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Benefits ( Inglês )

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No specific information was found concerning any negative impacts to humans.

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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As a family, cichlids consume virtually every type of food source available in the freshwater habitat they are found. They exhibit numerous modifications of the lips, teeth, jaws and gill rakers depending on the main food source. Although many cichlids are morphologically adapted to a particular food source, they may become generalists depending on availability. Additionally, cichlids consume various types of food depending on their stage of growth. Herbivorous cichlids may browse, scrape, comb, ‘tap’ or suck epiphytic (attached) algae, unicellular algae, and/or clumps of the substrate. Planktivorous cichlids browse throughout the water column on zooplankton and phytoplankton. Piscivorous cichlids feed on whole fish, the fry, larvae, or eggs of mouthbrooding species, and the scales or fins of various fishes. Three species from the genus Cyrtocara (Lake Malawi) use the peculiar technique, termed head-ramming, of shoving their head into the mouth of female mouthbrooders to force the expulsion of eggs, larvae, or fry, which they eat. Cichlids that feed on aquatic insects and other invertebrates use a variety of methods to expose or capture prey. Several species (Labidochromis maculicauda, Tanganicodus irsacae) browse over patches of algae or substrate, picking out individual insects and crustaceans. Lethrinops (Lake Malawi) feed on chironomid larvae by biting into the sandy substrate and filtering the larvae out with their gill rakers. The enlarged lips of some cichlids are used to suck insects out of cracks and crevices, while in others the lips help to feel for prey when browsing over various substrates. In addition to the latter feeding methods, some cichlids have developed swimming patterns allowing them to sneak up on prey or use larger fish for cover. Finally, the teeth of some cichlids are predominantly molars, allowing them to crush and process small and thin-shelled mollusks. (See an illustration of tooth morphology and diversity in fish).

Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats body fluids, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Scavenger ); herbivore ; omnivore ; planktivore ; detritivore

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

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In the Great Lakes of Africa, the number of cichlid species is so large they fill virtually every ecological role within their trophic level, with the exception of primary producers such as photosynthetic algae and benthic arthropods. As one might expect, there is considerable interplay between various cichlid species in terms of predation and food availability. However, cichlids also influence the species of plants and algae that grow in their habitat (top-down control). One example of top-down control is illustrated by the introduction of the piscivorous Nile perch into Lake Victoria. The Nile perch is a voracious predator of small, planktivorous cichlids, which suffered precipitous population decline after the perches’ introduction. Planktivorous cichlids exert considerable predation pressure on zooplankton, and after they were eliminated, the zooplankton community changed drastically, to the point that a new species of zooplankton began invading the lake, Daphnia magna.

Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation ; keystone species ; parasite

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Several cichlid genera are popular aquarium fishes - Cichlasoma, Pterophyllum, Symphysodon, and jewelfishes - because of their mild temperament and ease of breeding in captivity. However, most cichlids are extremely aggressive when kept in small areas and very difficult to breed. Several Cichla species are popular with sport fishermen, especially in Brazil. Cichlids have also been introduced for recreational fisheries or vegetation control.

Some cichlids are used extensively in aquaculture for several reasons. They are a good source of ‘white fish’ and fish products, they lack small bones in the muscle, and some species can grow quite large, allowing for the production of value-added products such as fillets. Most importantly, they feed low on the food chain (aquatic plants and plankton) so the cost of feed is low. Oreochromis and Tilapia are the most extensively farmed cichlids. They are most widely grown in Israel and Asia but cichlid aquaculture has been introduced to many other regions: Egypt (Tilapia), Africa (Oreochromis), Latin America (Astronotus, Cichlasoma and Orechromis), and the Caribbean (Tilapia).

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; research and education; controls pest population

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Cichlids are mainly found in the lowland, freshwater areas of tropical and subtropical regions. However, some of the most primitive species, which are found in Madagascar (17 species) and Asia, also inhabit brackish waters. Some other areas with brackish-water species include coastal India and Sri Lanka (three species), and Cuba and Hispaniola (four species). The great majority of cichlids are found in the Great Lakes of East Africa (Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika), where between 800 and 2100 species are thought to exist. Nearly all of these species are endemic (evolved in and confined to a particular place) to the lake they inhabit. There are approximately 150 river species in the region as well. The remaining distribution includes South America (approximately 290 species), Central America and Mexico (approximately 95 species), North America (one species), and the Middle East - Iran, Syria, Israel and Palestine (five species).

Cichlids have been widely introduced, either deliberately for aquaculture or accidentally through the aquarium trade (Lever, 1996). For instance, in the United States there is only one native species, the Rio Grande cichlid, but 44 species have been introduced. Florida has proven ideal for many exotic cichlids like the oscar, peacock cichlid, and Jack Dempsey, due to its warm climate and abundant water.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced , Native ); palearctic (Introduced , Native ); oriental (Introduced , Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Most cichlids inhabit lakes or the sluggish areas of rivers but there are a few species adapted to swift flowing streams, including some Crenicichla species. Species in the genera Teleocichla and Retroculus, distributed in the highlands of Brazil and New Guinea, are also rheophilic (prefer flowing waters). In lakes there are few habitats cichlids do not occupy and there is an abundance of species filling virtually every ecological niche in some areas. For example, deepwater cichlids from Lake Tanganyika, Africa are able to survive in the permanently deoxygenated water layers for short periods. Individuals from the genera Tilapia and Oreochromis are also able to withstand low oxygen concentrations. Finally, some cichlids are tolerant of brackish waters. Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia are able to migrate along coastlines between rivers and some species, such as Oreochromis mossambicus, have become established in brackish and marine waters.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; benthic ; reef ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; estuarine

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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The lifespan of many wild cichlids is unknown. However, in aquaria they are relatively long-lived, about 10 years on average. Several can reach up to 18 years in captivity, suggesting that at least some cichlids have considerably long lifespans.

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Most cichlids are distinguished from all other freshwater fish by the existence of two unique features: a single opening of the nostrils and an interrupted lateral line. The two exceptions are Teleogramma and Gobiocichla, which have a continuous lateral line. The anal fin spines usually number three, but some species have four to nine anal fin spines and the Asian genus Etroplus has between 12 and 15. In general cichlids are relatively small in size but Boulengerochropmis microlepis and the Neotropical Cichla temensis reach approximately a meter in length. (Click here to see a fish diagram).

Superficially, there seem to be major differences in body shape across the Cichlidae family, with body shapes ranging from tubular, to perch-like, to disk-like, depending on habitat. For instance, Teleogramma, Gobiocichla, Teleocichla and Retroculus inhabit flowing waters and have elongate, tubular bodies, small, deeply imbedded scales and enlarged and thickened pelvic fins. Freshwater angelfish have extended dorsal and anal fins and discus fishes, have compressed, disc-like bodies. Finally, fast moving piscivorous cichlids, such as Crenicichla, Diplotaxodon, and Rhamphochromis, are elongate and streamlined. However, the fundamental cichlid morphology - position of the fins, arrangement of the jaws, and nature of the scales – remains consistent despite the wide variation in body forms.

The various components of the mouth together comprise some of the most intriguing physical features of cichlids. To begin with, the lips of several cichlid species are large and puffy, probably to help form a seal against irregular surfaces, so food can be sucked up (as in some detrivores). The outer jaw contains up to seven rows of teeth, which decrease in size moving toward the throat. The ancestral tooth shape is conical, but there are numerous variations depending on the diet of the fish. Some examples include stout, knife-like teeth for tearing up prey, teeth at right angles or in broad, file-like bands for ripping off the scales or flesh of other fish, flattened teeth with cusps for feeding on clumps of benthic algae, or brush-like teeth used to comb epiphytes (algae that grows on other algae) off filamentous algae. Most common, however, are flat, molar-like teeth, which come in a wide variety of shapes and are often mixed with other types of teeth. Next are the jaws, which are composed of a complex cage of bones around the skull connected by numerous muscles. The plasticity of the jaws in carnivorous cichlids allows individuals to create negative pressure, effectively sucking the prey toward them, or to extend one part of the jaw independent of the other, so individuals can grasp prey below them. The gill rakers lie just behind the jaws and vary considerably depending on intended prey. In piscivorous cichlids, the gill rakers are short, sturdy and sharp while planktivores and detrivores have numerous, long, thin and tightly packed gill rakers for filtering out food particles. Other cichlids have true teeth on the gill rakers, which aid in the processing of prey. Finally, the pharyngeal jaw apparatus contains yet another set of teeth, which, as with the outer jaws, contain a wide variety of tooth types depending on the diet. The pharyngeal jaw also frees up the outer jaw from chewing, allowing more prey to be captured while the previous meal is being processed (See Food Habits for more details).

Sexual dimorphism occurs in some cichlids, and is most common in polygynous mouthbrooders and harem-forming species. Typically, males are larger than females and males exhibit more elaborate coloration. An extreme case of size dimorphism can be found in the harem-forming ,Neolamprologus callipterus. Males can be up thirty times the size of the miniscule females; this is the largest margin known for any vertebrate animal by which males outsize females. Apistogramma also exhibits sexual dimorphism, as males are strikingly colored and lavishly ornamented with elongated filaments on the spines of their dorsal and anal fins, and on the tails and pelvic fins. Most monogamous cichlids are virtually indistinguishable, although males are larger than females on average. During spawning, however, the foreheads of males swell in some species, such as Midas cichlids, or the sexes may take on different coloration (dichromatic). In an odd departure from the usual sexual dimorphism (with males being more colorful), female convict cichlids display gold colors on the lower half of the midsection of the body (where the egg sac is located) to attract males. Since this discovery, numerous examples of “reverse dichromatism” have been found in other cichlid species.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; female more colorful; male more colorful; sexes shaped differently; ornamentation

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Many large cichlids prey on smaller members of their family or specifically feed in eggs, larvae, or fry. Investigators have also observed newly independent juveniles preying on young of the same or related species. These predation pressure help explain the evolution of intense parental care in cichlids. Introduced species, such as Nile perch, have proven disastrous for many endemic cichlids, even causing the extinction of some species (See Ecosystem Roles and Conservation Status). Humans have also exploited cichlids throughout their range for centuries.

Known Predators:

  • fish (Actinopterygii)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: mimic; cryptic

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

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The Cichlidae family stands out as an extraordinary example of vertebrate evolution. From the sheer size of the family to the complexity of their ecological interactions and rapid evolution, cichlids provide a unique glimpse of the many factors that promote speciation. The behavioral and physical changes resulting from intense speciation in cichlids is equally impressive. Cichlids demonstrate some of the most unique and intensive parenting in fishes and utilize several different mating systems, from monogamy to polygynandry (See Reproduction). Many feeding behaviors found in cichlids are unique among freshwater fishes (See Behavior and Food Habits). Finally, although the general body plan of cichlids is constant, they come in a dazzling array of shapes, sizes, colors, and dental plans, making them popular with aquarists and aquaculturists (See Physical Description and Economic Importance to Humans).

There are no concrete figures on the number of genera and species in the Cichlidae family because there are still many revisions being made and a considerable number of species are yet to be described. Rough estimates range from 200 to 2000 species and approximately 140 genera, which, after Cyprinidae and Gobiidae, would make them the third largest family of bony fishes. The largest genus is the African Crenicichla with over 100 species. Cichlids inhabit fresh waters, and many species are endemic to isolated lake environments. The fact that no genera occur on more than one continent illustrates the degree of endemism in this family.

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Because many cichlid species are endemic to small geographic areas, they can be threatened relatively easily. Many cichlid species will never be described because they are going extinct so quickly. Such is the case with cichlids of Lake Victoria after the introduction of Nile perch. Nile perch were introduced as a food source (unsupervised) but, as a voracious predator, began to destroy cichlid populations throughout the lake. This has resulted in the largest mass extinction of endemic species in recent times. Conservative estimates are that across the Cichlidae family, 43 cichlids are extinct, five are extinct in the wild, 37 species are critically endangered, 11 species are endangered, 34 species are vulnerable, and one species is at low risk.

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Cichlids are able to communicate by various means: visual, acoustic, chemical and tactile. Visual communication primarily involves color changes and body movements and gestures. At least some cichlids are able to discern colors. Color changes are important in identifying individuals or families, or for communicating aggression, dominance, or sexual state. Typically, the brightest color patterns are associated with aggression. Body movements and gestures are also used to communicate aggression, dominance, or sexual state, and often combine with swimming patterns and color changes to emphasize a particular display. Tactile communication is mainly observed in aggressive males, such as the case of “mouth-fighting.” Tropheus moorii males lock mouths until one individual is pushed to the bottom and flees. In some mouthbrooding species (Simochronis and Tropheus) males often touch the anal region of the female as she begins to expel her eggs, presumably encouraging the female to lay her eggs. Sounds, such as grunts, thumps or purrs have been catalogued for at least 16 cichlid species. Experiments with one cichlid, Archocentrus centrarchus, have revealed that recorded sounds (produced during aggressive displays) evoked an aggressive response. Cichlids are known to use chemical cues to recognize their young in parenting. For example, Amatitlania nigrofasciata and Amphilophus citrinellus are able to discriminate their own small fry from those of other species. The reverse is also true; Amphilophus citrinellus fry are able to distinguish chemical cues given off by their parents. Etroplus maculates and Etroplus suratensis, which feed on fry, use chemical signals to avoid eating fry of the same species. Finally, monogamous pairs of some species need both visual and chemical cues to recognize each other.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: mimicry ; pheromones ; scent marks ; vibrations

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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The earliest known cichlid fossils were collected in South America, dating back to the Eocene (57 to 37 million years ago), and in Africa, dating back to the Oligocene (33.7 to 23.8 million years ago). However, the fossil history is poor and it is widely believed that the cichlids, along with other labroid families, arose sometime early in the Cretaceous epoch (144 to 66.4 million years ago). Despite the paucity of fossils, investigators have identified several existing Malagasy and Asian genera as the least derived within the Cichlidae. Researchers have gained a good understanding of the evolutionary biology of cichlids from this discovery. For instance, substrate brooding is considered the ancestral breeding system because it is practiced by the oldest genera in Madagascar and Asia.

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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Cichlids follow a typical developmental pattern but some species brood the eggs in the mouth while developing. Parents exhibit various behaviors to promote the growth of young, which develop through three distinct stages: eggs, wrigglers (newly hatched, non-free-swimming young), and fry (free swimming but dependent on the parent). At the early stages of development, parents fan the eggs to provide ventilation and remove waste (termed “fanning”). Some species use their mouths to suck away wastes or to remove dead or fungus-ridden eggs (termed “mouthing”). Mouthbrooding species that carry developing eggs in the buccal cavity (mouth) accomplish mouthing and fanning by rolling and swishing the eggs in the mouth (termed “churning”). Finally, several behaviors are related to aiding the young in feeding. Parents may pick up leaf matter and drop it near the young so they may forage on the unexposed side (termed “leaf-lifting”), or dig into the substrate with the fins to expose buried prey (termed “findigging”). Another unusual method of aiding the fry in development is “micronipping,” in which fry feed on mucous secreted from the skin of parents. Micronipping was first discovered in Symphysodon discus, but has since been recorded for several other cichlid species.

Some species of blue tilapia (among others), which are widely used in aquaculture, are susceptible to sex change for a period approximately 30-40 days after hatching by controlling temperature or adding hormones (See Mating Systems). Despite the fact that genetics also influence sex determination, hormones and temperature can overrule genetic determination, creating offspring that are all one sex. Aquaculturists take advantage of this fact to create single sex tanks, thus avoiding overpopulation.

Development - Life Cycle: temperature sex determination

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Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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The diversity of habitats occupied by cichlids is matched by the number of mating systems they employ. In fact, the local ecological conditions are an important indicator of the mating system used, which may vary within the same species. The most primitive condition is monogamy, with males and females essentially monomorphic, excepting some coloring details. Courtship rituals and parental care are common among monogamous pairs. Some cichlids are polygynous: males fertilize the eggs of more than one female. In this system, males might defend a territory that females visit to spawn (only once during the season), two females may defend a territory overlapping that of a male (bigamy), or a male may dominate a harem of multiple females. Cichlids also employ polyandry, in which females mate with several males. In one extraordinary case, sex roles are essentially reversed. Sarotherodon melanotheron males nurture eggs and fry in the mouth for 15 days after spawning, while females are capable of spawning just a week later. This creates a situation where the availability of males to brood the eggs is the limiting factor in reproduction. Behavioral studies reveal that male Sarotherodon melanotheron are less aggressive, and more selective, choosing larger females. Next, some cichlids may be promiscuous (polygynandrous).

An intriguing form of promiscuous spawning in some planktivorous cichlids (and at least one non-planktivorous cichlid as well) is termed “lekking,” a Swedish word meaning “to play.” Amazingly, from 5,000 to 50,000 males may congregate during lekking, which occurs over a long breeding season in some cichlids. Some lekking species, such as Copadichromis eucinostomous, migrate inshore and build volcano-like nests out of sand , while others lek in open waters, such as Paracyprichromis brieni. Females then mate with between 4 and 12 males, distributing a few eggs to each. A final mating system, termed “extended family” is found in at least one cichlid species, Neolamprologus multifasciatus. In this scenario, there are colonies of approximately 19 individuals (one to three males, up to five females, and the rest juveniles) with a large dominant male (alpha) and one other male (beta) participating in spawning. A number of individuals in each colony are related (outsiders may occasionally join a colony) and there are overlapping generations within each colony.

In Lake Tanganyika, Neolamprologus tetracanthus illustrates the utility of multiple mating systems in a dynamic environment. In one habitat, where the bottom is barren and predators are abundant, Neolamprologus tetracanthus males remain with their spawning partner to guard the fry. In a different part of the lake, predators are less abundant and populations are larger. There, numerous females establish individual feeding areas and male territories encompass as many as 14 females. The males spawn with each female and exhibit no parental care – an extreme case of polygyny. Numerous other studies support the existence of “plastic” mating strategies among cichlids. St. Peters fishes, of northern Africa, Israel and Jordan, illustrate how distinctions between mating systems are blurred by a single pair of spawning cichlids. Pairs form after a prolonged courtship ritual. After the eggs are fertilized, they may be taken by the male, female, or both as they go their separate ways. The parent that doesn’t take the eggs is free to spawn again. Finally, in harem-forming species and lekking mouth-brooders, smaller or weaker males may attempt to covertly fertilize a female—variously called sneaking, cheating, or parasitic spawning. During lekking males may accomplish this by mimicking females. Parasitic spawning is rare among monogamous species, probably because males and females remain in close proximity while spawning.

Mating System: monogamous ; polyandrous ; polygynous ; polygynandrous (promiscuous) ; cooperative breeder

There are two general modes of cichlid reproduction: substrate brooding and mouthbrooding. Substrate brooding (or nest building) represents the initial (evolutionarily) reproductive strategy, evidenced by the fact that the most primitive species are substrate brooders (See Other Comments). Substrate brooders tend to be monogamous and sexually monomorphic. The egg sacs usually adhere to hard surfaces and the helpless larvae (termed wrigglers), which have large yolk sacs, remain guarded in the nest until they can swim (and are then termed fry). The nests of substrate brooders range from sand castles to sand craters to accumulations of snail shells. Most mouthbrooders are polygynous and sexually dimorphic , although several species are monogamous. The eggs and wrigglers are carried in the mouth of the female , or in monogamous species, both males and females carry larvae in their mouths. As one might expect with such a diverse group of fishes, there is wide variation between the two general patterns described above (See Reproduction: Mating Systems). Many cichlids mate year round and the number of eggs ranges from just a few to several hundred across the family.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sequential hermaphrodite; sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

Parental care is likely the most intriguing life history feature of cichlids. Cichlids are well known for their strategy of mouthbrooding, in which the eggs, wrigglers (newly hatched, non-free-swimming young), or fry are carried in the mouth of an individual. In some mouthbrooding species there is no contact with the substrate; the unfertilized eggs are carried in the mouth of the male or female (termed immediate or ovophilic parental care). In others, the eggs are adhered to a substrate, fertilized and taken into the parents mouth after hatching (termed delayed or larvophilic parental care). Female (maternal) mouthbrooding is most common and well known but in at least one species, Sarotherodon melanotheron, the male carries the young (paternal mouthbrooding). In several other species mouthbrooding is biparental, shared by the male and female. Substrate brooders also guard their young, usually in some cooperative parenting system, such as biparental monogamy. Substrate brooding species also expend considerable energy caring for young. The eggs are initially attached to a substrate where they are cared for intensively. The newly hatched wrigglers may be transferred to a newly excavated pit, a patch of leaves, or the rootlets of aquatic vegetation where they are suspended by threads of mucous. The fry move along the substrate feeding on small particles while the parents keep guard.

In both substrate and mouthbrooding species parents use physical movements (termed “calling behaviors”), such as flicking the pelvic fins or jogging the head, when predators approach. These movements serve as cues for fry to retreat, either settling to the substrate near the parent or entering the mouth depending on the type of parental care. Experiments have shown that the level of vulnerability of young is the main determinant of continued parental care, rather than a set time period after hatching. Several other behaviors relating to parental care are described in Development.

Parental Investment: male parental care ; female parental care

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citação bibliográfica
Jonna, R. 2004. "Cichlidae" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Cichlidae.html
autor
R. Jamil Jonna, Animal Diversity Web
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Cichlidae ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Cichlidae is 'n groot visfamilie van die orde Perciformes. Spesies van die familie leef in vars- sowel as brakwater. Dié familie word gevind in Sentraal - en Suid-Amerika, Afrika, Madagaskar en dele van Indië en Arabië en speel ook 'n belangrike rol as 'n voedingsvis. Cichlidae is die grootste visfamilie in Afrika met ongeveer 900 spesies.

Genera

Die volgende genera en gepaardgaande spesies is deel van die familie:

Sien ook

Bron

Verwysings

  1. Berg, L.S., 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlyn, Alemanya.
Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Africâner )

fornecido por wikipedia AF

Cichlidae is 'n groot visfamilie van die orde Perciformes. Spesies van die familie leef in vars- sowel as brakwater. Dié familie word gevind in Sentraal - en Suid-Amerika, Afrika, Madagaskar en dele van Indië en Arabië en speel ook 'n belangrike rol as 'n voedingsvis. Cichlidae is die grootste visfamilie in Afrika met ongeveer 900 spesies.

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Cichlidae ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

Los cíclidos (Cichlidae) son una familia de peces del orde de los Perciformes de la clase pexes óseos. Los cíclidos son una familia de gran ésitu evolutivu, mayormente d'agua duce, y son bien curiosos pa l'acuariofilia, pos son de los pexes más solicitaos por espertos nesta práutica. Cada añu atópense numberoses especies nueves, y munches d'estes entá non descrites. El númberu real d'especies nesta familia nun ta claro, por cuenta d'envaloraos que varien de 1300 a 3000 especies, que tienen gran diversidá de formes y carauterístiques úniques, que faen d'esta una de les families más grandes de vertebraos. La mayoría de les especies d'esta familia tien un promediu de vida de 10 a 20 años.

Munchos cíclidossobremanera la tilapia, son importantes nel comerciu d'alimentos, ente qu'otros, como los ánxeles, los discos y los óscares, son bien valoraos nel comerciu de la acuariofilia. Esta familia ye tamién la familia de vertebraos con más especies en peligru d'estinción, munches de les cualos atópense nel grupu de Haplochromis.

Los cíclidos, amás de ser bien importantes pal comerciu y l'economía, ser tamién pal estudiu de la evolución d'especies na ciencia, porque evolucionaron bien rápido un gran númberu d'especies bien rellacionaes, pero con carauterístiques morfolóxiques bien diverses dientro de los grandes llagos d'África (Malawi, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo).

Munchos cíclidos que fueron accidental o deliberadamente distribuyíos en llibertá nes agües fora de la so área natural, convirtiéronse n'especies dañibles; por casu, la tilapia nel sur de los Estaos Xuníos. Esto ye por cuenta de la so gran adaptación a cuasi cualquier ecosistema, y pol so territorialidad. Esto provoca que los cíclidos cómanse, fadien o dexen ensin alimentu a los demás habitantes; poro, altériase l'ecosistema, lo cual ye bien perxudicial.

Carauterístiques anatómiques y fisiolóxiques

Los cíclidos tienen gran diversidá de formes y carauterístiques úniques, y tienen una amplia variedá de tamaños, que van dende 25 mm nel casu de Neolamprologus multifasciatus hasta especies de 1 m de llargu. Igualmente, los cíclidos presenten una amplia diversidá de formes del cuerpu, que van dende bien estruyíos lateralmente (como lo son les especies d'ánxeles, discos, Altolamprologus, etc.) hasta con forma cilíndrica (como los Julidochromis). Un grupu d'especies suel tener carauterístiques asemeyaes en tamañu y forma según el so ecosistema y otres necesidaes. Un exemplu d'esto ser los mbuna, que son, polo xeneral, llixeramente estruyíos, de tamañu mediu y cuerpu asemeyáu.

Toles especies comparten una carauterística clave: tienen un par de quexales faríngeas, qu'ayuden a les quexals orales nel so trabayu. Por cuenta de esto, pueden prindar y procesar una amplia variedá d'alimentos, siendo esta una de les esplicaciones de la so variedá de formes corporales.[1][2]

Les carauterístiques que los estremen d'otros Labroidei inclúin:[3]

Hábitats

Los cíclidos atopar dende agües negres, acedes y blandes (como'l ríu Negru), a agües dures y alcalines (como'l llagu Tanganica), o, inclusive, nes agües salobres de les desaguaes de los ríos. La gran mayoría tán en zones tropicales. La gran mayoría habita n'agua duce, pero esisten especies d'agua salao y salobre, anque munches de les especies d'agua duce toleren l'agua salobre mientres llargos periodos (por casu, Cichlasoma urophthalmus). Puede atopase vida y la cría n'ambientes d'agua salao, como desaguaes de los ríos, les petrines de manglares alredor de la barrera d'islles. Delles especies de tilapias (tilapia, Sarotherodon, y Oreochromis) son resistentes a agües salobres, y pueden esvalixase a lo llargo de les costes ente dellos ríos salobres.

Distribución

Trátase principalmente de pexes d'agua duce, mayormente d'África (de los llagos Malawi, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo) y América del Sur (del ríu Amazones). Calcúlase que, ente toles especies descrites, sumaes a les qu'entá nun s'afayaron, va haber a lo menos 1600 especies namái n'África. Tamién s'atopa un gran númberu en Mesoamérica, dende Panamá, en Centroamérica, hasta la porción mexicana d'América del Norte (teniendo como frontera más septentrional el ríu Bravo, nel sur de Texas), con aproximao 120 especies. Madagascar tien la so propia fauna de cíclidos, filogenéticamente alloñada en rellación colos del continente africanu. N'Asia namái s'atopen 4 especies nel abargane de Xordania nel Oriente Mediu, 1 n'Irán, y 3 n'India y Sri Lanka. Hai 3 especies que s'atopen en Cuba y La Española. N'Europa, Australia, Antártida y América del Norte, al norte del ríu Grande, nun hai nenguna especie nativa de cíclidos, anque les condiciones ambientales son afeches. En Xapón y el norte d'Australia, los cíclidos estableciéronse como animales amontesaos.

Alimentación

La so alimentación depende del llugar xeográficu de procedencia: esisten cíclidos omnívoros y cíclidos herbívoros. En llibertá, xeneralmente aliméntense de pequeños crustáceos, algues, y pequeños pexes. En cautiverio ye bien recomendable optar por una alimentación de gama profesional, dexando les games comerciales pa especímenes menos esixentes nutricionalmente. Ye bien importante que la calidá de les algues, escames o granosu seya bien bona, yá que, si non, son propensos a tener problemes dixestivos.

Comportamientu

Polo xeneral, los cíclidos tienen fama d'agresivos y territoriales. Magar hai especies que se salten esta norma, la gran mayoría tienen ciertu grau d'agresividá escontra otros pexes que s'enfusen nel so territoriu. Según les especies, hai con territoriu permanente, con territoriu namái en dómina de cría, o totalmente gregarios. Los machos de la mesma especie nun suelen aceptase.

Tienden a formar pareyes que caltienen pa tola vida, o harénes (más dinámicos).

 src=
Symphysodon aequifasciatus curiando la so puesta.

Tipos

Hai dellos tipos de cíclidos:

  • cíclidos africanos
  • cíclidos nanos
  • cíclidos americanos

Reproducción

Daqué no que destaquen estos pexes ye nos cuidos que dediquen a la proxenie. Van Defender con bravura la puesta (que nun ye bien numberosa comparada cola de los pexes que se despreocupan de los güevos), inclusive contra enemigos de muncho mayor valumbu. La gran mayoría va curiar de los esquiles mientres aproximao un mes.

Tocantes a los llugares de puesta, hai de too: en cueves, na superficie de piedres, en fuexos cavaos por ellos mesmos, sobre fueyes, etc. Anque cabría destacar, en delles especies de cíclidos, la evolución que los llevó a guarar los güevos na so propia boca, asegurando una mayor supervivencia, anque a cuenta de un menor númberu de güevos.

Munches de les especies africanes utilicen como métodu de cría la incubación bucal, que consiste en caltener protexíes a les críes na boca de la madre hasta qu'algamen un tamañu abondu pa ser lliberaes.

Cíclidos en peligru d'estinción

En 2007, según la Unión Internacional pal Caltenimientu de la Naturaleza (UICN) y la Llista Colorada de los Recursos Naturales, 156 especies de cíclidos tán incluyíes como «especies vulnerables», 40 especies tán «en peligru d'estinción», y 69 especies tán llistaes como «críticamente en peligru d'estinción». 6 especies (Haplochromis ishmaeli, Haplochromis lividus, Haplochromis perrieri, Paretroplus menarambo, Platytaeniodus degeni y Yssichromis sp. nov. 'argens') escastáronse na naturaleza, ente que siquier 39 especies (la mayoría del xéneru Haplochromis) escastáronse dende empiezos del deceniu de 1990.

Árbol xenéticu de los cíclidos


Árbol xenéticu de los cíclidos Cichlidtree.png

Xéneros

A partir de 2006, había unos 220 xéneros (pulsie esplegar pa ver)

Dellos xéneros de la familia Cichlidae tán inda Incertae sedis, esto ye, a la espera d'una clasificación nes distintes subfamilies. Estos xéneros son:

Galería

Cíclidos más comunes nos acuarios

Referencies

  1. Loiselle, P.V. (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium. Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
  2. Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ISBN 0471250317.
  3. Froese, Rainer, y Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). Cichlidae. En FishBase. Payares de 2006.

Bibliografía

  • Goldstein, R.J. 1988. Cichlids of the world. 382 pp., T.F.H. Publications Inc. Neptune City, Estaos Xuníos.
  • ITIS y ITIS.
  • Fishbase.

Enllaces esternos


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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia AST

Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

Los cíclidos (Cichlidae) son una familia de peces del orde de los Perciformes de la clase pexes óseos. Los cíclidos son una familia de gran ésitu evolutivu, mayormente d'agua duce, y son bien curiosos pa l'acuariofilia, pos son de los pexes más solicitaos por espertos nesta práutica. Cada añu atópense numberoses especies nueves, y munches d'estes entá non descrites. El númberu real d'especies nesta familia nun ta claro, por cuenta d'envaloraos que varien de 1300 a 3000 especies, que tienen gran diversidá de formes y carauterístiques úniques, que faen d'esta una de les families más grandes de vertebraos. La mayoría de les especies d'esta familia tien un promediu de vida de 10 a 20 años.

Munchos cíclidossobremanera la tilapia, son importantes nel comerciu d'alimentos, ente qu'otros, como los ánxeles, los discos y los óscares, son bien valoraos nel comerciu de la acuariofilia. Esta familia ye tamién la familia de vertebraos con más especies en peligru d'estinción, munches de les cualos atópense nel grupu de Haplochromis.

Los cíclidos, amás de ser bien importantes pal comerciu y l'economía, ser tamién pal estudiu de la evolución d'especies na ciencia, porque evolucionaron bien rápido un gran númberu d'especies bien rellacionaes, pero con carauterístiques morfolóxiques bien diverses dientro de los grandes llagos d'África (Malawi, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo).

Munchos cíclidos que fueron accidental o deliberadamente distribuyíos en llibertá nes agües fora de la so área natural, convirtiéronse n'especies dañibles; por casu, la tilapia nel sur de los Estaos Xuníos. Esto ye por cuenta de la so gran adaptación a cuasi cualquier ecosistema, y pol so territorialidad. Esto provoca que los cíclidos cómanse, fadien o dexen ensin alimentu a los demás habitantes; poro, altériase l'ecosistema, lo cual ye bien perxudicial.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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Tsixlosomlar ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Tsixlosomlar (lat. Cichlidae) — Xanıkimilər dəstəsinə aid balıq fəsiləsi. Bu fəsiləyə daxil olan 1300-ə yaxın növ təsnif olunub, təsnif olunmamış növlərin sayı isə 600-dən çoxdur.

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Cíclids ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

Els cíclids (Cichlidae) són una família de peixos d'aigües dolces tropicals pertanyent a l'ordre dels perciformes, algunes espècies de la qual són molt apreciades com a peixos d'aquari (especialment els gèneres Cichlasoma, Aequidens, Pseudotropheus, Aulonocara, Julidochromis, Pterophyllum i Symphysodon).[2][3][4]

Morfologia

Són de dimensions mitjanes, tot i que Boulengerochromis microlepis pot assolir els 80 cm de longitud màxima. La forma del cos és molt variable però, generalment, és allargada o ovalada i comprimida lateralment. Coloració de tons apagats en alguns i vistosa en uns altres. Tenen una sola aleta dorsal, la part anterior de la qual té radis espinosos. Tenen un orifici nasal a cada costat del cap. Interrupció de la línia lateral en la majoria de les espècies. Entre 3 i 15 espines a l'aleta anal (generalment, 3). Els mascles solen ser més grossos i amb les aletes més allargades que les femelles.[5][6][7][8]

Reproducció

  • En general, acostumen a pondre els ous sobre pedres que anteriorment han estat netejades escrupolosament o sobre una fulla. Els pares es fan càrrec de les cries i les defensaran amb violència dels intrusos. D'altra banda, acostumen a ser peixos molt prolífics i és prou normal que les parelles romanguin unides durant molts anys.
  • En les espècies del gènere Apistogramma és comú que els mascles posseeixin diverses femelles i que tinguin accés lliure als territoris de cadascuna d'elles.
  • Un curiós mètode de reproducció d'alguns cíclids és la incubació bucal. En aquest cas, els mascles assagen els primers moviments dirigint-se a la femella, la qual lentament pon els seus primers ous i els guarda dins la boca. Tot seguit, el mascle exhibeix la seva aleta anal, en la qual estan dissenyades taques similars als ous. La femella, suposant que es tracta d'ous reals, intenta guardar-los a la boca i, en intentar-ho, s'empassa l'esperma del mascle i així fecunda els ous que té dins de la boca. El desenvolupament dels embrions es desenvolupa en aproximadament 20 dies.[9]

Alimentació

Segons l'espècie, poden ser omnívors o herbívors.[6][10]

Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica

Viuen en les aigües de vegetació abundant[11] de Sud-amèrica (290 espècies), Amèrica Central, Texas (1), les Índies Occidentals, Àfrica (900), Madagascar (17), el sud de l'Índia, Sri Lanka, la vall del riu Jordà (4) i l'Iran (1).[6][12][11]

Depredació

Molts cíclids adults, si tenen l'oportunitat, poden depredar els membres més joves de la seva pròpia espècie (ous, larves i alevins) o d'altres espècies de cíclids. Aquesta pressió depredatòria ajuda a explicar la intensa atenció dels pares envers la seua progènie. Així mateix, les espècies introduïdes(com la perca, per exemple) han resultat desastroses per a molts cíclids endèmics fins a l'extrem de causar l'extinció d'algunes espècies. Els éssers humans també han exercit una intensa pressió sobre aquesta família de peixos al llarg dels segles.[13]

Observacions

Els cíclids són àmpliament emprats en aqüicultura per al consum alimentari humà. Així, per exemple, a Israel i Àsia els gèneres Oreochromis i Tilapia són molt populars; a l'Amèrica Llatina els gèneres Astronotus, Cichlasoma i Oreochromis; al Carib i a Egipte, les espècies del gènere Tilapia; i a la resta d'Àfrica, Oreochromis.[14]

Gèneres

Referències

  1. Berg, L.S., 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlín, Alemanya.
  2. Berra, T. 2001. Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego, Califòrnia, Estats Units: Academic Press.
  3. Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.
  4. AQUANOVEL (castellà)
  5. Enciclopèdia Catalana (català)
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 FishBase (anglès)
  7. Barlow, G. 2000. The Cichlid Fishes: Nature's Grand Experiment in Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publications.
  8. Ribbink, A. 1991. Distribution and Ecology of the Cichlids of the African Great Lakes. Pp. 36-59 a M. Keenleyside, ed. Cichlid Fishes: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Londres, Gran Bretanya: Chapman and Hall.
  9. Barlow, G. 1991. Mating Systems among Cichlid Fishes. Pp. 173-190, a M. Keenleyside, ed. Cichlid Fishes: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Londres: Chapman and Hall.
  10. Yamaoka, K. 1991. Feeding Relationships. Pp. 151-172 a M. Keenleyside, ed. Cichlids Fishes: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Londres: Chapman and Hall.
  11. 11,0 11,1 Greenwood, P., M. Stiassny. 2002. Cichlids. Pp. 200-204 a W.N. Eschmeyer, J.R. Paxton, eds. Encyclopedia of fishes – second edition. San Diego, Califòrnia, Estats Units: Academic Press.
  12. Kullander, S.O., 1998. A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). p. 461-498. A: L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena i C.A.S. Lucena (eds.) Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes. Porto Alegre, Edipucrs. 603 p.
  13. Greenwood, P., M. Stiassny. 2002. Cichlids. Pp. 200-204 a W.N. Eschmeyer, J.R. Paxton, eds. Encyclopedia of fishes – segona edició. San Diego, Califòrnia, Estats Units: Academic Press.
  14. Pullin, R. 1991. Cichlids in Aquaculture. Pp. 280-309 a M. Keenleyside, ed. Cichlids Fishes: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution. Londres: Chapman and Hall.
  15. Eigenmann, C. H. 1912. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 5 (núm. 1): i-xxii + 1-578, Pls. 1-103.
  16. Müller, J. & F. H. Troschel. 1849. Fische (pp. 618-644). A Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844. Im Auftrag Sr. Mäjestat des Königs von Preussen ausgeführt von Richard Schomburgk. [Versuch einer Fauna und Flora von Britisch-Guiana.] v. 3. Berlin. Reisen British Guiana.
  17. Myers, G. S. 1940. Suppression of Acaropsis and Chalcinus, two preoccupied generic names of South American fresh-water fishes. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. v. 1 (núm. 5): 170.
  18. 18,0 18,1 18,2 Heckel, J. J., 1840. Johann Natterer's neue Flussfische Brasilien's nach den Beobachtungen und Mittheilungen des Entdeckers beschrieben (Erste Abtheilung, Die Labroiden). Ann. Wien. Mus. Naturges. v. 2: 325-471, Pls. 29-30.
  19. Kullander, S. O., 1989. Description of a new Acaronia species (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Rio Orinoco and Rio Negro drainages. Zool. Scripta v. 18 (núm. 3): 447-452.
  20. 20,0 20,1 Eigenmann, C. H. & W. L. Bray 1894. A revision of the American Cichlidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. v. 7 (art. 4): 607-624.
  21. 21,0 21,1 21,2 Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the `genus' Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool. v. 39 (núm. 1): 1-101.
  22. Greenwood, P. H. 1966. Two new species of Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) from Lake Victoria. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 13) v. 8 (núms. 89/90) [1965]: 303-318, Pl. 11.
  23. Stauffer, J. R., Jr. & K. R. McKaye 1988. Description of a genus and three deep water species of fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa. Copeia 1988 (núm. 2): 441-449.
  24. 24,0 24,1 24,2 Poll, M. 1986. Classification des Cichlidae du lac Tanganika. Tribus, genres et especes. Mem. Acad. R. Belg. Cl. Sci. (Ser. 2) v. 45 (núm. 2): 1-163.
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Bibliografia

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  • Ahl, E. 1938: Über einen neuen südamerikanischen Fisch der Familie Cichlidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 123 (núms. 10/12): 246-247.
  • Ahl, E. 1939: Über zwei neue Fische der Familie Cichlidae aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Zoologischer Anzeiger v. 127 (pts 3-4): 80-82.
  • Allgayer, R. 1981: Haplochromis euchilus Trewavas, 1935 (Pisces, Cichlidae). Note sur les Pseudohaplochromis n. n. du lac Malawi. Aquarama 62: 11-13.
  • Allgayer, R. 1981: Haplochromis euchilus Trewavas, 1935 (Pisces, Cichlidae). Note sur les Pseudohaplochromis n. n. du lac Malawi. Aquarama 62: 11-13.
  • Allgayer, R. 1989: Révision et redescription du genre Theraps Günther 1862. Description de deux espèces nouvelles du Mexique (Pisces, Perciformes, Cichlidae). Revue française des Cichlidophiles v. 10 (núm. 90): 4-30.
  • Blanc, M. 1962: Catalogue des types de Poissons de la famille des Cichlidae en collection au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Série 2) v. 34 (núm. 3): 202-227.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1898: A revision of the African and Syrian fishes of the family Cichlidae.--Part I. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1898 (pt 2): 132-152, Pl. 19.
  • Boulenger, G. A. 1899: A revision of the African and Syrian fishes of the family Cichlidae. Part II. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1899 (pt 1): 98-143 [1-47], Pls. 11-12.
  • Bowers, N. J. i J. R. Stauffer, Jr. 1993: New species of rock-dwelling cichlid (Pisces: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa, with comments on Melanochromis vermivorus Trewavas. Copeia 1993 (núm. 3): 715-722.
  • Burgess, W. E. 1976: Studies on the family Cichlidae: 3. A new Melanochromis from Lake Malawi, with comments on the genus. Tropical Fish Hobbyist v. 24 (núm. 6): 61-65.
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  • Carpenter, K. E. 2003: Lobotidae (P. 1505), Sparidae (Pp. 1554-1577), Kyphosidae (Pp. 1684-1687), Cichlidae (Pp. 1690-1693), Uranoscopidae (Pp. 1746-1747). A Carpenter 2003: The living marine resources of the Western Central Atlantic. v. 3.
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Cíclids: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

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Vrubozubcovití ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Vrubozubcovití (Cichlidae, česky též cichlidy) je čeleď ostnoploutvých paprskoploutvých ryb ze sladkých vod Jižní a Střední Ameriky, Afriky a Asie. U cichlid je silně vyvinuta péče o potomstvo.

Výskyt

Vrubozubcovití se přirozeně vyskytují v Jižní a Střední Americe (na severu až po Rio Grande), Africe a v několika druzích i v Asii od Izraele po Indii a Srí Lanku.

Taxonomie

Rody vrubozubcovitých[1]:

Rozmnožování a péče o potomstvo

Cichlidy jsou jikernaté ryby, třou se, obvykle v párech, a kladou jikry. V akváriích však jsou velmi často pozorována tření několika jedinců najednou. Jde především o ryby z afrických jezer Malawi a Tanganjika.

Jihoamerické cichlidy se o jikry a potěr většinou velice pečlivě starají. Podle toho, který z rodičů se o potomstvo stará a jak mají rodiče rozděleny funkce, se u různých druhů cichlid dá rozlišit pět základních typů rodin. V rodině rodičovského typu se o potomstvo starají oba rodiče podobným způsobem. V rodině typu otec–matka se o potomstvo stará pár společně, mají ale výrazně rozdělené role, samec obvykle hlídá teritorium. V harémové rodině se samec vytírá s více samicemi, z nichž si každá udržuje vlastní teritorium, ve kterém se o potomstvo stará, zatímco samec hlídá velké teritorium zahrnující teritoria samic. V rodině mateřského typu se o potomstvo stará jen matka. Rodina otcovského typu, ve které se o potomstvo stará pouze otec, je u cichlid spíše výjimkou. Rodiče jsou při odchovávání plůdku daleko agresivnější než mimo období rozmnožování.

U některých cichlid se vyvinula velmi specializovaná péče. Řada jihoamerických i afrických druhů přechovává jikry i plůdek v tlamě. Plůdek terčovců – rod Discus se živí kožním sekretem rodičů. Ten dosud nebyl v žádné laboratoři napodoben, proto cena těchto ryb je značně vysoká.

Ryby z afrických jezer Malawi a Tanganjika se rozmnožují tak, že jeden dominantní samec v hejnu se tře se všemi samicemi. Jikry a plůdek uchovává matka v tlamce po celou dobu vývoje plůdku. Traduje se, že po tuto dobu nepřijímá potravu, ale není tomu tak – v zajetí byly mnohokrát pozorovány samice, které v období nošení plůdku v tlamě přijímaly potravu.

Terčovci se oproti jiným druhům starají o potomstvo střídavě. Několik hodin je plůdek přichycen na kožním sekretu třeba otce a po několika hodinách sebou otec škubne a plůdek jako na povel přepluje na druhého rodiče.

Česko patří s Malajsií, Tchaj-wanem a několika dalšími zeměmi k nejdůležitějším producentům akvarijních ryb na světě.

Chov v akváriu

Vrubozubcovití (mezi akvaristy známější pod jménem cichlidy) patří k nejoblíbenějším akvarijním rybám. Jihoamerické skaláry a terčovci patří k nejznámějším akvarijním rybám vůbec. Velmi oblíbené jsou rovněž drobné jihoamerické cichlidky a endemičtí tlamovci z východoafrických jezer Tanganika a Malawi.

Chov i odchov méně náročných cichlid je relativně jednoduchý a vhodný i pro začínající akvaristy. Mezi cichlidy ale patří i řada velmi náročných ryb. Například známí terčovci jsou velmi choulostiví a vyžadují odbornou péči. Cichlidy z východoafrických jezer jsou velmi náročné na parametry vody a její znečištění dusíkatými látkami.

Odkazy

Reference

  1. BioLib.cz – Cichlidae (vrubozobcovití) [online]. BioLib.cz. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Vrubozubcovití: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Vrubozubcovití (Cichlidae, česky též cichlidy) je čeleď ostnoploutvých paprskoploutvých ryb ze sladkých vod Jižní a Střední Ameriky, Afriky a Asie. U cichlid je silně vyvinuta péče o potomstvo.

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original
visite a fonte
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Ciclider ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Ciclider er fisk fra familien Cichlidae af ordenen Perciformes. Familien er omfattende med stor diversitet og mindst 1.650 arter er blevet beskrevet. Dermed hører familien til en af de største inden for hvirveldyrene og nye arter opdages hvert år. Mange er endnu ikke beskrevet, hvorfor det endelige antal arter er ukendt; men det vurderes at der findes 2.000 til 3.000 arter. Ciclider er meget udbredt inden for akvariehobbyen, fordi mange arter er meget farverige eller har en interessant adfærd. Enkelte ciclider har betydning som spisefisk.

Beskrivelse

Ciclider har en mangfoldighed af kropsbygninger og findes i størrelser fra 2,5 centimeter til næsten 1 meters længde. Hovedparten af arterne er af medium størrelse, ovale i form og lidt sideværts komprimeret, og kan minde om små udgaver af aborren. Nogle arter har en mere fladtryk og skiveformet krop. Andre arter har en langstrakt cirkulær krop.

Udbredelse og habitat

Det største antal arter findes i tropisk Afrika, hvoraf en stor del lever i de store afrikanske søer (Malawi, Tanganyika og Victoria). Omkring 400 arter lever i Mellem- og Sydamerika. Enkelte arter forekommer omkring Cuba og Hispaniola, mens en enkelt art er er hjemmehørende i Texas, USA.

17 arter forekommer på Madagaskar, og i Asien forekommer der 15 arter, som lever i Indien og Sri Lanka. En enkelt art findes i den sydlige del af Iran og syv eller otte arter forekommer i Israel og Jordan (Jordandalen).

Generelt er ciclider ferskvandsfisk, men nogle arter tåler brakvand og kan f.eks. leve i mangroveområder. Det gælder særligt arter fra Indien, Madagaskar, Cuba og Hispaniola.

Ernæring og reproduktion

 src=
Mundrugende ciclide (Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi) med unger i mundhulen

Kosten for ciclider spænder meget vidt. Nogle ciclider er deciderede rovfisk, andre er planktonspisere og endelig er der arter, som udelukkende lever af planter. Enkelte arter er meget specialiserede og lever af skæl eller øjne fra andre fisk, som de angriber.

Ciclider har generelt en udviklet yngelpleje, og de fleste arter afsætter deres æg på et substrat hvorefter den ene eller begge forældre vogter æggene. Nogle arter er mundrugende, hvor en af forældrene opbevarer æggene i mundhulen efter de er lagt og befrugtet. Når æggene er udklækket, kan larverne udvikles i mundhulen.

Discusfisken er kendt for en særlig form for yngelpleje, idet forældrene udskiller et særligt slimlag, som ungerne spiser af, de første uger efter de er kommet ud af ægget.

Betydning som spisefisk

Visse ciclider af slægten Tilapia opdrættes i store dele af verden som spisefisk. Det er den tredje mest betydningsfulde fisk i akvakulturer, hvilket skyldes fiskens hurtige tilvækst og høje indhold af protein. Hertil kommer at fisken i modsætning til f.eks. laks og ørred kan opdrættes med vegetabilsk foder. Den største produktion af Tilapia sker i Kina. Slægten stammer oprindeligt fra Afrika.

