in die subsp. interior übergehend)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii (Britton ex Vail) Woodson: Die Blätter typischerweise lanzettförmig mit gekräuselten Rändern. Florida bis Georgia (dort geht sie in die subsp. tuberosa über) und westwärts entlang der Küste des Golfs von Mexiko bis Alabama (dort geht sie in die subsp. tuberosa oder subsp. interior über)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior Woodson: Die Blätter sind typischerweise herzförmig. Verbreitung: Ozark-Hochfläche ostwärts bis zu den Alleghenies (dort in die subsp. tuberosa übergehend), südwärts bis zur Ebene des Golfs von Mexiko (dort in die subsp. rolfsii übergehend), und sich in einem Bogen westwärts und nordwärts von Texas bis in den Norden von Michigan erstreckend (dort geht sie in die subsp. terminalis über).
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. terminalis Woodson: Die Blätter lanzettförmig, eiförmig, länglich bis elliptisch mit glatten Rändern. An der Basis sind sie typischerweise abgestumpft oder trunkiert bis herzförmig. Diese Unterart kommt am westlichen Rand des Verbreitungsgebietes der Art vor, von Tamaulipas nordwestwärts bis in das südliche Utah, und ostwärts bis nach Colorado, South Dakota, das südliche Minnesota, Wisconsin und in den Norden von Michigan (dort in einem Bogen ostwärts und südwärts in die subsp. interior übergehend). Die Unterart subsp. terminalis wird heute besser als Synonym zu Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior Woodson gestellt.[2]

Nutzung

Zierpflanze

Auf Grund ihrer gelben bis leuchtend orangeroten Blütenstände verwendet man Asclepias tuberosa als Zierpflanze. In Mitteleuropa braucht sie allerdings meist einen leichten Winterschutz.

Medizinische Bedeutung

Im 19. Jahrhundert wurden Pflanzenteile bei Lungenproblemen wie Asthma und Bronchitis eingesetzt. Asclepias tuberosa wird in der Homöopathie immer noch als Heilmittel eingesetzt[3].

Quellen

Literatur

  • Robert E. Woodson, Jr.: The North American Species of Asclepias L., In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Volume 41, Issue 1, St. Louis, Mo., 1954, S. 1–211. JSTOR 2394652
  • Robert Wyatt: The Reproductive Biology of Asclepias tuberosa: I. Flower Number, Arrangement, and Fruit-Set., In: New Phytologist, Volume 85, Issue 1, Oxford 1980, S. 119–131. JSTOR 2434080
  • Robert Wyatt: The Reproductive Biology of Asclepias tuberosa. II. Factors Determining Fruit-Set., In: New Phytologist, Volume 88, Issue 2, Oxford 1981, S. 375–385. JSTOR 2431812

Einzelnachweise

  1. Ontario Wildflowers.
  2. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Asclepias. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 3. Januar 2020.
  3. William Boericke: Handbuch der homöopathischen materia Medica, 845 S., Heidelberg, Haug, 1992, ISBN 3-7760-1193-9.

Weblinks

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wikipedia DE

Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Asclepias tuberosa, auch Knollige Seidenpflanze oder Orange Seidenpflanze genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Seidenpflanzen (Asclepias) in der Unterfamilie Asclepiadoideae innerhalb der Familie der Hundsgiftgewächse (Apocynaceae). Das weite Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Ostkanada bis ins nördliche Mexiko.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Asclepias tuberosa ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Asclepias tuberosa, commonly known as butterfly milkweed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America.[2] It is commonly known as butterfly milkweed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.[3]

Description

It is a perennial plant growing to 0.3–1 m (1–3+12 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 3–12 cm (1+144+34 in) long,[4] and 2–3 cm (341+14 in) broad.

From April to September, in the upper axils, 7.5 cm (3 in)–wide umbels of orange, yellow or red flowers 1.5 cm (12 in) wide appear. They each have five petals and five sepals.[4] It is uncertain if reddish flowers are due to soil mineral content, ecotype genetic differentiation, or both. A cultivar named 'Hello Yellow' typically has more yellowish flowers than ordinary examples of this plant.

