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Trichonephila is a genus of orb-weaver spiders that was first described by Friedrich Dahl in 1911, as a subgenus of Nephila.[2] Trichonephila was elevated to the level of genus (new rank) by Kuntner et al. in 2019.[3] The genus Trichonephila belongs to the Araneidae family, also known as the orb weavers. The family Araneidae belongs within the superfamily of Araneoidea, comprising 18 families. Araneidae family members can be identified by looking for three-clawed spiders that have eight eyes spanned across two sets which form a trapezoid shape, on webs with a sticky glue like feeling.[4] The very diverse Araneidae family is most famously known for their elaborate webs they spin, which are webs made of concentric circles with spokes extending out from the center.[4] In few species of the spiders, you can find a zigzag shape going down the center of the web. Identifying the species of these spiders is not easy with the eye alone, it breaks down into phylogenomic variations between their species best observed under a microscope.[5] The genus Trichonephila, like all other spider species in the world, are all predators. Not a single spider exists that is solely a herbivore or a detrivore.[6]
The genus Trichonephila can be found living in Central America, the West Indies, South America, and the southeastern region as well as the gulf states in the United States.[7][8] This genus of spiders like to make its web where prey is fruitful, often in open wooded areas, between tree branches, shrubs, tall grasses, and around light fixtures. The two sexes can be found more actively in different parts of the year, with the males being more abundant in the months of July to September, while the females are most abundant late into fall. [8]
As of August 2019 it contains twelve species and fourteen subspecies, found in Africa, Oceania, Asia, and over all the Americas:[1]
The Orb Weavers body is composed of two separate regions: Prosoma (anterior end) and Opisthosoma (posterior end).[8] Both regions are responsible for their own functions and are linked together by a narrow stalk called a pedicil.[8] The prosoma of the spider is segmented and protected by the sternum, carapace, and a plate on both the dorsal and ventral side.[6] The prosoma is the location of the central nervous system, and it oversees nervous integration, movement and food uptake.[7] Also connected are the eyes, chelicerae, maxilla, sternum, fangs and four pairs of legs.[7] Its unsegmented soft counterpart, the opisthosoma, contains the spinnerets while also being held accountable for digestion, circulation, respiration, reproduction, and silk production.[7][6]
When comparing the sizes of genders of the genus Trichonephila, you will find that the female spiders have the size advantage and are the dominant sex.[9] One reason for the size difference amongst the genus is that following their mating sequence, the females will sometimes perform cannibalistic actions towards their mating partner and kill them.[10] Male spiders will fight over a female partner, leaving the dominant spider to successfully mate and potentially be killed by the female afterwards. Over the past few decades, its believed that female spiders have selectively and actively chosen to have a small male counterpart.[10][9]
The courtship dance is a mating dance males enact, attempting to be accepted by the females as a mate.[9] [10]This dance provides multiple functions for the spider rather than just for reproduction. To begin the courtship, a male must find a female’s web and make vibrations to let her know he’s not prey, it is very common for the male to be mistook as prey and eaten alive by the females before or after they mate.[9] The vibrating of the web reduces the risk of aggravating the female.[11]
The genus Trichonephila must be able to adapt to environmental conditions in order to thrive in their environments. The males being the sex that leave their web and traverse for a female, have more competition when it comes to reproduction, food, and shelter.[12] The trichonephila genus of spiders has a yellow-colored web and this is due to the Xanthurenic acid content in the web, believed to assist the spider in attracting its prey.[13] The genus also has its own adaptation when it comes to heavy rain, unlike its relatives. Spiders will hang off its web from only its fourth pair of legs, which in turn reduces rain impact damage and helps with draining the water off the web.[14] A new recent enemy introduced to the genus that has considerably shrunk the size of the spiders, are pesticides, as spiders have been reported smaller in size when living in areas present.[15]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Trichonephila is a genus of orb-weaver spiders that was first described by Friedrich Dahl in 1911, as a subgenus of Nephila. Trichonephila was elevated to the level of genus (new rank) by Kuntner et al. in 2019. The genus Trichonephila belongs to the Araneidae family, also known as the orb weavers. The family Araneidae belongs within the superfamily of Araneoidea, comprising 18 families. Araneidae family members can be identified by looking for three-clawed spiders that have eight eyes spanned across two sets which form a trapezoid shape, on webs with a sticky glue like feeling. The very diverse Araneidae family is most famously known for their elaborate webs they spin, which are webs made of concentric circles with spokes extending out from the center. In few species of the spiders, you can find a zigzag shape going down the center of the web. Identifying the species of these spiders is not easy with the eye alone, it breaks down into phylogenomic variations between their species best observed under a microscope. The genus Trichonephila, like all other spider species in the world, are all predators. Not a single spider exists that is solely a herbivore or a detrivore.
Trichonephila es un género de arañas araneomorfas perteneciente a la familia Araneidae, y que junto al género Nephila, son conocidas como arañas de seda de oro debido al color de la seda que producen. Los hilos de rosca de su telaraña brillan como el oro a la luz del sol. El macho es cerca de 1/5 del tamaño de la araña hembra. Las arañas de seda de oro exhiben comportamiento muy interesante. Con frecuencia, la hembra reconstruye la mitad de su tela cada mañana. Teje los elementos radiales, después se tejen los elementos circulares. Cuando ha terminado de tejer, vuelve y completa los boquetes. Además, las arañas jóvenes muestran un movimiento vibratorio cuando son acechadas por un depredador.
Especies transferidas desde el género Nephila en 2019.
Kuntner et al., 2019. «Golden Orbweavers Ignore Biological Rules: Phylogenomic and Comparative Analyses Unravel a Complex Evolution of Sexual Size Dimorphism» (en inglés). Oxford Academic. Consultado el 10 de agosto de 2019.
Trichonephila es un género de arañas araneomorfas perteneciente a la familia Araneidae, y que junto al género Nephila, son conocidas como arañas de seda de oro debido al color de la seda que producen. Los hilos de rosca de su telaraña brillan como el oro a la luz del sol. El macho es cerca de 1/5 del tamaño de la araña hembra. Las arañas de seda de oro exhiben comportamiento muy interesante. Con frecuencia, la hembra reconstruye la mitad de su tela cada mañana. Teje los elementos radiales, después se tejen los elementos circulares. Cuando ha terminado de tejer, vuelve y completa los boquetes. Además, las arañas jóvenes muestran un movimiento vibratorio cuando son acechadas por un depredador.
Trichonephila est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae[1].
Les espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Afrique, en Asie, en Amérique et en Océanie[1].
Selon World Spider Catalog (version 20.0, 23/06/2019)[2] :
Décrit comme sous-genre de Nephila, Trichonephila a été élevé au rang de genre par Kuntner et al. en 2019[3].
Trichonephila est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Araneidae.
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