Akvariehobby

Ciclider er populære akvariefisk, og mange arter er lette at holde i et akvarium. Scalaren og Discusfisken er avlet i årtier, og derved er fremkommet et stort antal kulturtyper med iøjnefaldende farver eller mønstre. Interessen for ciclider tog et stort spring i 1970'erne og 1980'erne, da mange spændende arter fra de store afrikanske søer blev tilgængelige i handlen.

Kilder/henvisninger

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DA

Ciclider: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Ciclider er fisk fra familien Cichlidae af ordenen Perciformes. Familien er omfattende med stor diversitet og mindst 1.650 arter er blevet beskrevet. Dermed hører familien til en af de største inden for hvirveldyrene og nye arter opdages hvert år. Mange er endnu ikke beskrevet, hvorfor det endelige antal arter er ukendt; men det vurderes at der findes 2.000 til 3.000 arter. Ciclider er meget udbredt inden for akvariehobbyen, fordi mange arter er meget farverige eller har en interessant adfærd. Enkelte ciclider har betydning som spisefisk.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Buntbarsche ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Buntbarsche (Cichlidae) oder Cichliden sind eine Familie der Knochenfische aus der Gruppe der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Nach den Karpfenfischen (Cyprinidae) und den Grundeln (Gobiidae) bilden die Buntbarsche mit etwa 1700 beschriebenen Arten die drittgrößte Fisch-Familie. Viele Arten sind wegen ihres farbenprächtigen Äußeren, des komplexen Verhaltensspektrums und der einfachen Pflege beliebte Aquarienfische,[1] einige große Arten sind wichtige Speisefische.

In der Evolutionsbiologie hat die Untersuchung der Cichliden wesentlich zum Verständnis der Mechanismen der Artbildung beigetragen. Die Artenschwärme der Buntbarsche im Victoriasee und ihrer Verwandten in den benachbarten Afrikanischen Großen Seen können als Modell für eine relativ rasche Artenentwicklung betrachtet werden. Zudem sind Buntbarsche bedeutende Forschungsobjekte in der Verhaltensbiologie.[1]

Vorkommen

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Verbreitungsgebiet

Buntbarsche bewohnen mit etwa 1100 beschriebenen Arten den größten Teil des tropischen Afrikas; weitere 200 bisher unbeschriebene Arten werden hier vermutet. Allein in den ostafrikanischen Seen Malawi, Tanganjika (350 Arten) und Viktoria (250–350 Arten) kommen jeweils mehrere hundert Arten vor. Hier stellen sie den Hauptbestandteil der Fischfauna. Etwa 570 Arten leben in Mittel- und Südamerika, vier auf Kuba und Hispaniola, eine auch in Texas. 29 Arten, die stark in ihrem Bestand gefährdet sind, leben auf Madagaskar. In Asien sind die Buntbarsche mit nur elf bis zwölf Arten vertreten: drei in Südindien und Sri Lanka, eine im Süden des Iran (Iranocichla hormuzensis) und sieben bis acht in Israel und Jordanien (Tal des Jordan). Die Buntbarsche Indiens, Madagaskars, Kubas und Hispaniolas gehen auch in Brackwasser. Coptodon guineensis kommt als einzige Buntbarschart von der Mündung des Senegal bis zur Mündung des Kunene im Meer vor.[2]

Einige Arten wurden als Neozoen weit verbreitet. Der Mosambik-Buntbarsch (Oreochromis mossambicus) und mehr noch die Niltilapie (Oreochromis niloticus) wurden aus fischereiwirtschaftlichen Gründen (Aquakultur) in vielen tropischen Länder eingeführt.[3] Ihre Verwilderung in mehreren Ländern hat negative ökologische Auswirkungen, da sie einheimische Arten verdrängen.[4] Ein weiterer Buntbarsch, der Chanchito (Australoheros facetum) aus dem Süden Brasiliens und dem Norden Argentiniens, hat sich auch in Europa, im Süden Portugals und Spaniens, verbreitet[5][6] und kommt inzwischen sogar in einigen deutschen Seen (Baden-Württemberg und Nordrhein-Westfalen) vor.[7]

Merkmale

 src=
Der hechtförmige Crenicichla punctata zeigt ein Extrem in der Variabilität der Buntbarschkörperformen.

Die Größe der Buntbarsche reicht von drei Zentimetern (Apistogramma) bis zu 80 Zentimetern (Boulengerochromis, Cichla). Ihre Grundform ist oval, etwas langgestreckt und seitlich abgeflacht, etwa so wie der Rote Buntbarsch in der Taxobox. Angepasst an ihr jeweiliges Habitat kann die Körperform jedoch auch stark von der Grundform abweichen. So sind die zwischen Stelzwurzeln im Orinoko- und Amazonasbecken lebenden Diskusfische und Skalare scheibenförmig, die Skalare weisen zudem stark erhöhte Rücken-, After- und Bauchflossen auf. Andere Buntbarsche sind hechtförmig (Crenicichla) oder langgestreckt (Teleogramma oder Julidochromis, Jagd in Felsspalten). Buntbarsche aus den Livingstonefällen oder den Sandufern des Tanganjikasee ähneln Grundeln. Zwischen diesen Extremen gibt es viele Übergangsformen. Die Maulform ist an die verschiedensten Ernährungstypen angepasst. Sie reicht von tief gespalten bei räuberischen Arten (wie Crenicichla) bis hin zu stark unterständig und auf das Abraspeln von Felsenaufwuchs spezialisiert (bei Labeotropheus).

Im Unterschied zu den meisten anderen Fischen haben Buntbarsche auf jeder Kopfseite nur ein Nasenloch. Ihre Seitenlinie ist unterbrochen, der vordere Teil läuft auf der oberen Körperhälfte parallel zur Rückenkrümmung, der hintere auf der Seitenmitte bis auf den Schwanzflossenstiel. Entlang der Seitenlinie zählt man 20 bis 50 Schuppen, in Ausnahmefällen mehr als 100. In der einzigen Rückenflosse ist deutlich ein hartstrahliger und ein weichstrahliger Teil zu unterscheiden. Sie wird von sieben bis 25 Flossenstacheln und fünf bis 30 Weichstrahlen gestützt. Die Afterflosse hat normalerweise drei Flossenstacheln (bei wenigen Arten auch vier bis neun, bei Etroplus zwölf bis fünfzehn) und vier bis fünfzehn Weichstrahlen, in Ausnahmefällen auch mehr als 30. Die Schwanzflosse ist meist abgerundet oder schließt gerade ab, in vielen Fällen, manchmal nur bei den Männchen, mit filamentartigen Auswüchsen oben und unten. Nur wenige Buntbarsche besitzen eine gegabelte Schwanzflosse.[8]

Lebensweise

Ernährung

Die Ernährungsweisen der Buntbarsche sind sehr vielfältig. So gibt es generalisierte Räuber, Planktonfresser, Aufwuchsfresser, Pflanzenfresser und Larvenfresser. In den Seen des Ostafrikanischen Grabenbruches ist die Spezialisierung bezüglich der Ernährung besonders gut zu sehen und erforscht worden.

Viele der Buntbarsche sind primär Pflanzenfresser, die sich von Algen (z. B. Petrochromis) und Pflanzen (z. B. Etroplus suratensis) ernähren. Kleine Tiere, wie Wirbellose, machen nur einen geringen Teil ihrer Nahrung aus. Detritivore, zu welchen die Gattungen Oreochromis, Sarotherodon und Tilapia gehören, fressen verschiedenes organisches Material.

Räuberisch lebende Buntbarsche fressen wenig bis gar kein Pflanzenmaterial. Eingeteilt werden die Räuber in Spezialisten und in Generalisten, die Jagd auf kleine Tiere wie Fische und Insektenlarven machen. Trematocranus ist zum Beispiel ein auf Schnecken spezialisierter Buntbarsch, während sich Pungu maclareni von Schwämmen ernährt. Ein Teil der Buntbarsche ernährt sich ganz oder teilweise von anderen Fischen. Hechtbuntbarsche (Crenicichla) sind heimliche Räuber, die sich aus einem Versteck heraus auf vorbeischwimmende Fische stürzen, während Rhamphochromis-Arten ihre Beute im offenen Gewässer verfolgen.[9] Einige Gattungen der Buntbarsche (z. B. Caprichromis) ernähren sich von den Eiern oder Juvenilen anderer Spezies.[10][11][12][13] Dafür rammen die Räuber teilweise die Köpfe von Maulbrütern, die dadurch gezwungen sind, ihre Jungtiere auszuspucken. Zu den Buntbarschen mit außergewöhnlicher Ernährungsstrategie gehören Corematodus, Docimodus, Plecodus, Perissodus und Genyochromis mento, welche sich von Schuppen und Flossen anderer Fische ernähren. Dieses Verhalten ist als Lepidophagie bekannt. Eine ebenfalls spezielle Ernährungsstrategie zeigen Nimbochromis und Parachromis, die sich tot stellen und regungslos daliegen, bis Beute heranschwimmt und geschnappt werden kann.[14][15][16]

 src=
Unterer Schlundkieferknochen mit molariformen Zähnen (Ctenochromis horei)

An die verschiedenen Ernährungsstrategien angepasst sind die unterschiedlichen Schlundzähne. Mit dem Kiefer wird die Nahrung aufgenommen und festgehalten, während die Schlundzähne als Kauwerkzeug dienen. Durch die verschiedenen Ernährungsstrategien ist es den Buntbarschen möglich, unterschiedliche Habitate zu besiedeln.

Schlundkiefer

 src=
Unterer Schlundkieferknochen mit konischen Zähnen (Boulengerochromis microlepis)

Unter anderem könnte die strukturelle Diversität des unteren Schlundkiefers ein Grund für das Auftreten der vielen Buntbarscharten sein. Die konvergente Evolution fand im zeitlichen Verlauf der Radiation statt, synchron zu den unterschiedlichen trophischen Nischen.[17]

Der Schlundkieferapparat besteht aus zwei oberen und einer einzelnen unteren Platte, welche alle eine Bezahnung aufweisen, die sich in Größe und Typ unterscheidet.[18] Die Struktur des unteren Schlundkiefers ist oft mit der Ernährungsart der Spezies assoziiert.[19]

Um Schalenweichtiere knacken zu können, muss eine erhebliche Druckkraft erzeugt werden, weshalb die Buntbarsche, welche sich von Schalenweichtieren ernähren (z. B. der Hechtbuntbarsch Crenicichla minuano), molariforme Zähne und einen verstärkten Schlundkieferknochen haben. Um schalenlose Beutetiere packen und zerbeißen zu können, benötigen die Räuber konische, zurückgebogene Zähne.[20] Bei den herbivoren Buntbarschen wurden ebenfalls strukturelle Unterschiede der Schlundkieferbezahnung gefunden. Buntbarsche, die auf Algen spezialisiert sind (z. B. Pseudotropheus), weisen eher kleine konische Zähne auf. Arten, die sich von Hülsen oder Samen ernähren, benötigen große konische Zähne für das Zerbeißen ihrer Nahrung.[21]

Zusätzlich zur Bezahnung weist auch die Form des unteren Schlundkieferknochens eine große Variation auf.

Kampfverhalten

Die männlichen Fische der Art Oreochromis mossambicus reagieren in der Regel äußerst aggressiv, wenn Artgenossen in ihr Revier eindringen. Im stets folgenden Revierkampf gegen die Eindringlinge steigt bei ihnen die Blutkonzentration von Sexualhormonen deutlich an. Die Konzentration dieser Androgene erhöht sich jedoch nicht nur bei den Kämpfern, sondern sogar bei anderen dem Kampf zuschauenden Männchen. Durch verschiedene Experimente haben portugiesische Wissenschaftler um Rui Oliviera von der Hochschule für angewandte Psychologie in Lissabon (Portugal) herausgefunden, dass die Revierkämpfer vor allem dann ihre Hormonproduktion steigern, wenn sie in einem Kampf auf Grund der geringeren Größe oder einer erkennbaren Verletzung des Rivalen gute Aussichten auf einen Sieg haben. Können sie jedoch ihre Erfolgsaussichten nicht klar einschätzen, verändert sich bei ihnen auch nicht die Hormonkonzentration.

 src=
Diskusfisch mit Laich an einem tönernen Laichkegel zur Nachzucht im Aquarium

Brutpflege

 src=
Congochromis sabinae-Paar mit Jungfischen

Die meisten Arten zeigen ein für Fische recht ausgeprägtes Brutpflegeverhalten sowohl für die Eier als auch für die Larven. Man unterscheidet Substratlaicher (mit Offenlaichern und Höhlenlaichern) und Maulbrüter. Buntbarsche beschützen die Eier, indem sie Feinde von Gelege und Larven fernhalten und die Eier durch „Ablutschen“ und Fächeln reinigen. Je umfassender und somit erfolgversprechender die Brutpflege ist, desto weniger Eier werden gelegt. Häufig dauert sie an, bis die Jungtiere mehrere Wochen alt sind. Bei einigen der im Tanganjikasee vorkommenden Arten sind sogar die älteren Geschwister an der Aufzucht der jüngeren beteiligt.

Je nachdem, in welcher Form sich die Elternteile an der Brutpflege beteiligen, unterscheidet man folgende Familienformen:[22][23]

  • Elternfamilie: Weibchen und Männchen üben die Brutpflege gemeinsam aus, wobei das Männchen meist einen größeren Anteil an der Revierverteidigung hat – in den meisten Fällen die dauerhafteste Familienbindung im Tierreich (z. B. bei den Buntbarschen der Tribus Cichlasomatini).
  • Mann-Mutter-Familie: das Weibchen übt die Brutpflege allein aus, während das Männchen das Revier verteidigt. Auch nach dem Freischwimmen der Jungfische betreut das Weibchen allein die Jungen (z. B. bei Buntbarschen der Gattung Crenicara und Telmatochromis.) Diese Familienform ist oft mit Polygamie verbunden. Dann spricht man von einer Mann-Mütter-Familie.
  • Mutterfamilie: Das Weibchen übt die Brutpflege allein aus, das Männchen beteiligt sich nicht an der Brutpflege (z. B. bei den maulbrütenden Buntbarschen des Malawisees).
  • Vater-Mutter-Familie: Das Weibchen übt die Brutpflege zuerst allein aus, während das Männchen das Revier verteidigt. Schwimmen die Jungfische frei, so werden sie von beiden Eltern betreut (z. B. bei offenbrütenden Buntbarschen wie der Gattung Pelvicachromis.)

Systematik

Äußere Systematik

 src=
Pholidichthys leucotaenia ist ein naher Verwandter der Buntbarsche.

Die Buntbarsche wurden traditionell mit einigen Familien von Meeresfischen in die Unterordnung der Lippfischartigen (Labroidei) innerhalb der Ordnung der Barschartigen (Perciformes) gestellt. Die Verwandtschaft der Familien wird durch die Anatomie der Schlund- und Kiemenregion gestützt.

DNA-Sequenzierungen lassen aber keine Verwandtschaft zwischen Lippfischen, Papageifischen und Odaciden auf der einen und Buntbarschen, Brandungsbarschen und Riffbarschen auf der anderen Seite erkennen. Die ähnliche Schädelanatomie muss unabhängig voneinander mindestens zwei Mal entstanden sein.[24]

Für die Buntbarsche, die Ährenfischverwandten, die Brandungsbarsche und Riffbarsche und einige andere mit ihnen verwandte Taxa wird deshalb eine neue systematische Gruppe innerhalb der Barschverwandten, die Ovalentaria, vorgeschlagen. Als Schwestergruppe der Buntbarsche wurde überraschenderweise Pholidichthys ermittelt, eine nur zwei Arten umfassende Gattung und Familie von aalartig langgestreckten Meeresfischen, die mit den Buntbarschen das einzelne Nasenloch auf jeder Kopfseite, ein paariges Haftorgan auf der Kopfoberseite der Larven und die intensive Brutpflege teilen.[25] Als neue Ordnung für die Buntbarsche und Pholidichthys wird in aktuellen Systematiken die nach den Cichliden benannte Ordnung Cichliformes verwendet.[26][27]

Innere Systematik

Die Buntbarsche werden in vier Unterfamilien und in eine Reihe von Triben eingeteilt. An der Basis des Stammbaums stehen die in Indien und Madagaskar lebenden Etroplinae und die madagassischen Ptychochrominae. Die weit mehr als 1200 Arten der afrikanischen Buntbarsche gehören alle zur Unterfamilie Pseudocrenilabrinae, die süd- und mittelamerikanischen zur Unterfamilie Cichlinae.[28]

 src=
Indischer Buntbarsch
(Pseudetroplus maculatus)

Folgendes Kladogramm gibt die wahrscheinlichen verwandtschaftlichen Verhältnisse wieder:

Cichlidae

Etroplinae (Indien und Madagaskar)



Ptychochrominae (Madagaskar)



Pseudocrenilabrinae (Afrika & Vorderasien)


Cichlinae (Süd- und Mittelamerika)





Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Gattungen

Es gibt etwa 1700 Arten aus über 230 Gattungen:

Gattungen

Sympatrische Artbildung

Sympatrische Artbildung (das Entstehen neuer Arten im Gebiet der Ursprungsart(en)) findet sich bei Buntbarschen in isolierten Seen, z. B. in Kraterseen in Nicaragua (Apoyo, Masay)[29] und im Barombi Mbo[30] und Bermin-Kratersee (Kamerun).[31] Die Buntbarscharten dieser Seen stammen von jeweils einer eingewanderten Art ab, unterscheiden sich aber heute deutlich in ihrer Morphologie und ökologischen Nische. Eine allopatrische Artbildung kann in diesen kleinen Kraterseen ausgeschlossen werden.

Stammesgeschichte

 src=
Fossil von Oreochromis lorenzoi aus dem Miozän von Italien

Molekulare Daten sprechen für eine Entstehung der Familie der Cichliden vor 97 bis 78 Millionen Jahren. Die indisch-madegassischen Etroplinae sind etwa 87 bis 66 Millionen Jahre alt, die rein madegassischen Ptychochrominae 78 bis 60 und die Neuweltcichliden und die Unterfamilie Pseudocrenilabrinae trennten sich vor 70 bis 55 Millionen Jahren voneinander. Das bedeutet das die Aufspaltung in die vier Unterfamilien lange nach dem Auseinanderbrechen Gondwanas stattfand. Entweder verbreiteten sich die heute fast ausschließlich im Süßwasser und nur mit wenigen Arten auch im Brackwasser vorkommenden Buntbarsche über Meere und Meeresarme oder es gab einen unbekannten marinen Vorfahren, dessen Nachfahren nacheinander unabhängig voneinander die Kontinente besiedelte. Da die im Meere lebende Gattung Pholidichthys der engste Verwandte der Buntbarsche ist, könnte es sein, dass eine hohe Salztoleranz in der frühen Evolution der Buntbarsche noch weit verbreitet war.[32]

Der große Artenschwarm der Ostafrikanischen Großen Seen entstand vor etwa 9,5 bis 6,9 Millionen Jahren, der jüngste gemeinsame Vorfahre der Buntbarsche des Victoria- und des Malawisees lebte vor 3,1 bis 1,7 Millionen Jahren. Etwas jünger ist der Artenschwarm im kamerunischen See Barombi Mbo (2,3 bis 1,4 Millionen Jahre).[33]

Wie Fossilien von fünf Buntbarscharten (Gattung Mahengechromis) aus einem ehemaligen kleinen Kratersee aus dem Eozän (46,3–45,7 Mio. Jahre) von Tansania zeigen, bildete die Familie auch in der Vergangenheit Artenschwärme.[34]

Bedeutung für die Aquaristik

In der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die Seenkette im Ostafrikanischen Grabenbruch und der Viktoriasee von Aquaristen entdeckt. Die enorme Artenzahl endemischer Arten in diesen Seen führte rasch zu großer Beliebtheit in der Aquaristik. Besonders Arten aus dem Tanganjika-See und dem Malawi-See (Mbunas und Utakas, auch Nicht-Mbunas genannt) wurden nach Europa und Amerika ausgeführt.

Gehalten werden Buntbarsche am besten in reinen Cichlidenbecken, zum Beispiel einem Biotop-Aquarium. Besonders problematisch ist, dass sich viele der Arten an den im Aquarium gepflegten Pflanzen vergreifen. Aquarianern, die diese Arten halten, stehen nur eine begrenzte Anzahl von Pflanzenarten zur Verfügung. Dazu zählt unter anderem das Zwergspeerblatt.

Siehe auch: Deutsche Cichliden-Gesellschaft

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Lexikon der Biologie: Buntbarsche. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 1999 (spektrum.de).
  2. Coptodon guineensis auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  3. Yonas Fessehaye: Natural mating in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen 2006, ISBN 978-90-8504-540-3 (Dissertation), S. 11.
  4. Buntbarsche auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  5. B. Elvira: Native and exotic freshwater fishes in Spanish river basins. In: Freshwater Biology. 33, 1995, S. 103–108.
  6. B. Elvira, A. Almodovar: Freshwater fish introductions in Spain: facts and figures at the beginning of the 21st century. In: Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 2001 (Supplement A), S. 323–331.
  7. O. Geiter, S. Homma, R. Kinzelbach: Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in Deutschland 2002. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Forschungsbericht 296 89 901/01 UBA-FB 000215, 2002. Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes (Umweltbundesamt Texte) 25 02 .
  8. Nelson: Fishes of the World. 2006, S. 390.
  9. The cichlid fishes of lake malawi. Abgerufen am 6. April 2016.
  10. A.J. Ribbink, A.C. Ribbink: Paedophagia among cichlid fishes of Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi/Nyasa. In: =South African Journal of Science. Band 93, 1997, S. 509–512.
  11. Kenneth R. McKaye, Thomas Kocher: Head ramming behaviour by three paedophagous cichlids in Lake Malawi, Africa. In: Animal Behaviour. Band 31, Nr. 1, 1. Februar 1983, S. 206–210, doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80190-0.
  12. W. Wilhelm: The Disputed Feeding Behaviour of a Paedophagous Haplochromine Cichlid (Pisces) Observed and Discussed. In: Behaviour. Band 74, Nr. 3, 1. Januar 1980, ISSN 1568-539X, S. 310–322, doi:10.1163/156853980X00528.
  13. Ad. Konings: Paedophagy in Malawi cichlids. In: Cichlid News Magazine. Band 16, Nr. 1, 2007, S. 28–32.
  14. ETHELWYNN TREWAVAS: An Example of ‘Mimicry’ in Fishes. In: Nature. Band 160, Nr. 4056, S. 120, doi:10.1038/160120a0.
  15. David H. Eccles, D. S. C. Lewis: A revision of the genus Docimodus Boulenger (Pisces: Cichlidae), a group of fishes with unusual feeding habits from Lake Malawi. In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. Band 58, Nr. 2, 1. März 1976, ISSN 1096-3642, S. 165–172, doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1976.tb00826.x.
  16. Muderhwa Nshombo: Occasional egg-eating by the scale-eater Plecodus straeleni (Cichlidae) of Lake Tanganyika. In: Environmental Biology of Fishes. Band 31, Nr. 2, 1. Juni 1991, ISSN 0378-1909, S. 207–212, doi:10.1007/BF00001022.
  17. Moritz Muschick, Adrian Indermaur, Walter Salzburger: Convergent Evolution within an Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fishes. In: Current Biology. Band 22, Nr. 24, 18. Dezember 2012, ISSN 0960-9822, S. 2362–2368, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.048, PMID 23159601 (cell.com [abgerufen am 7. April 2016]).
  18. Jorge R. Casciotta, Gloria Arratia: Jaws and teeth of american cichlids (Pisces: Labroidei). In: Journal of Morphology. Band 217, Nr. 1, 1. Juli 1993, ISSN 1097-4687, S. 1–36, doi:10.1002/jmor.1052170102.
  19. Edward D. Burress: Cichlid fishes as models of ecological diversification: patterns, mechanisms, and consequences. In: Hydrobiologia. Band 748, Nr. 1, 18. Juli 2014, ISSN 0018-8158, S. 7–27, doi:10.1007/s10750-014-1960-z.
  20. Edward D. Burress, Alejandro Duarte, Michael M. Gangloff, Lynn Siefferman: Isotopic trophic guild structure of a diverse subtropical South American fish community. In: Ecology of Freshwater Fish. Band 22, Nr. 1, 1. Januar 2013, ISSN 1600-0633, S. 66–72, doi:10.1111/eff.12002.
  21. Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner, Stephen J. Hawkins: Foraging of Rocky Habitat Cichlid Fishes in Lake Malawi: Coexistence through Niche Partitioning? In: Oecologia. Band 121, Nr. 2, 1. Januar 1999, S. 283–292, JSTOR:4222466.
  22. Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt Grundriss der vergleichenden Verhaltensforschung. Verlag Blank, München 1999, ISBN 3-937501-02-9
  23. Claus Schaefer: Cichlidae. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): Das große Lexikon der Aquaristik. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9, S. 242 f.
  24. Mabuchi, Miya, Azuma & Nishida: Independent evolution of the specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus in cichlid and labrid fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:10 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-10
  25. Peter C. Wainwright, W. Leo Smith, Samantha A. Price, Kevin L. Tang, John S. Sparks, Lara A. Ferry, Kristen L. Kuhn, Ron I. Eytan, Thomas J. Near: The Evolution of Pharyngognathy: A Phylogenetic and Functional Appraisal of the Pharyngeal Jaw Key Innovation in Labroid Fishes and Beyond. In: Systematic Biology. Band 61, Nr. 6, Dezember 2012, ISSN 1076-836X, S. 1001–1027, doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys060.
  26. Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande, Mark V. H. Wilson: Fishes of the World. Wiley, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2016, ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  27. Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre und Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series – Juli 2017, DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
  28. John S. Sparks, Wm. Leo Smith: Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). In: Cladistics. Band 20, Nr. 6, Dezember 2004, ISSN 1096-0031, S. 501–517, doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.
  29. Marta Barluenga, Kai N. Stölting, Walter Salzburger, Moritz Muschick, Axel Meyer: Sympatric speciation in Nicaraguan crater lake cichlid fish In: Nature. 439, S. 719–723 doi:10.1038/nature04325.
  30. Ulrich K. Schliewen, Barbara Klee: Reticulate sympatric speciation in Cameroonian crater lake cichlids. In: Frontiers in Zoology. 2004, 1:5 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-1-5.
  31. Ulrich K. Schliewen, Diethard Tautz, Svante Pääbo: Sympatric speciation suggested by monophyly of crater lake cichlids Nature 368, 629–632 doi:10.1038/368629a0
  32. Michael Matschiner, Astrid Böhne, Fabrizia Ronco & Walter Salzburger: The genomic timeline of cichlid fish diversification across continents. Nature Communications, Volume 11, Article number: 5895 (2020) Link
  33. Matt Friedman, Benjamin P. Keck, Alex Dornburg, Ron I. Eytan, Christopher H. Martin, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright & Thomas J. Near: Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society. B 7. November 2013, Band 280, Nr. 1770 doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.
  34. A. M. Murray (2001): The oldest fossil cichlids (Teleostei: Perciformes): indication of a 45 million-year-old species flock. In: Proc Biol Sci. 268, Nr. 1468, 7. April 2001, S. 679–684. doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1570, PMC 1088656 (freier Volltext).
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Buntbarsche: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Buntbarsche (Cichlidae) oder Cichliden sind eine Familie der Knochenfische aus der Gruppe der Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Nach den Karpfenfischen (Cyprinidae) und den Grundeln (Gobiidae) bilden die Buntbarsche mit etwa 1700 beschriebenen Arten die drittgrößte Fisch-Familie. Viele Arten sind wegen ihres farbenprächtigen Äußeren, des komplexen Verhaltensspektrums und der einfachen Pflege beliebte Aquarienfische, einige große Arten sind wichtige Speisefische.

In der Evolutionsbiologie hat die Untersuchung der Cichliden wesentlich zum Verständnis der Mechanismen der Artbildung beigetragen. Die Artenschwärme der Buntbarsche im Victoriasee und ihrer Verwandten in den benachbarten Afrikanischen Großen Seen können als Modell für eine relativ rasche Artenentwicklung betrachtet werden. Zudem sind Buntbarsche bedeutende Forschungsobjekte in der Verhaltensbiologie.

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Buntschroutzen ( Bávaro )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Dia Buntschroutzen oder aa Buntbarsch oder Cichliden (Cichlidae) sand a Famij vo da Ordnung vo dia Schroutzner (Perciformes). Cichliden sand ouft seer formenreich (1.700 Oarten).

A Pour Oarten sand wichtige Speisefiesch, onnerne sand ois Aquariënfiesch beliabb. A' da Evoluzionsforschung houd d' Untersuaching vo dia Schroutzner intressante Erkenntniss za dia Mechanismen vo da Oartenbijdung broucht. D' Evoluzion vo d' Buntschroutzner vam Viktoriasee und eanerne Vawondten in dia benouchbaschten Seen, stejd heid a Modej fiaa relatiav rosche Oartenenwickling dour.

Vabreitungsgebiat

Dia Vurfourn vo d' Buntbarsch sand ursprynglich aus'm Meer kemmer und sand eascht nouchernt zan Leem an Siasswousser iwagonger.

Buntschroutzner bewonernd mid eppa 1.700 Oarten an greessern Toae vam tropischen Afrika und mid eppa 550 Oarten s Amerika sidlich vam 30 Grad nerdlicher Breaden. 17 Oarten leemd auf Madagaskar, se sand stourch in eanerm Bstond gfärdescht. In Asien sand dia Buntschroutzner mid netta ejf bis zwejf Oarten vadreeden (droi in Indiën, oane an Iran: Iranocichla hormuzensis) und siem bis oucht in Israel und Jordanien (Jordantoi).

Alloah in d' ostafrikanischn Seen (Malawisee, Tanganjikasee) leemd 350 Oarten und im Viktoriasee kemmernd 250 bis 350 Oarten vir.

Audio

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Buntschroutzen: Brief Summary ( Bávaro )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Dia Buntschroutzen oder aa Buntbarsch oder Cichliden (Cichlidae) sand a Famij vo da Ordnung vo dia Schroutzner (Perciformes). Cichliden sand ouft seer formenreich (1.700 Oarten).

A Pour Oarten sand wichtige Speisefiesch, onnerne sand ois Aquariënfiesch beliabb. A' da Evoluzionsforschung houd d' Untersuaching vo dia Schroutzner intressante Erkenntniss za dia Mechanismen vo da Oartenbijdung broucht. D' Evoluzion vo d' Buntschroutzner vam Viktoriasee und eanerne Vawondten in dia benouchbaschten Seen, stejd heid a Modej fiaa relatiav rosche Oartenenwickling dour.

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Cichlid ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Cichlids are fish frae the faimily Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes.

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Ciclids ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

La familha dels Ciclids aparten al sosòrdre dels Labroidei, que compta tanben de familhas coma los Pomacentrids (Peis palhassa) o los Escarids (Peis papagai).

Aquesta familha compòrta mai de 200 genres e entre 1 600[1] e 1 800 espècias, repartidas principalament en Africa, en America centrala, America del Sud, Texas (una espècia), Israèl, Madagascar, Siria, Iran, Sri Lanka e sus las còstas sud de las Índias. Fòrça espècias son importadas e de còps elevadas en Euròpa dins d'aqüaris, en rason de lor coloracion viva e de lors comportaments de còps evoluats.

Se compta demest sos membres los mai celèbres l'escalar, l'òscar o encara lo discus.

La desaparicion massiva de las 200 espècias diferentas de ciclids del lac Victòria, espècias que son diversificadas dempuèi 12 000 ans, es una illustracion de las menaças que pesan sus la biodiversitat.

Caracteristicas

Caracteristicas fisicas

  • nadarèlas dorsala e anala constituidas de raions espinoses dins la partida anteriora e mofles dins la partida posteriora.
  • nadarèlas pelvianas dotadas de qualques raions espinoses durs e ponchuts
  • abséncia de dents sul paladar mas preséncia de dents faringianas e dents maxillaras.
  • una sola para de narises (contre doas per la màger part dels peisses)
  • linha laterala interrompuda per la màger part de las espècias, en dos e de còps tres segments.

Comportament

Lo comportament evoluat dels ciclids fascina los aqüariofils. Mesa a part la facultat d'aprendissatge que mòstran en captivitat (en particular per l'oscar, sovent considerat coma l'equivalent aqüatic del can), se pòt citar lor mòde de reproduccion : quand los uòus benefician pas d'una incubacion bucala, mairala, pairala o biparentala, son gelosament susvelhats pels parents, qu'esitan pas a velhar sus lor progenitura longtemps aprèp l'espelison, en ofrent, per certanas espècias, lor boca coma proteccion e mejan de locomocion a la rabalha.

Classificacion

Genres

Segon ITIS e FishBase:

Galariá

Referéncias

  1. Fishbase consultat lo 22/02/2009

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Ciclids: Brief Summary ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

La familha dels Ciclids aparten al sosòrdre dels Labroidei, que compta tanben de familhas coma los Pomacentrids (Peis palhassa) o los Escarids (Peis papagai).

Aquesta familha compòrta mai de 200 genres e entre 1 600 e 1 800 espècias, repartidas principalament en Africa, en America centrala, America del Sud, Texas (una espècia), Israèl, Madagascar, Siria, Iran, Sri Lanka e sus las còstas sud de las Índias. Fòrça espècias son importadas e de còps elevadas en Euròpa dins d'aqüaris, en rason de lor coloracion viva e de lors comportaments de còps evoluats.

Se compta demest sos membres los mai celèbres l'escalar, l'òscar o encara lo discus.

La desaparicion massiva de las 200 espècias diferentas de ciclids del lac Victòria, espècias que son diversificadas dempuèi 12 000 ans, es una illustracion de las menaças que pesan sus la biodiversitat.

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original
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wikipedia emerging languages

Ciklidi ( Bósnia )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ciklidi su ribe iz velike i raznolike porodice Cichlidae, u koju spada otprilike 1,300 opisanih vrsta, a zbog velikog broja neotkrivenih vrsta, pretpostavlja se da će konačan broj vrsta ove porodice doseći 1,900. [1] Ciklidi su ribe koje se značajno razlikuju u obliku, boji, veličini, načinu života i ponašanju.

Veličina predstavnika ove porodice se kreće od 2,5 centimetra do 1 metra, dok oblici tijela variraju od snažno bočno spljoštenih do valjkastih. Oblik tijela zavisi od okruženja u kojem se nalaze: bočno spljoštene ribe poput onih iz roda Pterophyllum su prilagođene skrivanju među gustim vodenim biljem, dok je oblik tijela riba iz roda Julidochromis specijaliziran za uvlačenje u uske rupe u kamenjima. Mužjaci su veći i intenzivnije obojeni, veoma teritorijalni i često agresivni prema ribama svoje i druge vrste. Živopisno obojene vrste postaju sve popularnije akvarijumske ribe, dok su rjeđe one neuglednih boja. Pojedine vrste, poput tilapije, su važne ribe u prehrani.

Ciklidi u prirodi naseljavaju tropske vode Južne Azije, Afrike, Južne i Centralne Amerike. Najčešće se nalaze u slatkim, bilo tekućim ili stajaćim vodama, mada se neke vrste (od kojih su najznačajnije vrste rodova Etroplus i Sarotherodon) mogu naći u bočatnim i slanim vodama. [2]

Ishrana ciklida varira jednako kao i oni sami. Postoje vrste koje su primarno herbivori, te se hrane algama i mehkim dijelovima viših biljaka, a u ishranu samo povremeno uključuju manje beskičmenjake. Ostale vrste su sposobni predatori - karnivori čiji se plijen kreće od puževa, larvi insekata, spužvi pa do ostalih riba. Manji broj vrsta spada u detritovore, hraneći se trulećom organskom materijom.

Pojedine ribe ove porodice su izrazito monogamne, dok ostale formiraju hareme koji se sastoje od jednoga mužjaka i više ženki. Svi predstavnici ove porodice iskazuju izraženu roditeljsku brigu za jaja i mlađ. Ikru ili mlađ čuvaju oba ili samo jedan roditelj, zavisno od vrste. Roditelji vrsta koje ikru polažu na otvorenom (lišću biljaka, kamenjima ili podlozi) aerišu vodu oko ikre, odstranjuju pljesnjivu i neoplođenu ikru, te je agresivno čuvaju od predatora. Drugi oblik roditeljske brige je čuvanje ikre i mlađi u ustima, a susreće se kod riba iz roda Haplochromis. Ženke ovih vrsta ikru odmah po oplođenju smještaju u usta i tu je čuvaju tokom inkubacije i nakon izlijeganja mlađi. Za svo ovo vrijeme ženke ne jedu i vrijeme provode skrivene od ostalih riba, koje ih nekad pokušavaju natjerati da izbace mlađ iz usta. Iako su uglavnom ženke one koje mlađ čuvaju u ustima, to mogu biti i mužjaci, te rjeđe oba roditelja. [3] [4] [5] Neke vrste, poput diskusa, poznate su po sposobnosti da mlađ hrane svojim kožnim izlučevinama. [3]

Rodovi

Spisak iz 2006. godine uključivao je 220 rodova: [1]

Prema izvještaju iz 2007. godine, 156 vrsta ciklida nalazi se na spisku ranjivih, četrdeset na spisku ugroženih, a 69 na spisku kritično ugroženih vrsta. Od 1990. u divljini je izumrlo 45 vrsta ciklida, među kojima je najviše ustonoša. [6]

Reference

  1. ^ a b Fishbase; 2006
  2. ^ Schäfer , Frank ; 2005, Brackish-Water Fishes
  3. ^ a b Loiselle , P.V. ; 1994, The Cichlid Aquarium
  4. ^ Coleman , R. ; 1999, Mysterious mouthbrooders
  5. ^ Keenleyside , M.H.A. ; 1991, Parental Care, Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and evolution
  6. ^ Red List of Threatened Species ; 2006
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wikipedia emerging languages

Ciklidi: Brief Summary ( Bósnia )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ciklidi su ribe iz velike i raznolike porodice Cichlidae, u koju spada otprilike 1,300 opisanih vrsta, a zbog velikog broja neotkrivenih vrsta, pretpostavlja se da će konačan broj vrsta ove porodice doseći 1,900. Ciklidi su ribe koje se značajno razlikuju u obliku, boji, veličini, načinu života i ponašanju.

Veličina predstavnika ove porodice se kreće od 2,5 centimetra do 1 metra, dok oblici tijela variraju od snažno bočno spljoštenih do valjkastih. Oblik tijela zavisi od okruženja u kojem se nalaze: bočno spljoštene ribe poput onih iz roda Pterophyllum su prilagođene skrivanju među gustim vodenim biljem, dok je oblik tijela riba iz roda Julidochromis specijaliziran za uvlačenje u uske rupe u kamenjima. Mužjaci su veći i intenzivnije obojeni, veoma teritorijalni i često agresivni prema ribama svoje i druge vrste. Živopisno obojene vrste postaju sve popularnije akvarijumske ribe, dok su rjeđe one neuglednih boja. Pojedine vrste, poput tilapije, su važne ribe u prehrani.

Ciklidi u prirodi naseljavaju tropske vode Južne Azije, Afrike, Južne i Centralne Amerike. Najčešće se nalaze u slatkim, bilo tekućim ili stajaćim vodama, mada se neke vrste (od kojih su najznačajnije vrste rodova Etroplus i Sarotherodon) mogu naći u bočatnim i slanim vodama.

Ishrana ciklida varira jednako kao i oni sami. Postoje vrste koje su primarno herbivori, te se hrane algama i mehkim dijelovima viših biljaka, a u ishranu samo povremeno uključuju manje beskičmenjake. Ostale vrste su sposobni predatori - karnivori čiji se plijen kreće od puževa, larvi insekata, spužvi pa do ostalih riba. Manji broj vrsta spada u detritovore, hraneći se trulećom organskom materijom.

Pojedine ribe ove porodice su izrazito monogamne, dok ostale formiraju hareme koji se sastoje od jednoga mužjaka i više ženki. Svi predstavnici ove porodice iskazuju izraženu roditeljsku brigu za jaja i mlađ. Ikru ili mlađ čuvaju oba ili samo jedan roditelj, zavisno od vrste. Roditelji vrsta koje ikru polažu na otvorenom (lišću biljaka, kamenjima ili podlozi) aerišu vodu oko ikre, odstranjuju pljesnjivu i neoplođenu ikru, te je agresivno čuvaju od predatora. Drugi oblik roditeljske brige je čuvanje ikre i mlađi u ustima, a susreće se kod riba iz roda Haplochromis. Ženke ovih vrsta ikru odmah po oplođenju smještaju u usta i tu je čuvaju tokom inkubacije i nakon izlijeganja mlađi. Za svo ovo vrijeme ženke ne jedu i vrijeme provode skrivene od ostalih riba, koje ih nekad pokušavaju natjerati da izbace mlađ iz usta. Iako su uglavnom ženke one koje mlađ čuvaju u ustima, to mogu biti i mužjaci, te rjeđe oba roditelja. Neke vrste, poput diskusa, poznate su po sposobnosti da mlađ hrane svojim kožnim izlučevinama.

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Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
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Κιχλίδες ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Πτερόφυλλον το σκαλικόν (Pterophyllum scalare)

Οι Κιχλίδες (Cichlidae) αποτελούν μεγάλη οικογένεια ψαριών των γλυκών νερών κυρίως των τροπικών χωρών που μοιάζουν πολύ με τις πέρκες. Ζουν σε λίμνες και ποταμούς της Αφρικής, της Μέσης Ανατολής, της Ινδίας και της τροπικής Αμερικής. Οι Κιχλίδες είναι ψάρια σαρκοφάγα ή φυτοφάγα και μερικά είδη αυτών παρουσιάζουν κατά την αναπαραγωγή εμφανείς σεξουαλικές διαφορές, (αρσενικά - θηλυκά), που εξαφανίζονται στη συνέχεια.

Κάποια είδη του γένους «Τιλάπια»[13] (Tilapia)[14] αποτελούν σημαντικό είδος ιχθυοτροφίας για τον εμπλουτισμό των αφρικανικών λιμνών και κάλυψη αναγκών της τοπικής διατροφής των παρόχθιων αφρικανικών λαών και όχι μόνο.

Οι τιλαπίες αυξάνονται σχετικά γρήγορα, πολλαπλασιάζονται σε ηλικία 10 – 11 μηνών όπου το μήκος τους φθάνει τα 20 εκ. και το βάρος τους τα 150 γρ. Χαρακτηριστικά είδη του γένους αυτού είναι η «Τιλάπια η νειλοτική», (Tilapia nilotica), που απαντά στον Νείλο, η «Τιλάπια η γαλιλαία», (Tilapia galilea), που απαντά στη Μέση Ανατολή, και η «Τιλάπια η μακρόχειρ» (Tilapia macrochir), που όλα τρέφονται με μικρότερα ψάρια, ενώ τα θηλυκά αυτών επωάζουν τ΄ αυγά τους μέσα στο στόμα τους. Αντίθετα τα είδη «Τιλάπια η ζίλλειος» (Tilapia zilli), και «Τιλάπια η μελανόπλευρος», (Tilapia melanopleura), είναι χορτοφάγα και τα θηλυκά δεν επωάζουν τ΄ αυγά τους με τον παραπάνω τρόπο.

Στην οικογένεια των Κιχλίδων ανήκουν και πολλά είδη περιζήτητα για οικιακά ενυδρεία, όπως το είδος «Πτερόφυλλον το σκαλικόν»[15], (Pterophyllum scalare) που φέρει στο σώμα του τρεις χαρακτηριστικές κάθετες μαύρες ραβδώσεις, (μία στο κεφάλι, μία περί τα στηθικά πτερύγια και μία μεγάλη που καταλήγει στις πίσω άκρες του ραχιαίου και κοιλιακού πτερυγίων), κάνοντάς το πολύ διακοσμητικό ψάρι.

Άλλα γένη της οικογένειας των Κιχλιδών είναι ο «Γεωφάγος», (Geophagus), ο «Ήρως», (Heros), η «Κίχλη», (Cichla), ο «Λαμπρολόγος» , (Lamprologus), η «Παρατιλάπια», (Paratilapia), κ.ά.

Ταξινόμηση

Οι Κιχλίδες ανήκουν στην υπόταξη των Περκοειδών.

Πηγές

  1. From the genus Astronotus (Αστρόνωτος)
  2. «Astronotus ocellatus. Astronotus. Etymology: from the Greek, astra = ray + Greek, noton = back». Fishbase (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  3. From the genus Cichlasoma (Κιχλάσωμα)
  4. From the genus Etroplus
  5. «Etroplus canarensis. Etroplus. Etymology: from the Greek etron =belly and oplon for arms». Fishbase (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  6. My etymology: όπλον
  7. From the genus Heterochromis (Ετεροχρώμις )
  8. «Ptychochromis inornatus. Ptychochromis. Etymology: from the Latin, retro = backwards, on the back side + Latin, oculus = eye». Fishbase (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  9. From the genus Ptychochromis (Πτυχοχρώμις)
  10. «Heterochromis multidens. Heterochromis. Etymology: from the Greek heteros = other + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch». Fishbase (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  11. From the genus Retroculus (Ρετρόκουλος)
  12. «Retroculus xinguensis. Retroculus-xinguensis. Etymology: from the Latin, retro = backwards, on the back side + Latin, oculus = eye». Fishbase (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  13. «Τιλάπια». Υγεία online. Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Ιουνίου 2012.
  14. «Tilapia etymology. The genus name Tilapia is a latinisation of the word thiape, which means fish in Tswana (γλώσσα τσουάνα)». Aquatic Community (στα Αγγλικά). Ανακτήθηκε στις 16 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012.
  15. My Etymology: Scalaris
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Κιχλίδες: Brief Summary ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Πτερόφυλλον το σκαλικόν (Pterophyllum scalare)

Οι Κιχλίδες (Cichlidae) αποτελούν μεγάλη οικογένεια ψαριών των γλυκών νερών κυρίως των τροπικών χωρών που μοιάζουν πολύ με τις πέρκες. Ζουν σε λίμνες και ποταμούς της Αφρικής, της Μέσης Ανατολής, της Ινδίας και της τροπικής Αμερικής. Οι Κιχλίδες είναι ψάρια σαρκοφάγα ή φυτοφάγα και μερικά είδη αυτών παρουσιάζουν κατά την αναπαραγωγή εμφανείς σεξουαλικές διαφορές, (αρσενικά - θηλυκά), που εξαφανίζονται στη συνέχεια.

Κάποια είδη του γένους «Τιλάπια» (Tilapia) αποτελούν σημαντικό είδος ιχθυοτροφίας για τον εμπλουτισμό των αφρικανικών λιμνών και κάλυψη αναγκών της τοπικής διατροφής των παρόχθιων αφρικανικών λαών και όχι μόνο.

Οι τιλαπίες αυξάνονται σχετικά γρήγορα, πολλαπλασιάζονται σε ηλικία 10 – 11 μηνών όπου το μήκος τους φθάνει τα 20 εκ. και το βάρος τους τα 150 γρ. Χαρακτηριστικά είδη του γένους αυτού είναι η «Τιλάπια η νειλοτική», (Tilapia nilotica), που απαντά στον Νείλο, η «Τιλάπια η γαλιλαία», (Tilapia galilea), που απαντά στη Μέση Ανατολή, και η «Τιλάπια η μακρόχειρ» (Tilapia macrochir), που όλα τρέφονται με μικρότερα ψάρια, ενώ τα θηλυκά αυτών επωάζουν τ΄ αυγά τους μέσα στο στόμα τους. Αντίθετα τα είδη «Τιλάπια η ζίλλειος» (Tilapia zilli), και «Τιλάπια η μελανόπλευρος», (Tilapia melanopleura), είναι χορτοφάγα και τα θηλυκά δεν επωάζουν τ΄ αυγά τους με τον παραπάνω τρόπο.

Στην οικογένεια των Κιχλίδων ανήκουν και πολλά είδη περιζήτητα για οικιακά ενυδρεία, όπως το είδος «Πτερόφυλλον το σκαλικόν», (Pterophyllum scalare) που φέρει στο σώμα του τρεις χαρακτηριστικές κάθετες μαύρες ραβδώσεις, (μία στο κεφάλι, μία περί τα στηθικά πτερύγια και μία μεγάλη που καταλήγει στις πίσω άκρες του ραχιαίου και κοιλιακού πτερυγίων), κάνοντάς το πολύ διακοσμητικό ψάρι.

Άλλα γένη της οικογένειας των Κιχλιδών είναι ο «Γεωφάγος», (Geophagus), ο «Ήρως», (Heros), η «Κίχλη», (Cichla), ο «Λαμπρολόγος» , (Lamprologus), η «Παρατιλάπια», (Paratilapia), κ.ά.

