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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
Zaprionus Coquillett, 1902 is a subgenus of the drosophilid genus Zaprionus Coquillett, 1902,characterized by the presence of an even number of longitudinal white stripes on the frons and the mesonotum.[1] It contains 50 Afrotropical species.[2] Recently, two of its species became invasive, namely Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1972 and Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, 1932, with cosmopolitan and subcosmopolitan distributions, respectively.[3][4] Most of its species breed on ripe fruits but some are flower breeders.[5] Phyogenetic analyses show the genus to be monophyletic,[6] and a new phylogenetic classification has recently been proposed.[7]
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Amir Yassin
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

Zaprionus Coquillett, 1902 is a drosophilid genus characterized by the presence of longitudinal white stripes on the frons and the mesonotum. These stripes are structural, consisting of long grooved trichomes that reflect the light.[1] It is a Paleotropical genus whose species are classified under two subgenera: Zaprionus in the Afrotropical region (50 spp.), and Anaprionus in the Oriental and Australasian regions (12 spp.).[2] Recently, two of its Afrotropical species became invasive, namely Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1972 and Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, 1932, with cosmopolitan and subcosmopolitan distributions, respectively.[3][4] In Tropical Africa, most species breed on ripe fruits but some are flower breeders.[5] Phyogenetic analyses show the genus to be polyphyletic, with some species of the subgenus Anaprionus being more related to other drosophilid genera than to the subgenus Zaprionus.[6][7]

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Amir Yassin
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Zaprionus ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The genus Zaprionus belongs to the family fruit fly Drosophilidae and is positioned within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. All species are easily recognized by the white longitudinal stripes across the head and thorax. The genus is subdivided in two subgenera, based on the presence of an even (subgenus Zaprionus) or odd (subgenus Anaprionus) number of white stripes. The species of the genus can be found in Africa and Southern Asia. One species, Zaprionus indianus, has invaded the New World.

Description

All species in the genus Zaprionus are easily identified by the longitudinal white stripes bordered by black stripes running across the top of the head and thorax. Species of the subgenus Zaprionus have 4 or 6 white stripes while the species of the subgenus Anaprionus have 5 or 7 white stripes. The general body color varies across species from yellowish to dark brown. Several species of the subgenus Zaprionus have one or more stout and sometimes composite spines on the forelegs.[1]

Coloration

The characteristic black and white 'zebra'[2] stripes of this genus have two different origins.[3] In the simplest form, the white stripes are caused by an absence of the pigment in the cuticle.[3] This mechanism is found in species of the subgenus Anaprionus.[3] The absence of pigmentation also occurs in the species of the subgenus Zaprionus, probably complemented by a separate mechanism. In these species, the white stripes contain many long and bent trichomes (fine outgrowths) that have a groove and contain two cavities, polarizing the light.[2] The black stripes are caused by pigmentation.[2]

Distribution

Members of this genus can be found in the tropics of most continents.[4] The species of the subgenus Zaprionus are found primarily in Africa, while the species of the subgenus Anaprionus are found in Southeast Asia. Two species, Zaprionus ghesquierei and Zaprionus indianus have expanded their range in recent times. Zaprionus ghesquierei has invaded Hawaiʻi,[5] while Zaprionus indianus has expanded its range through the Middle East towards India[4] and more recently crossed the Atlantic Ocean and colonized both South and North America.[6][7]

Ecology

Zaprionus species are found in a wide array of habitats from semi-deserts to the tropical rain forest. Most species breed on fruits, flowers or decaying tree trunks.[1]

Taxonomy

Zaprionus indianus foreleg with composite spines charactertistic for the Zaprionus vittiger species group

The genus Zaprionus was described in 1902 by Daniel William Coquillett.[8] He considered the genus closely related to the genus Drosophila.[8] Molecular studies have confirmed this relationship, and the genus Zaprionus is positioned within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila.[9][10][11][12][13]

