nomes no trilho de navegação
Tabelak ngini marupakan buah asli Kalimantan yang tadapat di padalaman hutan. Inya tamasuk sajanis kaluarga ganal tanaman durian yang tumbuh liar. bantuk batangnya mirip lawan batang durian tingginya bisa mancapai 25-30 meter. Kalainan tanaman ngini talatak pada warna kulit buahnya. Warnanya bamacam-macam ada nang hijau, kuning, cokelat, atawa habang. Daging buahnya tabal lawan bawarna habang, tekstur daging buahnya halus, manis, lawan karing. Buahnya kada babau banar pin sudah di kuyak lawan di parak akan ka hidung. Uleh nang kaya itu, panduduk di padalaman kalimantan mangaraninya tabelak. Lamun dalam ilmu pangatahuan, tabelak takanal lawan ngaran Durio Graveolens Becc.
Di pasaran buah ngini ngalih dicari. uleh sabab itu, bagi nang handak mancari, tapaksa harus mailangi pasar nang ada di padalaman. hal ini disababkan uleh sadikitnya panduduk yang hadak mangambangiak akan tanaman ngini sahingga dari waktu ka waktu mangalami panurunan.[1]
Tabelak ngini marupakan buah asli Kalimantan yang tadapat di padalaman hutan. Inya tamasuk sajanis kaluarga ganal tanaman durian yang tumbuh liar. bantuk batangnya mirip lawan batang durian tingginya bisa mancapai 25-30 meter. Kalainan tanaman ngini talatak pada warna kulit buahnya. Warnanya bamacam-macam ada nang hijau, kuning, cokelat, atawa habang. Daging buahnya tabal lawan bawarna habang, tekstur daging buahnya halus, manis, lawan karing. Buahnya kada babau banar pin sudah di kuyak lawan di parak akan ka hidung. Uleh nang kaya itu, panduduk di padalaman kalimantan mangaraninya tabelak. Lamun dalam ilmu pangatahuan, tabelak takanal lawan ngaran Durio Graveolens Becc.
Di pasaran buah ngini ngalih dicari. uleh sabab itu, bagi nang handak mancari, tapaksa harus mailangi pasar nang ada di padalaman. hal ini disababkan uleh sadikitnya panduduk yang hadak mangambangiak akan tanaman ngini sahingga dari waktu ka waktu mangalami panurunan.
Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian,[5] orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian,[6] is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae.[7] It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari.[8] The specific epithet graveolens ('strong smelling' or 'rank')[9] is due to the odor. Although most species of Durio (most notably Durio dulcis) have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has a mild scent.[10][11] It is native to Southeast Asia.
D. graveolens is an edible durian,[12][13] perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally.[14] However, its congener Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide.
This species should not be confused with the popular durian clones from Malaysia known as 'Red Flesh' (D164) and 'Red Prawn' (D175), as both of those belong to D. zibethinus.[15]
However, D. graveolens does have one registered variety, 'DQ2 nyekak (DK8)'.[15] The color of the fruit's flesh denotes other varieties–an orange-fleshed, a red-fleshed one, and yellow-fleshed. These varieties may be different species, but currently there is no consensus.[10][14] The yellow-fleshed kind is sometimes called durian simpor.[10][6][5]
In the scientific name Durio graveolens, graveolens means 'strong smelling',[16][9] although it has been described as having a "mild"[10] or "slight"[11] odor or even, in a book published by the US National Research Council, as "odorless".[11]
In Malay, the fruit is called durian burong, durian burung[5] (literally "bird durian"), durian rimba ("jungle durian"),[13] durian kuning[5][17][10] ("yellow durian"),[4] durian merah ("red durian"),[5][14][10][12] or durian otak udang galah[17][10] ("crayfish brain durian").[6] In Iban, it is durian isu.[6] The Bidayuh call it durian umot.[6] Among the Kenyah and Dayak peoples, it is known as durian anggang ("hornbill durian"),[13] durian ajan, pesang,[13] tabela or ta-bela,[13] tabelak,[10][5] taula,[13][10] tuala, tuwala.[6] On Sumatra, the Batak call it tinambela.[13][10][6] In Karo, it is called meraan.[18] In Thailand, it is referred to as thurian rak kha (Thai: ทุเรียนรากขา) or thurian khua tit (ทุเรียนขั้วติด; sources differ on which name refers to this species, with the other being attributed to D. kutejensis).[19][20] In Aceh Tamiang Regency, it can be called durian batu ("stone durian"), and elsewhere in Sumatra, it known as durian adjan.[13][10] Other regional names include durian dalit[14][10][21] (but this can apply also to Durio oxleyanus[22]) alau, dujen, durian alau, durian daun dungoh, durian hutan[10] ("forest durian"), durian pipit, lai bengang, merang kunyit, pasang, and tongkai.[6]