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सिक्लिड ( Hindi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

सिक्लिड (Cichlid) पर्सिफ़ोर्मेज़ गण के सिक्लिडाए कुल की हड्डीदार मछलियाँ होती हैं। वे लैब्रोइडेइ (Labroidei) नामक उपगण की सदस्य होती हैं जिसमें कुछ अन्य मछली कुल भी शामिल हैं। सिक्लिडों का कुल विस्तृत और विविध है। वर्तमान में इस कुल में १,६५० से अधिक जातियाँ मिल चुकी हैं और हर वर्ष यह गिनती बढ़ती जाती है। सम्भव है कि इस कुल में २०००-३००० जातियाँ हों। मछली पालन के शौकीन अक्सर सिक्लिडों को अपने घरों में पालते हैं।[1]

इन्हें भी देखें

सन्दर्भ

  1. Manual of exotic pet practice, pp. 41, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2009, ISBN 9781416001195, ... The cichlids represent one of the most diverse groups of fish, with representation in North America, Central America, South America, and Africa. These fish are prized for their diversity in size, shape, and color ...
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सिक्लिड: Brief Summary ( Hindi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

सिक्लिड (Cichlid) पर्सिफ़ोर्मेज़ गण के सिक्लिडाए कुल की हड्डीदार मछलियाँ होती हैं। वे लैब्रोइडेइ (Labroidei) नामक उपगण की सदस्य होती हैं जिसमें कुछ अन्य मछली कुल भी शामिल हैं। सिक्लिडों का कुल विस्तृत और विविध है। वर्तमान में इस कुल में १,६५० से अधिक जातियाँ मिल चुकी हैं और हर वर्ष यह गिनती बढ़ती जाती है। सम्भव है कि इस कुल में २०००-३००० जातियाँ हों। मछली पालन के शौकीन अक्सर सिक्लिडों को अपने घरों में पालते हैं।

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विकिपीडिया के लेखक और संपादक
original
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wikipedia emerging languages

Cichlid ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cichlids /ˈsɪklɪdz/[a] are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses (Labridae), in the order Perciformes,[1] but molecular studies have contradicted this grouping.[2] On the basis of fossil evidence, it first appeared in Tanzania during the Eocene epoch, about 46–45 million years ago.[3][4] The closest living relative of cichlids is probably the convict blenny, and both families are classified in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as the two families in the Cichliformes, part of the subseries Ovalentaria.[5] This family is large, diverse, and widely dispersed. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described,[6] making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000.[7]

Many cichlids, particularly tilapia, are important food fishes, while others, such as the Cichla species, are valued game fish. The family also includes many popular freshwater aquarium fish kept by hobbyists, including the angelfish, oscars, and discus.[8][9] Cichlids have the largest number of endangered species among vertebrate families, most in the haplochromine group.[10] Cichlids are particularly well known for having evolved rapidly into many closely related but morphologically diverse species within large lakes, particularly Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, Malawi, and Edward.[11][12] Their diversity in the African Great Lakes is important for the study of speciation in evolution.[13] Many cichlids introduced into waters outside of their natural range have become nuisances.[14]

All cichlids practice some form of parental care for their eggs and fry, usually in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or mouthbrooding.

Anatomy and appearance

Relationships within the Labrodei[1]

Cichlids span a wide range of body sizes, from species as small as 2.5 cm (1 in) in length (e.g., female Neolamprologus multifasciatus) to much larger species approaching 1 m (3 ft) in length (Boulengerochromis and Cichla). As a group, cichlids exhibit a similar diversity of body shapes, ranging from strongly laterally compressed species (such as Altolamprologus, Pterophyllum, and Symphysodon) to species that are cylindrical and highly elongated (such as Julidochromis, Teleogramma, Teleocichla, Crenicichla, and Gobiocichla).[8] Generally, however, cichlids tend to be of medium size, ovate in shape, and slightly laterally compressed, and generally similar to the North American sunfishes in morphology, behavior, and ecology.[15]

Cichlids share a single key trait - the fusion of the lower pharyngeal bones into a single tooth-bearing structure. A complex set of muscles allows the upper and lower pharyngeal bones to be used as a second set of jaws for processing food, allowing a division of labor between the "true jaws" (mandibles) and the "pharyngeal jaws". Cichlids are efficient and often highly specialized feeders that capture and process a very wide variety of food items. This is assumed to be one reason why they are so diverse.[8]

The features that distinguish them from the other families in the Labroidei include:[16]

  • A single nostril on each side of the forehead, instead of two
  • No bony shelf below the orbit of the eye
  • Division of the lateral line organ into two sections, one on the upper half of the flank and a second along the midline of the flank from about halfway along the body to the base of the tail (except for genera Teleogramma and Gobiocichla)
  • A distinctively shaped otolith
  • The small intestine's left-side exit from the stomach instead of its right side as in other Labroidei

Taxonomy

Kullander (1998) recognizes eight subfamilies of cichlids: the Astronotinae, Cichlasomatinae, Cichlinae, Etroplinae, Geophaginae, Heterochromidinae, Pseudocrenilabrinae, and Retroculinae.[17] A ninth subfamily, the Ptychochrominae, was later recognized by Sparks and Smith.[18] Cichlid taxonomy is still debated, and classification of genera cannot yet be definitively given. A comprehensive system of assigning species to monophyletic genera is still lacking, and there is not complete agreement on what genera should be recognized in this family.[19]

As an example of the classification problems, Kullander[20] placed the African genus Heterochromis phylogenetically within Neotropical cichlids, although later papers concluded otherwise. Other problems center upon the identity of the putative common ancestor for the Lake Victoria superflock (many closely related species sharing a single habitat), and the ancestral lineages of Lake Tanganyikan cichlids.

A 19th century watercolor painting of a pale flag cichlid.
A 19th century watercolor painting of a pale flag cichlid by Jacques Burkhardt.

Comparisons[21] between a morphologically based phylogeny and analyses of gene loci[b] produce differences at the genus level. A consensus remains that the Cichlidae as a family are monophyletic.[c][22]

In cichlid taxonomy, dentition was formerly used as a classifying characteristic, but this was complicated because in many cichlids, tooth shapes change with age, due to wear, and cannot be relied upon. Genome sequencing and other technologies transformed cichlid taxonomy.[d]

Distribution and habitat

Pelmatolapia mariae, caught on a hook and line, in Australia: Originally from Africa, the species established feral populations in Australia.[23]

Cichlids are one of the largest vertebrate families in the world. They are most diverse in Africa and South America. Africa alone is host to at least an estimated 1,600 species.[19] Central America and Mexico have about 120 species, as far north as the Rio Grande in South Texas. Madagascar has its own distinctive species (Katria, Oxylapia, Paratilapia, Paretroplus, Ptychochromis, and Ptychochromoides), only distantly related to those on the African mainland.[16][24] Native cichlids are largely absent in Asia, except for 9 species in Israel, Lebanon, and Syria (Astatotilapia flaviijosephi, Oreochromis aureus, O. niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Coptodon zillii, and Tristramella spp.), two in Iran (Iranocichla), and three in India and Sri Lanka (Etroplus and Pseudetroplus).[19] If disregarding Trinidad and Tobago (where the few native cichlids are members of genera that are widespread in the South American mainland), the three species from the genus Nandopsis are the only cichlids from the Antilles in the Caribbean, specifically Cuba and Hispaniola. Europe, Australia, Antarctica, and North America north of the Rio Grande drainage have no native cichlids, although in Florida, Hawaii, Japan, northern Australia, and elsewhere, feral populations of cichlids have become established as exotics.[23][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Although most cichlids are found at relatively shallow depths, several exceptions do exist. The deepest known occurrences are Trematocara at more than 300 m (1,000 ft) below the surface in Lake Tanganyika.[31] Others found in relatively deep waters include species such as Alticorpus macrocleithrum and Pallidochromis tokolosh down to 150 m (500 ft) below the surface in Lake Malawi,[32][33] and the whitish (nonpigmented) and blind Lamprologus lethops, which is believed to live as deep as 160 m (520 ft) below the surface in the Congo River.[34]

Cichlids are less commonly found in brackish and saltwater habitats, though many species tolerate brackish water for extended periods; Mayaheros urophthalmus, for example, is equally at home in freshwater marshes and mangrove swamps, and lives and breeds in saltwater environments such as the mangrove belts around barrier islands.[8] Several species of Tilapia, Sarotherodon, and Oreochromis are euryhaline and can disperse along brackish coastlines between rivers.[19] Only a few cichlids, however, inhabit primarily brackish or salt water, most notably Etroplus maculatus, Etroplus suratensis, and Sarotherodon melanotheron.[35] The perhaps most extreme habitats for cichlids are the warm hypersaline lakes where the members of the genera Alcolapia and Danakilia are found. Lake Abaeded in Eritrea encompasses the entire distribution of D. dinicolai, and its temperature ranges from 29 to 45 °C (84 to 113 °F).[36]

With the exception of the species from Cuba, Hispaniola, and Madagascar, cichlids have not reached any oceanic island and have a predominantly Gondwanan distribution, showing the precise sister relationships predicted by vicariance: Africa-South America and India-Madagascar.[37] The dispersal hypothesis, in contrast, requires cichlids to have negotiated thousands of kilometers of open ocean between India and Madagascar without colonizing any other island, or for that matter, crossing the Mozambique Channel to Africa. Although the vast majority of Malagasy cichlids are entirely restricted to fresh water, Ptychochromis grandidieri and Paretroplus polyactis are commonly found in coastal brackish water and are apparently salt tolerant,[38][39] as is also the case for Etroplus maculatus and E. suratensis from India and Sri Lanka.[40][41]

Ecology

Feeding

Within the cichlid family, carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, planktivores, and detritivores are known, meaning the Cichlidae encompass essentially the full range of food consumption possible in the animal kingdom. Various species have morphological adaptations for specific food sources,[42] but most cichlids consume a wider variety of foods based on availability. Carnivorous cichlids can be further divided into piscivorous and molluscivorous, since the morphology and hunting behavior differ greatly between the two categories. Piscivorous cichlids eat other fish, fry, larvae, and eggs. Some species eat the offspring of mouthbrooders by head-ramming, wherein the hunter shoves its head into the mouth of a female to expel her young and eat them.[43] Molluscivorous cichlids have several hunting strategies amongst the varieties within the group. Lake Malawi cichlids consume substrate and filter it out through their gill rakers to eat the mollusks that were in the substrate. Gill rakers are finger-like structures that line the gills of some fish to catch any food that might escape through their gills.[44]

The bumblebee cichlid, Pseudotropheus crabro, is specialised in feeding on parasites from the catfish Bagrus meridionalis.[45]

Many cichlids are primarily herbivores, feeding on algae (e.g. Petrochromis) and plants (e.g. Etroplus suratensis). Small animals, particularly invertebrates, are only a minor part of their diets.

Other cichlids are detritivores and eat organic material, called Aufwuchs (offal); among these species are the tilapiines of the genera Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia.

Other cichlids are predatory and eat little or no plant matter. These include generalists that catch a variety of small animals, including other fishes and insect larvae (e.g. Pterophyllum), as well as variety of specialists. Trematocranus is a specialized snail-eater, while Pungu maclareni feeds on sponges. A number of cichlids feed on other fish, either entirely or in part. Crenicichla species are stealth predators that lunge from concealment at passing small fish, while Rhamphochromis species are open-water pursuit predators that chase down their prey.[46] Paedophagous cichlids such as the Caprichromis species eat other species' eggs or young, in some cases ramming the heads of mouthbrooding species to force them to disgorge their young.[47][48][49][50] Among the more unusual feeding strategies are those of Corematodus, Docimodus evelynae, Plecodus, Perissodus, and Genyochromis spp., which feed on scales and fins of other fishes, a behavior known as lepidophagy,[51][52][53] along with the death-mimicking behaviour of Nimbochromis and Parachromis species, which lay motionless, luring small fish to their side prior to ambush.[54][55]

This variety of feeding styles has helped cichlids to inhabit similarly varied habitats. Its pharyngeal teeth (in the throat) afford cichlids so many "niche" feeding strategies, because the jaws pick and hold food, while the pharyngeal teeth crush the prey.

Behavior

Aggression

Aggressive behavior in cichlids is ritualized and consists of multiple displays used to seek confrontation while being involved in evaluation of competitors,[56] coinciding with temporal proximity to mating. Displays of ritualized aggression in cichlids include a remarkably rapid change in coloration, during which a successfully dominant[56] territorial male assumes a more vivid and brighter coloration, while a subordinate or "nonterritorial" male assumes a dull-pale coloration.[57] In addition to color displays, cichlids employ their lateral lines to sense movements of water around their opponents to evaluate the competing male for physical traits/fitness.[58] Male cichlids are very territorial due to the pressure of reproduction, and establish their territory and social status by physically driving out[59] challenging males (novel intruders)[60] through lateral displays (parallel orientation, uncovering gills),[61] biting, or mouth fights (head-on collisions of open mouths, measuring jaw sizes, and biting each other's jaws). The cichlid social dichotomy is composed of a single dominant with multiple subordinates, where the physical aggression of males becomes a contest for resources[59] (mates, territory, food). Female cichlids prefer to mate with a successfully alpha male with vivid coloration, whose territory has food readily available.

Mating

Cichlids mate either monogamously or polygamously.[8] The mating system of a given cichlid species is not consistently associated with its brooding system. For example, although most monogamous cichlids are not mouthbrooders, Chromidotilapia, Gymnogeophagus, Spathodus, and Tanganicodus all include – or consist entirely of – monogamous mouthbrooders. In contrast, numerous open- or cave-spawning cichlids are polygamous; examples include many Apistogramma, Lamprologus, Nannacara, and Pelvicachromis species.[8][62]

Most adult male cichlids, specifically in the cichlid tribe Haplochromini, exhibit a unique pattern of oval-shaped color dots on their anal fins. These phenomena, known as egg spots, aid in the mouthbrooding mechanisms of cichlids. The egg spots consist of carotenoid-based pigment cells, which indicate a high cost to the organism, when considering that fish are not able to synthesize their own carotenoids.[63]

The mimicry of egg spots is used by males for the fertilization process. Mouthbrooding females lay eggs and immediately snatch them up with their mouths. Over millions of years, male cichlids have evolved egg spots to initiate the fertilization process more efficiently.[64] When the females are snatching up the eggs into their mouth, the males gyrate their anal fins, which illuminates the egg spots on his tail. Afterwards, the female, believing these are her eggs, places her mouth to the anal fin (specifically the genital papilla) of the male, which is when he discharges sperm into her mouth and fertilizes the eggs.[63]

The genuine color of egg spots is a yellow, red, or orange inner circle with a colorless ring surrounding the shape. Through phylogenetic analysis, using the mitochondrial ND2 gene, the true egg spots are thought to have evolved in the common ancestor of the Astatoreochromis lineage and the modern Haplochrominis species. This ancestor was most likely riverine in origin, based on the most parsimonious representation of habitat type in the cichlid family.[65] The presence of egg spots in a turbid riverine environment would seem particularly beneficial and necessary for intraspecies communication.[65]

Two pigmentation genes are found to be associated with egg-spot patterning and color arrangement. These are fhl2-a and fhl2-b, which are paralogs.[64] These genes aid in pattern formation and cell-fate determination in early embryonic development. The highest expression of these genes was temporally correlated with egg-spot formation. A short, interspersed, repetitive element was also seen to be associated with egg spots. Specifically, it was evident upstream of the transcriptional start site of fhl2 in only Haplochrominis species with egg spots[64]

Brood care

Pit spawning in cichlids

Pit spawning, also referred to as substrate breeding, is a behavior in cichlid fish in which a fish builds a pit in the sand or ground, where a pair court and consequently spawn.[66] Many different factors go into this behavior of pit spawning, including female choice of the male and pit size, as well as the male defense of the pits once they are dug in the sand.[67]

Cichlids are often divided into two main groups: mouthbrooders and substrate brooders. Different parenting investment levels and behaviors are associated with each type of reproduction.[68] As pit spawning is a reproductive behavior, many different physiological changes occur in the cichlid while this process is occurring that interfere with social interaction.[69] Different kinds of species that pit spawn, and many different morphological changes occur because of this behavioral experience.[66]

Pit spawning is an evolved behavior across the cichlid group. Phylogenetic evidence from cichlids in Lake Tanganyika could be helpful in uncovering the evolution of their reproductive behaviors.[70] Several important behaviors are associated with pit spawning, including parental care, food provisioning,[71] and brood guarding.[72]

Mouth brooding vs. pit spawning

One of the differences studied in African cichlids is reproductive behavior. Some species pit spawn and some are known as mouth brooders. Mouthbrooding is a reproductive technique where the fish scoop up eggs and fry for protection.[68] While this behavior differs from species to species in the details, the general basis of the behavior is the same. Mouthbrooding also affects how they choose their mates and breeding grounds. In a 1995 study, Nelson found that in pit-spawning females choose males for mating based on the size of the pit that they dig, as well as some of the physical characteristics seen in the males.[67] Pit spawning also differs from mouth brooding in the size and postnatal care exhibited. Eggs that have been hatched from pit-spawning cichlids are usually smaller than those of mouthbrooders. Pit-spawners' eggs are usually around 2 mm, while mouthbrooders are typically around 7 mm. While different behaviors take place postnatally between mouthbrooders and pit spawners, some similarities exist. Females in both mouthbrooders and pit-spawning cichlids take care of their young after they are hatched. In some cases, both parents exhibit care, but the female always cares for the eggs and newly hatched fry.[73]

Pit spawning process

Many species of cichlids use pit spawning, but one of the less commonly studied species that exhibits this behavior is the Neotropical Cichlasoma dimerus. This fish is a substrate breeder that displays biparental care after the fry have hatched from their eggs. One study[66] examined reproductive and social behaviors of this species to see how they accomplished their pit spawning, including different physiological factors such as hormone levels, color changes, and plasma cortisol levels. The entire spawning process could take about 90 minutes and 400~800 eggs could be laid. The female deposits about 10 eggs at a time, attaching them to the spawning surface, which may be a pit constructed on the substrate or another surface. The number of eggs laid was correlated to the space available on the substrate. Once the eggs were attached, the male swam over the eggs and fertilized them. The parents would then dig pits in the sand, 10–20 cm wide and 5–10 cm deep, where larvae were transferred after hatching. Larvae began swimming 8 days after fertilization and parenting behaviors and some of the physiological factors measured changed.

Color changes

In the same study, color changes were present before and after the pit spawning occurred. For example, after the larvae were transferred and the pits were beginning to be protected, their fins turned a dark grey color.[66] In another study, of the rainbow cichlid, Herotilapia multispinosa,[69] colr changes occurred throughout the spawning process. Before spawning, the rainbow cichlid was an olive color with grey bands. Once spawning behaviors started, the body and fins of the fish became a more golden color. When the eggs were finished being laid, the pelvic fin all the way back to the caudal fin turned to a darker color and blackened in both the males and the females.[69]

Pit sizes

Females prefer a bigger pit size when choosing where to lay eggs.[67] Differences are seen in the sizes of pits that created, as well as a change in the morphology of the pits.[74] Evolutionary differences between species of fish may cause them to either create pits or castles when spawning. The differences were changes in the way that each species fed, their macrohabitats, and the abilities of their sensory systems.[74]

Evolution

Cichlids are renowned for their recent, rapid evolutionary radiation, both across the entire clade and within different communities across separate habitats.[68][70][74][75][76][77] Within their phylogeny, many parallel instances are seen of lineages evolving to the same trait and multiple cases of reversion to an ancestral trait.

The family Cichlidae arose between 80 and 100 million years ago within the order Perciformes (perch-like fishes).[75] Cichlidae can be split into a few groups based on their geographic location: Madagascar, Indian, African, and Neotropical (or South American). The most famous and diverse group, the African cichlids, can be further split either into Eastern and Western varieties, or into groups depending on which lake the species is from: Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, or Lake Tanganyika.[75][76] Of these subgroups, the Madagascar and Indian cichlids are the most basal and least diverse.

Of the African cichlids, the West African or Lake Tanganyika cichlids are the most basal.[70][75] Cichlids' common ancestor is believed to have been a spit-spawning species.[76] Both Madagascar and Indian cichlids retain this feature. However, of the African cichlids, all extant substrate brooding species originate solely from Lake Tanganyika.[68][76] The ancestor of the Lake Malawi and Lake Victoria cichlids were mouthbrooders. Similarly, only around 30% of South American cichlids are thought to retain the ancestral substrate-brooding trait. Mouthbrooding is thought to have evolved individually up to 14 times, and a return to substrate brooding as many as three separate times between both African and Neotropical species.[76]

Associated behaviors

Cichlids have a great variety of behaviors associated with substrate brooding, including courtship and parental care alongside the brooding and nest-building behaviors needed for pit spawning. Cichlids' behavior typically revolves around establishing and defending territories when not courting, brooding, or raising young. Encounters between males and males or females and females are agonistic, while an encounter between a male and female leads to courtship.[78] Courtship in male cichlids follows the establishment of some form of territory, sometimes coupled with building a bower to attract mates.[67][74][78] After this, males may attempt to attract female cichlids to their territories by a variety of lekking display strategies or otherwise seek out females of their species.[67] However, cichlids, at the time of spawning, undergo a behavioral change such that they become less receptive to outside interactions.[78] This is often coupled with some physiological change in appearance.[66][69][78]

Brood care

Cichlids can have maternal, paternal, or biparental care. Maternal care is most common among mouthbrooders, but cichlids' common ancestor is thought to exhibit paternal-only care.[76] Other individuals outside of the parents may also play a role in raising young; in the biparental daffodil cichlid (Neolamprologus pulcher), closely related satellite males, those males that surround other males' territories and attempt to mate with female cichlids in the area, help rear the primary males' offspring and their own.[79]

A common form of brood care involves food provisioning. For example, females of lyretail cichlids (Neolamprologus modabu) dig at sandy substrate more to push nutritional detritus and zooplankton into the surrounding water. Adult of N. modabu perform this strategy to collect food for themselves, but dig more when offspring are present, likely to feed their fry.[72][80] This substrate-disruption strategy is rather common and can also be seen in convict cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum).[71][80] Other cichlids have an ectothermal mucus that they grow and feed to their young, while still others chew and distribute caught food to offspring. These strategies, however, are less common in pit-spawning cichlids.[80]

A substrate brooding female managuense cichlid, Parachromis managuense, guards a clutch of eggs in the aquarium.

Cichlids have highly organized breeding activities.[19] All species show some form of parental care for both eggs and larvae, often nurturing free-swimming young until they are weeks or months old. Communal parental care, where multiple monogamous pairs care for a mixed school of young have also been observed in multiple cichlid species, including Amphilophus citrinellus, Etroplus suratensis, and Tilapia rendalli.[81][82][83] Comparably, the fry of Neolamprologus brichardi, a species that commonly lives in large groups, are protected not only by the adults, but also by older juveniles from previous spawns.[84] Several cichlids, including discus (Symphysodon spp.), some Amphilophus species, Etroplus, and Uaru species, feed their young with a skin secretion from mucous glands.[8][85]

The species Neolamprologus pulcher uses a cooperative breeding system, in which one breeding pair has many helpers that are subordinate to the dominant breeders.

Parental care falls into one of four categories:[85] substrate or open brooders, secretive cave brooders (also known as guarding speleophils[86]), and at least two types of mouthbrooders, ovophile mouthbrooders and larvophile mouthbrooders.[87]

Open brooding

Open- or substrate-brooding cichlids lay their eggs in the open, on rocks, leaves, or logs. Examples of open-brooding cichlids include Pterophyllum and Symphysodon species and Anomalochromis thomasi. Male and female parents usually engage in differing brooding roles. Most commonly, the male patrols the pair's territory and repels intruders, while the female fans water over the eggs, removing the infertile ones, and leading the fry while foraging. Both sexes are able to perform the full range of parenting behaviours.[87]

Cave brooding

A female Cyphotilapia frontosa mouthbrooding fry, which can be seen looking out her mouth

Secretive cave-spawning cichlids lay their eggs in caves, crevices, holes, or discarded mollusc shells, frequently attaching the eggs to the roof of the chamber. Examples include Pelvicachromis spp., Archocentrus spp., and Apistogramma spp.[85] Free-swimming fry and parents communicate in captivity and in the wild. Frequently, this communication is based on body movements, such as shaking and pelvic fin flicking. In addition, open- and cave-brooding parents assist in finding food resources for their fry. Multiple neotropical cichlid species perform leaf-turning and fin-digging behaviors.[87]

Ovophile mouthbrooding

Ovophile mouthbrooders incubate their eggs in their mouths as soon as they are laid, and frequently mouthbrood free-swimming fry for several weeks. Examples include many East African Rift lakes (Lake Malawi, Lake Tanganyika, and Lake Victoria) endemics, e.g.: Maylandia, Pseudotropheus, Tropheus, and Astatotilapia burtoni, along with some South American cichlids such as Geophagus steindachneri.

Larvophile mouthbrooding

Larvophile mouthbrooders lay eggs in the open or in a cave and take the hatched larvae into the mouth. Examples include some variants of Geophagus altifrons, and some Aequidens, Gymnogeophagus, and Satanoperca, as well as Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus.[8][85] Mouthbrooders, whether of eggs or larvae, are predominantly females. Exceptions that also involve the males include eretmodine cichlids (genera Spathodus, Eretmodus, and Tanganicodus), some Sarotherodon species (such as Sarotherodon melanotheron[88]), Chromidotilapia guentheri, and some Aequidens species.[8][87][89] This method appears to have evolved independently in several groups of African cichlids.[19]

Speciation

Cichlids of the African rift lake system evolved from an original hybrid swarm.[90]

Cichlids provide scientists with a unique perspective of speciation, having become extremely diverse in the recent geological past, those of Lake Victoria actually within the last 10,000 to 15,000 years, a small fraction of the millions taken for Galápagos finch speciation in Darwin's textbook case.[91] Some of the contributing factors to their diversification are believed to be the various forms of prey processing displayed by cichlid pharyngeal jaw apparatus. These different jaw apparatus allow for a broad range of feeding strategies, including algae scraping, snail crushing, planktivory, piscivory, and insectivory.[92] Some cichlids can also show phenotypic plasticity in their pharyngeal jaws, which can also help lead to speciation. In response to different diets or food scarcity, members of the same species can display different jaw morphologies that are better suited to different feeding strategies. As species members begin to concentrate around different food sources and continue their lifecycle, they most likely spawn with like individuals. This can reinforce the jaw morphology and given enough time, create new species.[93] Such a process can happen through allopatric speciation, whereby species diverge according to different selection pressures in different geographical areas, or through sympatric speciation, by which new species evolve from a common ancestor while remaining in the same area. In Lake Apoyo in Nicaragua, Amphilophus zaliosus and its sister species Amphilophus citrinellus display many of the criteria needed for sympatric speciation.[94] In the African rift lake system, cichlid species in numerous distinct lakes evolved from a shared hybrid swarm.[90]

Population status

In 2010, the International Union for Conservation of Nature classified 184 species as vulnerable, 52 as endangered, and 106 as critically endangered.[95] At present, the IUCN only lists Yssichromis sp. nov. argens as extinct in the wild, and six species are listed as entirely extinct, but many more possibly belong in these categories (for example, Haplochromis aelocephalus, H. apogonoides, H. dentex, H. dichrourus, and numerous other members of the genus Haplochromis have not been seen since the 1980s, but are maintained as critically endangered on the small chance that tiny –but currently unknown– populations survive).[95]

Lake Victoria

Haplochromis thereuterion has declined, but still survives in low numbers.[96]

Because of the introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and water hyacinth, deforestation that led to water siltation, and overfishing, many Lake Victoria cichlid species have become extinct or been drastically reduced. By around 1980, lake fisheries yielded only 1% cichlids, a drastic decline from 80% in earlier years.[97]

By far the largest Lake Victoria group is the haplochromine cichlids, with more than 500 species, but at least 200 of these (about 40%) have become extinct,[98][99][100] and many others are seriously threatened.[101] Initially it was feared that the percentage of extinct species was even higher,[102] but some species have been rediscovered after the Nile perch started to decline in the 1990s.[99][103] Some species have survived in nearby small satellite lakes,[103] or in refugia among rocks or papyrus sedges (protecting them from the Nile perch),[104] or have adapted to the human-induced changes in the lake itself.[99][100] The species were often specialists and these were not affected to the same extent. For example, the piscivorous haplochromines were particularly hard hit with a high number of extinctions,[105] while the zooplanktivorous haplochromines reached densities in 2001 that were similar to before the drastic decline, although consisting of fewer species and with some changes in their ecology.[99]

Food and game fish

Although cichlids are mostly small- to medium-sized, many are notable as food and game fishes. With few thick rib bones and tasty flesh, artisan fishing is not uncommon in Central America and South America, as well as areas surrounding the African rift lakes.[97]

Tilapia

The most important food cichlids, however, are the tilapiines of North Africa. Fast growing, tolerant of stocking density, and adaptable, tilapiine species have been introduced and farmed extensively in many parts of Asia and are increasingly common aquaculture targets elsewhere.

Farmed tilapia production is about 1,500,000 tonnes (1,700,000 short tons) annually, with an estimated value of US$1.8 billion,[106] about equal to that of salmon and trout.

Unlike those carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on algae or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the food chain, and makes tilapia the preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade.[97]

Game fish

Many large cichlids are popular game fish. The peacock bass (Cichla species) of South America is one of the most popular sportfish. It was introduced in many waters around the world. In Florida, this fish generates millions of hours of fishing and sportfishing revenue of more than US$8 million a year.[107] Other cichlids preferred by anglers include the oscar, Mayan cichlid (Cichlasoma urophthalmus), and jaguar guapote (Parachromis managuensis).[107]

Aquarium fish

The discus, Symphysodon spp., has been popular among aquarium enthusiasts.

Since 1945, cichlids have become increasingly popular as aquarium fish.[8][85][87][108][109][110][111]

The most common species in hobbyist aquaria is Pterophyllum scalare from the Amazon River basin in tropical South America, known in the trade as the "angelfish". Other popular or readily available species include the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus), convict cichlid (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus) and discus fish (Symphysodon).[8]

Hybrids and selective breeding

The "red Texas cichlid" is not a Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) but a cross-genus hybrid of Herichthys and Amphilophus parents.

Some cichlids readily hybridize with related species, both in the wild and under artificial conditions.[112] Other groups of fishes, such as European cyprinids, also hybridize.[113] Unusually, cichlid hybrids have been put to extensive commercial use, in particular for aquaculture and aquaria.[9][114] The hybrid red strain of tilapia, for example, is often preferred in aquaculture for its rapid growth. Tilapia hybridization can produce all-male populations to control stock density or prevent reproduction in ponds.[9]

Aquarium hybrids

The most common aquarium hybrid is perhaps the blood parrot cichlid, which is a cross of several species, especially from species in the genus Amphilophus. (There are many hypotheses, but the most likely is: Amphilophus labiatus × Vieja synspillus With a triangular-shaped mouth, an abnormal spine, and an occasionally missing caudal fin (known as the "love heart" parrot cichlid), the fish is controversial among aquarists. Some have called blood parrot cichlids "the Frankenstein monster of the fish world".[115] Another notable hybrid, the flowerhorn cichlid, was very popular in some parts of Asia from 2001 until late 2003, and is believed to bring good luck to its owner.[116] The popularity of the flowerhorn cichlid declined in 2004.[117] Owners released many specimens into the rivers and canals of Malaysia and Singapore, where they threaten endemic communities.[118]

A leucistic long-finned form of the oscar, A. ocellatus

Numerous cichlid species have been selectively bred to develop ornamental aquarium strains. The most intensive programs have involved angelfish and discus, and many mutations that affect both coloration and fins are known.[8][119][120] Other cichlids have been bred for albino, leucistic, and xanthistic pigment mutations, including oscars, convict cichlid and Pelvicachromis pulcher.[8][85] Both dominant and recessive pigment mutations have been observed.[121] In convict cichlids, for example, a leucistic coloration is recessively inherited,[122] while in Oreochromis niloticus niloticus, red coloration is caused by a dominant inherited mutation.[123]

This selective breeding may have unintended consequences. For example, hybrid strains of Mikrogeophagus ramirezi have health and fertility problems.[124] Similarly, intentional inbreeding can cause physical abnormalities, such as the notched phenotype in angelfish.[125]

Genera

The genus list is as per FishBase. Studies are continuing, however, on the members of this family, particularly the haplochromine cichlids of the African rift lakes.[16]

Gallery

Footnotes

  1. ^ Cichlid is frequently mispronounced in the pet trade as if spelled "chicklid" /ˈɪklɪd/, presumably from confusion with names like Chiclets, and with Italian words like cioppino and ciao that start with ci- and the sound //.
  2. ^ maximum-parsimony bootstrap, consensus trees, and majority-rule trees, and other similar phylogenetic trees
  3. ^ From the various nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses in this and other papers
  4. ^ Highlighted by Dr. Humphry Greenwood of the Natural History Museum, London, in a paper in 1977; cited in TFH magazine, August 1977, with a follow up letter by Dr. Greenwood in the November 1977 issue complaining about poor reportage of his work.

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Cichlid: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Cichlids /ˈsɪklɪdz/ are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses (Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted this grouping. On the basis of fossil evidence, it first appeared in Tanzania during the Eocene epoch, about 46–45 million years ago. The closest living relative of cichlids is probably the convict blenny, and both families are classified in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World as the two families in the Cichliformes, part of the subseries Ovalentaria. This family is large, diverse, and widely dispersed. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described, making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000.

Many cichlids, particularly tilapia, are important food fishes, while others, such as the Cichla species, are valued game fish. The family also includes many popular freshwater aquarium fish kept by hobbyists, including the angelfish, oscars, and discus. Cichlids have the largest number of endangered species among vertebrate families, most in the haplochromine group. Cichlids are particularly well known for having evolved rapidly into many closely related but morphologically diverse species within large lakes, particularly Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, Malawi, and Edward. Their diversity in the African Great Lakes is important for the study of speciation in evolution. Many cichlids introduced into waters outside of their natural range have become nuisances.

All cichlids practice some form of parental care for their eggs and fry, usually in the form of guarding the eggs and fry or mouthbrooding.

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Cikledoj ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

Cikledoj estas fiŝoj el familio Cichlidae en la ordo Perkoformaj. Cikledoj estas membroj de grupo konata kiel subordo Labroidei kun la Labredoj, la Pomacentredoj, kaj la Embiotocedoj.[1] Tiu familio estas kaj granda kaj diversa. Almenaŭ 1,650 specioj estis science priskribataj,[2][3] komponante unu el la plej grandaj familioj de vertebruloj. Novaj specioj estas malkovritaj ĉiujare, kaj multaj specioj restas nepriskribitaj. La aktuala nombro de specioj estas ĝis nun nekonata, kun ĉirkaŭkalkuloj inter 2,000 kaj 3,000.[4]

Priskribo

Anatomio kaj aspekto

Taksonomio

Teritorio kaj habitato

En Viktoria lago vidu ĉapitron pri Geologio.

Ekologio

Reproduktado

Notoj

  1. Stiassny, M.L.J.; Jensen, J.S. (1987). "Labroid intrarelationships revisited: morphological complexity, key innovations, and the study of comparative diversity". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University 151: 269–319.
  2. FishBase family, Cichlidae, 2012, Februaro.
  3. List of Nominal Species of Cichlidae, in Froese, Rainer, kaj Daniel Pauly, eld. (2012). FishBase, (Feb 2012 version).
  4. Stiassny, M., G. G. Teugels & C. D. Hopkins. (2007) The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa - Vol. 2. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, p. 269. ISBN 978-90-74752-21-3.
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Cikledoj: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

Cikledoj estas fiŝoj el familio Cichlidae en la ordo Perkoformaj. Cikledoj estas membroj de grupo konata kiel subordo Labroidei kun la Labredoj, la Pomacentredoj, kaj la Embiotocedoj. Tiu familio estas kaj granda kaj diversa. Almenaŭ 1,650 specioj estis science priskribataj, komponante unu el la plej grandaj familioj de vertebruloj. Novaj specioj estas malkovritaj ĉiujare, kaj multaj specioj restas nepriskribitaj. La aktuala nombro de specioj estas ĝis nun nekonata, kun ĉirkaŭkalkuloj inter 2,000 kaj 3,000.

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Cichlidae ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Los cíclidos (Cichlidae) son una familia de peces del orden de los Cichliformes de la clase peces óseos. Son una familia de gran éxito evolutivo, mayormente de agua dulce, y son muy atractivos para la acuariofilia pues son de los peces más solicitados por expertos en esta práctica. Cada año se encuentran numerosas especies nuevas y muchas aún no descritas. El número real de especies en esta familia no está claro, debido a estimados que varían de 1300 a 3000 especies, las cuales poseen gran diversidad de formas y características únicas, que hacen de esta una de las familias más grandes de vertebrados. La mayoría de las especies de esta familia tiene un promedio de vida de 10 a 20 años.

Muchos cíclidos, en particular la tilapia, son importantes en el comercio de alimentos, mientras que otros, como los ángeles, los discos y los óscares, son muy valorados en el comercio de la acuariofilia. Esta familia es también la familia de vertebrados con más especies en peligro de extinción, muchas de las cuales se encuentran en el grupo de Haplochromis.

Los cíclidos, aparte de ser muy importantes para el comercio y la economía, lo son también para el estudio de la evolución de especies en la ciencia, porque han evolucionado muy rápidamente un gran número de especies muy relacionadas, pero con características morfológicas muy diversas dentro de los grandes lagos de África (Malaui, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo).

Muchos cíclidos que han sido accidental o deliberadamente distribuidos en libertad en las aguas fuera de su área natural, se han convertido en especies dañinas; por ejemplo, la tilapia en el sur de los Estados Unidos. Esto es debido a su gran adaptación a casi cualquier ecosistema, y por su territorialidad. Esto provoca que los cíclidos se coman, molesten o dejen sin alimento a los demás habitantes; por lo tanto, se altera el ecosistema, lo cual es muy perjudicial.

Características anatómicas y fisiológicas

Los cíclidos poseen gran diversidad de formas y características únicas, y tienen una amplia variedad de tamaños, que van desde 25 mm en el caso de Neolamprologus multifasciatus hasta especies de 1 m de largo. Igualmente, los cíclidos presentan una amplia diversidad de formas del cuerpo, que van desde muy comprimidos lateralmente (como lo son las especies de ángeles, discos, Altolamprologus, etc.) hasta con forma cilíndrica (como los Julidochromis). Un grupo de especies suele tener características parecidas en tamaño y forma según su ecosistema y otras necesidades. Un ejemplo de esto lo son los mbuna, los cuales son, en general, ligeramente comprimidos, de tamaño medio y cuerpo parecido.

Todas las especies comparten una característica clave: poseen un par de mandíbulas faríngeas, que ayudan a las mandíbulas orales en su trabajo. Debido a esto, pueden capturar y procesar una amplia variedad de alimentos, siendo esta una de las explicaciones de su variedad de formas corporales.[1][2]

Las características que los distinguen de otros Labroidei incluyen:[3]

Hábitats

Los cíclidos se encuentran desde aguas negras, ácidas y blandas (como el río Negro), a aguas duras y alcalinas (como el lago Tanganica), o, incluso, en las aguas salobres de las desembocaduras de los ríos. La gran mayoría están en zonas tropicales. La gran mayoría habita en agua dulce, pero existen especies de agua salada y salobre, aunque muchas de las especies de agua dulce toleran el agua salobre durante largos períodos (por ejemplo, Cichlasoma urophthalmus). Se puede encontrar vida y la cría en ambientes de agua salada, como desembocaduras de los ríos, los cinturones de manglares alrededor de la barrera de islas. Varias especies de tilapias (tilapia, Sarotherodon, y Oreochromis) son resistentes a aguas salobres, y pueden dispersarse a lo largo de las costas entre algunos ríos salobres.

Distribución

Se trata principalmente de peces de agua dulce, mayormente de África (de los lagos Malaui, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo) y América del Sur (del río Amazonas). Se calcula que, entre todas las especies descritas, sumadas a las que aún no se han descubierto, habrá por lo menos 1600 especies solo en África. También se encuentra un gran número en Mesoamérica, desde Panamá, en Centroamérica, hasta la porción mexicana de América del Norte (teniendo como frontera más septentrional el río Bravo, en el sur de Texas), con aproximadamente 120 especies. Madagascar tiene su propia fauna de cíclidos, filogenéticamente lejana en relación con los del continente africano. En Asia solo se encuentran 4 especies en el valle de Jordania en el Oriente Medio, 1 en Irán, y 3 en India y Sri Lanka. Hay 3 especies que se encuentran en Cuba y La Española. En Europa, Australia, Antártida y América del Norte, al norte del río Grande, no hay ninguna especie nativa de cíclidos, aunque las condiciones ambientales son adecuadas. En Japón y el norte de Australia, los cíclidos se han establecido como animales asilvestrados.

Alimentación

Su alimentación depende del lugar geográfico de procedencia: existen cíclidos omnívoros y cíclidos herbívoros. En libertad, generalmente se alimentan de pequeños crustáceos, algas, y pequeños peces. En cautiverio es muy recomendable optar por una alimentación de gama profesional, dejando las gamas comerciales para especímenes menos exigentes nutricionalmente. Es muy importante que la calidad de las algas, escamas o granulado sea muy buena, ya que, si no, son propensos a tener problemas digestivos.

Comportamiento

En general, los cíclidos tienen fama de agresivos y territoriales. Si bien hay especies que se saltan esta norma, la gran mayoría poseen cierto grado de agresividad hacia otros peces que se adentren en su territorio. Según las especies, las hay con territorio permanente, con territorio solo en época de cría, o totalmente gregarios. Los machos de la misma especie no suelen aceptarse.

Tienden a formar parejas que mantienen de por vida, o harenes (más dinámicos).

 src=
Symphysodon aequifasciatus cuidando su puesta.

Tipos

Hay varios tipos de cíclidos:

  • cíclidos africanos
  • cíclidos enanos
  • cíclidos americanos

Reproducción

Algo en lo que se destacan estos peces es en los cuidados que dedican a la progenie. Defenderán con bravura la puesta (que no es muy numerosa comparada con la de los peces que se despreocupan de los huevos), incluso contra enemigos de mucha mayor envergadura. La gran mayoría cuidará de los alevines durante aproximadamente un mes.

En cuanto a los lugares de puesta, hay de todo: en cuevas, en la superficie de piedras, en hoyos cavados por ellos mismos, sobre hojas, etc. Aunque cabría destacar, en algunas especies de cíclidos, la evolución que les ha llevado a incubar los huevos en su propia boca, asegurando una mayor supervivencia, aunque a costa de un menor número de huevos.

Muchas de las especies africanas utilizan como método de cría la incubación bucal, que consiste en mantener protegidas a las crías en la boca de la madre hasta que alcanzan un tamaño suficiente para ser liberadas.

Cíclidos en peligro de extinción

En 2007, según la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) y la Lista Roja de los Recursos Naturales, 156 especies de cíclidos están incluidas como «especies vulnerables», 40 especies están «en peligro de extinción», y 69 especies están listadas como «críticamente en peligro de extinción». 6 especies (Haplochromis ishmaeli, Haplochromis lividus, Haplochromis perrieri, Paretroplus menarambo, Platytaeniodus degeni y Yssichromis sp. nov. 'argens') se han extinguido en la naturaleza, mientras que al menos 39 especies (la mayoría del género Haplochromis) se han extinguido desde comienzos del decenio de 1990.

Árbol genético de los cíclidos


Árbol genético de los cíclidos Cichlidtree.png

Géneros

A partir de 2006, había unos 220 géneros (pulse desplegar para ver)

Algunos géneros de la familia Cichlidae están todavía Incertae sedis, esto es, a la espera de una clasificación en las distintas subfamilias. Estos géneros son:

Galería

Cíclidos más comunes en los acuarios

Referencias

  1. Loiselle, P.V. (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium. Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
  2. Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0471250317.
  3. Froese, Rainer, y Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). Cichlidae. En FishBase. Noviembre de 2006.

Bibliografía

  • Goldstein, R.J. 1988. Cichlids of the world. 382 pp., T.F.H. Publications Inc. Neptune City, Estados Unidos.
  • ITIS e ITIS.
  • Fishbase.
 title=
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Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia ES

Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Los cíclidos (Cichlidae) son una familia de peces del orden de los Cichliformes de la clase peces óseos. Son una familia de gran éxito evolutivo, mayormente de agua dulce, y son muy atractivos para la acuariofilia pues son de los peces más solicitados por expertos en esta práctica. Cada año se encuentran numerosas especies nuevas y muchas aún no descritas. El número real de especies en esta familia no está claro, debido a estimados que varían de 1300 a 3000 especies, las cuales poseen gran diversidad de formas y características únicas, que hacen de esta una de las familias más grandes de vertebrados. La mayoría de las especies de esta familia tiene un promedio de vida de 10 a 20 años.

Muchos cíclidos, en particular la tilapia, son importantes en el comercio de alimentos, mientras que otros, como los ángeles, los discos y los óscares, son muy valorados en el comercio de la acuariofilia. Esta familia es también la familia de vertebrados con más especies en peligro de extinción, muchas de las cuales se encuentran en el grupo de Haplochromis.

Los cíclidos, aparte de ser muy importantes para el comercio y la economía, lo son también para el estudio de la evolución de especies en la ciencia, porque han evolucionado muy rápidamente un gran número de especies muy relacionadas, pero con características morfológicas muy diversas dentro de los grandes lagos de África (Malaui, Tanganica, Victoria y Eduardo).

Muchos cíclidos que han sido accidental o deliberadamente distribuidos en libertad en las aguas fuera de su área natural, se han convertido en especies dañinas; por ejemplo, la tilapia en el sur de los Estados Unidos. Esto es debido a su gran adaptación a casi cualquier ecosistema, y por su territorialidad. Esto provoca que los cíclidos se coman, molesten o dejen sin alimento a los demás habitantes; por lo tanto, se altera el ecosistema, lo cual es muy perjudicial.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia ES

Ziklido ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Ziklidoak edo Cichlidae Pertziformeen ordenako arrainen taldea da. Gorputzez luzexkak, bizkar-hegal bakarrekoak eta oso kolore bizikoak izaten dira. Afrikako, Madagaskarreko, Indiako, Asiako mendebaleko eta Hego Ameriketako ibai eta itsasertzetan bizi dira. Familia honetako arrain asko apaingarri gisa erabiltzen dira.

Taxonomia

Azpifamiliak

Taxonomia oraindik ikertzeke dagoen arren, hona hemen aditu gehienek onarturiko azpifamiliak:[1]

Generoak

Hona hemen FishBasek proposaturiko generoen zerrenda:

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Nelson, Joseph S. Fishes of the World John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0-471-54713-1.
  2. a b c d Dunz, A.R. & Schliewen, U.K. (2013) «Molecular phylogeny and revised classification of the haplotilapiine cichlid fishes formerly referred to as "Tilapia"» Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.015.
  3. De la Maza-Benignos, Mauricio; Ornelas-García, Claudia Patricia; Lozano-Vilano, María de Lourdes; García-Ramírez, María Elena; Doadrio, Ignacio (2014) «Phylogeographic analysis of genus Herichthys (Perciformes: Cichlidae), with descriptions of Nosferatu new genus and H. tepehua n. sp.» Hydrobiologia doi:10.1007/s10750-014-1891-8.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
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wikipedia EU

Ziklido: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Ziklidoak edo Cichlidae Pertziformeen ordenako arrainen taldea da. Gorputzez luzexkak, bizkar-hegal bakarrekoak eta oso kolore bizikoak izaten dira. Afrikako, Madagaskarreko, Indiako, Asiako mendebaleko eta Hego Ameriketako ibai eta itsasertzetan bizi dira. Familia honetako arrain asko apaingarri gisa erabiltzen dira.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EU

Kirjoahvenet ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kirjoahvenet (Cichlidae) on makeissa vesissä elävä kalaheimo, josta tunnetaan eri arvioiden mukaan 1 300–2 000 lajia. Ne jaetaan 112–226 sukuun.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kirjoahventen koko vaihtelee pari senttiä pitkistä lähes metrisiin. Vartalonmuodoissa on eroja, mutta yleisin vartalonmuoto on pystysuuntaan melko litteä (esimerkkilajina lehtikala).

Levinneisyys

Kirjoahventen luonnolliseen levinneisyysalueeseen kuuluu Afrikka (ainakin 900 lajia), Etelä-Amerikka (291 lajia), Keski-Amerikka ja Länsi-Intia, Lähi-itä sekä Etelä-Intia ja Sri Lanka. Pohjois-Amerkassa elää yksi alkuperäinen laji, teksasinkirjoahven. Eurooppa ja Australia ovat saaneet kirjoahvenkantansa villiintyneistä, muualta tuoduista lajeista.[1][2]

Käyttäytyminen ja lisääntyminen

Kaikki kirjoahvenet huolehtivat jälkikasvustaan jollakin tavalla. Ne hoitavat ja vartioivat mätiä, ja usein myös pieniä poikasia.

Kirjoahvenet voidaan jakaa alustakutijoihin ja suuhautojiin. Ensin mainitut laskevat mädin puhdistetulle, kiinteälle alustalle kuten kivelle tai kasvin lehdelle, vartioivat sitä ja usein löyhyttelevät hapekasta vettä kehittyville mätimunille. Suuhautojat pitävät mätiä ja tai vastakuoriutuneita poikasia suojassa suussaan. Suuhautojat voidaan edelleen jaotella useampiin luokkiin sen mukaan, missä vaiheessa mätimunat poimitaan suuhun ja mikä on kummankin vanhemman rooli tässä. Tutkijat ovat päätelleet, että suuhautominen on kehittynyt itsenäisenä käyttäytymismuotona monessa evoluution haarassa.[3]

Ravinto

Kirjoahvenissa on kaikkien eri ruokavalioiden edustajia: puhtaita kasvinsyöjiä, raadonsyöjiä ja ahnaita petoja.[4]

Lähteet

  1. Family Cichlidae (peilipalvelin) FishBase. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (toim.). (englanniksi)
  2. Australian Society for Fish Biology
  3. Barlow, G.W: How to Observe and Report Mouthbrooding in Cichlid Fishes 2000. The Cichlid Room Companion.
  4. Mongabay

Aiheesta muualla

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Kirjoahvenet: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kirjoahvenet (Cichlidae) on makeissa vesissä elävä kalaheimo, josta tunnetaan eri arvioiden mukaan 1 300–2 000 lajia. Ne jaetaan 112–226 sukuun.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Cichlidae ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La famille des Cichlidés appartient au sous-ordre des Labroidei, qui compte aussi des familles comme les Pomacentridés (Poisson clown) ou les Scaridés (Poisson perroquet). Cette famille comporte plus de 200 genres et entre 1 600[1] et 1 800 espèces, réparties principalement en Afrique, en Amérique centrale, Amérique du Sud, Texas (une espèce), Israël, Madagascar, Syrie, Iran, Sri Lanka et sur les côtes sud des Indes. Le lac Malawi abrite à lui seul près d'un milier d'espèces. De nombreuses espèces sont importées et parfois élevées en Europe à des fins aquariophiles, en raison de leurs couleurs vives et de leurs mœurs parfois évoluées. On compte parmi ses membres les plus célèbres le scalaire, l'oscar ou encore le discus. La disparition massive des 200 espèces différentes de Cichlidés du lac Victoria, espèces qui se sont diversifiées depuis 12 000 ans, est une illustration des menaces qui pèsent sur la biodiversité (voir aussi : Le Cauchemar de Darwin).