Within the genus, species with an odd number of stripes are assigned to the subgenus Anaprionus, while the species with an even number of stripes are assigned to the subgenus Zaprionus.[1][14] Species within the subgenus Zaprionus were traditionally subdivided in two species groups, armatus and inermis, based on the presence or absence of special spines on the forelegs.[15] The armatus species group was further subdivided into three species subgroups based on the type of spines.[15] The species of the armatus species subgroup have several normal spines.[15] The single spine on forelegs of the species of the tuberculatus species subgroup consists of a large spine positioned on a tubercle with a smaller spine near the base of the spine.[15] Finally, the species of the vittiger species subgroup had a row of composite spines generally positioned on small tubercles.[15]

Recent molecular studies have shown that this subdivision of the Zaprionus subgenus is incorrect.[1][16][17] The ornamentation has evolved multiple times and is not a reliable characteristic for classification. The tuberculatus species group is now part of the group lacking ornamentation (inermis), and the closet relatives of species with a large composite spines are closely related to species without such a spine.[17] The vittiger species subgroup is now a species group and a new species group, neglectus, has been erected for one species placed at the root of the Zaprionus subgenus.

Species

Phylogeny of the genus Drosophila and included genera

immigrans-tripunctata radiation

D. quadrilineata species group

Samoaia

Zaprionus

D. tumiditarsus species group

Liodrosophila

Dichaetophora, Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila and Paramycodrosophila

virilis-repleta radiation and subgenus Siphlodora

Hawaiian Drosophilidae

D. polychaeta species group

Dorsilopha

Sophophora and included groups

Simplified phylogenetic tree of the genus Drosophila and included genera with a focus on the phylogenetic position of the genus Zaprionus.[12][13]

The genus Zaprionus consists of the following species:[1][3]

Subgenus Anaprionus: odd number of whites stripes

Subgenus Zaprionus: even number of white stripes

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Yassin A and David JR. (2010) Revision of the Afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on internal reproductive structures and immature stages. ZooKeys 51:33–72.
  2. ^ a b c Walt, Heinrich; Tobler, Heinz (1978). "Fine structural analysis of the thoracic longitudinal stripes ofZaprionus vittiger (Diptera)". Journal of Morphology. 155 (2): 173–179. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051550204. PMID 30227693. S2CID 52296197.
  3. ^ a b c d Yassin, A; Da Lage, JL; David, JR; Kondo, M; Madi-Ravazzi, L; Prigent, SR; Toda, MJ (2010). "Polyphyly of the Zaprionus genus group (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 55 (1): 335–9. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.013. PMID 19761854.
  4. ^ a b Gerhard Bächli (1999–2006). "TaxoDros: the database on taxonomy of Drosophilidae".
  5. ^ O'Grady PM, Beardsley JW and Perreira WD. (2002) New records for introduced Drosophilidae (Diptera) in Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 68:34–35.
  6. ^ Vilela CR. (1999) Is Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) currently colonizing the Neotropical region? Drosophila Information Service 82:37–39.
  7. ^ Kim van der Linde, Gary J. Steck, Ken Hibbard, Jeff S. Birdsley, Linette M Alonso and David Houle (2006) First records of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), a pest species on commercial fruits, from Panama and the United States of America. Florida Entomologist 89:402–404.
  8. ^ a b Coquillett DW. (1902) New Diptera from Southern Africa. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 24:27–32.
  9. ^ O'Grady, Patrick; Desalle, Rob (2008). "Out of Hawaii: the origin and biogeography of the genus Scaptomyza (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Biology Letters. 4 (2): 195–9. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0575. PMC 2429922. PMID 18296276.
  10. ^ Robe, Lizandra J.; Loreto, Elgion L. S.; Valente, Vera L. S. (2010). "Radiation of the ,,Drosophila" subgenus (Drosophilidae, Diptera) in the Neotropics". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 48 (4): 310. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00563.x.
  11. ^ Robe, Lizandra J.; Valente, Vera L. S.; Loreto, Elgion L. S. (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships and macro-evolutionary patterns within the Drosophila tripunctata "radiation" (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Genetica. 138 (7): 725–35. doi:10.1007/s10709-010-9453-0. PMID 20376692. S2CID 22571522.
  12. ^ a b van der Linde K and Houle D. (2008). "A supertree analysis and literature review of the genus Drosophila and closely related genera" (PDF). Insect Systematics and Evolution. 39 (3): 241–267. doi:10.1163/187631208788784237.
  13. ^ a b Van Der Linde, KIM; Houle, David; Spicer, Greg S.; Steppan, Scott J. (2010). "A supermatrix-based molecular phylogeny of the family Drosophilidae". Genetics Research. 92 (1): 25–38. doi:10.1017/S001667231000008X. PMID 20433773.
  14. ^ Chassagnard MT. (1988) Esquisse phylogénétique du genre Zaprionus Coq. (Diptera: Drosophilidae) et description de trois nouvelles espèces afrotropicales. Nat. Can. 115:305–322.
  15. ^ a b c d e Chassagnard MT and Tsacas L. (1993) Le sous-genre Zaprionus S.Str.: définition de groupes d'espèces et révision du sous-groupe vittiger (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. 29:173–194.
  16. ^ Yassin, A; Araripe, LO; Capy, P; Da Lage, JL; Klaczko, LB; Maisonhaute, C; Ogereau, D; David, JR (2008). "Grafting the molecular phylogenetic tree with morphological branches to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus Zaprionus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 47 (3): 903–15. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.036. PMID 18462955.
  17. ^ a b Yassin, Amir (2008). "Molecular and Morphometrical Revision of theZaprionus tuberculatusSpecies Subgroup (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Descriptions of Two Cryptic Species". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 101 (6): 978–988. doi:10.1603/0013-8746-101.6.978. S2CID 86638647.
Wikispecies has information related to Zaprionus.
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Zaprionus: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The genus Zaprionus belongs to the family fruit fly Drosophilidae and is positioned within the paraphyletic genus Drosophila. All species are easily recognized by the white longitudinal stripes across the head and thorax. The genus is subdivided in two subgenera, based on the presence of an even (subgenus Zaprionus) or odd (subgenus Anaprionus) number of white stripes. The species of the genus can be found in Africa and Southern Asia. One species, Zaprionus indianus, has invaded the New World.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Zaprionus ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Zaprionus est un genre de mouches appartenant à la famille des Drosophilidae et situé à l'intérieur du genre paraphylétique Drosophila. Toutes ces espèces sont facilement reconnaissables par les bandes blanches longitudinales courant sur la tête et le thorax. Le genre est subdivisé en deux sous-genres, basés sur la présence d'un nombre pair (sous-genre Zaprionus) ou impair (sous-genre Anaprionus) de rayures blanches. On trouve ces espèces en Afrique et dans le sud de l'Asie. Une espèce, Zaprionus indianus, a envahi le Nouveau Monde.