A natural hybrid of D. graveolens and D. zibethinus is called durian siunggong or durian suluk.[5][6][10] It has the texture and flavour of the popular D. zibethinus and the burnt caramel overtones of D. graveolens.[6][5]
After its initial description in 1889 by Odoardo Beccari, in 1924, Dutch botanist Reinier Cornelis Bakhuizen Van Den Brink reduced it to a synonym of D. conicus. British botanist John Wyatt-Smith combined it all under D. dulcis in 1953. Indonesian botanists André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans and Wertit Soegeng-Reksodihardjo separated D. graveolens back to its own species in 1958.[23]
Wild D. graveolens grows in Peninsular Malaysia[6][13][5][12] (states of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor, and Terengganu), Borneo,[6][13][5][12] Sumatra,[13][12][5][6] Palawan,[5] and Southern Thailand.[24] It is cultivated in Brunei,[5] Sarawak, Sabah,[6] and the Northern Territory of Australia.[12] In Brunei, its popularity outshines D. zibethinus,[17] which is not cultivated in the country.[25]
It is occasionally grown outside the tropics. In Florida, it has been seen to survive two consecutive nights at 0 °C (32 °F), albeit shrouded in cloth.[26]
D. graveolens is a large tree, sharing many features with D. dulcis.[2] It inhabits the upper canopy, growing up to 50 m (160 ft) tall.[6][13] The trunk is 85–100 cm (33–39 in) in diameter and can have no branches until about 25 m (82 ft) high.[6] The trunk will be smooth or flaky, grey/mauve to ruddy brown with steep buttress roots.[6] The buttresses reach 3 m (9.8 ft) and extend out 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in).[13]
The oblong leaves are 10–26 cm (3.9–10.2 in) long without the petiole (leaf stalk), and 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) wide.[2][6] They are perfectly rounded on both ends, rigid, and slightly coriaceous (leather-like in feel or texture).[6][2] On the top, they are glabrous (smooth and hairless) and crisp,[6] almost vernicose (varnished).[2] Underneath, the leaves are copper-brown and lepidote (scaly),[6] with large scales of up to 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter, which are not very noticeable, at least when dry.[2] The leaf scales are peltate (shield-shaped), ciliate-radiated (fringed), and deeply-lobed in three to five parts.[2] In addition to the scales, long strands of stellate hairs and other trichomes of varying size form a soft tomentose (fuzzy) surface.[2] The leaf midrib is very prominent on the underside and forms a crease on top.[2] The leaf stipules are caducous (drop early).[6] Leaves have 10-12 lateral veins per side (with some smaller ones intermixed), which are tiny and superficial above and more distinct, but still barely visible.[2] The petiole is very large, 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) long, and tumescent (swollen) from the middle up.[2]
Flowers grow on the branches[2][27] on short cymes and a thin calyx.[6] The base is sac-like with three to five connate lobes.[6][27] It has white,[27] spatulate (spoon-shaped) petals that are 25–35 millimetres (0.98–1.38 in) long.[6] Inside are five separate bundles of staminodes and stamens,[6] fused for less than half of their length.[27] The anther has small clusters of four or five elongated pollen locules that open with longitudinal slits.[27] Ovaries are ovoid to globose (roughly spherical) and possess a yellow capitate (shaped like a pinhead) stigma and white to greenish style[6] about 48 mm (1.9 in).[28] The pollen is psilate (relatively smooth), spheroidal, and 54 μm (0.0021 in) in diameter.[28] The surface of the pollen includes three colporate apertures, meaning the apertures have a combined colpus (or furrow) and pore.[28] The pollen grains are monad and do not cluster.[28]
The fruits are up to 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) in diameter,[2][6][12][29][27] and weigh about 757.5 grams (26.72 oz).[30] The greenish- to orange-yellow outside is densely covered with long (1 cm (0.39 in)) and thin angular-subulate spines which are straight or slightly curved, and prickly[2][6][12] yet slightly soft.[27] The fruit easily breaks into five fibrous-coriaceous valves (sections)[6][12][29] with 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) thick walls.[2] Typically the fruit opens on the tree,[6][12] but some varieties do not until they are on the ground or harvested. There are 2 bulbous or chestnut-shaped seeds per section, each completely enveloped by fleshy aril.[2][12][27] These glossy brown seeds are 2 cm × 4 cm (0.79 in × 1.57 in).[6][12][29] The pungent aril is the part consumed as food,[2] though some sources note the odor is sometimes very mild.[12][27][13] It ranges in color from light yellow[2] to orange to lipstick red.[6][5][12][27]