Il existe chez les poissons une grande diversité phénotypique et variabilité en ce qui concerne les patrons de développement. Les recherches se sont principalement tournées vers le modèle du poisson zèbre, pour lequel on possède de nombreuses données génétiques et développementales. Cependant il semblerait que les études ne se cantonnent plus exclusivement aux modèles de base : « En raison de leur diversité phénotypique extrême […], de leur caractérisation écologique et de leur grand nombre de génomes séquencés, [les cichlidés] constituent un modèle émergent susceptible de fournir des informations sur l'évolution du polymorphisme de pigmentation dans la nature[2]. »

Caractéristiques

Caractéristiques physiques

  • Nageoires dorsale et anale constituées de rayons épineux dans la partie antérieure et mous dans la partie postérieure.
  • Nageoires pelviennes dotées de quelques rayons épineux durs et pointus.
  • Absence de dents sur le palais mais présence de dents pharyngiennes et dents maxillaires.
  • Une seule paire de narines (contre deux pour la plupart des poissons).
  • Ligne latérale interrompue chez la plupart des espèces, en deux et parfois trois segments.

Dimorphisme sexuel

On observe, chez certaines espèces de Cichlidés, un dimorphisme sexuel basé sur la couleur de la peau. Cela joue un rôle dans la sélection sexuelle : les mâles possèdent généralement des couleurs vives (principalement pour attirer les femelles) tandis que chez les femelles les couleurs sont plus discrètes, permettant un camouflage plus efficace[2]. Chez certaines espèces, plus le mâle est dominant plus sa peau deviendra bleue ce qui entraîne une atténuation de ses motifs foncés (taches et lignes médianes).

Comportement

Le comportement évolué des Cichlidés fascine les aquariophiles. Mis à part la faculté d'apprentissage qu'ils montrent en captivité (notamment chez l'oscar, souvent considéré comme l'équivalent aquatique du chien), on peut citer leur mode de reproduction : quand les œufs ne bénéficient pas d'une incubation buccale, maternelle, paternelle ou biparentale, ils sont jalousement surveillés par les parents, qui n'hésitent pas à veiller sur leur progéniture longtemps après l'éclosion, en offrant, pour certaines espèces, leur bouche comme protection et moyen de locomotion aux alevins.

Certains cichilidés sont monogames fidèles, l'attachement affectif ayant été constatées par un stress scientifiquement avéré consécutivement à la séparation du partenaire[3].

Pigmentation : un nouveau modèle en biologie du développement

Chez les téléostéens, la pigmentation de la peau est le principal acteur du camouflage, influence le choix de partenaire sexuel et joue un rôle dans la communication entre les individus d’une même espèce ou entre différentes espèces[2],[4],[5]. Elle peut prendre des couleurs et des formes très variées selon de nombreux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques. Même si les motifs sont uniques pour chaque individu, des patrons spécifiques régissent leur mise en place ce qui en fait un sujet de recherche central et un excellent indicateur de l’évolution[4].

De nombreuses populations de cichlidés vivent dans les eaux des lacs Malawi, Victoria et Tanganyika en Afrique de l’Est et ce depuis plusieurs millions d’années. « On pense que plus de 500 espèces sont apparues dans le lac Malawi au cours des 2 derniers millions d’années » ce qui fait de ce lac un bon modèle d’étude des patrons de pigmentation menée en partie par la sélection sexuelle[4].

Analyse cellulaire

L’étude du modèle du poisson zèbre a montré que le développement des motifs comme des barres, des lignes ou des taches est régi par des interactions cellulaires entre différents types de chromatophores. Ce processus est retrouvable chez les Cichlidés : c’est la combinaison de différents types de chromatophores ou de leur disposition spatiale les uns par rapport aux autres qui est à l’origine de la diversité des couleurs et des patrons. Durant l’embryogénèse les futurs chromatophores issus des crètes neurales migrent depuis le tube neural dans tout le corps pour se placer à la surface de la peau[5].

Une étude a été réalisée sur les espèces Copadichromis azureus et Dimidiochromis compressiceps, deux espèces endémiques de la région des Rifts, afin de comprendre les différences dans les mises en place des motifs. La superposition des cellules pigmentaires rend compliquée l’analyse de leur disposition les unes par rapport aux autres. Les chercheurs ont donc procédé, pour chacune des deux espèces étudiées, à un traitement à la L-adrenaline pour concentrer les pigments de même nature entre eux en plusieurs petites tâches ce qui facilite leur étude. Trois types de cellules pigmentaires ont été identifiées chez les cichlidés du lac Malawi : des mélanophores (brun foncé/noir, contiennent de la mélanine), des xantophores (jaune/orange, contiennent des dérivés de caroténoïdes) et des iridophores (argenté/bleu, contiennent des cristaux de guanine)[4]. Les cellules se superposent de la sorte, du plus interne à la surface : xantophore, mélanophore, iridiophore. Le développement du motif adulte commence au cours du développement larvaire et définit le début de la métamorphose[5].

 src=
Figure 1 : illustration des cichlidés mâles Copadichromis azureus (au-dessus) et Dimidiochromis compressiceps (au dessous)

Comparaison de la mise en place de la pigmentation des adultes chez C. azureus et D. compressiceps :

Pour C. azereus la pigmentation est faite de la superposition de deux patrons trouvés chez d’autres Cichlidés de la vallée de Grands Rift. Elle est caractérisée par une alternance de bandes verticales et par des taches sombres sur le flanc (figure 1). Ces motifs sont valables chez tous les individus de l’espèce cependant la peau est bleu azur chez le mâle (les taches sombres sont atténuées par le bleu) tandis que les juvéniles et les femelles ont une couleur grise et des taches marquées. Chez C. azeureus les mélanophores sont 23% plus abondants dans les barres que dans les interbarres et ces cellules sont de plus grande taille dans les barres que dans les inter-barres. On trouve les xantophores de même abondance que les mélanophores dans les tâches et dans les barres (voir figure 2). Il y a 9 barres et 8 inter-barres chez le juvénile mais ces nombres sont amenés à augmenter avec l’âge et la taille. Chez cette espèce les motifs deviennent visibles progressivement au cours de la métamorphose, dans une période de 3 à 6 semaines après la fécondation[5].

 src=
Figure 2 : Schéma de l'organisation des chromatophores à l'age adulte chez les espèces Copadichromis azureus (à gauche) et Dimidiochromis compressiceps (à droite) tiré et modifié de l'article de Hendrick et al. (2019)[5] Légende : b (barre), i (interbarre), BD (bande dorsale), BDL (bande dorso-latérale), BM (bande médiane), BVL (bande ventro-latérale).

Le patron de pigmentation de D. compressiceps est lui aussi trouvé chez de nombreux poissons des lacs Malawi, Victoria et Tanganyika. Il est formé de bandes horizontales intercalées par des inter-bandes argentées (voir figure 1). Comme chez C. azureus les chromatophores qui régissent la pigmentation de D. compressiceps sont des mélanophores, les xantophores et les iridiophores. Plus la densité de mélanophores est élevée dans une ligne plus celle-ci sera foncée. Ainsi, la bande médiane (BM) a la plus forte densité de mélanophore, les bandes dorsale (BD) et dorso-latérale (BDL) ont une densité intermédiaire et la bande ventro-latérale (BVL) a une faible densité de mélanophores. Les inter-barres ventrales sont uniquement composées d’iridiophores et les interbarres les plus dorsales contiennent aussi des mélanophores (voir figure 2). Contrairement à C.azureus, le pattern est fixé dès la métamorphose chez D. compressiceps[5].

Analyse génétique

L’hybridation est possible entre de nombreuses espèces de Cichlidés du lac Malawi. De ce fait, les chercheurs tentent de comprendre quels sont les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à la mise en place des motifs pigmentaires de cette espèce[4]. Ces études sont principalement basées sur l’analyse génétique et la comparaison des génomes de deux espèces proches via l’analyse du polymorphisme nucléotidique (SNP) ou des locus de caractère quantitatifs (QTL) par séquençage des sites de restriction (via la méthode RAD-Seq)[4]. De nombreux gènes que l’on suppose acteurs de la mise en place des motifs de pigmentation ont été identifiés via ces méthodes.

Le gène pax7a est un exemple de remodelage du patron de développement chez les cichlidés : Le phénotype tacheté, largement retrouvé chez les individus femelles, est associé à un SNP non codant en amont du facteur de transcription pax7a. L’analyse des génomes hybrides a démontré l’existence de 3 allèles du gène pax7a, responsables d’une expression plus ou moins importante de la protéine associée. L’étude montre que la modification de la composition des cellules pigmentaires, et donc des taches, est corrélée avec ce gène[2].

Difficultés d'analyse du modèle

L'étude des modèles comme celui du Cichlidé est complexe car il met en jeu la micro et macro évolution, la sélection naturelle et sexuelle et la dynamique des populations. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre la dynamique des mutations et leur impact sur la mise en place des patrons de développement[2].

Classification

Genres

Selon ITIS et FishBase :

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. Fishbase consulté le 22/02/2009
  2. a b c d et e (en) M. Emília Santos, « One gene, multiple alleles: insights into the microevolution of pigmentation polymorphisms », Molecular Ecology, vol. 26, no 10,‎ mai 2017, p. 2605–2607 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 21 novembre 2019)
  3. « Ce petit poisson aussi souffre de chagrins d'amour », sur www.20minutes.fr (consulté le 4 juillet 2021)
  4. a b c d e et f (en) Claire T O’Quin, Alexi C Drilea, Matthew A Conte et Thomas D Kocher, « Mapping of pigmentation QTL on an anchored genome assembly of the cichlid fish, Metriaclima zebra », BMC Genomics, vol. 14, no 1,‎ 2013, p. 287 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 novembre 2019)
  5. a b c d e et f (en) Laura A. Hendrick, Grace A. Carter, Erin H. Hilbrands et Brian P. Heubel, « Bar, stripe and spot development in sand-dwelling cichlids from Lake Malawi », EvoDevo, vol. 10, no 1,‎ décembre 2019, p. 18 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 27 novembre 2019)
  6. (en) « Abactochromis labrosus summary page », sur FishBase (consulté le 6 septembre 2020).
  7. http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/ValidNameList.php?syng=Tropheops&syns=&vtitle=Scientific+Names+where+Genus+Equals+%3Ci%3ETropheops%3C%2Fi%3E&crit2=CONTAINS&crit1=EQUAL

Voir aussi

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wikipedia FR

Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La famille des Cichlidés appartient au sous-ordre des Labroidei, qui compte aussi des familles comme les Pomacentridés (Poisson clown) ou les Scaridés (Poisson perroquet). Cette famille comporte plus de 200 genres et entre 1 600 et 1 800 espèces, réparties principalement en Afrique, en Amérique centrale, Amérique du Sud, Texas (une espèce), Israël, Madagascar, Syrie, Iran, Sri Lanka et sur les côtes sud des Indes. Le lac Malawi abrite à lui seul près d'un milier d'espèces. De nombreuses espèces sont importées et parfois élevées en Europe à des fins aquariophiles, en raison de leurs couleurs vives et de leurs mœurs parfois évoluées. On compte parmi ses membres les plus célèbres le scalaire, l'oscar ou encore le discus. La disparition massive des 200 espèces différentes de Cichlidés du lac Victoria, espèces qui se sont diversifiées depuis 12 000 ans, est une illustration des menaces qui pèsent sur la biodiversité (voir aussi : Le Cauchemar de Darwin).

Il existe chez les poissons une grande diversité phénotypique et variabilité en ce qui concerne les patrons de développement. Les recherches se sont principalement tournées vers le modèle du poisson zèbre, pour lequel on possède de nombreuses données génétiques et développementales. Cependant il semblerait que les études ne se cantonnent plus exclusivement aux modèles de base : « En raison de leur diversité phénotypique extrême […], de leur caractérisation écologique et de leur grand nombre de génomes séquencés, [les cichlidés] constituent un modèle émergent susceptible de fournir des informations sur l'évolution du polymorphisme de pigmentation dans la nature. »

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Cíclidos ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician
 src=
Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus)
 src=
Área de distribución dos cíclidos

Os cíclidos (Cichlidae) son unha familia de peixes, principalmente de auga doce, pertencente á suborde Labroidei da orde dos Perciformes.

Morfoloxía

Os distintos membros da familia presentan unha gran diversidade de formas e tamaños, desde os 25 mm do Neolamprologus multifasciatus ata tamaños máximos de cerca de 80 cm do Boulengerochromis microlepis. A forma do corpo varía desde a comprimida lateralmente ata formas cilíndricas (como Julidochromis).

Características comúns son a presenza dun par de mandíbulas farínxeas, que axudan ás mandíbulas orais. Grazas a esta estrutura poden capturar e procesar unha ampla variedade de alimentos, o que quizais pode explicar a variedade de formas corporais e mesmo de especies.

Así mesmo posúen unha soa fosa nasal a cada lado da cabeza, en lugar das dúas doutros peixes. A liña lateral está dividida en dúas seccións (excepto nos xéneros Teleogramma e Gobiocichla).

A aleta dorsal posúe xeralmente 7-25 radios espiñosos e 5-30 radios brandos. Na aleta anal, 3-15 espiñas (normalmente, 3) e 4-15 radios brados (nalgunhas especies, 30).

Hábitat e bioloxía

Distribúense por zonas tropicais, principalmente en auga doce, polos cursos dos ríos e lagos africanos e centro e suramericanos, pero tamén hai especies de auga salgada e salobres da desembocadura dos ríos. Algunhas especies de Tilapia resisten perfectamente en augas salobres e poden dispersarse ó longo da costa de río en río. Tamén hai especies de cíclidos en Asia (Oriente Medio, Irán, India e Sri Lanka) e Centroamérica (Cuba e A Española). Noutras zonas, como Florida, México, Xapón ou Australia, tamén se describiron especies asilvestradas.

Existen especies omnívoras e herbívoras. En liberdade aliméntanse de pequenos crustáceos e peixes, algas etc.

Depositan os ovos sobre un substrato e os dous proxenitores coidan da posta durante semanas, e incluso das crías acabadas de nacer, se ben nalgunhas especies é a femia a encargada destes coidados case en exclusividade. Hai casos nos que se dá a incubación oral. Algunhas especies (como as do xénero Apistogramma) poden mostrar un forte dimorfismo sexual, con cores e tamaños moi diferentes entre machos e femias.

Interese pesqueiro e comercial

As tilapias (xen. Tilapia e Oreochromis) representan un importante recurso pesqueiro para consumo humano, e outras moutas especies son moi valoradas para acuariofilia.

Taxonomía

 src=
Symphysodon aequifasciatus

Os cíclidos clasifícanse en máis de 200 xéneros e 1.300 a 3.000 especies distintas, aínda que constantemente están a descubrirse novas especies e reclasificarse outras.

Tamén se estima que é unha das familias de vertebrados con maior número de especies en perigo de extinción, moitas delas dentro do xénero Haplochromi. En 2007 a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza catalogou 156 especies de cíclidos como especies vulnerables, 40 como en perigo de extinción e 69 como perigo crítico de extinción. Polo menos 39 especies déronse por extinguidas desde comezos de 1990.

Moitos cíclidos foron dispersados fóra da súa área natural, liberados deliberadamente para a pesca ou accidentalmente a partir de acuarios, e algúns casos se converteron en especies daniñas, como foi o caso da tilapia no sur dos Estados Unidos, grazas á súa gran adaptación a case calquera ecosistema. En xeral, os cíclidos son agresivos e territoriais.

Véxase tamén

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Cíclidos: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician
 src= Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus)  src= Área de distribución dos cíclidos

Os cíclidos (Cichlidae) son unha familia de peixes, principalmente de auga doce, pertencente á suborde Labroidei da orde dos Perciformes.

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wikipedia gl Galician

Ciklidi ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian
 src=
mapa rasprostranjenosti Ciklida
 src=
Paretroplus kieneri

Ciklidi (Cichlidae) su jedna od najvećih porodica zrakoperki (Actinopterygii) iz reda grgečki (Perciformes) sa ukupno 221 rodom i 1 656 vrsta priznatih 2013. godine. Zbog velikog broja neotkrivenih vrsta, pretpostavlja se da će konačan broj vrsta ove porodice doseći 1,900. [1] Ciklidi su ribe koje se značajno razlikuju u obliku, boji, veličini, načinu života i ponašanju.

Veličina predstavnika ove porodice se kreće od 2,5 centimetra do 1 metra, dok oblici tijela variraju od snažno bočno spljoštenih do valjkastih. Oblik tijela ovisi od okruženja u kojem se nalaze: bočno spljoštene ribe poput onih iz roda Pterophyllum prilagođene su skrivanju među gustim vodenim biljem, dok je oblik tijela riba iz roda Julidochromis specijaliziran za uvlačenje u uske rupe među kamenjem. Mužjaci su veći i intenzivnije obojeni, veoma teritorijalni i često agresivni prema ribama svoje i druge vrste. Živopisno obojene vrste postaju sve popularnije akvarijske ribe, dok su rjeđe one neuglednih boja. Pojedine vrste, poput tilapije, važne su ribe u prehrani.

Ciklidi u prirodi naseljavaju tropske vode Južne Azije, Afrike, Južne i Srednje Amerike. Najčešće se nalaze u slatkim, bilo tekućim ili stajaćim vodama, iako se neke vrste (od kojih su najznačajnije vrste rodova Etroplus i Sarotherodon) mogu naći u bočatnim i slanim vodama. [2]

Ishrana ciklida razlikuje se jednako kao i oni sami. Postoje vrste koje su primarno biljojedi, te se hrane algama i mekim dijelovima viših biljaka, a u ishranu samo povremeno uključuju manje beskralježnjake. Ostale vrste su sposobni grabežljivci mesojedi čiji se plijen kreće od puževa, ličinki kukaca, spužvi pa do ostalih riba. Manji broj vrsta spada u detritovore, hrane se trulećim organskim materijalom.

Pojedine ribe ove porodice izrazito su monogamne, dok ostale formiraju hareme koji se sastoje od jednoga mužjaka i više ženki. Svi predstavnici ove porodice iskazuju izraženu roditeljsku brigu za jaja i mlađ. Ikru ili mlađ čuvaju oba ili samo jedan roditelj, ovisno od vrste. Roditelji vrsta koje ikru polažu na otvorenom (lišću biljaka, kamenju ili podlozi) aeriziraju vodu oko ikre, odstranjuju pljesnivu i neoplođenu ikru, te je agresivno čuvaju od grabežljivaca. Drugi oblik roditeljske brige je čuvanje ikre i mlađi u ustima, a susreće se kod riba iz roda Haplochromis. Ženke ovih vrsta ikru odmah po oplođenju smještaju u usta i tu je čuvaju tijekom inkubacije i nakon izlijeganja mlađi. Za svo ovo vrijeme ženke ne jedu i vrijeme provode skrivene od ostalih riba, koje ih nekad pokušavaju natjerati da izbace mlađ iz usta. Iako su uglavnom ženke one koje mlađ čuvaju u ustima, to mogu biti i mužjaci, te rjeđe oba roditelja. [3] [4] [5] Neke vrste, poput diskusa, poznate su po sposobnosti da mlađ hrane svojim kožnim izlučevinama. [3]

Porodicu ciklida opisao je Bonaparte, 1835. godine.