Description

Toutes les espèces de Zaprionus sont facilement identifiables par les bandes longitudinales blanches bordées de noir[1] courant au-dessus de la tête et sur le thorax. Les espèces du sous-genre Zaprionus ont quatre ou six bandes blanches tandis que les espèces du sous-genre Anaprionus en ont cinq ou sept. La couleur générale du corps varie selon les espèces du jaune au brun foncé. Plusieurs espèces du sous-genre Zaprionus ont une ou plusieurs grosses épines parfois composées sur les pattes avant[2].

Couleur

Les bandes noires et blanches caractéristiques de ce genre ont deux origines différentes[3]. Dans la forme la plus simple, les bandes blanches sont dues à une absence de pigment dans la cuticule[3]. Ce mécanisme se trouve chez les espèces du sous-genre Anaprionus[3]. L'absence de pigmentation se produit également dans les espèces du sous-genre Zaprionus mais est probablement complétée par un autre mécanisme. Chez ces espèces, les bandes blanches contiennent de nombreux et longs trichomes (fines excroissances) avec une gorge et deux cavités, polarisant la lumière[1]. Les bandes noires sont dues à des pigments[1].

Distribution

Les membres de ce genre peuvent être trouvés dans les régions tropicales de la plupart des continents[4]. Les espèces du sous-genre Zaprionus se trouvent principalement en Afrique, tandis que les espèces du sous-genre Anaprionus se trouvent dans le sud de l'Asie du Sud. Deux espèces, Zaprionus ghesquierei et Zaprionus indianus ont élargi leur territoire ces derniers temps. Zaprionus ghesquierei a envahi Hawaii[5], tandis que Zaprionus indianus a élargi son territoire vers le Moyen-Orient, l'Inde et, plus récemment, a traversé l'océan Atlantique et colonisé tant l'Amérique du Nord que du Sud[6],[7].