The fruit pod is 7.5–15 cm (3–6 in) long, containing many long-haired seeds.[4]

Similar species

The plant looks similar to the lanceolate milkweed (Asclepias lanceolata), but is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers, and the hairy stems that are not milky when broken. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

Taxonomy

Subspecies

  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior – (Central United States, Ontario and Quebec[5])
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii – Rolfs milkweed (Southeastern United States)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa – (Eastern United States)

Common names

Common names include butterfly weed,[6] Canada root, chieger flower,[6] chiggerflower, fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, orange milkweed, orange root,[7] orange Swallow-wort, pleurisy root,[6] silky swallow-wort, tuber root, yellow milkweed, white-root, windroot, butterfly love, butterflyweed, and butterfly milkweed.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The species can be found from South Dakota south to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona, as well as many other areas further east.[4]

This plant favors dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins. It requires full sun.

Ecology

Most easily propagated by seed. The primary pollinators are bees and wasps, rather than butterflies.[9] Sown outdoors after frost, a plant will flower and produce seed in the third year. It is difficult to transplant once established, as it has a deep, woody taproot.[10][11]

A. tuberosa is a larval food plant of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia.[3][12] Because of its rough leaves, it is not a preferred host plant of the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully.[13][14] Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence and perhaps contributing to its lack of attractiveness to egg-laying monarchs.[15]

Cultivation

To protect seeds from washing away during heavy rains and from seed–eating birds, one can cover the seeds with a light fabric or with an 0.5 in (13 mm) layer of straw mulch.[16] However, mulch acts as an insulator. Thicker layers of mulch can prevent seeds from germinating if they prevent soil temperatures from rising enough when winter ends. Further, few seedlings can push through a thick layer of mulch.[17]

In cultivation in the greenhouse, plants can easily be grown from seed to flowering in as little as three to six months. The seeds often need periods of cold treatment (cold stratification) before they will germinate.[18]

Toxicity

The plant contains toxic glycosides, alkaloids and resinoids. These can cause weakness, seizures and corneal injuries.[19] Use of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids and pregnanes.[20]

Because monarch butterflies do not favor it when reproducing, it is not as suitable for use in butterfly gardens and monarch waysides as are other milkweed species.[14][15]

Uses

Native Americans and European pioneers used the boiled roots to treat diarrhea and respiratory illnesses.[21] The young seed pods were used as food after being boiled in several changes of water.[21] The seed pod down was spun and used to make candle wicks.[21]