Popis vrsta

  1. Abactochromis labrosus (Trewavas, 1935)
  2. Acarichthys heckelii (Müller & Troschel, 1849)
  3. Acaronia nassa (Heckel, 1840)
  4. Acaronia vultuosa Kullander, 1989
  5. Aequidens chimantanus Inger, 1956
  6. Aequidens diadema (Heckel, 1840)
  7. Aequidens epae Kullander, 1995
  8. Aequidens gerciliae Kullander, 1995
  9. Aequidens hoehnei (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)
  10. Aequidens mauesanus Kullander, 1997
  11. Aequidens metae Eigenmann, 1922
  12. Aequidens michaeli Kullander, 1995
  13. Aequidens pallidus (Heckel, 1840)
  14. Aequidens paloemeuensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  15. Aequidens patricki Kullander, 1984
  16. Aequidens plagiozonatus Kullander, 1984
  17. Aequidens potaroensis Eigenmann, 1912
  18. Aequidens rondoni (Miranda Ribeiro, 1918)
  19. Aequidens tetramerus (Heckel, 1840)
  20. Aequidens tubicen Kullander & Ferreira, 1991
  21. Aequidens viridis (Heckel, 1840)
  22. Alcolapia alcalica (Hilgendorf, 1905)
  23. Alcolapia grahami (Boulenger, 1912)
  24. Alcolapia latilabris (Seegers & Tichy, 1999)
  25. Alcolapia ndalalani (Seegers & Tichy, 1999)
  26. Alticorpus geoffreyi Snoeks & Walapa, 2004
  27. Alticorpus macrocleithrum (Stauffer & McKaye, 1985)
  28. Alticorpus mentale Stauffer & McKaye, 1988
  29. Alticorpus peterdaviesi (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
  30. Alticorpus profundicola Stauffer & McKaye, 1988
  31. Altolamprologus calvus (Poll, 1978)
  32. Altolamprologus compressiceps (Boulenger, 1898)
  33. Amatitlania coatepeque Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  34. Amatitlania kanna Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  35. Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Günther, 1867)
  36. Amatitlania siquia Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  37. Amphilophus alfari (Meek, 1907)
  38. Amphilophus altifrons (Kner, 1863)
  39. Amphilophus amarillo Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
  40. Amphilophus astorquii Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
  41. Amphilophus bussingi Loiselle, 1997
  42. Amphilophus calobrensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
  43. Amphilophus chancho Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
  44. Amphilophus citrinellus (Günther, 1864)
  45. Amphilophus diquis (Bussing, 1974)
  46. Amphilophus flaveolus Stauffer, McCrary & Black, 2008
  47. Amphilophus globosus Geiger, McCrary & Stauffer, 2010
  48. Amphilophus hogaboomorum (Carr & Giovannoli, 1950)
  49. Amphilophus labiatus (Günther, 1864)
  50. Amphilophus longimanus (Günther, 1867)
  51. Amphilophus lyonsi (Gosse, 1966)
  52. Amphilophus macracanthus (Günther, 1864)
  53. Amphilophus margaritifer (Günther, 1862)
  54. Amphilophus nourissati (Allgayer, 1989)
  55. Amphilophus rhytisma (López S., 1983)
  56. Amphilophus robertsoni (Regan, 1905)
  57. Amphilophus rostratus (Gill, 1877)
  58. Amphilophus sagittae Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
  59. Amphilophus supercilius Geiger, McCrary & Stauffer, 2010
  60. Amphilophus tolteca Rechnagel, Kusche, Elmer & Meyer, 2013
  61. Amphilophus viridis Rechnagel, Kusche, Elmer & Meyer, 2013
  62. Amphilophus xiloaensis Stauffer & McKaye, 2002
  63. Amphilophus zaliosus (Barlow, 1976)
  64. Andinoacara biseriatus (Regan, 1913)
  65. Andinoacara blombergi Wijkmark, Kullander & Barriga Salazar, 2012
  66. Andinoacara coeruleopunctatus (Kner, 1863)
  67. Andinoacara latifrons (Steindachner, 1878)
  68. Andinoacara pulcher (Gill, 1858)
  69. Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther, 1860)
  70. Andinoacara sapayensis (Regan, 1903)
  71. Andinoacara stalsbergi Musilová¡, Schindler & Staeck, 2009
  72. Anomalochromis thomasi (Boulenger, 1915)
  73. Apistogramma acrensis Staeck, 2003
  74. Apistogramma agassizii (Steindachner, 1875)
  75. Apistogramma alacrina Kullander, 2004
  76. Apistogramma allpahuayo Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, Díaz, Ortega, Hahn, Soares, Cachay, Dávila, Cornejo & Renno, 2012
  77. Apistogramma amoena (Cope, 1872)
  78. Apistogramma angayuara Kullander & Ferreira, 2005
  79. Apistogramma arua Römer & Warzel, 1998
  80. Apistogramma atahualpa Römer, 1997
  81. Apistogramma baenschi Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler, 2004
  82. Apistogramma barlowi Römer & Hahn, 2008
  83. Apistogramma bitaeniata Pellegrin, 1936
  84. Apistogramma borellii (Regan, 1906)
  85. Apistogramma brevis Kullander, 1980
  86. Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman, 1951
  87. Apistogramma caetei Kullander, 1980
  88. Apistogramma caudomaculata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  89. Apistogramma cinilabra Römer, Duponchelle, Diaz, Davilla, Sirvas, Catchay & Renno, 2011
  90. Apistogramma commbrae (Regan, 1906)
  91. Apistogramma cruzi Kullander, 1986
  92. Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander, 1987
  93. Apistogramma elizabethae Kullander, 1980
  94. Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready & Kullander, 2004
  95. Apistogramma erythrura Staeck & Schindler, 2008
  96. Apistogramma eunotus Kullander, 1981
  97. Apistogramma flabellicauda Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  98. Apistogramma geisleri Meinken, 1971
  99. Apistogramma gephyra Kullander, 1980
  100. Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken, 1969
  101. Apistogramma gossei Kullander, 1982
  102. Apistogramma guttata Antonio C., Kullander & Lasso A., 1989
  103. Apistogramma helkeri Schindler & Staeck, 2013
  104. Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982
  105. Apistogramma hoignei Meinken, 1965
  106. Apistogramma hongsloi Kullander, 1979
  107. Apistogramma huascar Römer, Pretor & Hahn, 2006
  108. Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander, 1983
  109. Apistogramma iniridae Kullander, 1979
  110. Apistogramma inornata Staeck, 2003
  111. Apistogramma intermedia Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  112. Apistogramma juruensis Kullander, 1986
  113. Apistogramma lineata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  114. Apistogramma linkei Koslowski, 1985
  115. Apistogramma luelingi Kullander, 1976
  116. Apistogramma macmasteri Kullander, 1979
  117. Apistogramma martini Römer, Hahn, Römer, Soares & Wöhler, 2003
  118. Apistogramma megaptera Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  119. Apistogramma meinkeni Kullander, 1980
  120. Apistogramma mendezi Römer, 1994
  121. Apistogramma minima Mesa Salazar, & Lasso, 2011
  122. Apistogramma moae Kullander, 1980
  123. Apistogramma nijsseni Kullander, 1979
  124. Apistogramma norberti Staeck, 1991
  125. Apistogramma nororientalis Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  126. Apistogramma ortmanni (Eigenmann, 1912)
  127. Apistogramma panduro Römer, 1997
  128. Apistogramma pantalone Römer, Römer, Soares & Hahn, 2006
  129. Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander & Staeck, 1988
  130. Apistogramma paulmuelleri Römer, Beninde, Duponchelle, Dávila, Díaz & Renno, 2013
  131. Apistogramma payaminonis Kullander, 1986
  132. Apistogramma pedunculata Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  133. Apistogramma personata Kullander, 1980
  134. Apistogramma pertensis (Haseman, 1911)
  135. Apistogramma piaroa Mesa S. & Lasso, 2011
  136. Apistogramma piauiensis Kullander, 1980
  137. Apistogramma playayacu Römer, Beninde & Hahn, 2011
  138. Apistogramma pleurotaenia (Regan, 1909)
  139. Apistogramma pulchra Kullander, 1980
  140. Apistogramma regani Kullander, 1980
  141. Apistogramma resticulosa Kullander, 1980
  142. Apistogramma rositae Römer, Römer & Hahn, 2006
  143. Apistogramma rubrolineata Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002
  144. Apistogramma rupununi Fowler, 1914
  145. Apistogramma salpinction Kullander & Ferreira, 2005
  146. Apistogramma similis Staeck, 2003
  147. Apistogramma staecki Koslowski, 1985
  148. Apistogramma steindachneri (Regan, 1908)
  149. Apistogramma taeniata (Günther, 1862)
  150. Apistogramma trifasciata (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)
  151. Apistogramma tucurui Staeck, 2003
  152. Apistogramma uaupesi Kullander, 1980
  153. Apistogramma urteagai Kullander, 1986
  154. Apistogramma velifera Staeck, 2003
  155. Apistogramma viejita Kullander, 1979
  156. Apistogramma wapisana Römer, Hahn & Conrad, 2006
  157. Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis Meinken, 1965
  158. Archocentrus centrarchus (Gill, 1877)
  159. Archocentrus multispinosus (Günther, 1867)
  160. Archocentrus spinosissimus (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902)
  161. Aristochromis christyi Trewavas, 1935
  162. Astatoreochromis alluaudi Pellegrin, 1904
  163. Astatoreochromis straeleni (Poll, 1944)
  164. Astatoreochromis vanderhorsti (Greenwood, 1954)
  165. Astatotilapia bloyeti (Sauvage, 1883)
  166. Astatotilapia burtoni (Günther, 1894)
  167. Astatotilapia calliptera (Günther, 1894)
  168. Astatotilapia desfontainii (Lacepède, 1802)
  169. Astatotilapia flaviijosephi (Lortet, 1883)
  170. Astatotilapia stappersii (Poll, 1943)
  171. Astatotilapia swynnertoni (Boulenger, 1907)
  172. Astatotilapia tweddlei Jackson, 1985
  173. Astronotus crassipinnis (Heckel, 1840)
  174. Astronotus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)
  175. Aulonocara aquilonium Konings, 1995
  176. Aulonocara auditor (Trewavas, 1935)
  177. Aulonocara baenschi Meyer & Riehl, 1985
  178. Aulonocara brevinidus Konings, 1995
  179. Aulonocara brevirostre (Trewavas, 1935)
  180. Aulonocara ethelwynnae Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  181. Aulonocara gertrudae Konings, 1995
  182. Aulonocara guentheri Eccles, 1989
  183. Aulonocara hansbaenschi Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  184. Aulonocara hueseri Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  185. Aulonocara jacobfreibergi (Johnson, 1974)
  186. Aulonocara kandeensis Tawil & Allgayer, 1987
  187. Aulonocara koningsi Tawil, 2003
  188. Aulonocara korneliae Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  189. Aulonocara maylandi Trewavas, 1984
  190. Aulonocara nyassae Regan, 1922
  191. Aulonocara rostratum Trewavas, 1935
  192. Aulonocara saulosi Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  193. Aulonocara steveni Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987
  194. Aulonocara stonemani (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
  195. Aulonocara stuartgranti Meyer & Riehl, 1985
  196. Aulonocara trematocephalum (Boulenger, 1901)
  197. Aulonocranus dewindti (Boulenger, 1899)
  198. Australoheros acaroides (Hensel, 1870)
  199. Australoheros angiru Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta, 2011
  200. Australoheros autrani Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  201. Australoheros barbosae Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  202. Australoheros capixaba Ottoni, 2010
  203. Australoheros charrua Říčan & Kullander, 2008
  204. Australoheros facetus (Jenyns, 1842)
  205. Australoheros forquilha Říčan & Kullander, 2008
  206. Australoheros guarani Říčan & Kullander, 2008
  207. Australoheros ipatinguensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  208. Australoheros kaaygua Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006
  209. Australoheros macacuensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  210. Australoheros macaensis Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  211. Australoheros mattosi Ottoni, 2012
  212. Australoheros minuano Říčan & Kullander, 2008
  213. Australoheros montanus Ottoni, 2012
  214. Australoheros muriae Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  215. Australoheros paraibae Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  216. Australoheros perdi Ottoni, Lezama, Triques, Fragoso-Moura, Lucas & Barbosa, 2011
  217. Australoheros ribeirae Ottoni, Oyakawa & Costa, 2008
  218. Australoheros robustus Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  219. Australoheros sanguineus Ottoni, 2013
  220. Australoheros saquarema Ottoni & Costa, 2008
  221. Australoheros scitulus (Říčan & Kullander, 2003)
  222. Australoheros taura Ottoni & Cheffe, 2009
  223. Australoheros tavaresi Ottoni, 2012
  224. Australoheros tembe (Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 1995)
  225. Australoheros ykeregua Říčan, Piálek, Almirón & Casciotta, 2011
  226. Baileychromis centropomoides (Bailey & Stewart, 1977)
  227. Bathybates fasciatus Boulenger, 1901
  228. Bathybates ferox Boulenger, 1898
  229. Bathybates graueri Steindachner, 1911
  230. Bathybates hornii Steindachner, 1911
  231. Bathybates leo Poll, 1956
  232. Bathybates minor Boulenger, 1906
  233. Bathybates vittatus Boulenger, 1914
  234. Benitochromis batesii (Boulenger, 1901)
  235. Benitochromis conjunctus Lamboj, 2001
  236. Benitochromis finleyi (Trewavas, 1974)
  237. Benitochromis nigrodorsalis Lamboj, 2001
  238. Benitochromis riomuniensis (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1981)
  239. Benitochromis ufermanni Lamboj, 2001
  240. Benthochromis horii Takahashi, 2008
  241. Benthochromis melanoides (Poll, 1984)
  242. Benthochromis tricoti (Poll, 1948)
  243. Biotodoma cupido (Heckel, 1840)
  244. Biotodoma wavrini (Gosse, 1963)
  245. Biotoecus dicentrarchus Kullander, 1989
  246. Biotoecus opercularis (Steindachner, 1875)
  247. Boulengerochromis microlepis (Boulenger, 1899)
  248. Buccochromis atritaeniatus (Regan, 1922)
  249. Buccochromis heterotaenia (Trewavas, 1935)
  250. Buccochromis lepturus (Regan, 1922)
  251. Buccochromis nototaenia (Boulenger, 1902)
  252. Buccochromis oculatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  253. Buccochromis rhoadesii (Boulenger, 1908)
  254. Buccochromis spectabilis (Trewavas, 1935)
  255. Bujurquina apoparuana Kullander, 1986
  256. Bujurquina cordemadi Kullander, 1986
  257. Bujurquina eurhinus Kullander, 1986
  258. Bujurquina hophrys Kullander, 1986
  259. Bujurquina huallagae Kullander, 1986
  260. Bujurquina labiosa Kullander, 1986
  261. Bujurquina mariae (Eigenmann, 1922)
  262. Bujurquina megalospilus Kullander, 1986
  263. Bujurquina moriorum Kullander, 1986
  264. Bujurquina oenolaemus Kullander, 1987
  265. Bujurquina ortegai Kullander, 1986
  266. Bujurquina peregrinabunda Kullander, 1986
  267. Bujurquina robusta Kullander, 1986
  268. Bujurquina syspilus (Cope, 1872)
  269. Bujurquina tambopatae Kullander, 1986
  270. Bujurquina vittata (Heckel, 1840)
  271. Bujurquina zamorensis (Regan, 1905)
  272. Callochromis macrops (Boulenger, 1898)
  273. Callochromis melanostigma (Boulenger, 1906)
  274. Callochromis pleurospilus (Boulenger, 1906)
  275. Caprichromis liemi (Mckaye & Mackenzie, 1982)
  276. Caprichromis orthognathus (Trewavas, 1935)
  277. Caquetaia kraussii (Steindachner, 1878)
  278. Caquetaia myersi (Schultz, 1944)
  279. Caquetaia spectabilis (Steindachner, 1875)
  280. Caquetaia umbrifera (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
  281. Cardiopharynx schoutedeni Poll, 1942
  282. Chaetobranchopsis australis Eigenmann & Ward, 1907
  283. Chaetobranchopsis orbicularis (Steindachner, 1875)
  284. Chaetobranchus flavescens Heckel, 1840
  285. Chaetobranchus semifasciatus Steindachner, 1875
  286. Chalinochromis brichardi Poll, 1974
  287. Chalinochromis popelini Brichard, 1989
  288. Champsochromis caeruleus (Boulenger, 1908)
  289. Champsochromis spilorhynchus (Regan, 1922)
  290. Cheilochromis euchilus (Trewavas, 1935)
  291. Chetia brevicauda Bills & Weyl, 2002
  292. Chetia brevis Jubb, 1968
  293. Chetia flaviventris Trewavas, 1961
  294. Chetia gracilis (Greenwood, 1984)
  295. Chetia mola Balon & Stewart, 1983
  296. Chetia welwitschi (Boulenger, 1898)
  297. Chilochromis duponti Boulenger, 1902
  298. Chilotilapia rhoadesii Boulenger, 1908
  299. Chromidotilapia cavalliensis (Thys van den Audenaerde & Loiselle, 1971)
  300. Chromidotilapia elongata Lamboj, 1999
  301. Chromidotilapia guntheri (Sauvage, 1882)
  302. Chromidotilapia kingsleyae Boulenger, 1898
  303. Chromidotilapia linkei Staeck, 1980
  304. Chromidotilapia mamonekenei Lamboj, 1999
  305. Chromidotilapia melaniae Lamboj, 2003
  306. Chromidotilapia mrac Lamboj, 2002
  307. Chromidotilapia nana Lamboj, 2003
  308. Chromidotilapia regani (Pellegrin, 1906)
  309. Chromidotilapia schoutedeni (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967)
  310. Cichla intermedia Machado-Allison, 1971
  311. Cichla jariina Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  312. Cichla kelberi Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  313. Cichla melaniae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  314. Cichla mirianae Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  315. Cichla monoculus Agassiz, 1831
  316. Cichla nigromaculata Jardine & Schomburgk, 1843
  317. Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801
  318. Cichla orinocensis Humboldt, 1821
  319. Cichla pinima Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  320. Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  321. Cichla pleiozona Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  322. Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821
  323. Cichla thyrorus Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  324. Cichla vazzoleri Kullander & Ferreira, 2006
  325. Cichlasoma aguadae Hubbs, 1936
  326. Cichlasoma alborum Hubbs, 1936
  327. Cichlasoma amarum Hubbs, 1936
  328. Cichlasoma amazonarum Kullander, 1983
  329. Cichlasoma araguaiense Kullander, 1983
  330. Cichlasoma atromaculatum Regan, 1912
  331. Cichlasoma beani (Jordan, 1889)
  332. Cichlasoma bimaculatum (Linnaeus, 1758)
  333. Cichlasoma bocourti (Vaillant & Pellegrin, 1902)
  334. Cichlasoma boliviense Kullander, 1983
  335. Cichlasoma cienagae Hubbs, 1936
  336. Cichlasoma conchitae Hubbs, 1936
  337. Cichlasoma dimerus (Heckel, 1840)
  338. Cichlasoma ericymba Hubbs, 1938
  339. Cichlasoma festae (Boulenger, 1899)
  340. Cichlasoma geddesi (Regan, 1905)
  341. Cichlasoma gephyrum Eigenmann, 1922
  342. Cichlasoma grammodes Taylor & Miller, 1980
  343. Cichlasoma istlanum (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
  344. Cichlasoma mayorum Hubbs, 1936
  345. Cichlasoma microlepis Dahl, 1960
  346. Cichlasoma orientale Kullander, 1983
  347. Cichlasoma orinocense Kullander, 1983
  348. Cichlasoma ornatum Regan, 1905
  349. Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983
  350. Cichlasoma pearsei (Hubbs, 1936)
  351. Cichlasoma portalegrense (Hensel, 1870)
  352. Cichlasoma pusillum Kullander, 1983
  353. Cichlasoma salvini (Günther, 1862)
  354. Cichlasoma sanctifranciscense Kullander, 1983
  355. Cichlasoma stenozonum Hubbs, 1936
  356. Cichlasoma taenia (Bennett, 1831)
  357. Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Günther, 1867)
  358. Cichlasoma troschelii (Steindachner, 1867)
  359. Cichlasoma tuyrense Meek & Hildebrand, 1913
  360. Cichlasoma ufermanni (Allgayer, 2002)
  361. Cichlasoma urophthalmum (Günther, 1862)
  362. Cichlasoma zarskei Ottoni, 2011
  363. Cichlasoma zebra Hubbs, 1936
  364. Cleithracara maronii (Steindachner, 1881)
  365. Congochromis dimidiatus (Pellegrin, 1900)
  366. Congochromis pugnatus Stiassny & Schliewen, 2007
  367. Congochromis robustus Lamboj, 2012
  368. Congochromis sabinae (Lamboj, 2005)
  369. Congochromis squamiceps (Boulenger, 1902)
  370. Congolapia bilineata (Pellegrin, 1900)
  371. Congolapia crassa (Pellegrin, 1903)
  372. Congolapia louna Dunz, Vreven & Schliewen, 2012
  373. Copadichromis atripinnis Stauffer & Sato, 2002
  374. Copadichromis azureus Konings, 1990
  375. Copadichromis borleyi (Iles, 1960)
  376. Copadichromis chizumuluensis Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  377. Copadichromis chrysonotus (Boulenger, 1908)
  378. Copadichromis cyaneus (Trewavas, 1935)
  379. Copadichromis cyanocephalus Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  380. Copadichromis diplostigma Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  381. Copadichromis geertsi Konings, 1999
  382. Copadichromis ilesi Konings, 1999
  383. Copadichromis insularis Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  384. Copadichromis jacksoni (Iles, 1960)
  385. Copadichromis likomae (Iles, 1960)
  386. Copadichromis mbenjii Konings, 1990
  387. Copadichromis melas Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  388. Copadichromis mloto (Iles, 1960)
  389. Copadichromis nkatae (Iles, 1960)
  390. Copadichromis parvus Stauffer & Konings, 2006
  391. Copadichromis pleurostigma (Trewavas, 1935)
  392. Copadichromis pleurostigmoides (Iles, 1960)
  393. Copadichromis quadrimaculatus (Regan, 1922)
  394. Copadichromis trewavasae Konings, 1999
  395. Copadichromis trimaculatus (Iles, 1960)
  396. Copadichromis verduyni Konings, 1990
  397. Copadichromis virginalis (Iles, 1960)
  398. Corematodus shiranus Boulenger, 1897
  399. Corematodus taeniatus Trewavas, 1935
  400. Crenicara latruncularium Kullander & Staeck, 1990
  401. Crenicara punctulatum (Günther, 1863)
  402. Crenicichla acutirostris Günther, 1862
  403. Crenicichla adspersa Heckel, 1840
  404. Crenicichla albopunctata Pellegrin, 1904
  405. Crenicichla alta Eigenmann, 1912
  406. Crenicichla anthurus Cope, 1872
  407. Crenicichla brasiliensis (Bloch, 1792)
  408. Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982
  409. Crenicichla cametana Steindachner, 1911
  410. Crenicichla celidochilus Casciotta, 1987
  411. Crenicichla chicha Varella, Kullander & Lima, 2012
  412. Crenicichla cincta Regan, 1905
  413. Crenicichla compressiceps Ploeg, 1986
  414. Crenicichla coppenamensis Ploeg, 1987
  415. Crenicichla cyanonotus Cope, 1870
  416. Crenicichla cyclostoma Ploeg, 1986
  417. Crenicichla empheres Lucena, 2007
  418. Crenicichla frenata Gill, 1858
  419. Crenicichla gaucho Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  420. Crenicichla geayi Pellegrin, 1903
  421. Crenicichla gillmorlisi Kullander & Lucena, 2013
  422. Crenicichla hadrostigma Lucena, 2007
  423. Crenicichla haroldoi Luengo & Britski, 1974
  424. Crenicichla heckeli Ploeg, 1989
  425. Crenicichla hemera Kullander, 1990
  426. Crenicichla hu Piálek, Říčan, Casciotta & Almirón, 2010
  427. Crenicichla hummelincki Ploeg, 1991
  428. Crenicichla igara Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  429. Crenicichla iguapina Kullander & Lucena, 2006
  430. Crenicichla iguassuensis Haseman, 1911
  431. Crenicichla inpa Ploeg, 1991
  432. Crenicichla isbrueckeri Ploeg, 1991
  433. Crenicichla jaguarensis Haseman, 1911
  434. Crenicichla jegui Ploeg, 1986
  435. Crenicichla johanna Heckel, 1840
  436. Crenicichla jupiaensis Britski & Luengo, 1968
  437. Crenicichla jurubi Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  438. Crenicichla labrina (Spix & Agassiz, 1831)
  439. Crenicichla lacustris (Castelnau, 1855)
  440. Crenicichla lenticulata Heckel, 1840
  441. Crenicichla lepidota Heckel, 1840
  442. Crenicichla lucius Cope, 1870
  443. Crenicichla lugubris Heckel, 1840
  444. Crenicichla macrophthalma Heckel, 1840
  445. Crenicichla maculata Kullander & Lucena, 2006
  446. Crenicichla mandelburgeri Kullander, 2009
  447. Crenicichla marmorata Pellegrin, 1904
  448. Crenicichla menezesi Ploeg, 1991
  449. Crenicichla minuano Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  450. Crenicichla missioneira Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  451. Crenicichla mucuryna Ihering, 1914
  452. Crenicichla multispinosa Pellegrin, 1903
  453. Crenicichla nickeriensis Ploeg, 1987
  454. Crenicichla niederleinii (Holmberg, 1891)
  455. Crenicichla notophthalmus Regan, 1913
  456. Crenicichla pellegrini Ploeg, 1991
  457. Crenicichla percna Kullander, 1991
  458. Crenicichla phaiospilus Kullander, 1991
  459. Crenicichla prenda Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  460. Crenicichla proteus Cope, 1872
  461. Crenicichla punctata Hensel, 1870
  462. Crenicichla pydanielae Ploeg, 1991
  463. Crenicichla regani Ploeg, 1989
  464. Crenicichla reticulata (Heckel, 1840)
  465. Crenicichla rosemariae Kullander, 1997
  466. Crenicichla santosi Ploeg, 1991
  467. Crenicichla saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
  468. Crenicichla scottii (Eigenmann, 1907)
  469. Crenicichla sedentaria Kullander, 1986
  470. Crenicichla semicincta Steindachner, 1892
  471. Crenicichla semifasciata (Heckel, 1840)
  472. Crenicichla sipaliwini Ploeg, 1987
  473. Crenicichla stocki Ploeg, 1991
  474. Crenicichla strigata Günther, 1862
  475. Crenicichla sveni Ploeg, 1991
  476. Crenicichla tendybaguassu Lucena & Kullander, 1992
  477. Crenicichla ternetzi Norman, 1926
  478. Crenicichla tesay Casciotta & Almirón, 2009
  479. Crenicichla tigrina Ploeg, Jégu & Ferreira, 1991
  480. Crenicichla tingui Kullander & Lucena, 2006
  481. Crenicichla urosema Kullander, 1990
  482. Crenicichla vaillanti Pellegrin, 1903
  483. Crenicichla virgatula Ploeg, 1991
  484. Crenicichla vittata Heckel, 1840
  485. Crenicichla wallacii Regan, 1905
  486. Crenicichla yaha Casciotta, Almirón & Gómez, 2006
  487. Crenicichla ypo Casciotta, Almirón, Piálek, Gómez & Říčan, 2010
  488. Crenicichla zebrina Montaña, López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2008
  489. Cryptoheros altoflavus Allgayer, 2001
  490. Cryptoheros chetumalensis Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  491. Cryptoheros cutteri (Fowler, 1932)
  492. Cryptoheros myrnae (Loiselle, 1997)
  493. Cryptoheros nanoluteus (Allgayer, 1994)
  494. Cryptoheros panamensis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
  495. Cryptoheros sajica (Bussing, 1974)
  496. Cryptoheros septemfasciatus (Regan, 1908)
  497. Cryptoheros spilurus (Günther, 1862)
  498. Ctenochromis benthicola (Matthes, 1962)
  499. Ctenochromis horei (Günther, 1894)
  500. Ctenochromis luluae (Fowler, 1930)
  501. Ctenochromis oligacanthus (Regan, 1922)
  502. Ctenochromis pectoralis Pfeffer, 1893
  503. Ctenochromis polli (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1964)
  504. Ctenopharynx intermedius (Günther, 1864)
  505. Ctenopharynx nitidus (Trewavas, 1935)
  506. Ctenopharynx pictus (Trewavas, 1935)
  507. Cunningtonia longiventralis Boulenger, 1906
  508. Cyathochromis obliquidens Trewavas, 1935
  509. Cyathopharynx furcifer (Boulenger, 1898)
  510. Cyclopharynx fwae Poll, 1948
  511. Cyclopharynx schwetzi (Poll, 1948)
  512. Cynotilapia afra (Günther, 1894)
  513. Cynotilapia axelrodi Burgess, 1976
  514. Cynotilapia pulpican Tawil, 2002
  515. Cyphotilapia frontosa (Boulenger, 1906)
  516. Cyphotilapia gibberosa Takahashi & Nakaya, 2003
  517. Cyprichromis coloratus Takahashi & Hori, 2006
  518. Cyprichromis leptosoma (Boulenger, 1898)
  519. Cyprichromis microlepidotus (Poll, 1956)
  520. Cyprichromis pavo Büscher, 1994
  521. Cyprichromis zonatus Takahashi, Hori & Nakaya, 2002
  522. Cyrtocara moorii Boulenger, 1902
  523. Danakilia dinicolai Stiassny, de Marchi & Lamboj, 2010
  524. Danakilia franchettii (Vinciguerra, 1931)
  525. Dicrossus filamentosus (Ladiges, 1958)
  526. Dicrossus foirni Römer, Hahn & Vergara, 2010
  527. Dicrossus gladicauda Schindler & Staeck, 2008
  528. Dicrossus maculatus Steindachner, 1875
  529. Dicrossus warzeli Römer, Hahn & Vergara, 2010
  530. Dimidiochromis compressiceps (Boulenger, 1908)
  531. Dimidiochromis dimidiatus (Günther, 1864)
  532. Dimidiochromis kiwinge (Ahl, 1926)
  533. Dimidiochromis strigatus (Regan, 1922)
  534. Diplotaxodon aeneus Turner & Stauffer, 1998
  535. Diplotaxodon apogon Turner & Stauffer, 1998
  536. Diplotaxodon argenteus Trewavas, 1935
  537. Diplotaxodon ecclesi Burgess & Axelrod, 1973
  538. Diplotaxodon greenwoodi Stauffer & McKaye, 1986
  539. Diplotaxodon limnothrissa Turner, 1994
  540. Diplotaxodon macrops Turner & Stauffer, 1998
  541. Divandu albimarginatus Lamboj & Snoeks, 2000
  542. Docimodus evelynae Eccles & Lewis, 1976
  543. Docimodus johnstoni Boulenger, 1897
  544. Eclectochromis lobochilus (Trewavas, 1935)
  545. Eclectochromis ornatus (Regan, 1922)
  546. Ectodus descampsii Boulenger, 1898
  547. Enigmatochromis lucanusi Lamboj, 2009
  548. Eretmodus cyanostictus Boulenger, 1898
  549. Eretmodus marksmithi Burgess, 2012
  550. Etia nguti Schliewen & Stiassny, 2003
  551. Etroplus canarensis Day, 1877
  552. Etroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795)
  553. Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)
  554. Exochochromis anagenys Oliver, 1989
  555. Fossorochromis rostratus (Boulenger, 1899)
  556. Genyochromis mento Trewavas, 1935
  557. Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
  558. Geophagus altifrons Heckel, 1840
  559. Geophagus argyrostictus Kullander, 1991
  560. Geophagus brachybranchus Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  561. Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
  562. Geophagus brokopondo Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  563. Geophagus camopiensis Pellegrin, 1903
  564. Geophagus crassilabris Steindachner, 1876
  565. Geophagus dicrozoster López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
  566. Geophagus gottwaldi Schindler & Staeck, 2006
  567. Geophagus grammepareius Kullander & Taphorn, 1992
  568. Geophagus harreri Gosse, 1976
  569. Geophagus iporangensis Haseman, 1911
  570. Geophagus itapicuruensis Haseman, 1911
  571. Geophagus megasema Heckel, 1840
  572. Geophagus neambi Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010
  573. Geophagus obscurus (Castelnau, 1855)
  574. Geophagus parnaibae Staeck & Schindler, 2006
  575. Geophagus pellegrini Regan, 1912
  576. Geophagus proximus (Castelnau, 1855)
  577. Geophagus steindachneri Eigenmann & Hildebrand, 1922
  578. Geophagus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791)
  579. Geophagus sveni Lucinda, Lucena & Assis, 2010
  580. Geophagus taeniopareius Kullander & Royero, 1992
  581. Geophagus winemilleri López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004
  582. Gephyrochromis lawsi Fryer, 1957
  583. Gephyrochromis moorii Boulenger, 1901
  584. Gnathochromis permaxillaris (David, 1936)
  585. Gnathochromis pfefferi (Boulenger, 1898)
  586. Gobiocichla ethelwynnae Roberts, 1982
  587. Gobiocichla wonderi Kanazawa, 1951
  588. Grammatotria lemairii Boulenger, 1899
  589. Greenwoodochromis bellcrossi (Poll, 1976)
  590. Greenwoodochromis christyi (Trewavas, 1953)
  591. Guianacara cuyunii López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle & Kullander, 2006
  592. Guianacara dacrya Arbour & López-Fernández, 2011
  593. Guianacara geayi (Pellegrin, 1902)
  594. Guianacara oelemariensis Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  595. Guianacara owroewefi Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  596. Guianacara sphenozona Kullander & Nijssen, 1989
  597. Guianacara stergiosi López-Fernández, Taphorn Baechle & Kullander, 2006
  598. Gymnogeophagus australis (Eigenmann, 1907)
  599. Gymnogeophagus balzanii (Perugia, 1891)
  600. Gymnogeophagus caaguazuensis Staeck, 2006
  601. Gymnogeophagus che Casciotta, Gómez & Toresanni, 2000
  602. Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys (Hensel, 1870)
  603. Gymnogeophagus labiatus (Hensel, 1870)
  604. Gymnogeophagus lacustris Reis & Malabarba, 1988
  605. Gymnogeophagus meridionalis Reis & Malabarba, 1988
  606. Gymnogeophagus rhabdotus (Hensel, 1870)
  607. Gymnogeophagus setequedas Reis, Malabarba & Pavanelli, 1992
  608. Gymnogeophagus tiraparae González-Bergonzoni, Loureiro & Oviedo, 2009
  609. Haplochromis acidens Greenwood, 1967
  610. Haplochromis adolphifrederici (Boulenger, 1914)
  611. Haplochromis aelocephalus Greenwood, 1959
  612. Haplochromis aeneocolor Greenwood, 1973
  613. Haplochromis akika Lippitsch, 2003
  614. Haplochromis albertianus Regan, 1929
  615. Haplochromis altigenis Regan, 1922
  616. Haplochromis ampullarostratus Schraml, 2004
  617. Haplochromis angustifrons Boulenger, 1914
  618. Haplochromis annectidens Trewavas, 1933
  619. Haplochromis antleter Mietes & Witte, 2010
  620. Haplochromis apogonoides Greenwood, 1967
  621. Haplochromis arcanus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  622. Haplochromis argens de Zeeuw, Westbroek & Witte, 2013
  623. Haplochromis argenteus Regan, 1922
  624. Haplochromis artaxerxes Greenwood, 1962
  625. Haplochromis astatodon Regan, 1921
  626. Haplochromis avium Regan, 1929
  627. Haplochromis azureus (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)
  628. Haplochromis barbarae Greenwood, 1967
  629. Haplochromis bareli van Oijen, 1991
  630. Haplochromis bartoni Greenwood, 1962
  631. Haplochromis bayoni (Boulenger, 1909)
  632. Haplochromis beadlei Trewavas, 1933
  633. Haplochromis bicolor Boulenger, 1906
  634. Haplochromis boops Greenwood, 1967
  635. Haplochromis brownae Greenwood, 1962
  636. Haplochromis bullatus Trewavas, 1938
  637. Haplochromis bwathondii Niemantsverdriet & Witte, 2010
  638. Haplochromis cassius Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  639. Haplochromis cavifrons (Hilgendorf, 1888)
  640. Haplochromis chilotes (Boulenger, 1911)
  641. Haplochromis chlorochrous Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  642. Haplochromis chromogynos Greenwood, 1959
  643. Haplochromis chrysogynaion van Oijen, 1991
  644. Haplochromis cinctus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  645. Haplochromis cinereus (Boulenger, 1906)
  646. Haplochromis cnester Witte & Witte-Maas, 1981
  647. Haplochromis commutabilis Schraml, 2004
  648. Haplochromis coprologus Niemantsverdriet & Witte, 2010
  649. Haplochromis crassilabris Boulenger, 1906
  650. Haplochromis crebridens Snoeks, de Vos, Coenen & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1990
  651. Haplochromis crocopeplus Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  652. Haplochromis cronus Greenwood, 1959
  653. Haplochromis cryptodon Greenwood, 1959
  654. Haplochromis cryptogramma Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  655. Haplochromis cyaneus Seehausen, Bouton & Zwennes, 1998
  656. Haplochromis decticostoma Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  657. Haplochromis degeni (Boulenger, 1906)
  658. Haplochromis dentex Regan, 1922
  659. Haplochromis dichrourus Regan, 1922
  660. Haplochromis diplotaenia Regan & Trewavas, 1928
  661. Haplochromis dolichorhynchus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  662. Haplochromis dolorosus Trewavas, 1933
  663. Haplochromis eduardianus (Boulenger, 1914)
  664. Haplochromis eduardii Regan, 1921
  665. Haplochromis elegans Trewavas, 1933
  666. Haplochromis empodisma Greenwood, 1960
  667. Haplochromis engystoma Trewavas, 1933
  668. Haplochromis erythrocephalus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  669. Haplochromis erythromaculatus De Vos, Snoeks & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1991
  670. Haplochromis estor Regan, 1929
  671. Haplochromis eutaenia Regan & Trewavas, 1928
  672. Haplochromis exspectatus Schraml, 2004
  673. Haplochromis fischeri Seegers, 2008
  674. Haplochromis flavipinnis (Boulenger, 1906)
  675. Haplochromis flavus Seehausen, Zwennes & Lippitsch, 1998
  676. Haplochromis fuelleborni (Hilgendorf & Pappenheim, 1903)
  677. Haplochromis fuscus Regan, 1925
  678. Haplochromis fusiformis Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  679. Haplochromis gigas (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)
  680. Haplochromis gigliolii (Pfeffer, 1896)
  681. Haplochromis gilberti Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  682. Haplochromis goldschmidti Witte, Westbroek & de Zeeuw, 2013
  683. Haplochromis gowersii Trewavas, 1928
  684. Haplochromis gracilior Boulenger, 1914
  685. Haplochromis granti Boulenger, 1906
  686. Haplochromis graueri Boulenger, 1914
  687. Haplochromis greenwoodi (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  688. Haplochromis guiarti (Pellegrin, 1904)
  689. Haplochromis harpakteridion van Oijen, 1991
  690. Haplochromis heusinkveldi Witte & Witte-Maas, 1987
  691. Haplochromis hiatus Hoogerhoud & Witte, 1981
  692. Haplochromis howesi van Oijen, 1992
  693. Haplochromis humilior (Boulenger, 1911)
  694. Haplochromis humilis (Steindachner, 1866)
  695. Haplochromis igneopinnis (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)
  696. Haplochromis insidiae Snoeks, 1994
  697. Haplochromis iris Hoogerhoud & Witte, 1981
  698. Haplochromis ishmaeli Boulenger, 1906
  699. Haplochromis kamiranzovu Snoeks, Coenen & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1984
  700. Haplochromis katavi Seegers, 1996
  701. Haplochromis katonga Schraml & Tichy, 2010
  702. Haplochromis katunzii ter Huurne & Witte, 2010
  703. Haplochromis kujunjui van Oijen, 1991
  704. Haplochromis labiatus Trewavas, 1933
  705. Haplochromis labriformis (Nichols & La Monte, 1938)
  706. Haplochromis lacrimosus (Boulenger, 1906)
  707. Haplochromis laparogramma Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  708. Haplochromis latifasciatus Regan, 1929
  709. Haplochromis limax Trewavas, 1933
  710. Haplochromis lividus Greenwood, 1956
  711. Haplochromis loati Greenwood, 1971
  712. Haplochromis longirostris (Hilgendorf, 1888)
  713. Haplochromis luteus (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  714. Haplochromis macconneli Greenwood, 1974
  715. Haplochromis macrocephalus (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  716. Haplochromis macrognathus Regan, 1922
  717. Haplochromis macrops (Boulenger, 1911)
  718. Haplochromis macropsoides Greenwood, 1973
  719. Haplochromis maculipinna (Pellegrin, 1913)
  720. Haplochromis mahagiensis David & Poll, 1937
  721. Haplochromis maisomei van Oijen, 1991
  722. Haplochromis malacophagus Poll & Damas, 1939
  723. Haplochromis mandibularis Greenwood, 1962
  724. Haplochromis martini (Boulenger, 1906)
  725. Haplochromis maxillaris Trewavas, 1928
  726. Haplochromis mbipi (Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998)
  727. Haplochromis megalops Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  728. Haplochromis melanopterus Trewavas, 1928
  729. Haplochromis melanopus Regan, 1922
  730. Haplochromis melichrous Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  731. Haplochromis mentatus Regan, 1925
  732. Haplochromis mento Regan, 1922
  733. Haplochromis michaeli Trewavas, 1928
  734. Haplochromis microchrysomelas Snoeks, 1994
  735. Haplochromis microdon (Boulenger, 1906)
  736. Haplochromis multiocellatus (Boulenger, 1913)
  737. Haplochromis mylergates Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  738. Haplochromis mylodon Greenwood, 1973
  739. Haplochromis nanoserranus Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  740. Haplochromis nigrescens (Pellegrin, 1909)
  741. Haplochromis nigricans (Boulenger, 1906)
  742. Haplochromis nigripinnis Regan, 1921
  743. Haplochromis nigroides (Pellegrin, 1928)
  744. Haplochromis niloticus Greenwood, 1960
  745. Haplochromis nubilus (Boulenger, 1906)
  746. Haplochromis nuchisquamulatus (Hilgendorf, 1888)
  747. Haplochromis nyanzae Greenwood, 1962
  748. Haplochromis nyererei Witte-Maas & Witte, 1985
  749. Haplochromis obesus (Boulenger, 1906)
  750. Haplochromis obliquidens (Hilgendorf, 1888)
  751. Haplochromis obtusidens Trewavas, 1928
  752. Haplochromis occultidens Snoeks, 1988
  753. Haplochromis oligolepis Lippitsch, 2003
  754. Haplochromis olivaceus Snoeks, de Vos, Coenen & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1990
  755. Haplochromis omnicaeruleus (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  756. Haplochromis oregosoma Greenwood, 1973
  757. Haplochromis orthostoma Regan, 1922
  758. Haplochromis pachycephalus Greenwood, 1967
  759. Haplochromis pallidus (Boulenger, 1911)
  760. Haplochromis paludinosus (Greenwood, 1980)
  761. Haplochromis pancitrinus Mietes & Witte, 2010
  762. Haplochromis pappenheimi (Boulenger, 1914)
  763. Haplochromis paradoxus (Lippitsch & Kaufman, 2003)
  764. Haplochromis paraguiarti Greenwood, 1967
  765. Haplochromis paraplagiostoma Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  766. Haplochromis paropius Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  767. Haplochromis parorthostoma Greenwood, 1967
  768. Haplochromis parvidens (Boulenger, 1911)
  769. Haplochromis paucidens Regan, 1921
  770. Haplochromis pellegrini Regan, 1922
  771. Haplochromis percoides Boulenger, 1906
  772. Haplochromis perrieri (Pellegrin, 1909)
  773. Haplochromis petronius Greenwood, 1973
  774. Haplochromis pharyngalis Poll & Damas, 1939
  775. Haplochromis pharyngomylus Regan, 1929
  776. Haplochromis phytophagus Greenwood, 1966
  777. Haplochromis piceatus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  778. Haplochromis pitmani Fowler, 1936
  779. Haplochromis placodus Poll & Damas, 1939
  780. Haplochromis plagiodon Regan & Trewavas, 1928
  781. Haplochromis plagiostoma Regan, 1922
  782. Haplochromis plutonius Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  783. Haplochromis prodromus Trewavas, 1935
  784. Haplochromis prognathus (Pellegrin, 1904)
  785. Haplochromis pseudopellegrini Greenwood, 1967
  786. Haplochromis ptistes Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  787. Haplochromis pundamilia (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  788. Haplochromis pyrrhocephalus Witte & Witte-Maas, 1987
  789. Haplochromis pyrrhopteryx van Oijen, 1991
  790. Haplochromis retrodens (Hilgendorf, 1888)
  791. Haplochromis riponianus (Boulenger, 1911)
  792. Haplochromis rubescens Snoeks, 1994
  793. Haplochromis rubripinnis (Seehausen, Lippitsch & Bouton, 1998)
  794. Haplochromis rudolfianus Trewavas, 1933
  795. Haplochromis rufocaudalis (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  796. Haplochromis rufus (Seehausen & Lippitsch, 1998)
  797. Haplochromis sauvagei (Pfeffer, 1896)
  798. Haplochromis saxicola Greenwood, 1960
  799. Haplochromis scheffersi Snoeks, De Vos & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1987
  800. Haplochromis schubotzi Boulenger, 1914
  801. Haplochromis schubotziellus Greenwood, 1973
  802. Haplochromis serranus (Pfeffer, 1896)
  803. Haplochromis serridens Regan, 1925
  804. Haplochromis simotes (Boulenger, 1911)
  805. Haplochromis simpsoni Greenwood, 1965
  806. Haplochromis smithii (Castelnau, 1861)
  807. Haplochromis snoeksi Wamuini Lunkayilakio & Vreven, 2010
  808. Haplochromis spekii (Boulenger, 1906)
  809. Haplochromis sphex ter Huurne & Witte, 2010
  810. Haplochromis squamipinnis Regan, 1921
  811. Haplochromis squamulatus Regan, 1922
  812. Haplochromis sulphureus Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  813. Haplochromis tanaos van Oijen & Witte, 1996
  814. Haplochromis taurinus Trewavas, 1933
  815. Haplochromis teegelaari Greenwood & Barel, 1978
  816. Haplochromis teunisrasi Witte & Witte-Maas, 1981
  817. Haplochromis theliodon Greenwood, 1960
  818. Haplochromis thereuterion van Oijen & Witte, 1996
  819. Haplochromis thuragnathus Greenwood, 1967
  820. Haplochromis tridens Regan & Trewavas, 1928
  821. Haplochromis turkanae Greenwood, 1974
  822. Haplochromis tyrianthinus Greenwood & Gee, 1969
  823. Haplochromis ushindi Van Oijen, 2004
  824. Haplochromis vanoijeni de Zeeuw & Witte, 2010
  825. Haplochromis velifer Trewavas, 1933
  826. Haplochromis venator Greenwood, 1965
  827. Haplochromis vicarius Trewavas, 1933
  828. Haplochromis victoriae (Greenwood, 1956)
  829. Haplochromis victorianus (Pellegrin, 1904)
  830. Haplochromis vittatus (Boulenger, 1901)
  831. Haplochromis vonlinnei van Oijen & de Zeeuw, 2008
  832. Haplochromis welcommei Greenwood, 1966
  833. Haplochromis worthingtoni Regan, 1929
  834. Haplochromis xanthopteryx (Seehausen & Bouton, 1998)
  835. Haplochromis xenognathus Greenwood, 1957
  836. Haplochromis xenostoma Regan, 1922
  837. Haplotaxodon microlepis Boulenger, 1906
  838. Haplotaxodon trifasciatus Takahashi & Nakaya, 1999
  839. Hemibates stenosoma (Boulenger, 1901)
  840. Hemichromis angolensis Steindachner, 1865
  841. Hemichromis bimaculatus Gill, 1862
  842. Hemichromis cerasogaster (Boulenger, 1899)
  843. Hemichromis elongatus (Guichenot, 1861)
  844. Hemichromis exsul (Trewavas, 1933)
  845. Hemichromis fasciatus Peters, 1857
  846. Hemichromis frempongi Loiselle, 1979
  847. Hemichromis guttatus Günther, 1862
  848. Hemichromis letourneuxi Sauvage, 1880
  849. Hemichromis lifalili Loiselle, 1979
  850. Hemichromis stellifer Loiselle, 1979
  851. Hemitaeniochromis brachyrhynchus Oliver, 2012
  852. Hemitaeniochromis urotaenia (Regan, 1922)
  853. Hemitilapia oxyrhyncha Boulenger, 1902
  854. Herichthys bartoni (Bean, 1892)
  855. Herichthys carpintis (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
  856. Herichthys cyanoguttatus Baird & Girard, 1854
  857. Herichthys deppii (Heckel, 1840)
  858. Herichthys labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)
  859. Herichthys minckleyi (Kornfield & Taylor, 1983)
  860. Herichthys pantostictus (Taylor & Miller, 1983)
  861. Herichthys steindachneri (Jordan & Snyder, 1899)
  862. Herichthys tamasopoensis Artigas Azas, 1993
  863. Heroina isonycterina Kullander, 1996
  864. Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840
  865. Heros notatus (Jardine, 1843)
  866. Heros severus Heckel, 1840
  867. Heros spurius Heckel, 1840
  868. Heterochromis multidens (Pellegrin, 1900)
  869. Hoplarchus psittacus (Heckel, 1840)
  870. Hypselecara coryphaenoides (Heckel, 1840)
  871. Hypselecara temporalis (Günther, 1862)
  872. Hypsophrys nematopus (Günther, 1867)
  873. Hypsophrys nicaraguensis (Günther, 1864)
  874. Interochromis loocki (Poll, 1949)
  875. Iodotropheus declivitas Stauffer, 1994
  876. Iodotropheus sprengerae Oliver & Loiselle, 1972
  877. Iodotropheus stuartgranti Konings, 1990
  878. Iranocichla hormuzensis Coad, 1982
  879. Julidochromis dickfeldi Staeck, 1975
  880. Julidochromis marlieri Poll, 1956
  881. Julidochromis ornatus Boulenger, 1898
  882. Julidochromis regani Poll, 1942
  883. Julidochromis transcriptus Matthes, 1959
  884. Katria katria (Reinthal & Stiassny, 1997)
  885. Konia dikume Trewavas, 1972 Dikume
  886. Konia eisentrauti (Trewavas, 1962)
  887. Krobia guianensis (Regan, 1905)
  888. Krobia itanyi (Puyo, 1943)
  889. Krobia petitella Steele, Liverpool & López-Fernández, 2013
  890. Krobia xinguensis Kullander, 2012
  891. Labeotropheus fuelleborni Ahl, 1926
  892. Labeotropheus trewavasae Fryer, 1956
  893. Labidochromis caeruleus Fryer, 1956
  894. Labidochromis chisumulae Lewis, 1982
  895. Labidochromis flavigulis Lewis, 1982
  896. Labidochromis freibergi Johnson, 1974
  897. Labidochromis gigas Lewis, 1982
  898. Labidochromis heterodon Lewis, 1982
  899. Labidochromis ianthinus Lewis, 1982
  900. Labidochromis lividus Lewis, 1982
  901. Labidochromis maculicauda Lewis, 1982
  902. Labidochromis mathotho Burgess & Axelrod, 1976
  903. Labidochromis mbenjii Lewis, 1982
  904. Labidochromis mylodon Lewis, 1982
  905. Labidochromis pallidus Lewis, 1982
  906. Labidochromis shiranus Lewis, 1982
  907. Labidochromis strigatus Lewis, 1982
  908. Labidochromis textilis Oliver, 1975
  909. Labidochromis vellicans Trewavas, 1935
  910. Labidochromis zebroides Lewis, 1982
  911. Laetacara araguaiae Ottoni & Costa, 2009
  912. Laetacara curviceps (Ahl, 1923)
  913. Laetacara dorsigera (Heckel, 1840)
  914. Laetacara flamannellus Ottoni, Bragança, Amorim & Gama, 2012
  915. Laetacara flavilabris (Cope, 1870)
  916. Laetacara fulvipinnis Staeck & Schindler, 2007
  917. Laetacara thayeri (Steindachner, 1875)
  918. Lamprologus callipterus Boulenger, 1906
  919. Lamprologus congoensis Schilthuis, 1891
  920. Lamprologus finalimus Nichols & La Monte, 1931
  921. Lamprologus kungweensis Poll, 1956
  922. Lamprologus laparogramma Bills & Ribbink, 1997
  923. Lamprologus lemairii Boulenger, 1899
  924. Lamprologus lethops Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  925. Lamprologus meleagris Büscher, 1991
  926. Lamprologus mocquardi Pellegrin, 1903
  927. Lamprologus ocellatus (Steindachner, 1909)
  928. Lamprologus ornatipinnis Poll, 1949
  929. Lamprologus signatus Poll, 1952
  930. Lamprologus speciosus Büscher, 1991
  931. Lamprologus stappersi Pellegrin, 1927
  932. Lamprologus symoensi Poll, 1976
  933. Lamprologus teugelsi Schelly & Stiassny, 2004
  934. Lamprologus tigripictilis Schelly & Stiassny, 2004
  935. Lamprologus tumbanus Boulenger, 1899
  936. Lamprologus werneri Poll, 1959
  937. Lepidiolamprologus attenuatus (Steindachner, 1909)
  938. Lepidiolamprologus cunningtoni (Boulenger, 1906)
  939. Lepidiolamprologus elongatus (Boulenger, 1898)
  940. Lepidiolamprologus kamambae Kullander, Karlsson & Karlsson, 2012
  941. Lepidiolamprologus kendalli (Poll & Stewart, 1977)
  942. Lepidiolamprologus mimicus Schelly, Takahashi, Bills & Hori, 2007
  943. Lepidiolamprologus profundicola (Poll, 1949)
  944. Lestradea perspicax Poll, 1943
  945. Lestradea stappersii (Poll, 1943)
  946. Lethrinops albus Regan, 1922
  947. Lethrinops altus Trewavas, 1931
  948. Lethrinops argenteus Ahl, 1926
  949. Lethrinops auritus (Regan, 1922)
  950. Lethrinops christyi Trewavas, 1931
  951. Lethrinops furcifer Trewavas, 1931
  952. Lethrinops gossei Burgess & Axelrod, 1973
  953. Lethrinops leptodon Regan, 1922
  954. Lethrinops lethrinus (Günther, 1894)
  955. Lethrinops longimanus Trewavas, 1931
  956. Lethrinops longipinnis Eccles & Lewis, 1978
  957. Lethrinops lunaris Trewavas, 1931
  958. Lethrinops macracanthus Trewavas, 1931
  959. Lethrinops macrochir (Regan, 1922)
  960. Lethrinops macrophthalmus (Boulenger, 1908)
  961. Lethrinops marginatus Ahl, 1926
  962. Lethrinops micrentodon (Regan, 1922)
  963. Lethrinops microdon Eccles & Lewis, 1977
  964. Lethrinops microstoma Trewavas, 1931
  965. Lethrinops mylodon Eccles & Lewis, 1979
  966. Lethrinops oculatus Trewavas, 1931
  967. Lethrinops parvidens Trewavas, 1931
  968. Lethrinops stridei Eccles & Lewis, 1977
  969. Lethrinops turneri Ngatunga & Snoeks, 2003
  970. Lichnochromis acuticeps Trewavas, 1935
  971. Limbochromis robertsi (Thys van den Audenaerde & Loiselle, 1971)
  972. Limnochromis abeelei Poll, 1949
  973. Limnochromis auritus (Boulenger, 1901)
  974. Limnochromis staneri Poll, 1949
  975. Limnotilapia dardennii (Boulenger, 1899)
  976. Lobochilotes labiatus (Boulenger, 1898)
  977. Maylandia aurora (Burgess, 1976)
  978. Maylandia barlowi (Mckaye & Stauffer, 1986)
  979. Maylandia benetos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  980. Maylandia callainos (Stauffer & Hert, 1992)
  981. Maylandia chrysomallos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  982. Maylandia cyneusmarginata (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  983. Maylandia elegans (Trewavas, 1935)
  984. Maylandia emmiltos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  985. Maylandia estherae (Konings, 1995)
  986. Maylandia flavifemina (Konings & Stauffer, 2006)
  987. Maylandia glaucos (Ciccotto, Konings & Stauffer, 2011)
  988. Maylandia greshakei (Meyer & Förster, 1984)
  989. Maylandia hajomaylandi (Meyer & Schartl, 1984)
  990. Maylandia heteropicta (Staeck, 1980)
  991. Maylandia lanisticola (Burgess, 1976)
  992. Maylandia livingstonii (Boulenger, 1899)
  993. Maylandia lombardoi (Burgess, 1977)
  994. Maylandia mbenjii (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  995. Maylandia melabranchion (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  996. Maylandia mossambica (Ciccotto, Konings & Stauffer, 2011)
  997. Maylandia nkhunguensis (Ciccotto, Konings & Stauffer, 2011)
  998. Maylandia phaeos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  999. Maylandia pursa (Stauffer, 1991)
  1000. Maylandia pyrsonotos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  1001. Maylandia sandaracinos (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  1002. Maylandia sciasma (Ciccotto, Konings & Stauffer, 2011)
  1003. Maylandia thapsinogen (Stauffer, Bowers, Kellogg & McKaye, 1997)
  1004. Maylandia xanstomachus (Stauffer & Boltz, 1989)
  1005. Maylandia xanthos (Ciccotto, Konings & Stauffer, 2011)
  1006. Maylandia zebra (Boulenger, 1899)
  1007. Mazarunia charadrica López-Fernández, Taphorn B. & Liverpool, 2012
  1008. Mazarunia mazarunii Kullander, 1990
  1009. Mazarunia pala López-Fernández, Taphorn B. & Liverpool, 2012
  1010. Mchenga conophoros (Stauffer, LoVullo & McKaye, 1993)
  1011. Mchenga cyclicos (Stauffer, LoVullo & McKaye, 1993)
  1012. Mchenga eucinostomus (Regan, 1922)
  1013. Mchenga flavimanus (Iles, 1960)
  1014. Mchenga inornata (Boulenger, 1908)
  1015. Mchenga thinos (Stauffer, LoVullo & McKaye, 1993)
  1016. Melanochromis auratus (Boulenger, 1897)
  1017. Melanochromis baliodigma Bowers & Stauffer, 1997
  1018. Melanochromis chipokae Johnson, 1975
  1019. Melanochromis dialeptos Bowers & Stauffer, 1997
  1020. Melanochromis heterochromis Bowers & Stauffer, 1993
  1021. Melanochromis kaskazini Konings-Dudin, Konings & Stauffer, 2009
  1022. Melanochromis lepidiadaptes Bowers & Stauffer, 1997
  1023. Melanochromis loriae Johnson, 1975
  1024. Melanochromis melanopterus Trewavas, 1935
  1025. Melanochromis mossambiquensis Konings-Dudin, Konings & Stauffer, 2009
  1026. Melanochromis mpoto Konings & Stauffer, 2012
  1027. Melanochromis robustus Johnson, 1985
  1028. Melanochromis simulans Eccles, 1973
  1029. Melanochromis vermivorus Trewavas, 1935
  1030. Melanochromis wochepa Konings-Dudin, Konings & Stauffer, 2009
  1031. Mesonauta acora (Castelnau, 1855)
  1032. Mesonauta egregius Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991
  1033. Mesonauta festivus (Heckel, 1840)
  1034. Mesonauta guyanae Schindler, 1998
  1035. Mesonauta insignis (Heckel, 1840)
  1036. Mesonauta mirificus Kullander & Silfvergrip, 1991
  1037. Microchromis aurifrons Tawil, 2011
  1038. Microchromis zebroides Johnson, 1975
  1039. Mikrogeophagus altispinosus (Haseman, 1911)
  1040. Mikrogeophagus ramirezi (Myers & Harry, 1948)
  1041. Myaka myaka Trewavas, 1972
  1042. Mylochromis anaphyrmus (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
  1043. Mylochromis balteatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1044. Mylochromis chekopae Turner & Howarth, 2001
  1045. Mylochromis ensatus Turner & Howarth, 2001
  1046. Mylochromis epichorialis (Trewavas, 1935)
  1047. Mylochromis ericotaenia (Regan, 1922)
  1048. Mylochromis formosus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1049. Mylochromis gracilis (Trewavas, 1935)
  1050. Mylochromis guentheri (Regan, 1922)
  1051. Mylochromis incola (Trewavas, 1935)
  1052. Mylochromis labidodon (Trewavas, 1935)
  1053. Mylochromis lateristriga (Günther, 1864)
  1054. Mylochromis melanonotus (Regan, 1922)
  1055. Mylochromis melanotaenia (Regan, 1922)
  1056. Mylochromis mola (Trewavas, 1935)
  1057. Mylochromis mollis (Trewavas, 1935)
  1058. Mylochromis obtusus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1059. Mylochromis plagiotaenia (Regan, 1922)
  1060. Mylochromis semipalatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1061. Mylochromis sphaerodon (Regan, 1922)
  1062. Mylochromis spilostichus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1063. Naevochromis chrysogaster (Trewavas, 1935)
  1064. Nandopsis haitiensis (Tee-Van, 1935)
  1065. Nandopsis ramsdeni (Fowler, 1938)
  1066. Nandopsis tetracanthus (Valenciennes, 1831)
  1067. Nannacara adoketa Kullander & Prada-Pedreros, 1993
  1068. Nannacara anomala Regan, 1905
  1069. Nannacara aureocephalus Allgayer, 1983
  1070. Nannacara bimaculata Eigenmann, 1912
  1071. Nannacara quadrispinae Staeck & Schindler, 2004
  1072. Nannacara taenia Regan, 1912
  1073. Nanochromis consortus Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1074. Nanochromis minor Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1075. Nanochromis nudiceps (Boulenger, 1899)
  1076. Nanochromis parilus Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1077. Nanochromis splendens Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1078. Nanochromis teugelsi Lamboj & Schelly, 2006
  1079. Nanochromis transvestitus Stewart & Roberts, 1984
  1080. Nanochromis wickleri Schliewen & Stiassny, 2006
  1081. Neolamprologus bifasciatus Büscher, 1993
  1082. Neolamprologus boulengeri (Steindachner, 1909)
  1083. Neolamprologus brevis (Boulenger, 1899)
  1084. Neolamprologus brichardi (Poll, 1974)
  1085. Neolamprologus buescheri (Staeck, 1983)
  1086. Neolamprologus cancellatus Aibara, Takahashi & Nakaya, 2005
  1087. Neolamprologus caudopunctatus (Poll, 1978)
  1088. Neolamprologus chitamwebwai Verburg & Bills, 2007
  1089. Neolamprologus christyi (Trewavas & Poll, 1952)
  1090. Neolamprologus crassus (Brichard, 1989)
  1091. Neolamprologus cylindricus Staeck & Seegers, 1986
  1092. Neolamprologus devosi Schelly, Stiassny & Seegers, 2003
  1093. Neolamprologus falcicula (Brichard, 1989)
  1094. Neolamprologus fasciatus (Boulenger, 1898)
  1095. Neolamprologus furcifer (Boulenger, 1898)
  1096. Neolamprologus gracilis (Brichard, 1989)
  1097. Neolamprologus hecqui (Boulenger, 1899)
  1098. Neolamprologus helianthus Büscher, 1997
  1099. Neolamprologus leleupi (Poll, 1956)
  1100. Neolamprologus leloupi (Poll, 1948)
  1101. Neolamprologus longicaudatus Nakaya & Gashagaza, 1995
  1102. Neolamprologus longior (Staeck, 1980)
  1103. Neolamprologus marunguensis Büscher, 1989
  1104. Neolamprologus meeli (Poll, 1948)
  1105. Neolamprologus modestus (Boulenger, 1898)
  1106. Neolamprologus mondabu (Boulenger, 1906)
  1107. Neolamprologus multifasciatus (Boulenger, 1906)
  1108. Neolamprologus mustax (Poll, 1978)
  1109. Neolamprologus niger (Poll, 1956)
  1110. Neolamprologus nigriventris Büscher, 1992
  1111. Neolamprologus obscurus (Poll, 1978)
  1112. Neolamprologus olivaceous (Brichard, 1989)
  1113. Neolamprologus pectoralis Büscher, 1991
  1114. Neolamprologus petricola (Poll, 1949)
  1115. Neolamprologus pleuromaculatus (Trewavas & Poll, 1952)
  1116. Neolamprologus prochilus (Bailey & Stewart, 1977)
  1117. Neolamprologus pulcher (Trewavas & Poll, 1952)
  1118. Neolamprologus savoryi (Poll, 1949)
  1119. Neolamprologus schreyeni (Poll, 1974)
  1120. Neolamprologus sexfasciatus (Trewavas & Poll, 1952)
  1121. Neolamprologus similis Büscher, 1992
  1122. Neolamprologus splendens (Brichard, 1989)
  1123. Neolamprologus tetracanthus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1124. Neolamprologus toae (Poll, 1949)
  1125. Neolamprologus tretocephalus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1126. Neolamprologus variostigma Büscher, 1995
  1127. Neolamprologus ventralis Büscher, 1995
  1128. Neolamprologus walteri Verburg & Bills, 2007
  1129. Neolamprologus wauthioni (Poll, 1949)
  1130. Nimbochromis fuscotaeniatus (Regan, 1922)
  1131. Nimbochromis linni (Burgess & Axelrod, 1975)
  1132. Nimbochromis livingstonii (Günther, 1894)
  1133. Nimbochromis polystigma (Regan, 1922)
  1134. Nimbochromis venustus (Boulenger, 1908)
  1135. Nyassachromis boadzulu (Iles, 1960)
  1136. Nyassachromis breviceps (Regan, 1922)
  1137. Nyassachromis leuciscus (Regan, 1922)
  1138. Nyassachromis microcephalus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1139. Nyassachromis nigritaeniatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1140. Nyassachromis prostoma (Trewavas, 1935)
  1141. Nyassachromis purpurans (Trewavas, 1935)
  1142. Nyassachromis serenus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1143. Ophthalmotilapia boops (Boulenger, 1901)
  1144. Ophthalmotilapia heterodonta (Poll & Matthes, 1962)
  1145. Ophthalmotilapia nasuta (Poll & Matthes, 1962)
  1146. Ophthalmotilapia ventralis (Boulenger, 1898)
  1147. Oreochromis amphimelas (Hilgendorf, 1905)
  1148. Oreochromis andersonii (Castelnau, 1861)
  1149. Oreochromis angolensis (Trewavas, 1973)
  1150. Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864)
  1151. Oreochromis chungruruensis (Ahl, 1924)
  1152. Oreochromis esculentus (Graham, 1928)
  1153. Oreochromis hunteri Günther, 1889
  1154. Oreochromis ismailiaensis Mekkawy, 1995
  1155. Oreochromis jipe (Lowe, 1955)
  1156. Oreochromis karomo (Poll, 1948)
  1157. Oreochromis karongae (Trewavas, 1941)
  1158. Oreochromis korogwe (Lowe, 1955)
  1159. Oreochromis lepidurus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1160. Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933)
  1161. Oreochromis lidole (Trewavas, 1941)
  1162. Oreochromis macrochir (Boulenger, 1912)
  1163. Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas, 1966)
  1164. Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)
  1165. Oreochromis mweruensis Trewavas, 1983
  1166. Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  1167. Oreochromis placidus (Trewavas, 1941)
  1168. Oreochromis rukwaensis (Hilgendorf & Pappenheim, 1903)
  1169. Oreochromis saka (Lowe, 1953)
  1170. Oreochromis salinicola (Poll, 1948)
  1171. Oreochromis schwebischi (Sauvage, 1884)
  1172. Oreochromis shiranus Boulenger, 1897
  1173. Oreochromis spilurus (Günther, 1894)
  1174. Oreochromis squamipinnis (Günther, 1864)
  1175. Oreochromis tanganicae (Günther, 1894)
  1176. Oreochromis upembae (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1964)
  1177. Oreochromis urolepis (Norman, 1922) Wami tilapia
  1178. Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger, 1906)
  1179. Orthochromis kalungwishiensis (Greenwood & Kullander, 1994)
  1180. Orthochromis kasuluensis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1181. Orthochromis luichensis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1182. Orthochromis luongoensis (Greenwood & Kullander, 1994)
  1183. Orthochromis machadoi (Poll, 1967)
  1184. Orthochromis malagaraziensis (David, 1937)
  1185. Orthochromis mazimeroensis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1186. Orthochromis mosoensis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1187. Orthochromis polyacanthus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1188. Orthochromis rubrolabialis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1189. Orthochromis rugufuensis De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1190. Orthochromis stormsi (Boulenger, 1902)
  1191. Orthochromis torrenticola (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1963)
  1192. Orthochromis uvinzae De Vos & Seegers, 1998
  1193. Otopharynx antron Cleaver, Konings & Stauffer, 2009
  1194. Otopharynx argyrosoma (Regan, 1922)
  1195. Otopharynx auromarginatus (Boulenger, 1908)
  1196. Otopharynx brooksi Oliver, 1989
  1197. Otopharynx decorus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1198. Otopharynx heterodon (Trewavas, 1935)
  1199. Otopharynx lithobates Oliver, 1989
  1200. Otopharynx ovatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1201. Otopharynx pachycheilus Arnegard & Snoeks, 2001
  1202. Otopharynx selenurus Regan, 1922
  1203. Otopharynx speciosus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1204. Otopharynx spelaeotes Cleaver, Konings & Stauffer, 2009
  1205. Otopharynx tetraspilus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1206. Otopharynx tetrastigma (Günther, 1894)
  1207. Oxylapia polli Kiener & Maugé, 1966
  1208. Pallidochromis tokolosh Turner, 1994
  1209. Parachromis dovii (Günther, 1864)
  1210. Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840)
  1211. Parachromis loisellei (Bussing, 1989)
  1212. Parachromis managuensis (Günther, 1867)
  1213. Parachromis motaguensis (Günther, 1867)
  1214. Paracyprichromis brieni (Poll, 1981)
  1215. Paracyprichromis nigripinnis (Boulenger, 1901)
  1216. Parananochromis axelrodi Lamboj & Stiassny, 2003
  1217. Parananochromis brevirostris Lamboj & Stiassny, 2003
  1218. Parananochromis caudifasciatus (Boulenger, 1913)
  1219. Parananochromis gabonicus (Trewavas, 1975)
  1220. Parananochromis longirostris (Boulenger, 1903)
  1221. Parananochromis ornatus Lamboj & Stiassny, 2003
  1222. Paraneetroplus argenteus (Allgayer, 1991)
  1223. Paraneetroplus bifasciatus (Steindachner, 1864)
  1224. Paraneetroplus breidohri (Werner & Stawikowski, 1987)
  1225. Paraneetroplus bulleri Regan, 1905
  1226. Paraneetroplus fenestratus (Günther, 1860)
  1227. Paraneetroplus gibbiceps (Steindachner, 1864)
  1228. Paraneetroplus guttulatus (Günther, 1864)
  1229. Paraneetroplus hartwegi (Taylor & Miller, 1980)
  1230. Paraneetroplus maculicauda (Regan, 1905)
  1231. Paraneetroplus melanurus (Günther, 1862)
  1232. Paraneetroplus nebuliferus (Günther, 1860)
  1233. Paraneetroplus regani (Miller, 1974)
  1234. Paraneetroplus synspilus (Hubbs, 1935)
  1235. Paraneetroplus zonatus (Meek, 1905)
  1236. Paratilapia polleni Bleeker, 1868
  1237. Paratilapia toddi Boulenger, 1905
  1238. Paretroplus dambabe Sparks, 2002
  1239. Paretroplus damii Bleeker, 1868
  1240. Paretroplus gymnopreopercularis Sparks, 2008
  1241. Paretroplus kieneri Arnoult, 1960
  1242. Paretroplus lamenabe Sparks, 2008
  1243. Paretroplus loisellei Sparks & Schelly, 2011
  1244. Paretroplus maculatus Kiener & Maugé, 1966
  1245. Paretroplus maromandia Sparks & Reinthal, 1999
  1246. Paretroplus menarambo Allgayer, 1996
  1247. Paretroplus nourissati (Allgayer, 1998)
  1248. Paretroplus petiti Pellegrin, 1929
  1249. Paretroplus polyactis Bleeker, 1878
  1250. Paretroplus tsimoly Stiassny, Chakrabarty & Loiselle, 2001
  1251. Pelmatochromis buettikoferi (Steindachner, 1894)
  1252. Pelmatochromis nigrofasciatus (Pellegrin, 1900)
  1253. Pelmatochromis ocellifer Boulenger, 1899
  1254. Pelvicachromis humilis (Boulenger, 1916)
  1255. Pelvicachromis pulcher (Boulenger, 1901)
  1256. Pelvicachromis roloffi (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968)
  1257. Pelvicachromis rubrolabiatus Lamboj, 2004
  1258. Pelvicachromis signatus Lamboj, 2004
  1259. Pelvicachromis silviae Lamboj, 2013
  1260. Pelvicachromis subocellatus (Günther, 1872)
  1261. Pelvicachromis taeniatus (Boulenger, 1901)
  1262. Perissodus eccentricus Liem & Stewart, 1976
  1263. Perissodus microlepis Boulenger, 1898
  1264. Petenia splendida Günther, 1862
  1265. Petrochromis ephippium Brichard, 1989
  1266. Petrochromis famula Matthes & Trewavas, 1960
  1267. Petrochromis fasciolatus Boulenger, 1914
  1268. Petrochromis macrognathus Yamaoka, 1983
  1269. Petrochromis orthognathus Matthes, 1959
  1270. Petrochromis polyodon Boulenger, 1898
  1271. Petrochromis trewavasae Poll, 1948
  1272. Petrotilapia chrysos Stauffer & van Snik, 1996
  1273. Petrotilapia flaviventris Lundeba, Stauffer & Konings, 2011
  1274. Petrotilapia genalutea Marsh, 1983
  1275. Petrotilapia microgalana Ruffing, Lambert & Stauffer, 2006
  1276. Petrotilapia mumboensis Lundeba, Stauffer & Konings, 2011
  1277. Petrotilapia nigra Marsh, 1983
  1278. Petrotilapia palingnathos Lundeba, Stauffer & Konings, 2011
  1279. Petrotilapia pyroscelos Lundeba, Stauffer & Konings, 2011
  1280. Petrotilapia tridentiger Trewavas, 1935
  1281. Petrotilapia xanthos Lundeba, Stauffer & Konings, 2011
  1282. Pharyngochromis acuticeps (Steindachner, 1866)
  1283. Pharyngochromis darlingi (Boulenger, 1911)
  1284. Placidochromis acuticeps Hanssens, 2004
  1285. Placidochromis acutirostris Hanssens, 2004
  1286. Placidochromis argyrogaster Hanssens, 2004
  1287. Placidochromis boops Hanssens, 2004
  1288. Placidochromis borealis Hanssens, 2004
  1289. Placidochromis chilolae Hanssens, 2004
  1290. Placidochromis communis Hanssens, 2004
  1291. Placidochromis domirae Hanssens, 2004
  1292. Placidochromis ecclesi Hanssens, 2004
  1293. Placidochromis electra (Burgess, 1979)
  1294. Placidochromis elongatus Hanssens, 2004
  1295. Placidochromis fuscus Hanssens, 2004
  1296. Placidochromis hennydaviesae (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
  1297. Placidochromis intermedius Hanssens, 2004
  1298. Placidochromis johnstoni (Günther, 1894)
  1299. Placidochromis koningsi Hanssens, 2004
  1300. Placidochromis lineatus Hanssens, 2004
  1301. Placidochromis longimanus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1302. Placidochromis longirostris Hanssens, 2004
  1303. Placidochromis longusHanssens, 2004
  1304. Placidochromis lukomae Hanssens, 2004
  1305. Placidochromis macroceps Hanssens, 2004
  1306. Placidochromis macrognathus Hanssens, 2004
  1307. Placidochromis mbunoides Hanssens, 2004
  1308. Placidochromis milomo Oliver, 1989
  1309. Placidochromis minor Hanssens, 2004
  1310. Placidochromis minutus Hanssens, 2004
  1311. Placidochromis msakae Hanssens, 2004
  1312. Placidochromis nigribarbis Hanssens, 2004
  1313. Placidochromis nkhatae Hanssens, 2004
  1314. Placidochromis nkhotakotae Hanssens, 2004
  1315. Placidochromis obscurus Hanssens, 2004
  1316. Placidochromis ordinarius Hanssens, 2004
  1317. Placidochromis orthognathus Hanssens, 2004
  1318. Placidochromis pallidus Hanssens, 2004
  1319. Placidochromis phenochilus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1320. Placidochromis platyrhynchos Hanssens, 2004
  1321. Placidochromis polli (Burgess & Axelrod, 1973)
  1322. Placidochromis rotundifrons Hanssens, 2004
  1323. Placidochromis subocularis (Günther, 1894)
  1324. Placidochromis trewavasae Hanssens, 2004
  1325. Placidochromis turneri Hanssens, 2004
  1326. Placidochromis vulgaris Hanssens, 2004
  1327. Plecodus elaviae Poll, 1949
  1328. Plecodus multidentatus Poll, 1952
  1329. Plecodus paradoxus Boulenger, 1898
  1330. Plecodus straeleni Poll, 1948
  1331. Protomelas annectens (Regan, 1922)
  1332. Protomelas dejunctus Stauffer, 1993
  1333. Protomelas fenestratus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1334. Protomelas insignis (Trewavas, 1935)
  1335. Protomelas kirkii (Günther, 1894)
  1336. Protomelas labridens (Trewavas, 1935)
  1337. Protomelas macrodon Eccles, 1989
  1338. Protomelas marginatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1339. Protomelas pleurotaenia (Boulenger, 1901)
  1340. Protomelas similis (Regan, 1922)
  1341. Protomelas spilonotus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1342. Protomelas spilopterus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1343. Protomelas taeniolatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1344. Protomelas triaenodon (Trewavas, 1935)
  1345. Protomelas virgatus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1346. Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor (Schöller, 1903)
  1347. Pseudocrenilabrus nicholsi (Pellegrin, 1928)
  1348. Pseudocrenilabrus philander (Weber, 1897)
  1349. Pseudosimochromis curvifrons (Poll, 1942)
  1350. Pseudotropheus ater Stauffer, 1988
  1351. Pseudotropheus benetos (Bowers & Stauffer, 1997)
  1352. Pseudotropheus brevis (Trewavas, 1935)
  1353. Pseudotropheus crabro (Ribbink & Lewis, 1982)
  1354. Pseudotropheus cyaneorhabdos (Bowers & Stauffer, 1997)
  1355. Pseudotropheus cyaneus Stauffer, 1988
  1356. Pseudotropheus demasoni Konings, 1994
  1357. Pseudotropheus elongatus Fryer, 1956
  1358. Pseudotropheus fainzilberi Staeck, 1976
  1359. Pseudotropheus flavus Stauffer, 1988
  1360. Pseudotropheus fuscoides Fryer, 1956
  1361. Pseudotropheus fuscus Trewavas, 1935
  1362. Pseudotropheus galanos Stauffer & Kellogg, 2002
  1363. Pseudotropheus interruptus (Johnson, 1975)
  1364. Pseudotropheus joanjohnsonae (Johnson, 1974)
  1365. Pseudotropheus johannii Eccles, 1973
  1366. Pseudotropheus longior Seegers, 1996
  1367. Pseudotropheus minutus Fryer, 1956
  1368. Pseudotropheus perileucos (Bowers & Stauffer, 1997)
  1369. Pseudotropheus perspicax (Trewavas, 1935)
  1370. Pseudotropheus purpuratus Johnson, 1976
  1371. Pseudotropheus saulosi Konings, 1990
  1372. Pseudotropheus socolofi Johnson, 1974
  1373. Pseudotropheus tursiops Burgess & Axelrod, 1975
  1374. Pseudotropheus williamsi (Günther, 1894)
  1375. Pterochromis congicus (Boulenger, 1897)
  1376. Pterophyllum altum Pellegrin, 1903
  1377. Pterophyllum leopoldi (Gosse, 1963)
  1378. Pterophyllum scalare (Schultze, 1823)
  1379. Ptychochromis curvidens Stiassny & Sparks, 2006
  1380. Ptychochromis ernestmagnusi Sparks & Stiassny, 2010
  1381. Ptychochromis grandidieri Sauvage, 1882
  1382. Ptychochromis inornatus Sparks, 2002
  1383. Ptychochromis insolitus Stiassny & Sparks, 2006
  1384. Ptychochromis loisellei Stiassny & Sparks, 2006
  1385. Ptychochromis makira Stiassny & Sparks, 2006
  1386. Ptychochromis oligacanthus (Bleeker, 1868)
  1387. Ptychochromis onilahy Stiassny & Sparks, 2006
  1388. Ptychochromoides betsileanus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1389. Ptychochromoides itasy Sparks, 2004
  1390. Ptychochromoides vondrozo Sparks & Reinthal, 2001
  1391. Pungu maclareni (Trewavas, 1962)
  1392. Reganochromis calliurus (Boulenger, 1901)
  1393. Retroculus lapidifer (Castelnau, 1855)
  1394. Retroculus septentrionalis Gosse, 1971
  1395. Retroculus xinguensis Gosse, 1971
  1396. Rhamphochromis esox (Boulenger, 1908)
  1397. Rhamphochromis ferox Regan, 1922
  1398. Rhamphochromis longiceps (Günther, 1864)
  1399. Rhamphochromis lucius Ahl, 1926
  1400. Rhamphochromis macrophthalmus Regan, 1922
  1401. Rhamphochromis woodi Regan, 1922
  1402. Rocio gemmata Contreras-Balderas & Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  1403. Rocio ocotal Schmitter-Soto, 2007
  1404. Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903)
  1405. Sargochromis carlottae (Boulenger, 1905)
  1406. Sargochromis codringtonii (Boulenger, 1908)
  1407. Sargochromis coulteri (Bell-Cross, 1975)
  1408. Sargochromis giardi (Pellegrin, 1903)
  1409. Sargochromis greenwoodi (Bell-Cross, 1975)
  1410. Sargochromis mellandi (Boulenger, 1905)
  1411. Sargochromis mortimeri (Bell-Cross, 1975)
  1412. Sargochromis thysi (Poll, 1967)
  1413. Sarotherodon caroli (Holly, 1930)
  1414. Sarotherodon caudomarginatus (Boulenger, 1916)
  1415. Sarotherodon galilaeus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  1416. Sarotherodon knauerae Neumann, Stiassny & Schliewen, 2011
  1417. Sarotherodon lamprechti Neumann, Stiassny & Schliewen, 2011
  1418. Sarotherodon linnellii (Lönnberg, 1903)
  1419. Sarotherodon lohbergeri (Holly, 1930)
  1420. Sarotherodon melanotheron Rüppell, 1852
  1421. Sarotherodon mvogoi (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965)
  1422. Sarotherodon nigripinnis (Guichenot, 1861)
  1423. Sarotherodon occidentalis (Daget, 1962)
  1424. Sarotherodon steinbachi (Trewavas, 1962)
  1425. Sarotherodon tournieri (Daget, 1965)
  1426. Satanoperca acuticeps (Heckel, 1840)
  1427. Satanoperca daemon (Heckel, 1840)
  1428. Satanoperca jurupari (Heckel, 1840)
  1429. Satanoperca leucosticta (Müller & Troschel, 1849)
  1430. Satanoperca lilith Kullander & Ferreira, 1988
  1431. Satanoperca mapiritensis (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)
  1432. Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840)
  1433. Satanoperca rhynchitis Kullander, 2012
  1434. Schwetzochromis neodon Poll, 1948
  1435. Sciaenochromis ahli (Trewavas, 1935)
  1436. Sciaenochromis benthicola Konings, 1993
  1437. Sciaenochromis fryeri Konings, 1993
  1438. Sciaenochromis psammophilus Konings, 1993
  1439. Serranochromis altus Winemiller & Kelso-Winemiller, 1991
  1440. Serranochromis angusticeps (Boulenger, 1907)
  1441. Serranochromis jallae (Boulenger, 1896)
  1442. Serranochromis janus Trewavas, 1964
  1443. Serranochromis longimanus (Boulenger, 1911)
  1444. Serranochromis macrocephalus (Boulenger, 1899)
  1445. Serranochromis meridianus Jubb, 1967
  1446. Serranochromis robustus (Günther, 1864)
  1447. Serranochromis spei Trewavas, 1964
  1448. Serranochromis stappersi Trewavas, 1964
  1449. Serranochromis thumbergi (Castelnau, 1861)
  1450. Simochromis babaulti Pellegrin, 1927
  1451. Simochromis diagramma (Günther, 1894)
  1452. Simochromis margaretae Axelrod & Harrison, 1978
  1453. Simochromis marginatus Poll, 1956
  1454. Simochromis pleurospilus Nelissen, 1978
  1455. Spathodus erythrodon Boulenger, 1900
  1456. Spathodus marlieri Poll, 1950
  1457. Steatocranus bleheri Meyer, 1993
  1458. Steatocranus casuarius Poll, 1939
  1459. Steatocranus gibbiceps Boulenger, 1899
  1460. Steatocranus glaber Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1461. Steatocranus irvinei (Trewavas, 1943)
  1462. Steatocranus mpozoensis Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1463. Steatocranus rouxi (Pellegrin, 1928)
  1464. Steatocranus tinanti (Poll, 1939)
  1465. Steatocranus ubanguiensis Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1466. Stigmatochromis macrorhynchos Stauffer, Cleaver-Yoder & Konings, 2011
  1467. Stigmatochromis melanchros Stauffer, Cleaver-Yoder & Konings, 2011
  1468. Stigmatochromis modestus (Günther, 1894)
  1469. Stigmatochromis pholidophorus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1470. Stigmatochromis pleurospilus (Trewavas, 1935)
  1471. Stigmatochromis woodi (Regan, 1922)
  1472. Stomatepia mariae (Holly, 1930)
  1473. Stomatepia mongo Trewavas, 1972
  1474. Stomatepia pindu Trewavas, 1972
  1475. Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904
  1476. Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840
  1477. Symphysodon tarzoo Lyons, 1959
  1478. Taeniacara candidi Myers, 1935
  1479. Taeniochromis holotaenia (Regan, 1922)
  1480. Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus (Trewavas, 1931)
  1481. Taeniolethrinops furcicauda (Trewavas, 1931)
  1482. Taeniolethrinops laticeps (Trewavas, 1931)
  1483. Taeniolethrinops praeorbitalis (Regan, 1922)
  1484. Tahuantinsuyoa chipi Kullander, 1991
  1485. Tahuantinsuyoa macantzatza Kullander, 1986
  1486. Tangachromis dhanisi (Poll, 1949)
  1487. Tanganicodus irsacae Poll, 1950
  1488. Teleocichla centisquama Zuanon & Sazima, 2002
  1489. Teleocichla centrarchus Kullander, 1988
  1490. Teleocichla cinderella Kullander, 1988
  1491. Teleocichla gephyrogramma Kullander, 1988
  1492. Teleocichla monogramma Kullander, 1988
  1493. Teleocichla prionogenys Kullander, 1988
  1494. Teleocichla proselytus Kullander, 1988
  1495. Teleocichla wajapi Varella & Moreira, 2013
  1496. Teleogramma brichardi Poll, 1959
  1497. Teleogramma depressa Roberts & Stewart, 1976
  1498. Teleogramma gracile Boulenger, 1899
  1499. Teleogramma monogramma (Pellegrin, 1927)
  1500. Telmatochromis bifrenatus Myers, 1936
  1501. Telmatochromis brachygnathus Hanssens & Snoeks, 2003
  1502. Telmatochromis brichardi Louisy, 1989
  1503. Telmatochromis dhonti (Boulenger, 1919)
  1504. Telmatochromis temporalis Boulenger, 1898
  1505. Telmatochromis vittatus Boulenger, 1898
  1506. Theraps coeruleus Stawikowski & Werner, 1987
  1507. Theraps godmanni (Günther, 1862)
  1508. Theraps heterospilus (Hubbs, 1936)
  1509. Theraps intermedius (Günther, 1862)
  1510. Theraps irregularis Günther, 1862
  1511. Theraps lentiginosus (Steindachner, 1864)
  1512. Theraps microphthalmus (Günther, 1862)
  1513. Theraps wesseli Miller, 1996
  1514. Thoracochromis albolabris (Trewavas & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969)
  1515. Thoracochromis bakongo (Thys van den Audenaerde, 1964)
  1516. Thoracochromis brauschi (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965)
  1517. Thoracochromis buysi (Penrith, 1970)
  1518. Thoracochromis callichromus (Poll, 1948)
  1519. Thoracochromis demeusii (Boulenger, 1899)
  1520. Thoracochromis fasciatus (Perugia, 1892)
  1521. Thoracochromis lucullae (Boulenger, 1913)
  1522. Thoracochromis moeruensis (Boulenger, 1899)
  1523. Thoracochromis schwetzi (Poll, 1967)
  1524. Thoracochromis stigmatogenys (Boulenger, 1913)
  1525. Thoracochromis wingatii (Boulenger, 1902)
  1526. Thorichthys affinis (Günther, 1862)
  1527. Thorichthys aureus (Günther, 1862)
  1528. Thorichthys callolepis (Regan, 1904)
  1529. Thorichthys ellioti Meek, 1904
  1530. Thorichthys helleri (Steindachner, 1864)
  1531. Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918
  1532. Thorichthys pasionis (Rivas, 1962)
  1533. Thorichthys socolofi (Miller & Taylor, 1984)
  1534. Thysochromis annectens (Boulenger, 1913)
  1535. Thysochromis ansorgii (Boulenger, 1901)
  1536. Tilapia bakossiorum Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1537. Tilapia baloni Trewavas & Stewart, 1975
  1538. Tilapia bemini Thys van den Audenaerde, 1972
  1539. Tilapia brevimanus Boulenger, 1911
  1540. Tilapia busumana (Günther, 1903)
  1541. Tilapia buttikoferi (Hubrecht, 1881)
  1542. Tilapia bythobates Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1543. Tilapia cabrae Boulenger, 1899
  1544. Tilapia cameronensis Holly, 1927
  1545. Tilapia camerunensis Lönnberg, 1903
  1546. Tilapia cessiana Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968
  1547. Tilapia coffea Thys van den Audenaerde, 1970
  1548. Tilapia congica Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1960
  1549. Tilapia dageti Thys van den Audenaerde, 1971
  1550. Tilapia deckerti Thys van den Audenaerde, 1967
  1551. Tilapia discolor (Günther, 1903)
  1552. Tilapia ejagham Dunz & Schliewen, 2010
  1553. Tilapia flava Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1554. Tilapia fusiforme Dunz & Schliewen, 2010
  1555. Tilapia guinasana Trewavas, 1936
  1556. Tilapia guineensis (Günther, 1862)
  1557. Tilapia gutturosa Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1558. Tilapia imbriferna Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1559. Tilapia ismailiaensis Mekkawy, 1995
  1560. Tilapia jallae (Boulenger, 1896)
  1561. Tilapia joka Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969
  1562. Tilapia konkourensis Dunz & Schliewen, 2012
  1563. Tilapia kottae Lönnberg, 1904
  1564. Tilapia louka Thys van den Audenaerde, 1969
  1565. Tilapia margaritacea Boulenger, 1916
  1566. Tilapia mariae Boulenger, 1899
  1567. Tilapia nigrans Dunz & Schliewen, 2010
  1568. Tilapia nyongana Thys van den Audenaerde, 1971
  1569. Tilapia pra Dunz & Schliewen, 2010
  1570. Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)
  1571. Tilapia rheophila Daget, 1962
  1572. Tilapia ruweti (Poll & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1965)
  1573. Tilapia snyderae Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1574. Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840
  1575. Tilapia spongotroktis Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1576. Tilapia tholloni (Sauvage, 1884)
  1577. Tilapia thysi Stiassny, Schliewen & Dominey, 1992
  1578. Tilapia walteri Thys van den Audenaerde, 1968
  1579. Tilapia zillii (Gervais, 1848)
  1580. Tomocichla asfraci Allgayer, 2002
  1581. Tomocichla sieboldii (Kner, 1863)
  1582. Tomocichla tuba (Meek, 1912)
  1583. Tramitichromis brevis (Boulenger, 1908)
  1584. Tramitichromis intermedius (Trewavas, 1935)
  1585. Tramitichromis lituris (Trewavas, 1931)
  1586. Tramitichromis trilineatus (Trewavas, 1931)
  1587. Tramitichromis variabilis (Trewavas, 1931)
  1588. Trematocara caparti Poll, 1948
  1589. Trematocara kufferathi Poll, 1948
  1590. Trematocara macrostoma Poll, 1952
  1591. Trematocara marginatum Boulenger, 1899
  1592. Trematocara nigrifrons Boulenger, 1906
  1593. Trematocara stigmaticum Poll, 1943
  1594. Trematocara unimaculatum Boulenger, 1901
  1595. Trematocara variabile Poll, 1952
  1596. Trematocara zebra De Vos, Nshombo & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1996
  1597. Trematocranus labifer (Trewavas, 1935)
  1598. Trematocranus microstoma Trewavas, 1935
  1599. Trematocranus placodon (Regan, 1922)
  1600. Triglachromis otostigma (Regan, 1920)
  1601. Tristramella sacra (Günther, 1865)
  1602. Tristramella simonis intermedia Steinitz & Ben-Tuvia, 1959
  1603. Tristramella simonis magdalenae (Lortet, 1883)
  1604. Tristramella simonis simonis (Günther, 1864)
  1605. Tropheops gracilior (Trewavas, 1935)
  1606. Tropheops lucerna (Trewavas, 1935)
  1607. Tropheops macrophthalmus (Ahl, 1926)
  1608. Tropheops microstoma (Trewavas, 1935)
  1609. Tropheops modestus (Johnson, 1974)
  1610. Tropheops novemfasciatus (Regan, 1922)
  1611. Tropheops romandi (Colombé, 1979)
  1612. Tropheops tropheops (Regan, 1922)
  1613. Tropheus annectens Boulenger, 1900
  1614. Tropheus brichardi Nelissen & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1975
  1615. Tropheus duboisi Marlier, 1959
  1616. Tropheus kasabae Nelissen, 1977
  1617. Tropheus moorii Boulenger, 1898
  1618. Tropheus polli Axelrod, 1977
  1619. Tylochromis aristoma Stiassny, 1989
  1620. Tylochromis bangwelensis Regan, 1920
  1621. Tylochromis elongatus Stiassny, 1989
  1622. Tylochromis intermedius (Boulenger, 1916)
  1623. Tylochromis jentinki (Steindachner, 1894)
  1624. Tylochromis labrodon Regan, 1920
  1625. Tylochromis lateralis (Boulenger, 1898)
  1626. Tylochromis leonensis Stiassny, 1989
  1627. Tylochromis microdon Regan, 1920
  1628. Tylochromis mylodon Regan, 1920
  1629. Tylochromis polylepis (Boulenger, 1900)
  1630. Tylochromis praecox Stiassny, 1989
  1631. Tylochromis pulcher Stiassny, 1989
  1632. Tylochromis regani Stiassny, 1989
  1633. Tylochromis robertsi Stiassny, 1989
  1634. Tylochromis sudanensis Daget, 1954
  1635. Tylochromis trewavasae Stiassny, 1989
  1636. Tylochromis variabilis Stiassny, 1989
  1637. Tyrannochromis macrostoma (Regan, 1922)
  1638. Tyrannochromis maculiceps (Ahl, 1926)
  1639. Tyrannochromis nigriventer Eccles, 1989
  1640. Tyrannochromis polyodon (Trewavas, 1935)
  1641. Uaru amphiacanthoides Heckel, 1840
  1642. Uaru fernandezyepezi Stawikowski, 1989
  1643. Variabilichromis moorii (Boulenger, 1898)
  1644. Xenochromis hecqui Boulenger, 1899
  1645. Xenotilapia albini (Steindachner, 1909)
  1646. Xenotilapia bathyphila Poll, 1956
  1647. Xenotilapia boulengeri (Poll, 1942)
  1648. Xenotilapia burtoni Poll, 1951
  1649. Xenotilapia caudafasciata Poll, 1951
  1650. Xenotilapia flavipinnis Poll, 1985
  1651. Xenotilapia leptura (Boulenger, 1901)
  1652. Xenotilapia longispinis Poll, 1951
  1653. Xenotilapia melanogenys (Boulenger, 1898)
  1654. Xenotilapia nasus De Vos, Risch & Thys van den Audenaerde, 1995
  1655. Xenotilapia nigrolabiata Poll, 1951
  1656. Xenotilapia ochrogenys (Boulenger, 1914)
  1657. Xenotilapia ornatipinnis Boulenger, 1901
  1658. Xenotilapia papilio Büscher,, 1990
  1659. Xenotilapia rotundiventralis (Takahashi, Yanagisawa & Nakaya, 1997)
  1660. Xenotilapia sima Boulenger, 1899
  1661. Xenotilapia spiloptera Poll & Stewart, 1975
  1662. Xenotilapia tenuidentata Poll, 1951