D. graveolens is in the core clade Palatadurio of the genus Durio.[27] It is most closely related to Durio kutejensis.[27]
PalatadurioD. graveolens
D. graveolens is a tropical plant species that needs high heat and humidity.[6] Typically, it is found on clay-rich soils in wet lowland dipterocarp forests, frequently along riverbanks and swamps.[6] Because of its tolerance for wet habitats,[13] it is possibly resistant to infection by the oomycete Phytophthora palmivora.[12][17] It can also be found on hillsides and shale ridges up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation.[6]
It is pollinated by bats.[28] As it is one of the only species to naturally hybridize with D. zibethinus,[5][6][31] they are thought to share a pollinator, likely the cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea).[32][23] Pollen from both of these durian species has been found in cave nectar bat feces, and possibly in that of the long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus sobrinus).[33]
After harvest, fruit can be set upon by fungi such as Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Glomerella cingulata, Geotrichum candidum, Calonectria kyotensis, and occasionally Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium.[17] Secondary or opportunistic fungal infection can be from species such as Aspergillus niger and other Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Gibberella intricans, and Penicillium spp.[17]
The fruit is fed on by Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus),[18] Prevost's squirrels (Callosciurus prevostii), crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), black hornbills (Anthracoceros malayanus), possibly viverrids[29] and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus).[34] Black hornbills are also effective seed dispersers for the tree,[29] and this is referenced in a few of the regional names for the tree (see § Names).
The fatty acids in the fruit are 30% saturated and 70% unsaturated.[4] The saturated fats include myristic acid (14.49%), arachidic acid (7.08%), pentadecanoic acid (3.61%), heptadecanoic acid (2.2%), decanoic acid (1.62%), and lauric acid (1.31%).[4] Unsaturated fats include oleic acid (22.18%), palmitoleic acid (13.55%), linolelaidic acid (12.39%), γ-linolenic acid (12.23%), linoleic acid (4.95%), elaidic acid (2.50%), and myristoleic acid (1.89%).[4]
The fruit's pulp is typically eaten raw and has the fragrance of roasted almonds[6][5][17] or burnt caramel.[6][5] The taste is described as sweet and cheesy[17] or similar to eating an avocado or pimento cheese.[10] Sometimes, it is fermented into the condiment tempoyak.[14] The red-fleshed type is used with freshwater fish to make a type of sayur (a traditional Indonesian vegetable stew).[6]
The seeds can also be ground into flour (tepung biji durian dalit), which then can be used to make, for example, fish crackers.[21]
The tree is also harvested for lumber in Sarawak.[6] The Iban people there also bathe day-old infants (especially for preterm birth) in a tisane of mature bark, as they believe it strengthens the skin.[6]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2022 (link) Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian, orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae. It is one of six species of durian named by Italian naturalist Odoardo Beccari. The specific epithet graveolens ('strong smelling' or 'rank') is due to the odor. Although most species of Durio (most notably Durio dulcis) have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has a mild scent. It is native to Southeast Asia.
D. graveolens is an edible durian, perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally. However, its congener Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide.
Durian rouge
Durio graveolens, appelé communément durian rouge[1], est une espèce du genre Durio, famille des Malvaceae.
D. graveolens est un grand arbre qui partage de nombreuses caractéristiques avec Durio dulcis[2]. Il habite la canopée supérieure, atteignant 50 m de hauteur[3]. Le tronc mesure 85 à 100 cm de diamètre à hauteur de poitrine et ne peut pas avoir de branches jusqu’à environ 25 m de hauteur[3]. Le tronc est lisse ou floconneux, gris, mauve à brun rougeâtre avec des racines contreforts raides. Les contreforts atteignent 3 m et s’étendent sur 1,5 m.