The root was once used to treat pleurisy.[4]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "Asclepias tuberosa". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ (1) "Query Page". BONAP’s Taxonomic Data Center (TDC): The Biota of North America Program: North American Vascular Flora.
    (2) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.
    (3) Stritch, Larry. "Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L.)". Plant of the Week. United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on March 27, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b (1) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. Milkweed species are attractive to many insect species, including the large milkweed bug, common milkweed bug, red milkweed beetle, blue milkweed beetle, and bees.
    (2) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ a b c d e Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 349–350. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
  5. ^ Species profile on VASCAN. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c "Asclepias tuberosa". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved December 17, 2017.
  7. ^ anonymous (2008). "Featured Native Plant: Butterfly Weed" (PDF). Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes. 6 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 14, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  8. ^ Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 138.
  9. ^ Fishbein, M., and D.L. Venable. 1996. Diversity and change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77:1061-1073.
  10. ^ Loewer, Peter 'Native Perennials For the Southeast' Cool Springs Press. Nashville, Tenn. 2005 ISBN 1-59186-121-7
  11. ^ Druse, Ken 'Making More Plants The Science, Art, and Joy of Propagation' Abrams. New York, NY. 2012 ISBN 0-517-70787-X
  12. ^ Schillo, Rebecca (2011). Cummings, Nina (ed.). "Native Landscaping Takes Root in Chicago". In the Field. The Field Museum: 13.
  13. ^ Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
  14. ^ a b Gomez, Tony. "Asclepias Tuberosa: Butterfly Weed for Monarchs and More". Monarch Butterfly Garden. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Rough leaves for monarch caterpillars, not typically a heavily used host plant.
  15. ^ a b (1) "Milkweeds (mostly Asclepias spp.)". Alonso Abugattas Shares Native Plant Picks for Wildlife. Mid-Atlantic Gardener. 2016. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved October 17, 2020. And if you have hot, dry conditions in your yard, try Butterflyweed (A. tuberosa). .... It's the least favored by Monarch caterpillars because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves.
    (2) Abugattas, Alonzo (January 3, 2017). "Monarch Way Stations". Capital Naturalist. Archived from the original on June 5, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017 – via Blogger. (A. tuberosa) is the least favored by monarch caterpillars .... because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, .....
    (3) "Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa" (PDF). Becker County, Minnesota: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Unlike other milkweeds, this plant has a clear sap, and the level of toxic cardiac glycosides is consistently low (although other toxic compounds may be present)..
    (4) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal. Bentham Science Publishers. 11: 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC 5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that even though cardenolides are normally considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are found in A. tuberosa.
    (5) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (February 2010). "8,12;8,20-Diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asclepias tuberosa". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 58 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we could find no cardenolides in the more hydrophobic fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of A. tuberosa, the same as previously.
    (6) Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere. Ecological Society of America (ESA). 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064. In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)
  16. ^ (1) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Establishing Pollinator Habitat from Seed: Sowing Seed. Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. pp. 113–114. ISBN 9781603427470. LCCN 2010043054. OCLC 776997073. Retrieved July 7, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat: Propagating Native Milkweeds: Seed Propagation" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Any of the standard seed propagation methods (Landis et al., 1999) are effective with milkweed. Direct sowing of non-stratified seeds during the fall followed by exposure to ambient winter conditions can be effective, but the seeds must be mulched and protected. Cover sown seeds with a thin mulch; research has found that common milkweed seeds germinated better when planted 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in.) deep than when at the soil surface (Jeffery and Robison, 1971).
  17. ^ Bush-Brown, James; Bush-Brown, Louise (1958). "Chapter 32: Mulches". America's garden book. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 768. LCCN 58005738. OCLC 597041748 – via Internet Archive.
  18. ^ (1) Borders, Brianna; Lee–Mäder, Eric (2014). "Milkweed Propagation and Seed Production: Stratification" (PDF). Milkweeds: A Conservation Practitioner's Guide: Plant Ecology, Seed Production Methods, and Habitat Restoration Opportunities. Portland, Oregon: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. pp. 28–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
    (2) Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat" (PDF). International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014). 64: 302. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 11, 2021 – via United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. .... Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986).
    (3) Higgins, Adrian (May 27, 2015). "7 milkweed varieties and where to find them". Home & Garden. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020. Seed may be stubborn to germinate and may need a period of cold treatment..
  19. ^ (1) Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 267–68. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
    (2) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal. Bentham Science Publishers. 11: 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC 5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that even though cardenolides are normally considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are found in A. tuberosa.
    (3) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L." (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021. Milkweed species, as a group, are known to contain cardiac glycosides that are poisonous both to humans and to livestock, as well as other substances that may account for their medicinal effect. Resinoids, glycosides, and a small amount of alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant. Symptoms of poisoning by the cardiac glycosides include dullness, weakness, bloating, inability to stand or walk, high body temperature, rapid and weak pulse, difficulty breathing, dilated pupils, spasms, and coma.
  20. ^ (1) "Asclepias tuberosa". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin. "Warning: POISONOUS PARTS: Roots, plant sap from all parts. Not edible. Toxic only if eaten in large quantities. Symptoms include vomiting, stupor, weakness, spasms. Toxic Principle: Resinoid, cardiac glycoside" "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - the University of Texas at Austin". Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link).
    (2) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal. Bentham Science Publishers. 11: 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMC 5362972. PMID 28400886. The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that even though cardenolides are normally considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are found in A. tuberosa.
    (3) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (February 2010). "8,12;8,20-Diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asclepias tuberosa". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Pharmaceutical Society of Japan. 58 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. Retrieved September 11, 2020.
  21. ^ a b c "Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)". tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Asclepias tuberosa, commonly known as butterfly milkweed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America. It is commonly known as butterfly milkweed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.

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Asclepias tuberosa ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Asclepias tuberosa es una especie fanerógama de la familia Apocynaceae. Tiene su origen en el sur de los EE. UU. y se extiende hasta el norte, prefiriendo los terrenos con grava o arenosos.