Prema izvještaju iz 2007. godine, 156 vrsta ciklida nalazi se na popisu ranjivih, četrdeset na spisku ugroženih, a 69 na popisu kritično ugroženih vrsta. Od 1990. u divljini je izumrlo 45 vrsta ciklida, među kojima je najviše ustonoša. [6]

Izvori

  1. Fishbase; 2006.
  2. Schäfer , Frank ; 2005, Brackish-Water Fishes
  3. 3,0 3,1 Loiselle , P.V. ; 1994, The Cichlid Aquarium
  4. Coleman , R. ; 1999., Mysterious mouthbrooders
  5. Keenleyside , M.H.A. ; 1991, Parental Care, Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and evolution
  6. Red List of Threatened Species ; 2006
Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Ciklidi
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Ciklidi: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian
 src= mapa rasprostranjenosti Ciklida  src= Paretroplus kieneri

Ciklidi (Cichlidae) su jedna od najvećih porodica zrakoperki (Actinopterygii) iz reda grgečki (Perciformes) sa ukupno 221 rodom i 1 656 vrsta priznatih 2013. godine. Zbog velikog broja neotkrivenih vrsta, pretpostavlja se da će konačan broj vrsta ove porodice doseći 1,900. Ciklidi su ribe koje se značajno razlikuju u obliku, boji, veličini, načinu života i ponašanju.

Veličina predstavnika ove porodice se kreće od 2,5 centimetra do 1 metra, dok oblici tijela variraju od snažno bočno spljoštenih do valjkastih. Oblik tijela ovisi od okruženja u kojem se nalaze: bočno spljoštene ribe poput onih iz roda Pterophyllum prilagođene su skrivanju među gustim vodenim biljem, dok je oblik tijela riba iz roda Julidochromis specijaliziran za uvlačenje u uske rupe među kamenjem. Mužjaci su veći i intenzivnije obojeni, veoma teritorijalni i često agresivni prema ribama svoje i druge vrste. Živopisno obojene vrste postaju sve popularnije akvarijske ribe, dok su rjeđe one neuglednih boja. Pojedine vrste, poput tilapije, važne su ribe u prehrani.

Ciklidi u prirodi naseljavaju tropske vode Južne Azije, Afrike, Južne i Srednje Amerike. Najčešće se nalaze u slatkim, bilo tekućim ili stajaćim vodama, iako se neke vrste (od kojih su najznačajnije vrste rodova Etroplus i Sarotherodon) mogu naći u bočatnim i slanim vodama.

Ishrana ciklida razlikuje se jednako kao i oni sami. Postoje vrste koje su primarno biljojedi, te se hrane algama i mekim dijelovima viših biljaka, a u ishranu samo povremeno uključuju manje beskralježnjake. Ostale vrste su sposobni grabežljivci mesojedi čiji se plijen kreće od puževa, ličinki kukaca, spužvi pa do ostalih riba. Manji broj vrsta spada u detritovore, hrane se trulećim organskim materijalom.

Pojedine ribe ove porodice izrazito su monogamne, dok ostale formiraju hareme koji se sastoje od jednoga mužjaka i više ženki. Svi predstavnici ove porodice iskazuju izraženu roditeljsku brigu za jaja i mlađ. Ikru ili mlađ čuvaju oba ili samo jedan roditelj, ovisno od vrste. Roditelji vrsta koje ikru polažu na otvorenom (lišću biljaka, kamenju ili podlozi) aeriziraju vodu oko ikre, odstranjuju pljesnivu i neoplođenu ikru, te je agresivno čuvaju od grabežljivaca. Drugi oblik roditeljske brige je čuvanje ikre i mlađi u ustima, a susreće se kod riba iz roda Haplochromis. Ženke ovih vrsta ikru odmah po oplođenju smještaju u usta i tu je čuvaju tijekom inkubacije i nakon izlijeganja mlađi. Za svo ovo vrijeme ženke ne jedu i vrijeme provode skrivene od ostalih riba, koje ih nekad pokušavaju natjerati da izbace mlađ iz usta. Iako su uglavnom ženke one koje mlađ čuvaju u ustima, to mogu biti i mužjaci, te rjeđe oba roditelja. Neke vrste, poput diskusa, poznate su po sposobnosti da mlađ hrane svojim kožnim izlučevinama.

Porodicu ciklida opisao je Bonaparte, 1835. godine.

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Síklíðaætt ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Síklíðaætt (fræðiheiti: Cichlidae) er ætt af yfirættbálki borra (perciformes) og undirættbálki labridae. Ættin telur að minnsta kosti 1650 tegundir (2000-3000 áætlaðar) og er ein stærsta ætt hryggleysingja. Undirættir eru 9. Stærð er frá 2,5 sm til metra.

Sumar tegundir eru mikilvæg fæðuuppspretta manna t.d. beitarfiskur. Einnig eru margir gæludýrafiskar innan ættarinnar. Meðal vinsælla tegunda eru Pterophyllum scalare, Astronotus ocellatus (kallaður oscar/óskar í daglegu tali) og Archocentrus nigrofasciatus.

Útbreiðsla þeirra er aðallega í Afríku og Suður-Ameríku. Tegundir finnast einnig í Mið-Ameríku og Mexíkó. fáar tegundir eru í Asíu. Þróun síklíða við Stóru vötn Afríku var hröð og hafa fjölbreyttar tegundir myndast þar. Síklíður við Malaví-vatn eru algengir skrautfiskar.

Síklíður eru ferskvatnsfiskar yfirleitt en einhverjar tegundir eru við ísalt vatn og örfáar í saltvatni. Fæða þeirra er aðallega þörungar og plöntur. Einhverjar tegundir éta lindýr, fiska og rotnandi lífræn efni. Síklíður makast annað hvort með einum maka eða mörgum.

Heimild

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Wikilífverur eru með efni sem tengist
 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
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wikipedia IS

Síklíðaætt: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Síklíðaætt (fræðiheiti: Cichlidae) er ætt af yfirættbálki borra (perciformes) og undirættbálki labridae. Ættin telur að minnsta kosti 1650 tegundir (2000-3000 áætlaðar) og er ein stærsta ætt hryggleysingja. Undirættir eru 9. Stærð er frá 2,5 sm til metra.

Sumar tegundir eru mikilvæg fæðuuppspretta manna t.d. beitarfiskur. Einnig eru margir gæludýrafiskar innan ættarinnar. Meðal vinsælla tegunda eru Pterophyllum scalare, Astronotus ocellatus (kallaður oscar/óskar í daglegu tali) og Archocentrus nigrofasciatus.

Útbreiðsla þeirra er aðallega í Afríku og Suður-Ameríku. Tegundir finnast einnig í Mið-Ameríku og Mexíkó. fáar tegundir eru í Asíu. Þróun síklíða við Stóru vötn Afríku var hröð og hafa fjölbreyttar tegundir myndast þar. Síklíður við Malaví-vatn eru algengir skrautfiskar.

Síklíður eru ferskvatnsfiskar yfirleitt en einhverjar tegundir eru við ísalt vatn og örfáar í saltvatni. Fæða þeirra er aðallega þörungar og plöntur. Einhverjar tegundir éta lindýr, fiska og rotnandi lífræn efni. Síklíður makast annað hvort með einum maka eða mörgum.

 src=

Lamprologus stappersi.

 src=

Symphysodon aequifasciatus.

 src=

Blómhornasíklíða.

 src=

Pseudotropheus Demasoni.

 src=

Nimbochromis livingstonii

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Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IS

Cichlidae ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La famiglia dei Ciclidi (Cichlidae) comprende 1662 specie di pesci d'acqua dolce.

Questi pesci sono conosciuti e studiati prevalentemente in ambito acquariofilo e scientifico, ma sono anche fonte primaria di cibo per le popolazioni che abitano le aree fluviali e lacustri popolate dai ciclidi.

Distribuzione

I Ciclidi sono diffusi principalmente in tutta l'Africa, nella parte mediterranea del Medio Oriente, nel continente americano dal Texas all'Argentina, Cile escluso. Un genere è stato localizzato in India e Sri Lanka e un altro è endemico di una ristretta area dell'Iran[1]. Le specie dei generi Tilapia e Oreochromis sono allevate e naturalizzate in tutti i paesi caldi comportandosi talvolta come specie invasive.

Delle circa 1700 specie di Ciclidi:

  • 1000 sono originarie del continente americano
  • 700 provengono dall'Africa e
  • 3 (allo stato attuale) sono state localizzate in India.

Interessanti sono le specie provenienti dai grandi laghi africani, di cui si parlerà più avanti.

Origini

Facendo parte di una famiglia di pesci molto numerosa, i Ciclidi hanno assunto con il tempo forme diverse, spesso poco accomunabili tra loro e più con altre famiglie (Badidae, Cyprinidae): ciò è dovuto al bisogno di occupare le stesse nicchie biologiche. L'evoluzione dei Ciclidi si data nel Cretaceo, tra 140 e 65 milioni di anni fa, quando Africa e Sud America erano ancora unite nel grande continente meridionale chiamato Gondwana, anche se le testimonianze fossili rintracciate risalgono solo agli ultimi 30 milioni di anni.[2]
La classificazione è quindi piuttosto dettata da caratteristiche anatomiche comuni, che i pesci di questa famiglia mantengono come retaggio di antenati lontani.

Anatomia

Una prima caratteristica è la conformazione della faringe, composta da un unico osso faringeo inferiore (anziché le canoniche due), che accomuna i Ciclidi alla maggior parte dei pesci d'acqua dolce e a poche famiglie d'acqua salata, a cui questa famiglia è evolutivamente prossima.
Questa conformazione ha modificato l'intera bocca, creando delle seconde mandibole, chiamate appunto mandibole faringee: si hanno così due ossa faringee superiori, denti robusti sull'osso faringeo inferiore e una disposizione dei muscoli della masticazione complessi e differenti, che permettono ai Ciclidi l'estroflessione della bocca e la possibilità di muovere internamente le doppie mandibole per masticare il cibo, spesso troppo grande per un unico boccone (si ricorda che i ciclidi sono onnivori, quindi spaziano da alghe filamentose a piccoli crostacei e pesci più piccoli).

Sulla testa presentano un paio di narici che non hanno funzione respiratoria ma olfattiva, essendo collegate a recettori particolari. Alcuni generi presentano inoltre la linea laterale divisa in due parti.

Altra peculiarità, esclusiva dei Ciclidi, è l'orientamento verso sinistra del duodeno, che tutte le altre famiglie di pesci presentano orientato a destra. Non ci sono prove che comporti benefici alla vita di questi pesci, si ritiene sia semplicemente un'eredità del progenitore comune.

La differenziazione più inusuale è localizzata nell'orecchio interno: come tutti i pesci presentano sì l'otolite, un cristallo di aragonite immerso nel liquido linfatico che muovendosi permette il mantenimento dell'equilibrio, però questo presenta un profondo solco chiamato Pseudocollicolo anterocaudale la cui funzione ancora non è stata accertata.

Etologia

Tutti i Ciclidi mostrano un comportamento territoriale, più spiccato nei maschi e nel periodo dell'accoppiamento. In alcune specie i maschi cambiano addirittura colore della livrea per apparire più grandi, minacciosi o per impressionare le femmine. Praticamente tutte le specie tendono a scavare buchi nella ghiaia o nella sabbia, chi per costruire un nido, chi per alimentazione, o per segnalare il territorio.

Riproduzione

Le specie di questa famiglia hanno sviluppato comportamenti altamente organizzati per quanto riguarda la riproduzione[3][4].

Cure parentali

Tutti i ciclidi mostrano di avere cure parentali per le uova e gli avannotti, che in alcune specie si protraggono anche per alcuni mesi, quando i piccoli sono ormai indipendenti.

Vi sono casi di cure parentali comuni, dove più coppie monogame partecipano alla cura delle nidiate, unite in un solo gruppo di avannotti: è il caso di Amphilophus citrinellus, Etroplus suratensis e Tilapia rendalli.[5][6][7]. Nelle specie del genere Neolamprologus la comunità è formata da una o più coppie, che continuano a riprodursi, e dalla loro progenie. In questi casi tutta la comunità, compresi i fratelli più grandi, partecipano alla protezione delle ultime nidiate[8]

Molti ciclidi, inclusi i Discus (Symphysodon spp.), alcune specie di Amphilophus, Etroplus e Uaru, nutrono i loro piccoli attraverso una particolare secrezione prodotta da particolari ghiandole della mucosa[9][10][11].

 src=
Covata di S. aequifasciatus su un cono di terracotta usato in acquariofilia

Studi etologici hanno suddiviso le specie in base ai differenti metodi di cure parentali[12]: vi sono specie che depongono le uova all'aperto (sul fondo o su superfici diverse come piante acquatiche, sassi, legni sommersi), altre che si riproducono in tane nascoste e ciclidi che covano le uova in bocca ("incubatori orali"): questi ultimi sono suddivisi tra quelli che covano soltanto le uova in bocca e quelli che proteggono gli avannotti in bocca[11].

Ciclidi che depongono le uova all'aperto

Queste specie depongono le uova in buche scavate sul fondale oppure su rocce, foglie di piante acquatiche e legni sommersi. È il caso di Pterophyllum, Symphysodon e numerose altre specie (Aequidens, Nannacara, Astronotus, Uaru, Etroplus, ecc..). Solitamente i due riproduttori sono impegnati in ruoli diversi: mentre il maschio pattuglia il territorio o l'area intorno al nido, scacciando qualunque essere vivente si avvicini troppo, la femmina ossigena le uova con le pinne, le pulisce ed elimina quelle infeconde o morte. Alla schiusa delle uova la femmina provvede a nutrire i piccoli, ed entrambi i genitori monteranno la guardia ai piccoli.

 src=
Nidiata di P. pulcher

Tuttavia è stato dimostrato che entrambi i genitori possono adottare l'intera gamma di comportamenti descritti, indipendentemente dal sesso.[11]

Ciclidi che depongono le uova in tane nascoste

Queste specie depongono le uova in anfratti rocciosi, buche, fessure o gusci di conchiglie: le uova sono solitamente fatte aderire alle superfici verticali o sul soffitto della tana. Alcuni esempi sono Pelvicachromis, Neolamprologus, Telmatochromis, Archocentrus, Apistogramma, Altolamprologus e Nanochromis[10]. Riproduttori e avannotti comunicano tra loro con particolari movimenti del corpo e tremori. Dalla deposizione e per alcuni giorni i piccoli rimangono nascosti nel nido: i genitori provvedono a procurare loro il cibo, permettendo poi nei giorni successivi ad affacciarsi dalla tana e acquistare confidenza con l'ambiente esterno. Entrambi i genitori montano costantemente la guardia alla prole, mentre il maschio allontana anche eventuali intrusi.[11]

Incubatori orali di uova[13]

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Ciclidi incubatori orali.
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Femmina di P. nicholsi con la covata in bocca

I clicidi incubatori orali di uova, come suggerisce il nome stesso, covano le uova in bocca, permettendo poi agli avannotti di nuotare liberi una volta cresciuti. Gli esempi includono molte specie della Rift Valley, endemiche dei Grandi Laghi Africani: quasi tutti i ciclidi del Lago Malawi, e molte del Lago Tanganica e Vittoria, tra cui Maylandia, Pseudotropheus e Tropheus. Questo comportamento è stato riscontrato anche in alcuni ciclidi americani, tra cui Geophagus steindachneri.

Incubatori orali larvofili

Alcune specie di ciclidi invece di covare le uova in bocca le depongono normalmente in una tana o su una superficie all'aperto ma proteggono gli avannotti in bocca in caso di pericolo. L'esempio più conosciuto è certamente la Tilapia, ma altre specie sono Geophagus altifrons, alcune specie di Aequidens, Gymnogeophagus e Satanoperca.[9][10] In questi casi il genitore che protegge i piccoli in bocca è solitamente la femmina, anche se in Spathodus, Eretmodus, Tanganicodus, alcune specie di Sarotherodon, Aequidens e in Chromidotilapia guentheri sono entrambi i genitori ad assolvere questo compito[9][11][14] In casi più rari sono solamente i maschi, come per Sarotherodon melanotheron.[15] Questo metodo riproduttivo sembra si sia evoluto in modo indipendente in diversi gruppi tassonomici di ciclidi[3].

Rapimenti e adozioni

I ciclidi Amphilophus citrinellus praticano il rapimento e l'adozione di avannotti di altre coppie o addirittura di altre specie. Capita così di osservare lotte tra maschi per rapire o riprendersi gli avannotti. Una volta inseriti nel gruppo dei propri piccoli, entrambi i genitori praticano le cure parentali come se fossero la propria progenie, senza distinzioni. Questo apparente senso di genitore non deve però ingannare: è stato ipotizzato da studi etologici che il motivo reale di questi rapimenti è mantenere un numero di piccoli adeguato in modo da mantenere una percentuale di vita dei propri piccoli abbastanza alta. Se una coppia viene privata di un gran numero di piccoli da un predatore, cercherà di rapire avannotti da altre coppie o specie fino a quando non tornerà ad avere un numero di piccoli adeguato in modo da poter garantire più sopravvivenza alla propria progenie: infatti, in caso di predazione, verranno uccisi anche piccoli non geneticamente figli.

Monogamia e Poligamia

I ciclidi si accoppiano praticando la monogamia o la poligamia[9]. Questo non influisce e non è collegabile ai diversi metodi di cure parentali precedentemente descritti: infatti anche se la maggior parte di ciclidi monogami non sono incubatori orali, Chromidotilapia, Gymnogeophagus, Spathodus e Tanganicodus sono incubatori orali monogami. Invece numerose specie che depongono le uova all'aperto o in tane sono poligami, come Apistogramma, Lamprologus, Nannacara e Pelvicachromis.[9][16].
Alcune specie come Pterophyllum scalare praticano la monogamia per alcuni cicli produttivi (1-3), per poi rompere il legame e cercare altri partner[17]

Predatori e prede

Dotati di un appetito vorace, i Ciclidi sono spesso impegnati nel procurarsi il cibo, brucando tra le rocce, scavando nella sabbia. Principalmente onnivori, la quasi totalità di questi pesci bruca alghe filamentose e germogli teneri di piante (spesso distruggendo l'intera flora dell'acquario), ma ha bisogno anche di un grande apporto di proteine: la sua dieta è composta al 70% da prede vive. I Ciclidi si nutrono principalmente di avannotti, insetti, larve di insetti, molluschi e vermi, e pesci più piccoli (soprattutto le grosse specie, come Astronotus ocellatus). Occupando molte volte una posizione di superpredatori nella piramide alimentare del loro biotopo, i Ciclidi sono però predati normalmente da molti altri pesci durante l'infanzia. Una volta diventati adulti però, la maggior parte dei Ciclidi sono troppo grossi o aggressivi per diventare prede; ciò non impedisce però ad altri animali di cibarsene, costituendo una ghiotta fonte di cibo. Nell'ambiente acquatico sudamericano, i predatori principali dei Ciclidi sono: caimani, anaconda, falchi, giaguari e soprattutto lontre; in quello africano i grossi Ciclidi vengono catturati solo da uomini, pellicani e coccodrilli mentre i ciclidi nani devono guardarsi anche da lontre, uccelli pescatori e altri pesci predatori.

Pesca

 src=
Tilapie pescate in Etiopia

Molte specie di Ciclidi vengono pescate dagli esseri umani a scopo alimentare: nei laghi della Rift Valley africana si pescano decine di specie commestibili, come i pesci del genere Sarotherodon (oltre 30 cm di lunghezza, apprezzati per le carni delicate) che costituiscono addirittura l'alimento base nella dieta di queste popolazioni. Nel continente americano le specie Tilapia riscuotono grande successo e sono vendute anche al supermercato. In Europa sono poco conosciuti ma si sta creando un piccolo mercato.

Pericoli

Se grande interesse suscita la biodiversità dei Ciclidi, questa particolarità è oggetto di preoccupazione poiché varie decine di specie autoctone sono a rischio di estinzione. Le cause sono molteplici, dalla pesca (per l'acquariofilia e soprattutto alimentazione) all'introduzione di specie aliene, inquinamento, distruzione dell'habitat (deforestazione che fatto riversare nel lago grandi quantità di suolo).[2]
Interessante è il caso del lago Vittoria, dove anni fa fu introdotta la Perca del Nilo, per ovviare alle difficoltà dei pescatori tanzaniani nel trovare cibo. Il biologo olandese Tijs Goldschmidt studiò con attenzione l'introduzione di questo pesce, notando come costringesse all'estinzione molte specie di Ciclidi (predandoli ed entrando in competizione per il cibo)[18]
. Alcune specie si estinsero, ma recentemente il biologo è tornato al lago Vittoria, scoprendo che nuove specie si sono evolute da altre per riempire il vuoto biologico lasciato da quelle estinte. Un esempio della capacità di evoluzione e di adattamento di questa straordinaria famiglia di pesci.
L'introduzione della Perca del Nilo è invece raccontata nel film l'incubo di Darwin.

Sottofamiglie

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Specie di Ciclidi.

Numerosissima famiglia, i Ciclidi sono divisi nelle seguenti sottofamiglie:

Acquariofilia

 src=
Due esemplari di Scalare o Pesce angelo (Pterophyllum scalare)

Il grande interesse acquariofilo per i Ciclidi nacque nel decennio 1960-1970, quando furono effettuate diverse spedizioni scientifiche nei laghi della Rift Valley, in Africa, e si scoprì la grande quantità di specie endemiche che popolavano questi laghi.
Centinaia di esemplari vennero esportati nei laboratori biologici ed etologici di tutto il mondo, contribuendo ad aumentare la popolarità di questa famiglia. Ancora oggi i Ciclidi sono tra i pesci più ambiti dagli acquariofili, sia per il loro aspetto, sia per l'interessante comportamento.
Attualmente i Ciclidi più diffusi sono Pterophyllum scalare, Astronotus ocellatus, Pelvicachromis pulcher, Symphysodon discus e le Mbuna africane.

Ciclidi nani

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Ciclidi nani.
 src=
Un esemplare maschile di Apistogramma agassizi

La classificazione scientifica dei Ciclidi non riconosce questa suddivisione (in base cioè alla grandezza della specie). Tuttavia questa definizione si è diffusa da parecchi decenni tra gli appassionati di tutto il mondo, classificando i Ciclidi che non raggiungono grandezze superiori a 12-14 cm comunità. Solitamente cosa accomuna i Ciclidi nani è il dimorfismo sessuale, in quanto le livree maschili sono differenti e a volte più colorate di quelle femminili.

Ciclidi dei laghi africani

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Mbuna.

I Ciclidi dei laghi africani sono diffusi soprattutto nell'Africa orientale, che comprende i grandi laghi Malawi, Tanganica e Vittoria, oltre a numerosi fiumi, malgasci compresi.
La caratteristica principale di questi ambienti è l'enorme disponibilità di spazio: laghi estesi quanto la pianura padana e profondi oltre un chilometro e mezzo, con salinità e durezza dell'acqua tutte particolari. Praticamente degli immensi serbatoi di biodiversità, che hanno portato queste specie ad assumere caratteristiche evolutive diverse a volte nel comportamento o addirittura nell'aspetto fisico e nella colorazione. Un'interessante ricchezza biologica ed etologica che appassiona acquariofili e biologi di tutto il mondo, anche maggiore dei famosi fringuelli delle Galápagos di Charles Darwin.

Ciclidi conchigliofili

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Ciclidi conchigliofili.

Diffusi negli immensi fondali del lago Tanganica, questi pesci vivono in speciali biotopi che si creano solo qui: distese a perdita d'occhio di gusci di gasteropodi morti.
Chiamato dai biologi tanatocenosi, questi resti di conchiglie spessi parecchi centimetri sono riscontrabili tra profondità di 10-35 metri lungo le coste sabbiose del lago, che è abitato copiosamente da decine di specie di gasteropodi, molte delle quali endemiche. Solitamente il carbonato di calcio delle conchiglie viene decomposto velocemente dall'acqua dolce, tuttavia le qualità chimiche uniche di queste acque rallenta questo processo. Molto più veloce è il ciclo vitale di questi molluschi (soprattutto Neothauma tanganicense, Lavigeria grandis, Pila ovata e Paramelania demoni) che muoiono lasciando il guscio vuoto sul fondale, assieme a decine di migliaia di altri.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Famiglia Cichlidae - Cichlids, su FishBase. URL consultato il 14 giugno 2021.
  2. ^ a b "I ciclidi dei laghi di rift africani", di Melanie I.J.Stianssny, pubbl. su "Le Scienze", num.369, pag.110-116
  3. ^ a b Joseph, S. Nelson, Fishes of the World, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  4. ^ Hans Joachim Richter, Riproduzione dei pesci d'acquario senza problemi, Milano, Primaris, 1981.
  5. ^ McKaye, K.R., N.M. McKaye, Communal Care and Kidnapping of Young by Parental Cichlids, in Evolution, vol. 31, n. 3, 1977, pp. 674–681, DOI:10.2307/2407533, JSTOR 2407533.
  6. ^ Ward, J.A., R.L. Wyman, Ethology and ecology of cichlid fishes of the genus Etroplus in Sri Lanka: preliminary findings, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 2, n. 2, 1977, pp. 137–145, DOI:10.1007/BF00005369.
  7. ^ Ribbink, A.J., A.C. Marsh, and B.A. Marsh, Nest-building and communal care of young by Tilapia rendalli dumeril (pisces, cichlidae) in Lake Malawi, in Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 6, n. 2, 1981, pp. 219–222, DOI:10.1007/BF00002787.
  8. ^ Steeves, Greg. Neolamprologus brichardi. africancichlids.net. Accessed 2008-04-08
  9. ^ a b c d e P.V. Loiselle, The Cichlid Aquarium, Tetra Press, 1994, ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
  10. ^ a b c Rüdiger. Editor. Riehl, Baensch, HA, Aquarium Atlas, Germany, Tetra Press, 1996. 5th Edn., ISBN 3-88244-050-3.
  11. ^ a b c d e Keenleyside, M.H.A., Parental Care, in Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and evolution, Londra, Chapman and Hall, 1991, pp. 191–208, ISBN 0-412-32200-5.
  12. ^ Balon, E.K., Reproductive guilds of fishes: a proposal. and definition, in Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, vol. 32, n. 6, 1975, pp. 821–864, DOI:10.1139/f75-110.
  13. ^ Marco Isidori, L'incubazione orale nei pesci, Acquariomania Archiviato il 28 giugno 2013 in Internet Archive.
  14. ^ Coleman, R., Mysterious mouthbrooders, in Cichlid News, gennaio 1999, pp. 32–33.
  15. ^ Kishida, M., J.L. Specker, Paternal Mouthbrooding in the Black-Chinned Tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron (Pisces: Cichlidae): Changes in Gonadal Steroids and Potential for Vitellogenin Transfer to Larvae, in Hormones and Behavior, vol. 37, n. 1, 2000, pp. 40–48, DOI:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1556, PMID 10712857.
  16. ^ Martin, E., and M. Taborsky, Alternative male mating acttics in a cichlid, Pelvicachromis pulcher: a comparison of reproductive effort and success, in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 41, n. 5, 1997, pp. 311–319, DOI:10.1007/s002650050391.
  17. ^ Cacho M. S. R. F., Yamamoto M. E. & Chellappa S., 1999. Comportamento reprodutivo do acarà bandiera, Pterophyllum scalare (Osteichthyes, Cichlidae Rev. Bras. Zool., vol. 16, no. 1, p. 653-664
  18. ^ "Lo strano caso del Lago Vittoria", di Tijs Goldschmidt, 1999, Einaudi.

Bibliografia

  • Piero Bianchi, Andrea Sperotti I Ciclidi, 1998, De Vecchi editore
  • Tijs Goldschmidt Lo strano caso del Lago Vittoria, 1999, Einaudi
  • G.W. Barlow Maestri dell'evoluzione, Sesto Continente
  • Horst Linke, Wolfang Staeck Ciclidi nani, Tetra
  • H. Linke, W. Staeck Ciclidi dell'Africa occidentale, Tetra
  • (EN) Ad Konings Ad Konings's Book of Cichlids and All the Other Fishes of Lake M, TFH
  • (EN) Ad Konings Back-to-Nature guide to Tanganyika Cichlids, Cichlid Press
  • (EN) AA.VV. South American Cichlids I - II - III - IV, Aqualog

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wikipedia IT

Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La famiglia dei Ciclidi (Cichlidae) comprende 1662 specie di pesci d'acqua dolce.

Questi pesci sono conosciuti e studiati prevalentemente in ambito acquariofilo e scientifico, ma sono anche fonte primaria di cibo per le popolazioni che abitano le aree fluviali e lacustri popolate dai ciclidi.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Cichlidae ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Cichlidae sunt familia piscium ordinis Perciformum.

Bibliographia


licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Et auctores varius id editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia LA

Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Et auctores varius id editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia LA

Daugiaspalvės ešeržuvės ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Ciklidų paplitimo arealas
 src=
Jakobfreibergo akara (Aulonocara jacobfreibergi)
 src=
Dvidėmis chromis gražuolis (Hemichromis bimaculatus)
 src=
Fuleborno gremžtukas (Labeotropheus fuelleborni)
 src=
Ramireso nykštukinis cichlidas (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi)
 src=
Cichlidas papūgėlė (Pelvicachromis pulcher)
 src=
Žaliasis diskas (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)
 src=
Mekio cichlasoma (Thorichthys meeki)
 src=
Tanganikos kuprotagalvis (Cyphotilapia frontosa)
 src=
Zebrinė tilapija (Tilapa buttikoferi)
 src=
Mbuna (Pseudotropheus elongatus)

Daugiaspalvės ešeržuvės, arba ciklidai (lot. Cichlidae) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) būrio žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos gėlavandenės žuvys.

Labai daug auginama akvariumuose kaip dekoratyvinės žuvys.

Šeimoje yra apie 1700 rūšių.

Požymiai

Dydis nuo kelių centimetrų (nykštukinės daugiaspalvės) iki beveik metro (geltonasis ešerys). Kūnas paprastai aukštas, su vienu nugariniu peleku. Turi porą viengubų šnervių. Ikrus išneršia į smėlyje įruoštą duobutę ir vėliau saugo – patelė, o kartais ir patinas nešiojasi ikrus burnos ertmėje.

Gentys


Vikiteka

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direitos autorais
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia LT

Daugiaspalvės ešeržuvės: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
 src= Jakobfreibergo akara (Aulonocara jacobfreibergi)  src= Dvidėmis chromis gražuolis (Hemichromis bimaculatus)  src= Fuleborno gremžtukas (Labeotropheus fuelleborni)  src= Ramireso nykštukinis cichlidas (Mikrogeophagus ramirezi)  src= Cichlidas papūgėlė (Pelvicachromis pulcher)  src= Žaliasis diskas (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)  src= Mekio cichlasoma (Thorichthys meeki)  src= Tanganikos kuprotagalvis (Cyphotilapia frontosa)  src= Zebrinė tilapija (Tilapa buttikoferi)  src= Mbuna (Pseudotropheus elongatus)  src= Claustroheros nigrofasciatus

Daugiaspalvės ešeržuvės, arba ciklidai (lot. Cichlidae) – ešeržuvių (Perciformes) būrio žuvų šeima, kuriai priklauso spalvingos gėlavandenės žuvys.

Labai daug auginama akvariumuose kaip dekoratyvinės žuvys.