Les feuilles oblongues mesurent 10 à 26 cm de long sans pétiole et de 4 à 10 cm de large. Elles sont parfaitement arrondis aux deux extrémités, rigides et légèrement coriaces. Au dessus, elles sont glabres et craquants, presque raides. En dessous, les feuilles sont brun cuivré et lépidote (squameuses)[3], avec de grandes écailles atteignant 2 mm de diamètre, peu perceptibles, du moins lorsqu'elles sont sèches[2]. Les écailles des feuilles sont peltées (en forme de bouclier), rayonnantes ciliées (frangées) et profondément lobées en trois à cinq parties. En plus des écailles, les longues mèches de poils étoilés et d’autres trichomes de tailles variables forment une surface tomenteuse douce[2]. La nervure centrale des feuilles est très saillante sur la face inférieure et forme un pli sur le dessus. Les stipules de la feuille sont caduques[3]. Les feuilles ont 10 à 12 nervures latérales par côté (certaines plus petites étant mélangées), minuscules et superficielles au-dessus et plus distinctes, mais toujours à peine visibles. Le pétiole est très large, long de 15 à 18 mm et tumescent à partir du milieu vers le haut[2].
Les fleurs poussent sur les branches sur des cymes courtes et un calice fin[3]. La base ressemble à un sac avec trois à cinq lobes connés. La fleur a des pétales blancs spatulés (en forme de cuillère) mesurant de 25 à 35 mm de long[3]. À l’intérieur se trouvent cinq faisceaux séparés de staminodes et d’étamines, fusionnés sur moins de la moitié de leur longueur. L'anthère a de petites grappes de quatre ou cinq locules de pollen allongées qui s'ouvrent avec des fentes longitudinales. Les ovaires sont ovoïdes à globuleux et possèdent un stigmate à capitule jaune (en forme de tête d'épingle) et de style blanc à verdâtre d'environ 48 mm. Le pollen est psilaté (relativement lisse), sphéroïdal et mesure 54 μm de diamètre. Il a trois ouvertures colporées (pores et colpus/sillons) et est monade (grains solitaires)[4].
Les fruits ovoïdes à globuleux atteignent un diamètre allant de 10 à 15 cm[5] et pèsent environ 757,5 grammes. L'extérieur verdâtre à jaune orangé est densément couvert d'épines anguleuses-subulées longues (1 cm) et fines, droites ou légèrement incurvées, et piquantes mais légèrement molles. Le fruit se casse facilement en cinq valves fibreuses coriaces[5] avec des parois de 5 à 6 mm[2]. Généralement, le fruit s'ouvre sur l'arbre, mais certaines variétés ne le font pas tant qu'elles ne sont pas au sol ou qu'elles ne sont pas récoltées. Il y a 2 graines bulbeuses ou en forme de châtaignier par section, chacune étant complètement enveloppée d'arille charnu[5]. Ces graines marron brillant mesurent 2 cm × 4 cm. L'arille piquant est la partie consommée comme nourriture. Sa couleur varie du jaune clair à l'orange et au rouge foncé[5].
Durio graveolens se trouve dans la Malaisie péninsulaire[5] (états de Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Penang, Perak, Selangor et Terengganu), Bornéo[5], Sumatra[5], Palawan et la Thaïlande du Sud. Elle est cultivée au Brunei, au Sarawak, au Sabah[3] et dans le Territoire du Nord en Australie[5].
Elle est parfois cultivée en dehors des tropiques.
Durio graveolens est une espèce de plante tropicale qui a besoin de chaleur et d'humidité élevées[3]. On la trouve généralement sur les sols argileux des forêts humides de diptérocarpes des basses terres, souvent le long des rives et des marécages[3]. En raison de sa tolérance aux habitats humides, il est probablement résistant à l’infection par l'oomycète Phytophthora palmivora[5]. On peut également le trouver sur les collines et les crêtes de schiste jusqu’à 1 000 m d’altitude[3].
Durio graveolens est pollinisée par des chauve-souris[4]. On pense probablement à Eonycteris spelaea. Du pollen fut trouvé dans les matières fécales d’Eonycteris spelaea et peut-être aussi dans celles de la chauve-souris Macroglossus sobrinus.
Après la récolte, le fruit peut être attaqué par les champignons tels que Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Glomerella cingulata, Geotrichum candidum, Calonectria kyotensis, et parfois Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium. L’infection fongique secondaire ou opportuniste peut provenir d’espèces telles que Aspergillus niger et d'autres Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Gibberella intricans et Penicillium.