Écologie

Les Zaprionus vivent dans un large éventail d'habitats allant des zones semi-désertiques à la forêt tropicale. La plupart des espèces se reproduisent sur les fruits, les fleurs ou les troncs d'arbre en décomposition[2].

Taxonomie

Espèces

Phylogénie du genre Drosophila et genres inclus



immigrans-tripunctata radiation





D. quadrilineata species group



Samoaia





Zaprionus




D. tumiditarsus species group



Liodrosophila







Dichaetophora, Hirtodrosophila, Mycodrosophila and Paramycodrosophila





virilis-repleta radiation and subgenus Siphlodora




Hawaiian Drosophilidae



D. polychaeta species group





Dorsilopha




Sophophora et groupes inclus


Le genre Zaprionus comprend les espèces suivantes[2],[3]:

Sous-genre Anaprionus: nombre pair de bandes blanches

Sous-genre Zaprionus: nombre impair de bandes blanches

Références

  1. a b et c (en) Heinrich Walt et Heinz Tobler, « Fine structural analysis of the thoracic longitudinal stripes ofZaprionus vittiger (Diptera) », Journal of Morphology, vol. 155,‎ 1978, p. 173 (DOI )
  2. a b et c Yassin A and David JR. (2010) Revision of the Afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on internal reproductive structures and immature stages. ZooKeys 51:33–72.
  3. a b c et d (en) A Yassin, JL Da Lage, JR David, M Kondo, L Madi-Ravazzi, SR Prigent et MJ Toda, « Polyphyly of the Zaprionus genus group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) », Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, vol. 55, no 1,‎ 2010, p. 335–9 (PMID , DOI )
  4. (en) Gerhard Bächli, « TaxoDros: the database on taxonomy of Drosophilidae », 1999–2006
  5. O'Grady PM, Beardsley JW and Perreira WD. (2002) New records for introduced Drosophilidae (Diptera) in Hawai'i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 68:34–35.
  6. Vilela CR. (1999) Is Zaprionus indianus Gupta, 1970 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) currently colonizing the Neotropical region? Drosophila Information Service 82:37–39.
  7. Kim van der Linde, Gary J. Steck, Ken Hibbard, Jeff S. Birdsley, Linette M Alonso and David Houle (2006) First records of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), a pest species on commercial fruits, from Panama and the United States of America. Florida Entomologist 89:402–404.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Zaprionus: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Zaprionus est un genre de mouches appartenant à la famille des Drosophilidae et situé à l'intérieur du genre paraphylétique Drosophila. Toutes ces espèces sont facilement reconnaissables par les bandes blanches longitudinales courant sur la tête et le thorax. Le genre est subdivisé en deux sous-genres, basés sur la présence d'un nombre pair (sous-genre Zaprionus) ou impair (sous-genre Anaprionus) de rayures blanches. On trouve ces espèces en Afrique et dans le sud de l'Asie. Une espèce, Zaprionus indianus, a envahi le Nouveau Monde.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Zaprionus ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Zaprionus[1] este un gen de muște din familia Drosophilidae.[1]

Specii[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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Zaprionus: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Zaprionus este un gen de muște din familia Drosophilidae.