 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Es una planta de raíz perenne ramificada y carnosa de la que brotan tallos de hasta 1 metro de altura, estos son rectos y de color verde o rojizos. Las hojas pedunculadas son alternas. No es tan lechosa como otras especies del género. Las flores, numerosas, son de color amarillo o anaranjado brillante y se agrupan en corimbos. Son visitadas por numerosas especies de insectos y por colibríes.[1]

Propiedades

  • Esta planta es diaforética, laxante y carminativa según la medicina popular.
  • Su nombre en inglés: pleuresy root (raíz de la pleuresía) indica que su uso estaba dirigido al tratamiento de las afecciones respiratorias. Se ha usado en casos de neumonía.
  • También indicado para los cólico flatulentos, diarreas y disentería.
  • Se ha recomendado para cólicos flatulentos, afecciones simples de estómago. A dosis altas es purgante.[2]
  • No se recomienda su uso durante el embarazo porque los glicósidos podrían dañar al feto.

Taxonomía

Asclepias tuberosa fue descrita por Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 217. 1762.[3]

Etimología

Asclepias: nombre genérico que Carlos Linneo nombró en honor de Esculapio (dios griego de la medicina), por las muchas aplicaciones medicinales que tiene la planta.

tuberosa: epíteto latino que significa "tuberosa, con bulto".[4]

Variedades
  • Asclepias tuberosa decumbens (L.) Pursh 1814.
  • Asclepias tuberosa interior (Woodson) F.Seym. - centro de Estados Unidos.
  • Asclepias tuberosa rolfsii (Britton ex Vail) Shinners (Rolfs Milkweed), sur de Estados Unidos.
  • Asclepias tuberosa tuberosa Woodson - este de Estados Unidos.
Sinonimia
  • Acerates decumbens Decne.
  • Acerates decumbens var. erecta Durand
  • Asclepias decumbens L.
  • Asclepias elliptica Raf.
  • Asclepias lutea Raf.
  • Asclepias revoluta Raf.
  • Asclepias rolfsii Britton ex Vail[5]

Referencias

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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Asclepias tuberosa es una especie fanerógama de la familia Apocynaceae. Tiene su origen en el sur de los EE. UU. y se extiende hasta el norte, prefiriendo los terrenos con grava o arenosos.

 src= Vista de la planta
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Asclepias tuberosa ( Basco )

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Asclepias tuberosa Ipar Amerikako ekialdeko kotoi-landare espezie bat da. Hosto iraunkorreko landarea da, 0,3-1 metro izan ohi ditu altueran, udara haiseratik udazken hasierara lora hori edo larnajak taldekatuta izaten ditu. Hostoak kiribilki antolatuta daude, lantzeolatuak dira, 5-12 cm luze dituzte eta 2-3 cm zabal.

Landare honi lehortasunak, hondarrak eta legarrak mesede egiten dio, baina hala ere erreka ertzetan ere ikusi dira hazten. Eguzkia osos garrantzitsua da.

Tximela kotoi bezala ere ezaguna da, izan ere landareak tximeletak erekakartzen ditu bere koloreengatik eta bere nektar produkzioari esker. Tximeleta Erreginen eta Monarka Tximeleten janaria ere bada larbak direnean. Kolibriak, erleak eta beste intsektu batzuk ere erakartzen ditu.

Landarea haurdunaldian erebailtzen du jende askok, edoskitzean edota umeekin bihotzeko glukosido gutxi dituelako.

 src=
Asclepias tuberosaren loreak

Identifikazioa

Landarea beste kotoi-landare lantzeolatuen itxura du (Asclepias lanceolata), baina lore kopuru handiagatik oso bereizgarria da, eta bere zurtoin iletsuagatik, ez baita esnetsua apurtzen denean. Ohikoena lur-lehorreko zelaietan aurkitzea da.

Hedapena

Modurik errazena haziak landatuz hedatze da. Izozteen ondoren aire zabalean landatuz gero, landareak loreak hirugarren urtean loreak sortuko ditu. Oso zaila lekuz aldatzea ezarrita edo finkatuta dagoenean.

Subespezieak

  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior – (AEBko erdialdean)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii – (AEBko hegoekialdean)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa – (AEBko ekialdean)
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Asclepias tuberosa Ipar Amerikako ekialdeko kotoi-landare espezie bat da. Hosto iraunkorreko landarea da, 0,3-1 metro izan ohi ditu altueran, udara haiseratik udazken hasierara lora hori edo larnajak taldekatuta izaten ditu. Hostoak kiribilki antolatuta daude, lantzeolatuak dira, 5-12 cm luze dituzte eta 2-3 cm zabal.