Le fruit est consommé par l'orang-outan de Bornéo, l'écureuil de Prévost, le macaque crabier, le calao charbonnier, possiblement les viverridés et l'ours malais. Les calaos noirs dispersent les graines.
Les acides gras sont saturés à 30% et insaturés à 70%. Les acides gras saturés sont l'acide tétradécanoïque (14.49%), l'acide arachidique (7.08%), l'acide pentadécylique (3.61%), l'acide margarique (2.2%), l'acide décanoïque (1.62%) et l'acide laurique (1.31%). Les acides gras insaturés sont l'acide oléique (22.18%), l'acide palmitoléique (13.55%), l'acide linolélaïdique (12.39%), l'acide gamma-linolénique (12.23%), l'acide linoléique (4.95%), l'acide élaïdique (2.50%) et l'acide myristoléique (1.89%).
La pulpe du fruit est typiquement consommée crue et a le parfum des amandes grillées ou du caramel brûlé[3]. Le goût est décrit comme doux ou similaire à celui d'un avocat ou d'un fromage pimenté[6]. Parfois, il est fermenté dans le condiment tempoyak. Le type à chair rouge est utilisé avec les poissons d'eau douce pour faire un sayur, une soupe de la cuisine indonésienne[3].
Les graines peuvent également être moulues en farine (tepung biji durian dalit), qui peut ensuite être utilisée pour fabriquer par exemple des craquelins de poisson.
L'arbre est également récolté pour le bois d'œuvre au Sarawak. Les Ibans baignent également les nourrissons d'un jour (en particulier les bébés prématurés) dans une tisane d'écorce mature, car ils croient que cela renforce la peau[3].
Durian rouge
Durio graveolens, appelé communément durian rouge, est une espèce du genre Durio, famille des Malvaceae.
Durio graveolens Becc., 1889, soprannominato anche Durian rosso, Durian arancione o Durian giallo[2] è un albero della famiglia delle Malvacee[3]. L'epiteto specifico graveolens deriva dal latino « gravis » (pesante, forte) et « olens » (sentore), in quanto il frutto ha un odore forte.[2] È una delle specie di Durio denominate dal botanico italiano Odoardo Beccari.
L'albero di Durio graveolens condivide molte caratteristiche con Durio dulcis.[4] L'albero abita la canopea, crescendo fino ai 50 metri d'altezza. Il tronco ha un diamentro di 85–100 cm.[5] I frutti sono ricoperti da spine con un diametro di circa 1 cm. Tipicamente il frutto si apre sull'albero,[5] ma talvolta bisogna aspettare che cada per aprirlo manualmente. Il colore della polpa varia dal giallo chiaro, all'arancio, al rosso acceso.[5]
La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Durio graveolens come specie vulnerabile.[1]
accesso richiede url (aiuto) Durio graveolens Becc., 1889, soprannominato anche Durian rosso, Durian arancione o Durian giallo è un albero della famiglia delle Malvacee. L'epiteto specifico graveolens deriva dal latino « gravis » (pesante, forte) et « olens » (sentore), in quanto il frutto ha un odore forte. È una delle specie di Durio denominate dal botanico italiano Odoardo Beccari.
Durio graveolens är en växt i släktet durio vars träd kan bli upp till 50 meter höga. Trädet producerar ätbara frukter, vars skal är orangegult med en centimeter långa taggar. Frukten har sött karmosinfärgat fruktkött med en smak av rostad mandel. Frukten liknar durio dulcis, men frukten öppnar medan den hänger i trädet, och har mörkrött fruktkött, medan durio dulcis frukt faller oöppnad och har mörkgult fruktkött. Durio suluk, är en naturlig hybrid mellan durio zibethinus och durio graveolens.
Durio graveolens är en växt i släktet durio vars träd kan bli upp till 50 meter höga. Trädet producerar ätbara frukter, vars skal är orangegult med en centimeter långa taggar. Frukten har sött karmosinfärgat fruktkött med en smak av rostad mandel. Frukten liknar durio dulcis, men frukten öppnar medan den hänger i trädet, och har mörkrött fruktkött, medan durio dulcis frukt faller oöppnad och har mörkgult fruktkött. Durio suluk, är en naturlig hybrid mellan durio zibethinus och durio graveolens.
Durio graveolens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cẩm quỳ. Loài này được Becc. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1889.[1]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Cẩm quỳ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Durio graveolens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cẩm quỳ. Loài này được Becc. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1889.