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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Zookeys
Description. ♂. TL = 1.68 mm. Head. Arista with 3 dorsal and 2 ventral rays plus a terminal fork, pedicel tan. Frons orange-tan with lateral white stripes; median white stripe absent; ocellar triangle raised and darker; hw:fw = 2.04, fw:fl = 1.05. Face pale; carina large; palpus yellow. Gena broad, o:j = 10.2, o:ch = 5.2. Orbital bristles in straight line; or2 very minute, or1:or2:or3 = 7:2:5, orbito-index = 1.4. Ocellar setae long, divergent; oc:or1 = 1.3, poc:oc = 0.5, iv:ov = 0.6. Eye red and densely pilose. Thorax. Scutum tan, darker than frons, with four white longitudinal stripes continuing on scutellum; white stripes narrow, bordered with large black stripes, especially on the inner side; acs in 6 regular rows anterior to adc and 4 irregular rows between them; psc enlarged, adc:psc = 1.5; adc:pdc = 0.6. Scutellum slightly pointed at the apex, where white spot absent; bsc:asc = 1.3. Sterno-index = 0.6. F1 with 4 setiferous spines not borne on tubercules on the anteroventral margin. Basitarsus of the foreleg with a hairy brush on the ventral margin. Spiniform spines of the first and second tarsomeres of the foreleg enlaged and blackened. Wing. Dusky; WL:WW = 2.3, C-index = 3.0, 4v-index = 1.5, 4c-index = 0.8, 5x-index = 0.7, M-index = 0.3, ac-index = 2.5, b/c = 0.6, C3 fringe 0.45, WL = 3.8 mm. Abdomen. Uniformly tan, with dark spots at the bases of tergal bristles. Terminalia (Fig. 13a). Epandrium densely pubescent at ventral portion; posterior margin pubescent at dorsal portion with 5 long bristles; anterior phragma narrow; epandrial ventral lobe with 3 long bristles. Surstylus quadrate with two rows of prensisetae. Cercus triangular laterally. Hypandrium with a small pubescent patch at the lateral portion of the paraphyses. Aedeagus expanded apically; aedeagal flap expanded and deeply serrate. Apodeme subequal in length to aedeagus. ♀. TL = 1.76 mm, resembling male. Terminalia. Oviscape with 8 peg-like and 7 short, marginal setae plus 4 supernumary. Spermatheca large, globulous and smooth (Fig. 13b). Egg. Elliptical with 4 equally long and fine filaments. Larva. Not escaping the culture medium when disturbed or crowded. Puparium. H = 5.0 (Fig. 11d).
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Revision of the afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on internal reproductive structures and immature stages
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Zookeys

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Zookeys
Description. ♂. TL = 1.40 mm. Head. Arista with 2 dorsal and 3 ventral rays plus terminal fork; pedicel dark brown. Frons orange tan, with vestigial median stripe plus orbital stripes inwardly bordered with black; ocellar triangle blackened; hw:fw = 2.16, fw:fl = 0.8. Orbital setae in straight line; or1:or2:or3 = 3:2:3, orbito-index = 1.8, oc:or1 = 1.5, poc:oc=0.6, iv:ov = 0.4. Face tan. Gena narrow, o:j = 7.6, o:ch = 5.1. Eye red. Thorax. Scutum brown, darker than frons, with 2 silvery white stripes. acs in 6 rows in front of adc; adc:pdc = 0.9. Scutellum darker than scutum, with black borders of the stripes expanded posteriorly; bsc:asc = 1.2. Pleura with white pilosity; sterno-index = 0.4. Forefemur with 4 spines not borne on warts on the anteroventral margin. Male basitarsus with a hairy brush. Wing. Dusky; WL:WW = 2.3, C-index = 2.8, 4v-index = 1.4, 4c-index = 0.8, 5x-index = 0.9, M-index = 0.3, ac-index = 2.7, b/c = 0.6, C3 fringe 0.40, and WL = 3.2 mm. Abdomen. Entirely yellowish, lighter than thorax, with faint dark spots at the bases of tergal setae. Terminalia (Fig. 13c). Epandrium densely pubescent at ventral portion; posterior margin pubescent at dorsal portion with 3 long setae; anterior phragma slightly humped dorsally; epandrial ventral lobe with 4 long setae. Surstylus quadrate with two rows of prensisetae. Cercus triangular laterally. Hypandrium densely pubescent at the lateral portion of the paraphyses. Aedeagus expanded apically; aedeagal flap expanded and deeply serrate. Apodeme subequal in length to aedeagus. ♀. TL = 1.50 mm, resembles male. Terminalia. Oviscape with 8 peg-like and 6 short, marginal setae plus 4 supernumeraries. Spermatheca globulous and smooth (Fig. 13d). Egg. Elliptical with 4 equally long and fine filaments. Larva. Escaping the culture medium when crowded. Puparium. Horn-index 10.6.
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Revision of the afrotropical species of Zaprionus (Diptera, Drosophilidae), with descriptions of two new species and notes on internal reproductive structures and immature stages
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site do parceiro
Zookeys

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Zookeys
Distribution. Tanzania.
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Zookeys
Distribution. Sao Tomé and Príncipe.
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