Šeimoje yra apie 1700 rūšių.

licença
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Cichlid ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Cichlid (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈsɪkld/) adalah sejenis ikan dari keluarga Cichlidae dalam order Perciformes. Cichlid merupakan anggota dalam kumpulan yang dikenali sebagai Labroidei bersama-sama dengan wrasses (Labridae), damselfish (Pomacentridae) dan surfperches (Embiotocidae).[1] Keluarga ikan dari spesies ini adalah besar dan pelbagai. Sekurang-kurangnya 1,300 spesies telah diperincikan dari segi saintifik,[2] menjadikan ia salah satu dari keluarga vertebrata terbesar. Spesies-spesies baru ditemui pada setiap tahun, kebanyakannya masih belum diperincikan. Jumlah sebenar spesies ini tidak diketahui, dengan anggaran di antara 1,300 sehingga 3,000 spesies.[3]

Genera

Setakat tahun 2006, terdapat kira-kira 220 genera telah diakui dan dikategorikan oleh FishBase:[2]

Rujukan

  1. ^
  2. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, dan Daniel Pauly, ed. (2006). "Cichlidae" dalam FishBase. Versi Nov 2006.
  3. ^ Stiassny, M., G. G. Teugels & C. D. Hopkins (2007). The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa - Vol. 2. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. m/s. 269. ISBN 9789074752213.Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  4. ^ Römer, U. & Hahn, I. (2006). "Ivanacara gen. n. (Teleostei: Perciformes, Cichlasomatini): a new genus of cichlids from the Neotropis". dalam Römer, U. Cichlid Atlas 2. m/s. 1190–1197.Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)

Bacaan lanjut

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Cichlid
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Cichlid: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Cichlid (/[invalid input: 'icon']ˈsɪklᵻd/) adalah sejenis ikan dari keluarga Cichlidae dalam order Perciformes. Cichlid merupakan anggota dalam kumpulan yang dikenali sebagai Labroidei bersama-sama dengan wrasses (Labridae), damselfish (Pomacentridae) dan surfperches (Embiotocidae). Keluarga ikan dari spesies ini adalah besar dan pelbagai. Sekurang-kurangnya 1,300 spesies telah diperincikan dari segi saintifik, menjadikan ia salah satu dari keluarga vertebrata terbesar. Spesies-spesies baru ditemui pada setiap tahun, kebanyakannya masih belum diperincikan. Jumlah sebenar spesies ini tidak diketahui, dengan anggaran di antara 1,300 sehingga 3,000 spesies.

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Cichliden ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vissen

De cichliden (Cichlidae) is in de biologie de benaming voor een familie van baarsachtigen (Perciformes).

Kenmerken

De cichliden lijken op de baarzen maar verschillen hiervan door de bouw van de keelkaken en het aanwezig zijn van slechts één reukgroefgat aan beide zijden van de kop. Het lichaam van de cichliden varieert van langgerekt tot schijfvormig (discusvis) zelfs hoger dan lang (maanvis). Langgerekte vormen (onder meer Crenicicla-soorten) behoren tot de uitzonderingen.

Voortplanting

De meeste cichlidensoorten onderscheiden zich van overige vissen door hun voortplantingsgedrag. De meeste soorten spreiden een voorbeeldige broedzorg tentoon. Dit gaat van de bewaking van de eieren, tot het uitbroeden in de bek bij muilbroeders of het laten eten van de huid bij discusvissen.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Cichliden vormen ecologisch en evolutionair een succesvolle familie, die voornamelijk in de grote meren van Afrika en de rivierstelsels van Zuid- en Midden-Amerika vele soorten heeft. Een beperkt aantal cichliden-soorten komt ook voor in het zuiden van India (inclusief Sri Lanka) en Texas in Noord-Amerika. Er zijn meer dan 2000 soorten bekend in 216 geslachten.

Als consumptievis

Een van de meest populaire consumptievissen in Europa is de tilapia. Tilapia is een verzamelnaam voor een groot aantal tropische soorten, verdeeld over drie geslachten. Tilapia's stellen weinig eisen aan de waterkwaliteit, behalve een minimumtemperatuur van 20 graden Celsius. Hoewel tilapia's uit Afrika komen, worden ze voornamelijk in China, de Filipijnen, Taiwan, Indonesië en Thailand[1] gekweekt. Tilapia's kunnen gekweekt worden met plantaardig voedsel, dat voornamelijk uit soja en tarwe bestaat, maar ook met voedsel van dierlijke oorsprong.

Het houden in aquaria

Over het algemeen kan gesteld worden dat cichliden het best tot hun recht komen in speciaalaquaria (uitgezonderd een groot aantal dwergsoorten). Voordat men deze vissen aanschaft moet men zich eerst goed op de hoogte stellen wat precies de speciale eisen van de vis zijn. Er zijn uitgesproken gravers bij en het plaatsen van deze vissen in een beplante bak zou dus funeste gevolgen hebben voor de inhoud. Voor een aantal andere soorten is de aanwezigheid van planten echter een noodzakelijkheid. Dikwijls worden op de bladeren de eieren afgezet. Ook wordt aan de waterkwaliteit dikwijls aparte eisen gesteld. Dieren uit Tanganyika- en Malawimeer bijvoorbeeld dienen gehouden te worden in water met een hoge pH. De discusvis daarentegen vraagt voor een goede verzorging zacht en zuur water. Zeer belangrijk voor een aantal soorten is het aanwezig zijn van voldoende schuilplaatsen, daar sommige cichliden onderling zeer agressief kunnen zijn. Ook kunnen deze schuilplaatsen dienen voor het afzetten van eieren.

Cichliden zijn over het algemeen goede eters en een afwisselend menu van de meeste soorten diepvriesvoer wordt graag verorberd. De grotere soorten eten flink veel, een goede filtering is dus onontbeerlijk. Ook zullen cichliden in een gezelschapsaquarium met bijvoorbeeld levendbarenden graag jacht maken op de jongen. De wat grotere soorten maken ook jacht op kleinere vissen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Bovenstaand artikel of een eerdere versie daarvan is met uitdrukkelijke toestemming van de auteur overgenomen uit de AquaVISie aquariumdatabase.
Onderordes en families van Baarsachtigen (Perciformes)
Onderorde Acanthuroidei (Doktersvisachtigen):Acanthuridae · Ephippidae · Luvaridae · Scatophagidae · Siganidae · ZanclidaeOnderorde Anabantoidei (Labyrintvisachtigen):Anabantidae · Badidae · Datnioididae · Helostomatidae · OsphronemidaeOnderorde Blennioidei (Slijmvisachtigen):Blenniidae · Chaenopsidae · Clinidae · Dactyloscopidae · Labrisomidae · TripterygiidaeOnderorde Callionymoidei (Pitvisachtigen):Callionymidae · DraconettidaeOnderorde Channoidei:ChannidaeOnderorde Elassomatoidei:ElassomatidaeOnderorde Gobiesocoidei:GobiesocidaeOnderorde Gobioidei (Grondelachtigen):Eleotridae · Gobiidae · Kraemeriidae · Microdesmidae · Odontobutidae · Ptereleotridae · Rhyacichthyidae · Schindleriidae · XenisthmidaeOnderorde Icosteoidei:IcosteidaeOnderorde Kurtoidei (Kurtiden):KurtidaeOnderorde Labroidei (Lipvisachtigen):Cichlidae · Embiotocidae · Labridae · Odacidae · Pomacentridae · ScaridaeOnderorde Notothenioidei:Artedidraconidae · Bathydraconidae · Bovichtidae · Channichthyidae · Eleginopidae · Harpagiferidae · Nototheniidae · PseudaphritidaeOnderorde Percoidei (Baarsvissen):Cepoloidea · Cirrhitoidea · PercoideaOnderorde Scombroidei (Makreelachtigen):Gempylidae · Istiophoridae · Scombridae · Sphyraenidae · Trichiuridae · XiphiidaeOnderorde Scombrolabracoidei:ScombrolabracidaeOnderorde Stromateoidei (Grootbekachtigen):Amarsipidae · Centrolophidae · Nomeidae · Ariommatidae · Tetragonuridae · StromateidaeOnderorde Trachinoidei (Pietermanachtigen):Ammodytidae · Champsodontidae · Cheimarrichthyidae · Chiasmodontidae · Creediidae · Leptoscopidae · Percophidae · Pholidichthyidae · Pinguipedidae · Trachinidae · Trichodontidae · Trichonotidae · UranoscopidaeOnderorde Zoarcoidei (Puitalen):Anarhichadidae · Bathymasteridae · Cryptacanthodidae · Pholidae · Ptilichthyidae · Scytalinidae · Stichaeidae · Zaproridae · Zoarcidae
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Cichliden: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De cichliden (Cichlidae) is in de biologie de benaming voor een familie van baarsachtigen (Perciformes).

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Ciklidar ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Ciklidar (Cichlidae) er ei stor fiskefamilie med 220 slekter og truleg 1300-1900 artar. Dei er hovudsakleg utbreidd i tropisk ferskvatn i Afrika og Sør-Amerika, men nokre få artar finst òg naturleg i USA og Texas. I Noreg kjenner me dei best som akvariefisk.

Kjenneteikn

Ciklidane er ei stor og mangfaldig gruppe, med stor variasjon i utsjånad mellom artane. Storleiken deira varierer frå art til art, dei minste vert ikkje større enn 25 mm medan dei største kan nå lengder på 80 cm. Dei fleste er mellom 5 og 30 cm.

Ciklidar er piggfinnefisk som høyrer til kladen Labroidei saman med leppefisk, jomfrufisk og brenningsåborar. Desse fiskane har felles at svelgtennene deira er samanvaksne til ein einskild tannstruktur, og at dei har utvikla eit komplekst sett musklar for å bruka denne som eit ekstra sett kjevar. Det som skil ciklidane frå andre medlemmar av Labroidei, er m.a.:

  • Berre eitt nasebor på kvar side av hovudet
  • Todelt sidelinjeorgan hjå nesten alle artane
  • Karakteristiske otolittar
  • Tarmen går ut av magen på venstre side, medan han går ut på høgre sida hjå andre labroidiar

Formeiring og yngelpleie

Til vanleg lever ciklidar i stim, men i paringstida vert hannane territoriale. Dei markerer ut eit område i sjøbotnen, og forsvarar det iherdig mot konkurrentar. Det kjem sjeldan til kamp; konfliktane vert oftast avgjort med trugande åtferd. Hannane har ofte særs fargerike paringsdrakter der dei patruljerer dei usynlege grensene sine.

 src=
Ein Cyphotilapia frontosa med yngel i munnen

Egglegginga og yngelpleia kan foregå på fleire forskjellige måtar. Mange ciklidar grev ei grop i botnen eller legg egga sine på ein stein. Hjå desse artane plar hannen å forsvara territoriet medan hoa tek aktivt vare på avkommet gjennom å syta for vassgjennomstrøyming, fjerna ubefrukta egg og seinare leie yngelstimane under matsøk. Dette mønsteret er likevel ikkje heilt fastsett; begge partar er i stand til begge typane oppgåver.

Andre artar gøymer egga i holer, under planter, i tomme blautdyrskal eller tilsvarande. Som regel heng desse egga opp i taket i den valde «rugeplassen». Det har vorte observert kommunikasjon mellom yngel og vaksne òg hjå desse artane; både i naturen og i fangenskap. Foreldra hjelpar òg avkommet med å finna mat. Hjå nokre artar slår fleire monogame par seg saman og fostrar opp yngel i lag.

Mange cicklidar, både botn- og holerugarar, kan beskytta larvane sine ved å ha dei i munnen. Ei gruppe, munnrugarane, legg tilmed egga i munnen og befruktar dei der.

Systematikk

Ciklidane vert delt inn i åtte underfamiliar med til saman om lag 220 slekter:

Ciklidar i akvarium

Ciklidar har lenge vore populære som akvariefisk, både på grunn av den praktiske storleiken, den fascinerande åtferden deira og dei vakre fargane hjå mange artar. Den vanlegaste arten er skalaren, Pterophyllum scalare, ein høg Amazonas-art med lange finnar, men det er òg mange andre artar i handelen. Akvariets leksikon listar opp minst 120 ulike artar som er veleigna for akvariebruk.

Ciklidar går ofte gått i lag saman med andre fisk, sjølv om store artar kan angripa og eta mindre fisk. Mindre artar har ofte bruk for selskap av andre småfisk for å forsikra dei om at miljøet er trygt.

Bakgrunnsstoff

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Ciklidar: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Ciklidar (Cichlidae) er ei stor fiskefamilie med 220 slekter og truleg 1300-1900 artar. Dei er hovudsakleg utbreidd i tropisk ferskvatn i Afrika og Sør-Amerika, men nokre få artar finst òg naturleg i USA og Texas. I Noreg kjenner me dei best som akvariefisk.

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Ciklider ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Ciklider eller cichlider er en stor og variert familie piggfinnefisker. De minste artene (for eksempel Apistogramma) er ikke lengre enn 3 cm, mens de største (Boulengerochromis og Cichla) kommer opp mot meteren.

Noen arter er viktige matfisk, og mange andre er verdsatte som akvariefisk. Noen vanlige akvarieciklider er scalare og discus, ildbuk, Jack Dempsey, sneglehuslekere og oscar. Alle ciklider har yngelpleie.[2]

Navnet på gruppen kommer fra det greske ordet kichle som er en slags fisk.[1]

For fiskerinæringen er det stort sett ciklider av slekten Cichla som har betydning.[2]

 src=
Ciklidenes utbredelse
 src=
Heckels ciklide (Acarichthys heckelii)
 src=
Kakadueciklide (Apistogramma cacatuoides)

Anatomi

Fellestrekk hos ciklider er:

Utbredelse

Ciklidene er såkalte sekundære ferskvannsfisker. Det vil si at de stammer fra fisker som levde i havet, selv om alle nålevende arter kun finnes i ferskvann eller brakkvann. Utbredelsen er tradisjonelt blitt forklart med at gruppen oppstod i Gondwana før superkontinentet delte seg. De aller fleste artene lever i Sør-Amerika og Afrika. Madagaskar har de endemiske slektene Paretroplus (ti arter), Ptychochromis (åtte arter) og Oxylapia (én art). Slekten Etroplus med tre arter lever i Sør-India og Sri Lanka. Australia tilhørte også det sørlige superkontinentet, men hadde ingen ciklider før menneskene innførte dem. Mangel av fossiler og molekylærgenetiske data tyder på derimot på at ciklidene er en yngre gruppe, som oppstod i paleocen lenge etter at superkontinentet sprakk opp.[3][4]

I Sør-Amerika lever det minst 450 ciklidearter; av disse er 311 vitenskapelig beskrevet. Etter at Panamaeidet oppstod har søramerikanske ciklider vandret nordover, og de finnes nå helt opp til Sør-Texas (Rio Grande). Det lever også ciklider på Cuba og Hispaniola. Det sørligste forekomsten er i Río Negro i det nordlige Patagonia. Det er antatt at Sør- og Mellom-Amerika tilsammen har 571 arter.

De fleste ciklideartene lever i Afrika. Over 900 arter er beskrevet fra verdensdelen, men det virkelige antallet kan være over 1300. I de store innsjøene i Riftdalen har det skjedd en hurtig oppsplitting i mange arter. Victoriasjøen, Tanganyikasjøen og Malawisjøen har hver hundrevis av endemiske arter.

I Levanten finnes det fire arter som også lever i Afrika, og som sikkert har vandret inn derfra: galileaciklide, nilmunnruger, Oreochromis aureus og Tilapia zillii. Haplochromis flaviijosephi er endemisk for Jordan-vassdraget, men har nære slektninger i Afrika. Slekten Tristramella, med to arter, finnes kun i Jordan-vassdraget og i Damaskus-området. Den nærmeste slektningen til Tristramella er antakelig den gåtefulle Iranocichla hormuzensis, som lever ved Hormuz-stredet i Iran, langt unna alle andre ciklider. Disse to slektene stammer fra afrikanske ciklider, og står kanskje nærmest Sarotherodon.

Forvillede populasjoner av ciklider finnes mange steder utenom det naturlige utbredelsesområdet. I Florida er arter i den søramerikanske slekten Cichla blitt populære sportfisker. De ble innført av fiskerimyndighetene i delstaten for å bekjempe andre innførte ciklider, som oscar og Tilapia mariae. I Europa er vintrene stort sett for kalde til at ciklider kan overleve, men i Sør-Portugal lever Australoheros facetus (tidligere kjent som Cichlasoma facetum), som stammer fra Sør-Brasil og Nord-Argentina.

Systematikk

Det er ingen tvil om at ciklidene er en monofyletisk gruppe, men det er ennå mange uløste problemer i systematikken. Følgende oppdeling er hentet fra S.O. Kullander (1998) A Phylogeny and Classification of the South American Cichlidae.

 src=
Discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)

Referanser

  1. ^ a b c (en) Family Cichlidae - Cichlids - FishBase
  2. ^ a b c d What are cichlids? - Naturhistoriska riksmuseet
  3. ^ G. Gussie (1998). «Hitching a ride: continental drift and aquarium fish». The Calquarium. 41 (2). Arkivert fra originalen 27. april 2016.
  4. ^ M. Friedman m.fl. (2013). «Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting». Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1770). ISSN 1471-2954. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1733.

Eksterne lenker

licença
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Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NO

Ciklider: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Ciklider eller cichlider er en stor og variert familie piggfinnefisker. De minste artene (for eksempel Apistogramma) er ikke lengre enn 3 cm, mens de største (Boulengerochromis og Cichla) kommer opp mot meteren.

Noen arter er viktige matfisk, og mange andre er verdsatte som akvariefisk. Noen vanlige akvarieciklider er scalare og discus, ildbuk, Jack Dempsey, sneglehuslekere og oscar. Alle ciklider har yngelpleie.

Navnet på gruppen kommer fra det greske ordet kichle som er en slags fisk.

For fiskerinæringen er det stort sett ciklider av slekten Cichla som har betydning.

 src= Ciklidenes utbredelse  src= Crenicichla punctata  src= Heckels ciklide (Acarichthys heckelii)  src= Kakadueciklide (Apistogramma cacatuoides)  src= Nimbochromis venustus
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wikipedia NO

Pielęgnicowate ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Pielęgnicowate[3] (Cichlidae) – klad w randze rodziny ryb okoniokształtnych (Perciformes) obejmujący ponad 1600 gatunków opisanych naukowo oraz kilkaset odkrytych, oczekujących na formalny opis, co czyni ją jedną z najliczniejszych w gatunki rodzin kręgowców. Jest jedyną słodkowodną rodziną wargaczowców (Labroidei).

Pojawiły się prawdopodobnie we wczesnej kredzie, przed rozpadem Gondwany. Spośród innych okoniokształtnych wyróżnia je zaawansowana budowa szczęk, specjalizacja pokarmowa oraz rozwinięte strategie rozrodcze, co uznawane jest za przyczynę ich sukcesu ewolucyjnego – skolonizowały większość tropikalnych wód śródlądowych Ameryki i Afryki. Szybka specjacja i radiacja adaptacyjna pielęgnicowatych stały się przedmiotem zainteresowania biologów ewolucyjnych.

Wykazują bardzo dużą różnorodność pod względem morfologicznym, behawioralnym i ekologicznym. Większość z nich budową przypomina okonia – ciało krępe, lekko wygrzbiecone, bocznie ścieśnione, z charakterystycznym układem płetw. Polska nazwa zwyczajowa nawiązuje do ich sposobu traktowania potomstwa – opiekują się ikrą i narybkiem. Większe gatunki są poławiane lokalnie ze względu na smaczne mięso, mniejsze stanowią przedmiot handlu dla potrzeb akwarystyki. Żywiące się larwami komarów ograniczają rozprzestrzenianie się malarii. Liczne gatunki introdukowano w różnych krajach świata.

Występowanie

Współczesny zasięg występowania pielęgnicowatych obejmuje Afrykę i Madagaskar, Amerykę Południową i Środkową (zasięg jednego gatunku rozciąga się po Teksas w Ameryce Północnej), Kubę i Haiti, Indie, Sri Lankę, Cejlon i Azję Mniejszą[4]. Zasiedlają głównie słodkie, rzadziej słonawe wody strefy tropikalnej i subtropikalnej.

W zapisie kopalnym znane są z Afryki, Arabii Saudyjskiej, Lewantu, Europy, Ameryki Południowej i Haiti. Wielu autorów uważa, że pojawiły się 130 milionów lat temu, przed rozpadem Gondwany, ale możliwe jest ich późniejsze pochodzenie szacowane na 65 mln lat temu. Pierwsza z teorii opiera się na bliskim pokrewieństwie gatunków afrykańskich i amerykańskich, oraz na założeniu, że ryby te nie były zdolne do pokonania bariery, jaką stanowi dla nich woda słona. Dotychczas odkryte ślady kopalne nie potwierdzają tej teorii. Najstarsze potwierdzone ślady pielęgnicowatych pochodzą z eocenu Tanzanii (Mahengechromis, 45 mln lat temu[5]) i Argentyny (Proterocara, 55–34 mln lat temu[6] i Gymnogeophagus[7]), a późniejsze z oligocenu. Przeciwko tej teorii świadczy też brak pielęgnic w wodach Australii, która była częścią Gondwany, oraz ich obecność na Karaibach, które wyłoniły się ponad poziom morza dopiero w miocenie. Druga teoria, oparta na datowaniu odnalezionych szczątków kopalnych, sugeruje, że współcześnie słodkowodne pielęgnicowate dotarły do Ameryki, Madagaskaru i Indii pokonując drogę morską. Istotnym argumentem jej zwolenników jest fakt, że niektóre z tych ryb tolerują wodę słoną[5].

 src=
Cichla ocellaris – przedstawiciel rodzaju typowego

Rekonstrukcje filogenetyczne sugerują, że pielęgnice pojawiły się w wodach afrykańskich około 130 mln lat temu[8], a radiacja w jeziorach wschodnioafrykańskich rozpoczęła się 84–53 mln lat temu[9].

Największą różnorodność gatunków stwierdzono w środkowej i wschodniej Afryce, szczególnie w Wielkich Jeziorach Afrykańskich. Zaledwie kilka występuje w południowych Indiach i na Bliskim Wschodzie. Większość pielęgnicowatych to gatunki endemiczne.

Szybka specjacja i radiacja adaptacyjna afrykańskich pielęgnic była bardziej nasilona w jeziorach niż w środowiskach rzecznych. Większość gatunków występuje w jeziorach Tanganika, Malawi i Wiktorii. Zaledwie około 100 gatunków zasiedla afrykańskie rzeki, podczas gdy w jeziorach poznano około 800 i nadal odkrywane są nowe[10].

W przeciwieństwie do rzek afrykańskich, w rzekach Ameryki Południowej i Środkowej żyje około 600 gatunków pielęgnic. Stanowią tam ważny element ichtiofauny[10].

Budowa

 src=
Żaglowiec skalar (Pterophyllum scalare)

Ciało zwykle krępe, lekko wygrzbiecone, bocznie spłaszczone, u poszczególnych gatunków przybiera różnorodne kształty od niskiego i wydłużonego (Crenicichla) po krótkie i bardzo wysokie (Pterophyllum) lub niemal koliste (Symphysodon). Zazwyczaj jest jaskrawo, często kontrastowo, ubarwione – szczególnie u samców odbywających gody.

Dołek węchowy otwiera się tylko jednym kanałem na powierzchnię skóry[11]. Budowa aparatu gębowego jest wysoko rozwinięta – umożliwia wysuwanie szczęk. Występują w nim miażdżące lub rozdrabniające pokarm zęby gardłowe oraz rozłożone na szczękach zęby służące do chwytania. Kształt i układ zębów u poszczególnych gatunków jest bardzo zróżnicowany, związany z preferencjami pokarmowymi i strategią żerowania[12].

Linia boczna u większości gatunków jest przerwana, zwykle z 20–50 łuskami, ale u niektórych liczba łusek w linii bocznej może sięgać 100[13]. Kolce (promienie twarde) obecne są w płetwie grzbietowej, odbytowej oraz w płetwach brzusznych. Pojedyncza płetwa grzbietowa jest podzielona na część kolczastą (z 7–25 promieniami twardymi) i miękką (z 5–30 promieniami miękkimi). Płetwy brzuszne są przesunięte do przodu, osadzone pod piersiowymi. W płetwie odbytowej 3–15 promieni twardych (u większości gatunków znajdują się 3 twarde promienie) i 4–15 miękkich. Długość ciała wynosi od 3 cm u Neolamprologus brevis[14] do około 80 cm u Boulengerochromis microlepis[13].

Biologia i ekologia

Poszczególne gatunki wykazują dużą różnorodność preferencji pokarmowych, co związane jest z odmienną budową przewodu pokarmowego. Jedne zjadają detrytus i fitoplankton, inne faunę denną, a jeszcze inne są częściowo drapieżne[15]. Są wśród nich gatunki wyspecjalizowane w zjadaniu roślin, mięczaków, planktonu, a także ryb[10].

Cichlidae są jajorodne. W okresie godowym stają się niespokojne i bardzo ruchliwe. Szczególnie u samców spotykany jest silnie rozwinięty terytorializm. Większość wykazuje wówczas wzmożoną agresję, zarówno zewnątrz-, jak i wewnątrzgatunkową. Agresja kierowana jest w pierwszej kolejności przeciw przedstawicielom tej samej płci, najpierw własnego, a następnie innych gatunków. W dalszej kolejności zdarza się też agresja wobec płci przeciwnej. Rywalizacja często prowadzi do – poprzedzonych demonstracją siły – utarczek pomiędzy osobnikami broniącymi swojego rewiru. Trwają one aż do ustalenia hierarchii[12].

Polską nazwę pielęgnice zawdzięczają wysoko rozwiniętej strategii rozrodczej przejawiającej się opieką rodziców nad złożonymi jajami i wylęgłym narybkiem. Są wśród nich gatunki o wylęgu otwartym składające ikrę na podłożu, przyklejające ją do kamieni, wykopujące dla niej dołki, ukrywające jaja w szczelinach skalnych lub muszlach mięczaków, a także gębacze podejmujące zapłodnioną ikrę z podłoża do inkubacji we wnętrzu jamy gębowej. Znane są też pielęgnice ukrywające swoje młode w pysku w razie niebezpieczeństwa[15]. Niektóre gatunki tworzą rodziny wielopokoleniowe.

Duża plastyczność przystosowawcza, w tym również specjalizacja preferencji żywieniowych, a także zachowania związane z rozrodem uznawane są za główne przyczyny sukcesu pielęgnic w podboju wód śródlądowych[12].

Znaczenie dla człowieka

 src=
Tilapia podana w restauracji w Tyberiadzie

Mięso pielęgnic jest cenione ze względu na smak. W warunkach naturalnych są poławiane gospodarczo na różną skalę. Przez wędkarzy traktowane jako ryby sportowe (łowione na wędkę). Niektóre gatunki zostały introdukowane w wielu krajach do masowej hodowli. W Afryce i Ameryce Południowej większe gatunki pielęgnicowatych, głównie z rodzaju Tilapia, Sarotherodon i Oreochromis, mają duże znaczenie gospodarcze jako ryby konsumpcyjne[15]. Niektóre są hodowane na dużą skalę w akwakulturach. Łatwo przystosowująca się do warunków środowiskowych tilapia nilowa (Oreochromis niloticus) jest jednym z najpowszechniej hodowanych gatunków ryb słodkowodnych na świecie[16]. W Polsce jest hodowana z powodzeniem od 1990 roku.

Gatunki drapieżne, żywiące się larwami komarów odgrywają znaczącą rolę w walce z malarią[17].

Z powodu intensywnego, często kontrastowego ubarwienia oraz ciekawej biologii wiele gatunków (np. skalary, paletki i pielęgniczki) jest trzymanych w akwariach[17]. W ogrzewanych akwariach większość trzyma się dobrze i obficie rozmnaża[15]. W hodowlach akwarystycznych wyselekcjonowano wiele odmian barwnych[13].

Pielęgnicowate stanowią jeden z najważniejszych organizmów modelowych w biologii ewolucyjnej[9]. Są wykorzystywane do badania różnorodności tendencji ewolucyjnych, takich jak opieka rodzicielska, metody kojarzenia, selekcja seksualna i morfologia funkcjonalna[10].

Zagrożenia

Rosnące zainteresowanie pielęgnicami wpłynęło na rozwój handlu dla potrzeb akwarystyki, a to z kolei stało się głównym, obok zanieczyszczenia środowiska i utraty siedlisk, zagrożeniem dla wielu gatunków. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych IUCN umieszczono ponad 1000 gatunków[18] z rodziny Cichlidae, z czego wiele zostało uznanych za zagrożone wyginięciem (kategorie CR i EN).

Klasyfikacja

W obrębie Cichlidae opisano ponad 2000 taksonów, z czego ponad 1600 uznano za poprawnie opisane gatunki[19]. Zgrupowano je w ponad 200 rodzajach. Typem nomenklatorycznym rodziny jest Cichla.

Pielęgnicowate zostały opisane po raz pierwszy w 1840 roku przez Karola Lucjana Bonaparte, który sklasyfikował je jako podrodzinę (lub plemię) garbikowatych (Pomacentridae, wówczas nazywane Chromidae). Pielęgnicom nadał nazwę Cychlini[2]. Pieter Bleeker w 1859 roku podniósł je do rangi rodziny Cichlidae.

Większość XX-wiecznych klasyfikacji pielęgnicowatych oparta była o prace C. T. Regana (1905, 1906[20] i 1913), a te bazowały na cechach morfologicznych. Alternatywną klasyfikację przedstawił w 1976 roku Cichocki[21], co zapoczątkowało serię badań prowadzonych przez wielu badaczy (m.in. Stiassny, Oliver i Kullander[22]). Analiza cech morfologicznych w obrębie pielęgnic jest utrudniona ze względu na ich olbrzymią różnorodność, co prawdopodobnie jest związane z ich dużymi zdolnościami adaptacyjnymi. Dopiero połączenie analiz morfologicznych z badaniami molekularnymi umożliwiło postęp na drodze do ustalenia filogenezy rodziny Cichlidae.

W 1998 opisanych było ponad 1300 gatunków[22], do 2012 roku ich liczba wzrosła do 1600[19], a liczba wszystkich, z uwzględnieniem oczekujących na opis naukowy oraz nieodkrytych szacowana jest na 3000[23][24].

Do niedawna uważano, że najbliżej spokrewnione z pielęgnicami są szumieniowate (Embiotocidae) i garbikowate (Pomacentridae)[25]. Badania molekularne na większej grupie okoniokształtnych wskazują, że taksonem siostrzanym dla Cichlidae są ryby z rodzaju Pholidichthys[26] – dotychczas zaliczane do odrębnej niż pielęgnice grupy ostroszowców (Trachinoidei). Wspólną cechą badanej grupy okoniokształtnych jest składane przy dnie, lepkie jajo w osłonce zaopatrzonej w nitkowate wyrostki[26].

Podrodziny

Kullander[22] w 1998 roku przeprowadził rewizję taksonomiczną rodziny i zaproponował jej podział na 8 podrodzin. Początkowo koncepcja ta została dość szeroko zaaprobowana, jednak badania molekularne nie potwierdziły monofiletyzmu tych grup. Na podstawie późniejszych badań wyłonione zostały 4 monofiletyczne podrodziny[25][4]:

Kladogram prezentujący relacje pokrewieństwa podrodzin w obrębie Cichlidae[4]. W nawiasach podano zasięg występowania.

Dwie z nich (Cichlinae i Pseudocrenilabrinae) obejmują większość gatunków.

p d e
Filogeneza ryb z rodziny pielęgnicowatych (Cichlidae)Etroplinae Ptychochrominae Pseudocrenilabrinae
„Oreochromini”
„Austrotilapiini”
„Boreotilapiini”
Cichlinae

Na podstawie:

  • Smith et al. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Neotropical cichlids. „Cladistics”. 24, s. 1–17, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00210.x (ang.).
  • Schwarzer et al. The root of the East African cichlid radiations. „BMC Evolutionary Biology”. 9, s. 186, 2009. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-186 (ang.).

Rodzaje

Ze względu na zmiany zachodzące nadal w klasyfikacji rodziny, poniżej podano wyróżniane w niej rodzaje[19]:

Rodzaje ryb zaliczone do rodziny pielęgnicowatych
 src=
Xenotilapia papilio

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Cichlidae, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b C. L. Bonaparte. Prodromus Systematis Ichthyologiae. „Nuovi Annali delle Scienze naturali”. 4, s. 181–196, 1840.
  3. Krystyna Kowalska, Jan Maciej Rembiszewski, Halina Rolik Mały słownik zoologiczny, Ryby, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1973
  4. a b c W. L. Smith, P. Chakrabarty, J. S. Sparks. Phylogeny, taxonomy, and evolution of Neotropical cichlids. „Cladistics”. 24, s. 1–17, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00210.x (ang.).
  5. a b A. M. Murray. The fossil record and biogeography of the Cichlidae (Actinopterygii: Labroidei). „Biological Journal of the Linnean Society”. 74, s. 517–532, 2001. DOI: 10.1006/bijl.2001.0599 (ang.).
  6. Malabarba et al. Proterocara argentina, a new fossil cichlid from the Lumbera formation, Eocene of Argentina. „Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology”. 26, s. 267–275, 2006 (ang.).
  7. Malabarba et al. Gymnogeophagus eocenicus, n. sp. (Perciformes: Cichlidae), an Eocene Cichlid from the Lumbrera Formation in Argentinana. „Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology”. 30 (2), s. 341–350, 2010 (ang.).
  8. Genner et al. Age of Cichlids: New Dates for Ancient Lake Fish Radiations. „Molecular Biology and Evolution”. 24 (5), s. 1269–1282, 2007. DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm050 (ang.).
  9. a b Schwarzer et al. The root of the East African cichlid radiations. „BMC Evolutionary Biology”. 9, s. 186, 2009. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-186 (ang.).
  10. a b c d Farias et al. Total Evidence: Molecules, Morphology, and the Phylogenetics of Cichlid Fishes. „Journal of Experimental Zoology”. 288 (1), s. 76–92, 2000 (ang.).
  11. Zygmunt Grodziński: Anatomia i embriologia ryb. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1981, s. 19.
  12. a b c Włodzimierz Załachowski: Ryby. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 1997. ISBN 83-01-12286-2.
  13. a b c Joseph S. Nelson: Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, 2006. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  14. Salzburger et al. Phylogeny of the Lake Tanganyika Cichlid Species Flock and Its Relationship to the Central and East African Haplochromine Cichlid Fish Faunas. „Systematic Biology”. 51 (1), s. 113–135, 2002. DOI: 10.1080/106351502753475907 (ang.).
  15. a b c d G. Nikolski: Ichtiologia szczegółowa. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1970, s. 389–390.
  16. >World aquaculture production of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc., by principal species in 2006 (pdf). , 2006. FAO (ang.).
  17. a b Ryby. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1976, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  18. Juan Miguel Artigas Azas: Cichlids in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ang.). W: The cichlid room [on-line]. 2012. [dostęp 26 czerwca 2012].
  19. a b c Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fricke, R.: Catalog of Fishes electronic version (7 June 2012) (ang.). California Academy of Sciences. [dostęp 3 czerwca 2012].
  20. C.T. Regan. A revision of the fishes of the South-American cichlid genera of Cichla, Chaetobranchus, and Chaetobranchopsis, with notes on the genera of American Cichlidae. „Annals and Magazine of Natural History”. 7, s. 230–239, 1906 (ang.).
  21. F. P. Cichocki: Cladistic history of cichlid fishes and reproductive strategies of the American genera Acarichthys, Biotodoma and Geophagus. Vol. I. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan, 1976.
  22. a b c S. O. Kullander: A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). W: Malabarba L. et al. (eds): Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical Fishes. Porto Alegre: 1998, s. 461–498.
  23. J. Snoeks. How well known is the ichthyodiversity of the large East African lakes?. „Advances in Ecological Research”. 31, s. 17–38, 2000. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2504(00)31005-4 (ang.).
  24. Turner et al. How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?. „Molecular Ecology”. 10 (3), s. 793–806, 2001. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x (ang.).
  25. a b J. S. Sparks, W. L. Smith. Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). „Cladistics”. 20, s. 501–517, 2004. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x (ang.).
  26. a b Wainwright, et al. The Evolution of Pharyngognathy: A Phylogenetic and Functional Appraisal of the Pharyngeal Jaw Key Innovation in Labroid fishes and Beyond. „Systematic Biology”, 2012. DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/sys060 (ang.).

Linki zewnętrzne

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Pielęgnicowate: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Pielęgnicowate (Cichlidae) – klad w randze rodziny ryb okoniokształtnych (Perciformes) obejmujący ponad 1600 gatunków opisanych naukowo oraz kilkaset odkrytych, oczekujących na formalny opis, co czyni ją jedną z najliczniejszych w gatunki rodzin kręgowców. Jest jedyną słodkowodną rodziną wargaczowców (Labroidei).

Pojawiły się prawdopodobnie we wczesnej kredzie, przed rozpadem Gondwany. Spośród innych okoniokształtnych wyróżnia je zaawansowana budowa szczęk, specjalizacja pokarmowa oraz rozwinięte strategie rozrodcze, co uznawane jest za przyczynę ich sukcesu ewolucyjnego – skolonizowały większość tropikalnych wód śródlądowych Ameryki i Afryki. Szybka specjacja i radiacja adaptacyjna pielęgnicowatych stały się przedmiotem zainteresowania biologów ewolucyjnych.

Wykazują bardzo dużą różnorodność pod względem morfologicznym, behawioralnym i ekologicznym. Większość z nich budową przypomina okonia – ciało krępe, lekko wygrzbiecone, bocznie ścieśnione, z charakterystycznym układem płetw. Polska nazwa zwyczajowa nawiązuje do ich sposobu traktowania potomstwa – opiekują się ikrą i narybkiem. Większe gatunki są poławiane lokalnie ze względu na smaczne mięso, mniejsze stanowią przedmiot handlu dla potrzeb akwarystyki. Żywiące się larwami komarów ograniczają rozprzestrzenianie się malarii. Liczne gatunki introdukowano w różnych krajach świata.

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Cichlidae ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Cichlidae é uma família de peixes de água doce da ordem Perciformes que inclui cerca de 227[1] gêneros e 27,977 espécies, sendo estimadas 3.000 espécies distribuídas pela América Central e do Sul.[2] Os ciclídeos representam a maior família de peixes (em termos de número) e cerca de 5% dos vertebrados existentes na Terra. O Brasil tem aproximadamente 81 espécies.[3] São encontrados, em sua maioria, em ambientes de água doce.[4]

Os ciclídeos possuem o corpo comprimido lateralmente, uma narina apenas por lado do corpo, a linha lateral dividida e espinhos nas nadadeiras dorsal e anal (dorsal, entre 7 e 25 raios duros e 5 e 30 raios moles; anal, entre 3 e 15 raios duros, geralmente 3, e 4 e 15 raios moles, em algumas espécies até 30). O grupo caracteriza-se ainda pela presença de dentes nas duas mandíbulas e na garganta e pelo intestino, que sai do estômago pelo lado esquerdo (ao contrário dos restantes grupos de peixes). São os mais populares peixes de aquário, pois possuem alta diversidade de coloração, forma, tamanho e comportamento.[5]

Os ciclídeos têm ampla distribuição geográfica nas Américas, África, Madagáscar, litoral sul da Índia, Sri Lanka, Oriente Médio, Cuba e Ilha de São Domingos.[6] Foram introduzidos em vários países dos 4 continentes, e em alguns são a única fonte de proteína animal para milhões de pessoas.

As espécies mais conhecidas são que habitam o continente americano (ciclídeos neotropicais) onde se destacam os populares acará-disco (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) e acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). O continente africano, mais precisamente na região do Rift Valey (Lagos Vitória, Malawi e Tanganica) se destaca pela biodiversidade de espécies dessa família. Estes ciclídeos africanos caracterizam-se pela exuberante coloração e seus tamanhos variam de 2,5 centímetros (Neolamprologus multifasciatus) a 80 centímetros (Boulengerochromis microlepis), ambos do lago Tanganica. No Malawi encontramos predominantemente os gêneros Pseudotropheus, Melanocromis e Aulonocaras. Possuem as mais variadas formas, mas em geral o corpo é moderadamente profundo e comprimido. O lago Malawi merece especial atenção por ser habitat das espécies mais coloridas da família. Muitas espécies de ciclídeos são criadas e comercializadas como peixes ornamentais, ou exploradas na pesca comercial e esportiva (ex. Tilápias).

Géneros

Ciclídeos, Especiação e Evolução Convergente

Os peixes Ciclídeos são extremamente diversos e relevantes para estudos evolutivos [7]. São peixes que possuem altas taxas de especiação em curtos períodos de tempo, sendo comumente usados em modelos evolutivos [8].

Nos lagos africanos, sabe-se que surgiram mais de 1500 espécies endêmicas em poucos milhões de anos [9]. Entretanto, apesar das espécies de cada lago serem mais aparentadas entre si, nichos e formas corporais mais semelhantes são encontradas entre as espécies que habitam lagos diferentes [10][11].

Desta forma, além de terem uma alta taxa de especiação, os Ciclídeos também apresentam diversos casos de paralelismo evolutivo. Ou seja, casos de uma evolução repetida de uma série de ecomorfologias especializadas, sendo esta uma indicação de uma evolução adaptativa [7].

Os lábios grossos (hipertrofiados) evoluíram nas principais radiações de peixes Ciclídeos [10]. Sendo eles, um dos exemplos mais marcantes de convergência ecológica adaptativa em um fenótipo [7]. Observações realizadas em campo, sugerem que esses lábios auxiliam na alimentação dos Ciclídeos [12], servindo principalmente como adaptação para o forrageamento em fendas [10].

Referências

  1. Nascimento Aline L., Augusto Cesar P. Souza, Eliana Feldberg, Jaime R. Carvalho Jr., Regina M. S. Barros, Julio C. Pieczarka1 e Cleusa Y. Nagamachi. Cytogenetic analysis on Pterophyllum scalare (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from Jari River, Para´ state..(em inglês). Universidade Federal do Pará. Departamento de Gene´tica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Instituto de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Centro Jovem de Aquarismo. Vol.: 59. N°: 2. Pág(s):139-139 - Introduction.
  2. Irani Alves Ferreira. «Mapeamento cromossômico comparativo em peixes ciclídeos utilizando sequências repetitivas de DNA» (PDF). Instituto de biociências de Botucatu. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Consultado em 6 de fevereiro de 2013
  3. Cleusa Suzana Oliveira de Araujo, Maria Claudene Barros, Ana Lucia da Silva Gomes, Angela Maria Bezerra Varella, Gabriela de Moraes VianaI, Nathalia Pereira da Silva, Elmary da Costa Fraga, Sanny Maria Sampaio Andrade, 2009. Parasitas de populações naturais e artificiais de tucunaré (Cichla spp.) (em português). Centro Universitário Nilton Lins. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Vol.:18. N°: 1. Introdução.
  4. Fernanda Andrade, Horacio Schneider, Izeni Farias, Eliana Feldberg e Iracilda Sampaio Análise Filogenética de duas espécies de simpátricas de Tucunaré (Cichla, Perciformes), com registro de hibridização em diferentes pontis da Bacia Amazônica. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Departamento de Biologia. Universidade Federal do Pará. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Universidade do Amazonas. Pág(s):2.
  5. Jana Menegassi del Favero, Paulo dos Santos Pompeu, Ana Carolina Prado-Valladares. Biologia reprodutiva de Heros efasciatus Heckel, 1840 (Pisces, Cichlidae) na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã-AM, visando seu manejo sustentável. VOL. 40(2) 2010: 373 - 380. Pág(s) 374.
  6. Jana Menegassi del Favero, Paulo dos Santos Pompeu e Ana Carolina Prado Valladares. Aspectos reprodutivos de duas espécies de ciclídeos na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Amanã, Amazonas, Brasil.[ligação inativa] Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá. Universidade Federal de Lavras. Departamento de Biologia. Pág(s) Introdução-118.
  7. a b c Henning, Frederico; Meyer, Axel (31 de agosto de 2014). «The Evolutionary Genomics of Cichlid Fishes: Explosive Speciation and Adaptation in the Postgenomic Era». Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics (1): 417–441. ISSN 1527-8204. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025412. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022
  8. Scott, Eugenie C; Gishlick, Alan D (dezembro de 2004). «Evolution. Third Edition. By Mark Ridley. Malden (Massachusetts): Blackwell Publishing. $89.95 (paper). xxv + 751 p; ill.; index. ISBN: 1–4051–0345–0. 2004.». The Quarterly Review of Biology (4): 422–423. ISSN 0033-5770. doi:10.1086/428182. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022
  9. Sousa, José; Moura, Ernandes; Silva, Fábio; Silva, Rodrigo; Simão, Sérgio (20 de junho de 2017). «ENCICLOPÉDIA BIOSFERA , Centro Científico Conhecer - Goiânia, v.14 n.25; p. 2017 311 COMBINAÇÕES DE SUBSTRATOS ALTERNATIVOS NA GERMINAÇÃ O DE SEMENTES DA ALFACE ( Lactuca sativa L.)». Enciclopédia Biosfera (25): 311–312. ISSN 1809-0583. doi:10.18677/encibio_2017a29. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022
  10. a b c Baumgarten, Lukas; Machado-Schiaffino, Gonzalo; Henning, Frederico; Meyer, Axel (2 de março de 2015). «What big lips are good for: on the adaptive function of repeatedly evolved hypertrophied lips of cichlid fishes». Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (2): 448–455. ISSN 0024-4066. doi:10.1111/bij.12502. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022
  11. Brakefield, Paul M. (julho de 2006). «Evo-devo and constraints on selection». Trends in Ecology & Evolution (7): 362–368. ISSN 0169-5347. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2006.05.001. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022
  12. Manousaki, Tereza; Hull, Pincelli M.; Kusche, Henrik; Machado-Schiaffino, Gonzalo; Franchini, Paolo; Harrod, Chris; Elmer, Kathryn R.; Meyer, Axel (12 de outubro de 2012). «Parsing parallel evolution: ecological divergence and differential gene expression in the adaptive radiations of thick-lipped Midas cichlid fishes from Nicaragua». Molecular Ecology (3): 650–669. ISSN 0962-1083. doi:10.1111/mec.12034. Consultado em 3 de março de 2022

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Cichlidae: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Cichlidae é uma família de peixes de água doce da ordem Perciformes que inclui cerca de 227 gêneros e 27,977 espécies, sendo estimadas 3.000 espécies distribuídas pela América Central e do Sul. Os ciclídeos representam a maior família de peixes (em termos de número) e cerca de 5% dos vertebrados existentes na Terra. O Brasil tem aproximadamente 81 espécies. São encontrados, em sua maioria, em ambientes de água doce.

Os ciclídeos possuem o corpo comprimido lateralmente, uma narina apenas por lado do corpo, a linha lateral dividida e espinhos nas nadadeiras dorsal e anal (dorsal, entre 7 e 25 raios duros e 5 e 30 raios moles; anal, entre 3 e 15 raios duros, geralmente 3, e 4 e 15 raios moles, em algumas espécies até 30). O grupo caracteriza-se ainda pela presença de dentes nas duas mandíbulas e na garganta e pelo intestino, que sai do estômago pelo lado esquerdo (ao contrário dos restantes grupos de peixes). São os mais populares peixes de aquário, pois possuem alta diversidade de coloração, forma, tamanho e comportamento.

Os ciclídeos têm ampla distribuição geográfica nas Américas, África, Madagáscar, litoral sul da Índia, Sri Lanka, Oriente Médio, Cuba e Ilha de São Domingos. Foram introduzidos em vários países dos 4 continentes, e em alguns são a única fonte de proteína animal para milhões de pessoas.

 src= Tilapia brevimanus

As espécies mais conhecidas são que habitam o continente americano (ciclídeos neotropicais) onde se destacam os populares acará-disco (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) e acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). O continente africano, mais precisamente na região do Rift Valey (Lagos Vitória, Malawi e Tanganica) se destaca pela biodiversidade de espécies dessa família. Estes ciclídeos africanos caracterizam-se pela exuberante coloração e seus tamanhos variam de 2,5 centímetros (Neolamprologus multifasciatus) a 80 centímetros (Boulengerochromis microlepis), ambos do lago Tanganica. No Malawi encontramos predominantemente os gêneros Pseudotropheus, Melanocromis e Aulonocaras. Possuem as mais variadas formas, mas em geral o corpo é moderadamente profundo e comprimido. O lago Malawi merece especial atenção por ser habitat das espécies mais coloridas da família. Muitas espécies de ciclídeos são criadas e comercializadas como peixes ornamentais, ou exploradas na pesca comercial e esportiva (ex. Tilápias).

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Cichlidovité ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Cichlidovité (Cichlidae), ľudovo cichlidy, je čeľaď rýb z radu ostriežotvaré.

Do tejto čeľade je systematicky zaradených veľa rodov, ktorých systematické postavenie nie je jednoznačne jasné. Je to jedna z najpočetnejších čeľadí rýb vôbec. Vyskytuje sa vo veľmi rôznych biogeografických oblastiach, počnúc brakickou a končiac sladkou vodou o rôznej celkovej tvrdosti, hodnote pH a chemického zloženia.

Vyznačujú sa jedným z najzaujímavejších spôsobov života, dosahujú veľmi rozdielne veľkosti a značne sa odlišujú svojím správaním. Napriek tomu majú niekoľko spoločných znakov, z ktorých najznámejší je ochrana potomstva, ktorá je druhovo charakteristická. Na základe spôsobov starostlivosti o potomstvo je ich možné rozdeliť do troch hlavných skupín: na rodičovskú rodinu - o potomstvo sa starajú obaja rodičia, na materskú rodinu - o potomstvo sa stará výlučne matka a otcovskú rodinu (dosiaľ je známych iba veľmi málo druhov)- o potomstvo sa stará výlučne otec.