Landare honi lehortasunak, hondarrak eta legarrak mesede egiten dio, baina hala ere erreka ertzetan ere ikusi dira hazten. Eguzkia osos garrantzitsua da.

Tximela kotoi bezala ere ezaguna da, izan ere landareak tximeletak erekakartzen ditu bere koloreengatik eta bere nektar produkzioari esker. Tximeleta Erreginen eta Monarka Tximeleten janaria ere bada larbak direnean. Kolibriak, erleak eta beste intsektu batzuk ere erakartzen ditu.

Landarea haurdunaldian erebailtzen du jende askok, edoskitzean edota umeekin bihotzeko glukosido gutxi dituelako.

 src= Asclepias tuberosaren loreak
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Asclepias tuberosa ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Asclepias tuberosa

Asclepias tuberosa, communément appelée Asclépiade tubéreuse[1], est une espèce végétale de la famille des Apocynaceae.

Description

C'est une plante herbacée vivace atteignant 0,3 à 1 mètre de hauteur, avec des fleurs orange ou jaunes groupées du début de l'été au début de l'automne. Les feuilles sont disposées en spirale, lancéolées, de 5 à 12 cm de long et de 2 à 3 cm de large.

Certaines plantes sauvages ont des fleurs orange très rougeâtres. Il n'est pas certain que cela soit dû à la teneur en minéraux du sol, à la différenciation génétique des écotypes ou aux deux. Un cultivar, 'Hello Yellow', a généralement plus de fleurs jaunâtres que les exemples ordinaires de cette plante.

Utilisations

Elle est utilisée comme ornementale. Adam Maurizio signale ses pousses comme alimentaires[2].

Distribution et habitat

Cette plante préfère les sols secs, sablonneux ou graveleux, mais a également été signalée sur les bords des cours d'eau. Il nécessite le plein soleil.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon NCBI (5 févr. 2012)[3] :

  • sous-espèce Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior
  • sous-espèce Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii

Notes et références

  1. Darbyshire, S.J., M. Favreau & M. Murray. 2000. Noms populaires et scientifiques des plantes nuisibles du Canada. Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada. 132 p.
  2. A. Maurizzio, « Histoire de l'alimentation végétale chez l'Homme. », Revue de botanique appliquée et d'agriculture coloniale, vol. 11, no 115,‎ 1931, p. 163 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 mai 2018)
  3. NCBI, consulté le 5 févr. 2012

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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Asclepias tuberosa

Asclepias tuberosa, communément appelée Asclépiade tubéreuse, est une espèce végétale de la famille des Apocynaceae.

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Orange sidenört ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Orange sidenört (Asclepias tuberosa) är en art inom familjen oleanderväxter.

Referenser

Webbkällor

Rödklöver.png Denna växtartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
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Orange sidenört: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Orange sidenört (Asclepias tuberosa) är en art inom familjen oleanderväxter.

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Asclepias tuberosa ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Asclepias tuberosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ “The Plant list: A Working List of All plant Species”.
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Asclepias tuberosa. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến tông Bông tai này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Asclepias tuberosa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Asclepias tuberosa là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ La bố ma. Loài này được L. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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柳葉馬利筋 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
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二名法 Asclepias tuberosa
L.

柳葉馬利筋學名Asclepias tuberosa)生長在林地、乾燥或排水良好的土壤,分佈美國東部和南部。高約兩米,莖強健葉狹長,橙色小花以聚繖花序長在枝端,花蜜豐富。其汁液透明或綠色,不像其他有白漿的馬利筋。種子具絲狀絨毛以利傳播,可填充枕頭。

用途

嫩枝、根和幼果莢均可當蔬菜食用,花是天然的甜味劑。

文獻

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柳葉馬利筋: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

柳葉馬利筋(學名:Asclepias tuberosa)生長在林地、乾燥或排水良好的土壤,分佈美國東部和南部。高約兩米,莖強健葉狹長,橙色小花以聚繖花序長在枝端,花蜜豐富。其汁液透明或綠色,不像其他有白漿的馬利筋。種子具絲狀絨毛以利傳播,可填充枕頭。

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