Cichlidy sú veľmi obľúbenou, doslova populárnou čeľaďou rýb chovaných v starostlivosti človeka. Telo majú spravidla robustné a s čeľusťami plnými zubov mávajú dobrý apetít. Veľkosť sa pohybuje od 25 mm (Neolamprologus multifasciatus) až po 650 mm a váhy 4 - 5 kg (Boulengerochromis microlepis). Najväčšie druhy, ktoré sa chovajú v starostlivosti človeka dosahujú dĺžku 20 až 30 cm, ale mnohé, najmä juhoamerické druhy narastú maximálne do 10 cm dĺžky. Cichlidy majú povesť zlostných rýb, ktoré ničia zariadenie akvária a útočia na ostatných obyvateľov nádrže. Túto povesť získali z nedostatočných znalosti o ich etológii pri chove prvých druhov tejto čeľade v starostlivosti človeka a traduje sa dodnes.

Výskyt cichlíd

Ryby čeľade cichlidovité sa v prírode hojne vyskytujú. Ich domovom sú teplé, sladké a často kyslé vody. Obývajú štyri kontinenty: Severnú a Južnú Ameriku, Afriku a Áziu. Z Ázie pochádza najmenšia skupina akvaristických cichlíd. V Ázii obývajú cichlidovité južnú Indiu a Srí Lanku, kde sa vyskytujú okrem sladkovodných aj brakické druhy. V Afrike sa vyskytujú najmä vo veľkých afrických jazerách. Najrozšírenejšie druhy pochádzajú z jazera Tanganika, Malawi, Viktória, niekoľko menších jazier a tiež niektoré tečúce vody,ako aj lagúny v blízkosti morského pobrežia s väčším alebo menším obsahom salinity vodného prostredia. Východoafrické jazero Malawi s rozlohou 6 400 kilometrov² obýva asi 1 000 rôznych druhov cichlidovitých. V najhlbšom africkom jazere Tanganika s rozlohou 32 000 km² žijú desiatky druhov cichlidovitých, ktoré sú špecifické len pre toto jazero. Čiastočne izolované druhy cichlidovitých sa vyskytujú aj vo Viktóriinom jazere, tie však z akvaristického pohľadu nie sú príliš zaujímavé. Africké druhy sa vývojovo prispôsobili životným podmienkam a od ostatných cichlidovitých sa odlišujú zvláštnym tvarom tela a diferencovaným chrupom pre príjem rôznorodej potravy, ako sú napr. rôznych druhov rias, šupiny, plutvy alebo oči iných druhov rýb, dokonca využívajú mimikry na napodobnenie rodičov a takto požierajú mláďatá iných druhov rýb atď. Jeden z najrafinovanejších spôsobov získavania potravy je útočenie na hlavu, lepšie povedané na ústa samíc, ktoré nosia vajíčka, vyvíjajúce sa larvy alebo už vyvinutú mlaď, a týmto spôsobom ju prinútia „ vypľuť “ potomstvo, ktoré potom útočník skonzumuje. Niektoré druhy majú preto napr. zosilené mäsité pysky a ústa rôzneho postavenia.

V Amerike (neotropické cichlidy)sa vyskytujú viac v riekach a to hlavne v Amazone a jej rôznych prítokoch. Cichlidovité žijúce v rieke Amazon si vyžadujú vôbec najkyslejšiu a najteplejšiu vodu v akváriu, čo nemusí vyhovovať ostatným rastlinám a rybám v akváriu.

Stavba tela

 src=
Skalár patrí medzi najznámejšie akvaristické rody cichlíd

Z morfologických a anatomických znakov môžeme uviesť napr. dve viac-menej spojené pažerákové kosti, ktoré ich spoľahlivo odlišujú od iných čeľadí (napr. Nandidae), ktoré sú systematicky zaradené do radu ostriežotvaré (Perciformes). Na každej strane hlavy sa nachádza iba jedna nosová dierka. Na hrebeni dorzálnej (chrbtovej) časti tela sa nachádza iba jedna pinna dorsalis (chrbtová plutva), ktorá je predĺžená a skladá sa z tvrdých (predná časť)a mäkkých lúčov (zadná časť). Na hrebeni ventrálnej (brušnej) časti tela sa nachádza pinna analis (análna alebo aj ritná plutva), ktorá sa skladá výlučne z tvrdých lúčov a je taktiež predĺžená. Ukončenie obidvoch uvedených plutiev je pri prevažnej väčšine sekundárnym sexuálnym znakom - samec ju má dlho vláknovito predĺženú, pričom predĺženie siaha až do jednej tretiny nad pinna caudalis (chvostová plutva) a pri samici je spravidla ukončená zaokrúhlene prípadne veľmi krátkym predĺžením.

Správanie

Všetky druhy sú viac alebo menej viazané na väčšie alebo menšie teritórium a v chove v malom akváriu, ktoré im neposkytovalo dostatok priestoru na vytvorenie teritória ako aj s malým počtom úkrytov sa to prejavovalo a prejavuje aj dodnes tým, že ostatné ryby „utláčajú“ a v mnohých prípadoch sa to končí aj ich smrťou. Preto pri tejto čeľadi platí viac ako pri iných rybách - čím väčšie a priestrannejšie akvárium s dostatočným množstvom úkrytov o vhodnej veľkosti a rozmiestnenia, tým lepšie. Rozhodne nie sú to ryby (aspoň drvivá väčšina) do malých akvárii pod 100 litrov celkového obsahu vodného prostredia. Neplatí to však pre všetky druhy. Niektoré sa stanú agresívnymi len počas rozmnožovania alebo pri obrane teritória. Akvarista musí byť o prípadnom prudkom správaní cichlidovitých informovaný a prispôsobiť tomu akvárium.

Delenie v akvaristike

Podľa pôvodu sa cichlidovité rozdeľujú do troch "skupín":

  • americké (Južná, Stredná a Severná Amerika, vrátane Kuby a priľahlých ostrovov)
  • africké (vrátane Madagaskaru)
  • ázijské (vrátane Blízkeho Východu)


Systematika

Nasleduje systematika (stav august 2007) podľa Catalogue of Life/ITIS a Sparks a Smith 2004 a Takahashi 2003 a [1] a sekundárne podľa Gobase. Tento systém obsahuje 222 rodov (vrátane niekoľkých vyhynutých).

Cichlidovité:


Medzi africké podčeľade uvádzané v starších systémoch patria: Paratilapinae Tawil (2001), Tilapiinae Hoedeman (1947), Tylochrominae Poll (1986), Heterochrominae Kullander (1998), Boulengerochrominae Tawil (2001)

Iné projekty

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Autori a editori Wikipédie
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia SK

Cichlidovité: Brief Summary ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Cichlidovité (Cichlidae), ľudovo cichlidy, je čeľaď rýb z radu ostriežotvaré.

Do tejto čeľade je systematicky zaradených veľa rodov, ktorých systematické postavenie nie je jednoznačne jasné. Je to jedna z najpočetnejších čeľadí rýb vôbec. Vyskytuje sa vo veľmi rôznych biogeografických oblastiach, počnúc brakickou a končiac sladkou vodou o rôznej celkovej tvrdosti, hodnote pH a chemického zloženia.

Vyznačujú sa jedným z najzaujímavejších spôsobov života, dosahujú veľmi rozdielne veľkosti a značne sa odlišujú svojím správaním. Napriek tomu majú niekoľko spoločných znakov, z ktorých najznámejší je ochrana potomstva, ktorá je druhovo charakteristická. Na základe spôsobov starostlivosti o potomstvo je ich možné rozdeliť do troch hlavných skupín: na rodičovskú rodinu - o potomstvo sa starajú obaja rodičia, na materskú rodinu - o potomstvo sa stará výlučne matka a otcovskú rodinu (dosiaľ je známych iba veľmi málo druhov)- o potomstvo sa stará výlučne otec.

Cichlidy sú veľmi obľúbenou, doslova populárnou čeľaďou rýb chovaných v starostlivosti človeka. Telo majú spravidla robustné a s čeľusťami plnými zubov mávajú dobrý apetít. Veľkosť sa pohybuje od 25 mm (Neolamprologus multifasciatus) až po 650 mm a váhy 4 - 5 kg (Boulengerochromis microlepis). Najväčšie druhy, ktoré sa chovajú v starostlivosti človeka dosahujú dĺžku 20 až 30 cm, ale mnohé, najmä juhoamerické druhy narastú maximálne do 10 cm dĺžky. Cichlidy majú povesť zlostných rýb, ktoré ničia zariadenie akvária a útočia na ostatných obyvateľov nádrže. Túto povesť získali z nedostatočných znalosti o ich etológii pri chove prvých druhov tejto čeľade v starostlivosti človeka a traduje sa dodnes.

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Autori a editori Wikipédie
original
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wikipedia SK

Ciklider ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV
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Ciklider, alternativt cichlider eller brokabborrar (Cichlidae) är en familj i underordningen läppfisklika fiskar som tillhör ordningen abborrartade fiskar. Cikliderna är närmast besläktade med de havslevande familjerna läppfiskar (Labridae), frökenfiskar (Pomacentridae) och bränningsabborrar (Embiotocidae). Cikliderna hör, med ett fåtal undantag, hemma i sötvatten. Det som förenar de läppfisklika fiskarna är framför allt svalgbenens utformning och upphängning.

Ciklider förekommer i Sydamerika och norr ut till södra USA, i Afrika söder om Sahara, Mellanöstern, samt tre arter i Indien och Sri Lanka. De 17 arter som förekommer på Madagaskar är stark hotade. Cikliderna är intelligenta, och har ett högt socialt medvetande och beteende, varför de är mycket populära som akvariefiskar. Flertalet arter är emellertid ganska stridslystna och revirhävdande samt därtill rovgiriga och glupska, varför de helst hålls i specialakvarier. Men det finns ett flertal "snälla" arter som väl lämpar sig tillsammans med andra typer av akvariefisk i så kallade sällskapsakvarium. En av dessa är palettcikliden, en art som dessutom är lämplig för nybörjarakvaristen.

Familjen omfattar minst 1300 arter fördelade på 105 släkten. Storleken varierar från några centimeter (som de cirka fyra centimeter långa dvärgcikliderna, till exempel Apistogramma-arterna) till stora rovfiskar av runt en meters längd (Cichla i Sydamerika, Boulengerochromis i Afrika). Kroppsformen varierar från extremt tillplattad från sidorna (Symphysodon, Pterophyllum) till spolformigt långsträckt (Teleogramma, Crenicichla). Födan varierar likaså; allmänna rovfiskar, planktonätare, växtätare, fjällätare och yngeltjuvar finns alla representerade. Alla ciklidarter har någon form av yngelvård. Vissa är viktiga matfiskar, främst arter inom släktet Tilapia som också odlas i många delar av världen, bl.a. i Afrika och Asien.

Under sista delen av 1960-talet inleddes den successiva introduktionen bland akvarister av ciklidarter från sjöarna i stora gravsänkan Rift Valley i Östafrika – framförallt Malawisjön, Tanganyikasjön och Viktoriasjön men också från Turkanasjön, Edwardsjön, Albertsjön, Kivusjön, Georgesjön, Kyogasjön, Nawampasasjön, Malombesjön, och en rad andra mindre sjöar. Mest spridd bland akvaristerna blev snart en grupp ciklider från Malawisjön, populärt kallad Mbuna. Dessa arter är munruvare, polygama och färggranna och kom för många att under 1970- och 1980-talet bli synonymt med begreppet "ciklider". Då cikliderna utgör en betydligt mer artrik och mer biologiskt mångfacetterad grupp än så, är en sådan grov förenkling emellertid inte korrekt.

Taxonomi

Sven O. Kullander (1998) redovisar åtta underfamiljer av ciklider: Astronotinae, Cichlasomatinae, Cichlinae, Etroplinae, Geophaginae, Heterochromidinae, Pseudocrenilabrinae och Retroculinae.[1] En nionde underfamilj, Ptychochrominae, har senare erkänts av John S. Sparks och William Leo Smith.[2]

En stor del av ciklidfamiljen är under taxonomisk omarbetning, varför korrekt namngivning kan vara vansklig. Särskilt gäller detta Cichlasoma-gruppen, samtliga Malawi- och tanganyikaciklider och släktet Tilapia. Tillsammans utgör dessa en mycket stor andel av familjens arter.

Akvaristik

Cikliderna indelas inom akvaristiken i olika grupper, bland annat efter släktskap, men ibland också efter ursprung:

Släkten

Referenser

  1. ^ Kullander, Sven O. (1998). ”A phylogeny and classification of the South American Cichlidae (Teleostei: Perciformes)”. Phylogeny and classification of neotropical fishes. L.R. Malabarba, R.E. Reis, R.P. Vari, Z.M. Lucena and C.A.S. Lucena (redaktörer). Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS. sid. 461–498. ISBN 978-85-7430-035-1
  2. ^ Sparks, John S.; Smith, William Leo (7 oktober 2004). ”Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)” (på engelska). Cladistics (The Willi Hennig Society) 20 (6): sid. 500–517. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.

Externa länkar

  • FishBase: Family Cichlidae - Cichlids – Översikt över familjen Cichlidae med hänvisningar till aktuella förteckningar över samtliga släkten och arter. FishBase är ett konsortium skapat av bland andra Förenta Nationernas "Food and Agriculture Organization", FAO, och har stöd av Europakommissionen. Svensk företrädare i konsortiet är Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet.
  • Guide to the South American Cichlidae – Naturhistoriska Riksmuseets översikt över sydamerikanska cikliders taxonomi, inklusive Cichlasoma-gruppen. Uppdaterad juli 2005.
  • Nordiska Ciklidsällskapet – En av världens äldsta specialföreningar med information och verksamhet kring ämnet ciklider.
  • Göteborgs Ciklidgrupp – En akvarieförening i Göteborg med inriktning mot ciklider.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Ciklider: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Ciklider, alternativt cichlider eller brokabborrar (Cichlidae) är en familj i underordningen läppfisklika fiskar som tillhör ordningen abborrartade fiskar. Cikliderna är närmast besläktade med de havslevande familjerna läppfiskar (Labridae), frökenfiskar (Pomacentridae) och bränningsabborrar (Embiotocidae). Cikliderna hör, med ett fåtal undantag, hemma i sötvatten. Det som förenar de läppfisklika fiskarna är framför allt svalgbenens utformning och upphängning.

Ciklider förekommer i Sydamerika och norr ut till södra USA, i Afrika söder om Sahara, Mellanöstern, samt tre arter i Indien och Sri Lanka. De 17 arter som förekommer på Madagaskar är stark hotade. Cikliderna är intelligenta, och har ett högt socialt medvetande och beteende, varför de är mycket populära som akvariefiskar. Flertalet arter är emellertid ganska stridslystna och revirhävdande samt därtill rovgiriga och glupska, varför de helst hålls i specialakvarier. Men det finns ett flertal "snälla" arter som väl lämpar sig tillsammans med andra typer av akvariefisk i så kallade sällskapsakvarium. En av dessa är palettcikliden, en art som dessutom är lämplig för nybörjarakvaristen.

Familjen omfattar minst 1300 arter fördelade på 105 släkten. Storleken varierar från några centimeter (som de cirka fyra centimeter långa dvärgcikliderna, till exempel Apistogramma-arterna) till stora rovfiskar av runt en meters längd (Cichla i Sydamerika, Boulengerochromis i Afrika). Kroppsformen varierar från extremt tillplattad från sidorna (Symphysodon, Pterophyllum) till spolformigt långsträckt (Teleogramma, Crenicichla). Födan varierar likaså; allmänna rovfiskar, planktonätare, växtätare, fjällätare och yngeltjuvar finns alla representerade. Alla ciklidarter har någon form av yngelvård. Vissa är viktiga matfiskar, främst arter inom släktet Tilapia som också odlas i många delar av världen, bl.a. i Afrika och Asien.

Under sista delen av 1960-talet inleddes den successiva introduktionen bland akvarister av ciklidarter från sjöarna i stora gravsänkan Rift Valley i Östafrika – framförallt Malawisjön, Tanganyikasjön och Viktoriasjön men också från Turkanasjön, Edwardsjön, Albertsjön, Kivusjön, Georgesjön, Kyogasjön, Nawampasasjön, Malombesjön, och en rad andra mindre sjöar. Mest spridd bland akvaristerna blev snart en grupp ciklider från Malawisjön, populärt kallad Mbuna. Dessa arter är munruvare, polygama och färggranna och kom för många att under 1970- och 1980-talet bli synonymt med begreppet "ciklider". Då cikliderna utgör en betydligt mer artrik och mer biologiskt mångfacetterad grupp än så, är en sådan grov förenkling emellertid inte korrekt.

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Çiklitgiller ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Çiklitgiller (Cichlidae), Perciformes takımından Labroidei alt takımına ait bir balık familyasıdır. Üyeleri çiklit, çiklet ya da sihlit adıyla bilinir. Tanımlanmış 1650 kadar türü bulunur.[1] Boyları 2,5 santimden (dişi Neolamprologus multifasciatus) 1 metreye (Boulengerochromis ve Cichla) kadar değişkenlik gösterir. Birçok türü akvaryum balığı olarak yetiştirilir.

Cinsler

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Kaynakça

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Çiklitgiller: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Çiklitgiller (Cichlidae), Perciformes takımından Labroidei alt takımına ait bir balık familyasıdır. Üyeleri çiklit, çiklet ya da sihlit adıyla bilinir. Tanımlanmış 1650 kadar türü bulunur. Boyları 2,5 santimden (dişi Neolamprologus multifasciatus) 1 metreye (Boulengerochromis ve Cichla) kadar değişkenlik gösterir. Birçok türü akvaryum balığı olarak yetiştirilir.

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Цихлові ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Зміст

Опис

Цихліди мают широкий діапазон розмірів тіла, — від видів менше ніж 2,5 см завдовжки (наприклад, самиця Neolamprologus multifasciatus) до набагато більших, що наближаються до 1 м завдовжки (наприклад Boulengerochromis і Cichla).

Група цихлід являє настільки ж широке різноманіття форм тіла, починаючи з досить приплюснутих з боків видів (таких як Altolamprologus, Pterophyllum, та Symphysodon) й до видів, тіло яких циліндричне і дуже подовжене (таких, як Julidochromis, Teleogramma, Teleocichla, Crenicichla, та Gobiocichla). В цілому, однак, цихліди, як правило, середнього розміру, мають тіло овальної форми й незначно приплюснуте з боків.

Багато цихлід, особливо тиляпії є промисловими рибами, в той час, як інші види цінуються через свої ігри (наприклад, вид Cichla). Багато видів, включаючи скалярії, оскари й дискуси також високо цінуються в торгівлі акваріумними рибами.

Цихліди є також родом хребетних з найбільшою кількістю видів, що знаходяться під загрозою зникнення, більшість таких видів знаходиться в групі haplochromine.

Утака є загальною назвою великої групи африканських цихлід (озеро Малаві). Цим терміном позначаються цихліди, що живуть у відкритій воді, на відміну від групи Мбуна, які живуть на дні і серед грудок каміння.

Ареал

Цихліди — найколоритніші представники родини не-Ostariophysan серед прісноводних риб у всьому світі. Вони переважно поширені в Африці і Південній Америці. Передбачається, що в одній тільки Африці налічується мінімум 1600 різновидів. Вражаюча кількість є в Центральній Америці -- від Панами до Мексиканської частини Північної Америки (120). Для Азії не властиві цихліди, за виключенням чотирьох видів в Йорданській долині, одного -- в Ірані та трьох в Індії та Шрі-Ланці, три види на Кубі. Європа, Австралія, Антарктика та Північна Америка не мають природних цихлід, навіть якби умови навколишнього середовища були придатними, як наприклад, у Флориді, Мексиці, Японії та Північній Австралії, де рідкісні види цихлід стали екзотичними. Цихліди — переважно прісноводні риби, у солоній та морській воді практично не представлені, хоча чимало видів тривало перенесуть солону воду Cichlasoma urophthalmus, наприклад, почувається, як вдома в прісних болотах, а також живе та розвивається в солоних водних середовищах. Кілька видів тіляпій (види Tilapia, Sarotherodon і Oreochromis) є витривалими щодо солоності. Є тільки кілька видів цихлід, які постійно мешкають в солоній, чи морській воді, найбільш відомі Etroplus maculatus, Etroplus suratensis і Sarotherodon melanotheron.

Живлення

 src=
Цихліда джміль, Pseudotropheus crabro, спеціалізується на живленні паразитами від сома Bagrus meridionalis[1]

Серед цихлід є травоїдні, які живляться водоростями (напр. Petrochromis) та рослинами (напр. Etroplus suratensis) і маленькими тваринами, зокрема безхребетними. Деякі цихліди є сапротрофами і вживають у їжу усі типи органічної речовини. До цього виду належать тиляпії з родів Oreochromis, Sarotherodon і Tilapia.

Інші цихліди є хижаками і живляться великою кількістю малих тварин, зокрема іншими рибами та комахами (напр. Pterophyllum). Trematocranus поїдає змій, в той час як Pungu maclareni живиться губками. Певні цихліди повністю чи частково живляться іншими рибами. Crenicichla є типовим хижаком, який атакує маленьких риб, що пропливають біля їх схованок. Rhamphochromis - відкритий хижак, який наздоганяє свою жертву. Paedophagous, як і всі види Caprichromis поїдає ікру або мальків інших риб. Серед найбільш незвичайних способів живлення виділяються Corematodus, Docimodus evelynae, Plecodus, Perissodus і Genyochromis, які споживають луску інших риб, а також Nimbochromis і Parachromis, які нерухомо лежать, заманюючи малу рибу до себе в пастку.

Вчені вважають, що таке різноманіття живлення допомагає цихлідам займати широкий ряд ареалів. Цьому сприяє фарингіальний зуб, що розташований в горлі, який допомагає цихлідам в живленні, наприклад щелепи використовуються для піднімання, чи утримування їжі, а фарингіальний зуб для її подрібнення.

Види

Родина цихлові має велику кількість різноманітних видів риб. Уже описано близько 1300 видів, а разом з видами ще не описаними загальні кількість видів сягає 1900, що робить його одним з трьох самих великих рядів хребетних.

Цихліди Північної Америки

Цихліди Центральної Америки

  • Vieja Fernandez-Yepez, 1969

Цихліди Південної Америки

Цихліди о. Мадагаскар

Цихліди Азії

Цихліди Африки

Цихліди оз. Малаві

Цихліди оз. Танганьїка


Цихліди оз. Вікторія

інші цихліди

Цихліди — жива модель незалежної паралельної еволюції

На прикладі цихлід виявилося виключно зручно вивчати механізми еволюції: по-перше, це прісноводна група, а значить, вони розвиваються у відносно замкнутих (в порівнянні з океаном, звичайно) системах, по-друге, вони еволюціонують в озерах з відомою геологічною історією, а це гарна підказка для визначення стартової точки еволюції, по-третє, цихліди непогано виживають в лабораторних умовах і тому з ними можливі всякі експерименти. Крім цього, в кожному з великих африканських озер — Малаві, Танганьїка і Вікторія — зосереджені сотні ендеміків, для яких впевнено реконструйована незалежна генеалогія. Ендемічні види цихлид утворилися і в інших дещо менших озерах, і вони також опиняються у фокусі наукового інтересу.

Сучасні еволюціоністи надають величезне значення з'ясуванню механізмів конвергенцій — подібних ознак, сформованих незалежним чином. Паралелізми прояснюють генетичну основу зовнішніх проявів ознак, допомагають скласти чітке уявлення про співвідношення адаптацій і філогенезі. Найбільш яскраві приклади таких паралелізмів дають прісноводні риби цихліди. Вони представлені цілими букетами видів у різних водоймах Африки, Центральної і Південної Америки. У багатьох з цих видів сформувалися незалежно конвергентні ознаки. Їх генетичному аналізу присвячена недавня робота групи фахівців із Швейцарії[2].

Порівняльний аналіз повних геномів п'яти африканських риб дозволив частково розшифрувати еволюційно-генетичні механізми швидкої адаптивної радіації цихлід в озерах Танганьїка, Малаві і Вікторія, де всього за кілька мільйонів років з невеликого числа видів-першопоселенців утворилися сотні нових ендемічних видів. Швидке видоутворення цихлід виявилося складним і багатогранним процесом, в якому важливу роль зіграли дуплікація генів, поява нових регуляторних мікроРНК, різноспрямований відбір за багатьма генами одночасно, сортування старих і закріплення нових генетичних варіацій в кодуючих і регуляторних областях, а також, імовірно, швидке накопичення генетичної різноманітності в початковий період адаптивної радіації, коли дія очищувального відбору тимчасово послабшала.[3][4]

Прискорені темпи еволюції дозволяють цихлідам адаптуватися до антропогенних змін середовища[5]

Цихліди всесвітньо відомі як група, що демонструє швидку і широку адаптивну радіацію. Для них характерні прискорені темпи еволюції, яка активно продовжується і зараз. З'ясувалося, що здатність до прискореної еволюції дозволяє цим рибкам адаптуватися також і до антропогенних змін середовища їх проживання[6].

Джерела

Література

  1. Ribbink, A.J.; Lewis, D.S.C. (1982). Melanochromis crabro sp. nov.: a cichlid fish from Lake Malawi which feeds on ectoparasites and catfish eggs. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 32 (1): pp. 72–87. doi:10.1163/002829682X00058..
  2. Наймарк О. Цихлиды — живая модель независимой параллельной эволюции [1]
  3. Марков А. Геномы африканских рыб проясняют механизмы быстрого видообразования
  4. Brawand D. et al. The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish // Nature. — 2014. — V. 513. — P. 375–381.
  5. Опаев А. Ускоренные темпы эволюции позволяют цихлидам адаптироваться к антропогенным изменениям среды
  6. Jacco C. Van Rijssel, Ellen S. Hoogwater, Mary A. Kishe-Machumu, Elize van Reenen, Kevin V. Spits, Ronald C. Van der Stelt, Jan H. Wanink and Frans Witte. Fast adaptive responses in the oral jaw of lake Victioria cichlids // Evolution. — 2015. — V. 69, No 1. — P. 179–189.
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Họ Cá hoàng đế ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Họ Cá hoàng đế hay họ Cá rô phi (danh pháp khoa học: Cichlidae) là một họ cá, theo truyền thống xếp trong bộ Perciformes[1]. Theo phân loại truyền thống thì họ này thuộc một nhóm được gọi là Labroidei cùng với loài cá biển thuộc các họ Labridae, Pomacentridae, Odacidae, ScaridaeEmbiotocidae[2]. Tuy nhiên, gần đây người ta chuyển họ này sang một bộ riêng biệt với danh pháp Cichliformes thuộc nhóm Ovalentariae[3], trong khi 2 họ Embiotocidae và Pomacentridae ở vị trí incertae sedis trong phân loạt Ovalentariae của loạt Carangimorpharia, còn 3 họ Labridae (không đơn ngành), Odacidae và Scaridae được xếp trong bộ Labriformes sensu stricto của loạt Percomorpharia[3].

Họ này lớn và đa dạng. Có ít nhất 1.658 loài được mô tả khoa học[1], khiến cho nó trở thành một trong họ động vật có xương sống lớn nhất. Các loài mới được phát hiện hàng năm và nhiều loài vẫn chưa được phân loại. Số lượng loài do đó chưa được biết rõ, với số lượng trong khoảng từ 1.300 đến 3.000 loài[2].

Phân bố

Cichlidae là họ cá nước ngọt không thuộc nhóm Ostariophysi giàu loài nhất trên khắp thế giới. Họ này đa dạng nhất tại châu PhiNam Mỹ. Người ta ước tính rằng chỉ riêng châu Phi đã có ít nhất 1.600 loài[4]. Trung MỹMéxico có khoảng 120 loài, phổ biến xa về phía bắc tới Rio Grande ở miền nam Texas. Madagascar có các loài bản địa rất khác biệt của hòn đảo này, như Katria, Oxylapia, Paratilapia, Paretroplus, PtychochromisPtychochromoides), chỉ có quan hệ họ hàng xa với các loài thuộc châu Phi đại lục[1][5]. Các loài Cichlidae bản địa hầu như không có ở châu Á, ngoại trừ 9 loài ở Israel, LibanSyria (Astatotilapia flaviijosephi, Oreochromis aureus, O. niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus, Tilapia zilliiTristramella spp.), 1 loài tại Iran (Iranocichla hormuzensis), và 3 loài tại Ấn ĐộSri Lanka (Etroplus spp.)[4]. Nếu bỏ qua Trinidad và Tobago (nơi một vài loài Cichlidae bản địa là thành viên của các chi phổ biến rộng tại Nam Mỹ đại lục) thì 3 loài thuộc chi Nandopsis là các loài Cichlidae duy nhất có trong khu vực Antilles thuộc Caribe, cụ thể là CubaHispaniola. Châu Âu, Australia, châu Nam CựcBắc Mỹ từ phía bắc lưu vực Rio Grande không có bất kỳ loài Cichlidae bản địa nào, mặc dù tại Florida, Mexico, Nhật Bản và miền bắc Australia có các quần thể Cichlidae do con người nuôi nhưng đã thoát ra ngoài tự nhiên sống hoang dã[6][7][8][9][10][11][12].

Mặc dù đa phần các loài Cichlidae chỉ tìm thấy ở những vùng nước tương đối nông, nhưng một vài loài sinh sống trong vùng nước sâu. Chúng bao gồm các loài như Alticorpus macrocleithrumPallidochromis tokolosh được tìm thấy ở độ sâu tới 150 mét (490 ft) trong hồ Malawi[13][14], và loài cá màu trắng và mù Lamprologus lethops, được người ta cho rằng sinh sống tới độ sâu 160 mét (520 ft) trong lòng sông Congo[15].

Họ Cichlidae ít được tìm thấy trong môi trường nước lợnước mặn, mặc dù nhiều loài chịu được nước lợ trong một thời gian dài; chẳng hạn loài Cichlasoma urophthalmus sống bình thường tại các vùng đầm lầy nước ngọt và ven các rừng đước ngập mặn cũng như sinh đẻ trong các môi trường nước mặn như các dải rừng đước xung quanh các đảo chắn[16]. Một vài loài Tilapia, SarotherodonOreochromis là các loài cá chịu mặn thật sự và có thể phát tán dọc theo vùng duyên hải nước lợ để di chuyển giữa các con sông[4]. Tuy nhiên, chỉ một vài loài Cichlidae là sinh sống chủ yếu trong môi trường nước lợ hay nước mặn, đáng chú ý có Etroplus maculatus, Etroplus suratensisSarotherodon melanotheron[17]. Có lẽ môi trường khắc nghiệt nhất đối với họ Cichlidae là các hồ siêu mặn nóng ấm, nơi các loài thuộc chi AlcolapiaDanakilia được tìm thấy. Hồ AbaededEritrea bao hàm toàn bộ sự phân bố của loài D. dinicolai, và nhiệt độ của nó dao động trong khoảng 29 đến 45 °C (84 đến 113 °F)[18].

Ngoại trừ các loài có tại Cuba và Hispaniola, họ Cichlidae không vươn tới bất kỳ hòn đảo ngoài đại dương nào, và chủ yếu có sự phân bố Gondwana, chỉ ra các mối quan hệ chị-em chính xác được dự báo bởi sự hình thành của các rào cản tự nhiên: châu Phi-Nam Mỹ và Ấn Độ-Madagascar[19]. Ngược lại, giả thuyết phát tán đòi hỏi họ Cichlidae phải vượt qua được hàng nghìn km biển khơi giữa Ấn Độ và Madagascar mà không xâm chiếm bất kỳ hòn đảo nào khác, hoặc tương tự như vậy, vượt qua eo biển Mozambique tới châu Phi. Mặc dù phần lớn các loài Cichlidae Malagasy chỉ là cá nước ngọt, nhưng Ptychochromis grandidieriParetroplus polyactis lại được tìm thấy phổ biến tại vùng nước lợ duyên hải và dường như chúng chịu được nước mặn[20][21] cũng giống như Etroplus maculatusEtroplus suratensis ở Ấn Độ và Sri Lanka[22][23].

Một số loài bị coi là loài xâm hại. Các loài cá rô phi đen (Oreochromis mossambicus) và cá rô phi vằn (Oreochromis niloticus) vì lý do kinh tế (nuôi trồng thủy sản) được du nhập vào nhiều nước nhiệt đới[24]. Sự tự nhiên hóa của chúng ở một số nước có tác động tiêu cực tới hệ sinh thái bản địa, do chúng thay thế và chiếm chỗ của các loài bản địa[25][26]. Các loài Cichlidae khác, như Australoheros facetus, là loài bản địa của khu vực từ miền nam Brasil tới miền bắc Argentina, cũng có mặt ở châu Âu do du nhập, chủ yếu trong khu vực phía nam Bồ Đào NhaTây Ban Nha[27][28] nhưng hiện nay đã có mặt trong một số hồ ở Đức (Baden-Württemberg và North Rhine-Westphalia)[29].

Các chi

Đến năm 2013, họ này có 221 chi được công nhận bởi FishBase[1]:

Tham khảo

  1. ^ a ă â b Chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. (2006). "Cichlidae" trên FishBase. Phiên bản tháng 11 năm 2006.
  2. ^ a ă Stiassny M., G. G. Teugels & C. D. Hopkins (2007). The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa - Vol. 2. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. tr. 269. ISBN 978-90-74752-21-3.
  3. ^ a ă Ricardo Betancur-R và ctv, 2013. The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. PLOS Currents Tree of Life. 18-4-2013. Ấn bản 1. doi:10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.
  4. ^ a ă â Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  5. ^ Boruchowitz, D. E. (2006). Guide to Cichlids. T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 0-7938-0584-8.
  6. ^ Koehn, J.D.; MacKenzie, R.F. (2004). “Priority management actions for alien freshwater fish species in Australia” (PDF). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 38 (3): 457–472. doi:10.1080/00288330.2004.9517253. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2007. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)[liên kết hỏng]
  7. ^ ABC Far North Queensland. “Tilapia:: Far North Queensland”. Bản gốc lưu trữ ngày 17 tháng 10 năm 2007. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 4 năm 2007.
  8. ^ Froese R. và D. Pauly. (chủ biên). Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, Convict cichlid”. FishBase. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2007.
  9. ^ Yamamoto M.N.; Tagawa A.W. (2000). Hawai'i's native and exotic freshwater animals. Honolulu, Hawaii: Mutual Publishing. tr. 200. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  10. ^ Page L.M.; Burr B.M. (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. tr. 432. ISBN 0-395-35307-6. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  11. ^ University of Southern Mississippi/College of Marine Sciences/Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (ngày 3 tháng 8 năm 2005). “Fact Sheet for Tilapia zilli (Gervais, 1848)”. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 2 năm 2007.
  12. ^ Fuller, Pam L. (ngày 11 tháng 10 năm 2002). “Nonindigenous Fishes of Florida - With a Focus on South Florida”. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology. Truy cập ngày 10 tháng 2 năm 2007. Đã định rõ hơn một tham số trong author-name-list parameters (trợ giúp)
  13. ^ Thông tin "Alticorpus macrocleithrum" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 4 năm 2006.
  14. ^ Thông tin "Pallidochromis tokolosh" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 4 năm 2006.
  15. ^ Norlander Britt (20-4-2009). Rough waters: one of the world's most turbulent rivers is home to a wide array of fish species. Now, large dams are threatening their future. Science World
  16. ^ Loiselle, P.V. (1994). The Cichlid Aquarium. Tetra Press. ISBN 1-56465-146-0.
  17. ^ Frank Schäfer (2005). Brackish-Water Fishes. Aqualog. ISBN 978-3-936027-82-2.
  18. ^ Stiassny, de Marchi & Lamboj (2010). A new species of Danakilia (Teleostei, Cichlidae) from Lake Abaeded in the Danakil Depression of Eritrea (East Africa). Zootaxa 2690: 43–52.
  19. ^ Chakrabarty, P., Cichlid Biogeography: Comment and Review, Fish and Fisheries, Volume 5, Pages 97-119, 2004
  20. ^ Stiassny M., và Sparks J. S. (2006). Phylogeny and Taxonomic Revision of the endemic Malagasy genus Ptychochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae), with the description of five new species and a diagnosis for Katria, new genus. American Museum Novitates. 3535.
  21. ^ Sparks J. S. (2008). Phylogeny of the Cichlid Subfamily Etroplinae and Taxonomic Revision of the Malagasy Cichlid Genus Paretroplus (Teleostei: Cichlidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Number 314: 1-151
  22. ^ Thông tin "Etroplus maculatus" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 7 năm 2011.
  23. ^ Thông tin "Etroplus suratensis" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 7 năm 2011.
  24. ^ Yonas Fessehaye: Natural mating in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen 2006, ISBN 978-90-8504-540-3 (luận án), tr. 11.
  25. ^ Thông tin "Oreochromis mossambicus" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 4 năm 2006.
  26. ^ Thông tin "Oreochromis niloticus" trên FishBase, chủ biên Ranier Froese và Daniel Pauly. Phiên bản tháng 4 năm 2006.
  27. ^ Elvira B. (1995): Native and exotic freshwater fishes in Spanish river basins. Freshwater Biology 33: 103–108
  28. ^ Elvira B. & A. Almodovar (2001): Freshwater fish introductions in Spain: facts and figures at the beginning of the 21st century. Journal of Fish Biology 59 (Supplement A): 323–331.
  29. ^ Geiter O., S. Homma, R. Kinzelbach (2002): Bestandsaufnahme und Bewertung von Neozoen in Deutschland 2002. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit, Forschungsbericht 296 89 901/01 UBA-FB 000215. Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes (Umweltbundesamt Texte) 25 02 ISSN 0722-186X.
  30. ^ Römer U. & Hahn I. (2006). “Ivanacara gen. n. (Teleostei: Perciformes, Cichlasomatini): a new genus of cichlids from the Neotropis”. Trong Römer U. Cichlid Atlas 2. tr. 1190–1197.

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Họ Cá hoàng đế
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wikipedia VI

Họ Cá hoàng đế: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Họ Cá hoàng đế hay họ Cá rô phi (danh pháp khoa học: Cichlidae) là một họ cá, theo truyền thống xếp trong bộ Perciformes. Theo phân loại truyền thống thì họ này thuộc một nhóm được gọi là Labroidei cùng với loài cá biển thuộc các họ Labridae, Pomacentridae, Odacidae, ScaridaeEmbiotocidae. Tuy nhiên, gần đây người ta chuyển họ này sang một bộ riêng biệt với danh pháp Cichliformes thuộc nhóm Ovalentariae, trong khi 2 họ Embiotocidae và Pomacentridae ở vị trí incertae sedis trong phân loạt Ovalentariae của loạt Carangimorpharia, còn 3 họ Labridae (không đơn ngành), Odacidae và Scaridae được xếp trong bộ Labriformes sensu stricto của loạt Percomorpharia.

Họ này lớn và đa dạng. Có ít nhất 1.658 loài được mô tả khoa học, khiến cho nó trở thành một trong họ động vật có xương sống lớn nhất. Các loài mới được phát hiện hàng năm và nhiều loài vẫn chưa được phân loại. Số lượng loài do đó chưa được biết rõ, với số lượng trong khoảng từ 1.300 đến 3.000 loài.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
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site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Цихловые ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Колючепёрые
Серия: Перкоморфы
Подотряд: Губановидные
Семейство: Цихловые
Международное научное название

Cichlidae
Heckel, 1840

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 169770NCBI 8113EOL 5344FW 179616

Цихловые[1], или цихлиды (лат. Cichlidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes).

Цихлиды имеют широкий диапазон размеров тела, — от видов меньше чем 2,5 см в длину (например, самка Neolamprologus multifasciatus) до гораздо больших, приближающихся к 1 м в длину (например Boulengerochromis и Cichla). Группа цихлид представляет столь же широкое разнообразие форм тела, начиная с сильно сжатых с боков видов (таких как Altolamprologus, Pterophyllum и Symphysodon) и до видов, тело которых цилиндрическое и очень удлинённое (таких, как Julidochromis, Teleogramma, Teleocichla, Crenicichla, и Gobiocichla). В целом, однако, цихлиды, как правило, среднего размера, имеют тело овальной формы и слегка сжатое с боков.

Многие цихлиды, например тиляпия, являются важными промысловыми рыбами, другие виды представляют интерес в качестве объекта спортивного рыболовства — в частности, вид Cichla. Также многие цихлиды, включая скалярий, оскаров и дискусов, высоко ценятся среди аквариумистов в качестве объекта содержания и разведения.

Цихлиды являются также семейством позвоночных с наибольшим числом видов, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, большинство таких видов находится в группе haplochromine.

Семейство цихловые содержит большое количество разнообразных видов рыб. Уже описаны около 1300 видов, а вместе с ещё не описанными общее количество достигает 1900, что делает цихловых одним из трёх самых крупных семейств позвоночных.

В России акклиматизирован один вид — мозамбикская тилапия (Sarotherodon mossambicus), разводимый в прудах и попадающий в водоёмы Краснодарского края[2].

Некоторые цихлиды инкубируют икру во рту.

Систематика

Семейство Цихловые состоит из подсемейств:

Цихлиды Северной Америки

Цихлиды Центральной Америки

Цихлиды Южной Америки

Цихлиды о. Мадагаскар

Цихлиды Азии

Цихлиды Африки

Цихлиды озера Малави (Ньяса)

Цихлиды озера Танганьика

Цихлиды озёр Виктория, Киву, Эдуард, Рудольф, Альберт, Джордж, Набугабо и др.

другие цихлиды Африки

Галерея

Цихлиды Америки

См. также

Примечания

  1. Богуцкая Н. Г., Насека А. М. Каталог бесчелюстных и рыб пресных и солоноватых вод России с номенклатурными и таксономическими комментариями. — М.: Товарищество научных изданий КМК, 2004. — С. 209. — 389 с. — ISBN 5-87317-177-7
  2. база данных «Позвоночные животные России»: мозамбикская тилапия
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Цихловые: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Цихловые, или цихлиды (лат. Cichlidae) — семейство лучепёрых рыб из отряда окунеобразных (Perciformes).

Цихлиды имеют широкий диапазон размеров тела, — от видов меньше чем 2,5 см в длину (например, самка Neolamprologus multifasciatus) до гораздо больших, приближающихся к 1 м в длину (например Boulengerochromis и Cichla). Группа цихлид представляет столь же широкое разнообразие форм тела, начиная с сильно сжатых с боков видов (таких как Altolamprologus, Pterophyllum и Symphysodon) и до видов, тело которых цилиндрическое и очень удлинённое (таких, как Julidochromis, Teleogramma, Teleocichla, Crenicichla, и Gobiocichla). В целом, однако, цихлиды, как правило, среднего размера, имеют тело овальной формы и слегка сжатое с боков.

Многие цихлиды, например тиляпия, являются важными промысловыми рыбами, другие виды представляют интерес в качестве объекта спортивного рыболовства — в частности, вид Cichla. Также многие цихлиды, включая скалярий, оскаров и дискусов, высоко ценятся среди аквариумистов в качестве объекта содержания и разведения.

Цихлиды являются также семейством позвоночных с наибольшим числом видов, находящихся под угрозой исчезновения, большинство таких видов находится в группе haplochromine.

Семейство цихловые содержит большое количество разнообразных видов рыб. Уже описаны около 1300 видов, а вместе с ещё не описанными общее количество достигает 1900, что делает цихловых одним из трёх самых крупных семейств позвоночных.

В России акклиматизирован один вид — мозамбикская тилапия (Sarotherodon mossambicus), разводимый в прудах и попадающий в водоёмы Краснодарского края.

Некоторые цихлиды инкубируют икру во рту.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

慈鯛科 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

慈鯛科学名Cichlidae),又稱麗魚科麗鯛科[1],為輻鰭魚綱慈鲷目的一,曾被归类为鱸形目隆头鱼亚目,已知約200個屬,超過2000種,是硬骨魚類中的大家族[2]

慈鲷科曾被归类为隆头鱼亚目的成员之一,但实际上与隆头鱼科并不亲近,不过,与雀鲷科海鯽科等可归类于卵附系,而裸鳗鳚科是本科的姐妹群,两者共同组成慈鲷目。这个科既是大型,又是多样化。至少有1650种已被科学地描述[3],成为最大的脊椎动物科之一。新品种每年都会被发现,许多品种仍然是未描述英语Undescribed taxon。因此这个品种的实际数量是未知的,估计有2000和3000之间变化[4]饲养在家庭水族箱中,慈鲷科鱼是很受欢迎的淡水鱼

目录

概述

 src=
本科在隆头鱼亚目與其他科内部的关系[5]

慈鯛科屬底棲魚類,原產於熱帶中南美洲非洲西印度群島,現已偏布全球熱帶與亞熱帶地區。習性為肉食、雜食或草食。大多為卵生口孵,有部分係在巢穴底床孵卵而由親魚共同護衛,亦有孵化後將仔魚含在口中保護者。因為有嚴密的護幼行為,所以被稱為「慈鯛」。

慈鯛科外表共同特徵不多,但它們在喉部卻都有一組稱為「咽頜」的構造,加上牙齒形態的分化,方便於捕食並咀嚼各類不同食物,因此在淡水水域中極盡優勢,也演化出許多不同的魚種。例如非洲馬拉威湖約有500種以上的慈鯛,維多利亞湖至少有400種,坦干伊喀湖約有300種以上,而且有99%都是這些湖泊的特有種[2]

慈鯛科魚類體型變化大,一般水族館業者將長度小於12cm以下的慈鯛科魚類稱為「短鯛」,主要分佈在南美亞馬遜河流域、以及西非剛果河流域。但是在東非維多利亞湖、坦干伊喀湖、馬拉威湖中長度小於12cm的慈鯛並不是在短鯛的界定範圍內。

分類

 src=
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慈鯛科下分195個屬,如下:

黑慈魚屬(Abactochromis

萎鰓麗魚屬(Acarichthys

大眼麗魚屬(Acaronia

寶麗魚屬(Aequidens

雀麗魚屬(Alcolapia

高身麗魚屬(Alticorpus

高身亮麗魚屬(Altolamprologus

嬌麗魚屬(Amatitlania

雙冠麗魚屬(Amphilophus

安迪麗魚屬(Andinoacara

變色麗魚屬(Anomalochromis

隱帶麗魚屬(Apistogramma

含觀賞魚市場中多數短鯛。

似隱帶麗魚屬(Apistogrammoides

始麗魚屬(Archocentrus

美色麗魚屬(Aristochromis

溪麗鯛屬(Astatoreochromis

妊麗魚屬(Astatotilapia

圖麗魚屬(地圖魚屬)(Astronotus

孔雀鯛屬(Aulonocara

溝顱麗魚屬(Aulonocranus

南麗魚屬(Australoheros

貝利麗魚屬(Baileychromis

淵麗魚屬(Bathybates

慈麗魚屬(Benitochromis

深麗魚屬(Benthochromis

雙耳麗魚屬(Biotodama

生麗魚屬(Biotoecus

小鱗鮑倫麗魚屬(Boulengerochromis

頰麗魚屬(Buccochromis

布瓊麗魚屬(Bujurquina

銜麗魚屬(Callochromis

羊麗魚屬(Caprichromis

卡奎麗魚屬(Caquetaia

心咽魚屬(Cardiopharynx

擬鬃鰓魚屬(Chaetobranchopsis

鬃鰓魚屬(Chaetobranchus

勒紋麗鯛屬(Chalinochromis

鱷麗魚屬(Champsochromis

唇麗魚屬(Cheilochromis

穴麗魚屬(Chetia

大唇麗魚屬(Chilochromis

厚唇非鯽屬(Chilotilapia

結耙非鯽屬(Chromidotilapia

麗魚屬(Cichla

麗體魚屬(Cichlasoma

棒麗魚屬(Cleithracara

剛果麗魚屬(Congochromis

槳鰭麗魚屬(Copadichromis)

瞳麗魚屬(Corematodus

弦尾魚屬(Crenicara

矛麗魚屬(Crenicichla

隱麗魚屬(Cryptoheros

櫛麗魚屬(Ctenochromis)

櫛咽麗魚屬(Ctenopharynx

庫寧登麗魚屬(Cunningtonia

杯口麗魚屬(Cyathochromis

杯咽麗魚屬(Cyathopharynx

圓咽麗魚屬(Cyclopharynx

犬齒非鯽屬(Cynotilapia

駝背非鯽屬(Cyphotilapia

愛麗魚屬(Cyprichromis

隆背麗鯛屬(Cyrtocara

丹納非鯽屬(Danakilia)

雙纓麗魚屬(Dicrossus

恐怖麗魚屬(Dimidiochromis

雙弓齒麗魚屬(Diplotaxodon

矛非鯽屬(Docimodus

擇麗魚屬(Eclectochromis

外麗鯛屬(Ectodus)

伊內麗魚屬(Enigmatochromis

槳麗魚屬(Eretmodus

腹麗魚屬(Etroplus

突背麗鯛屬(Exochochromis

溝非鯽屬(Fossorochromis

頰麗鯛屬(Genyochromis

珠母麗魚屬(Geophagus

橋麗魚屬(Gephyrochromis

頜麗魚屬(Gnathochromis

鮈麗魚屬(Gobiocichla

三線麗魚屬(Grammatotria

格氏麗魚屬(Greenwoodochromis

圭亞那麗魚屬(Guianacara

裸光蓋麗魚屬(Gymnogeophagus

樸麗魚屬(Haplochromis

單列齒麗魚屬(Haplotaxodon

半攀麗魚屬(Hemibates

伴麗魚屬(Hemichromis

半帶麗魚屬(Hemitaeniochromis

半非鯽屬(Hemitilapia

德州麗魚屬(Herichthys

娜麗魚屬(Heroina

英麗魚屬(Heros

異非鯽屬(Heterochromis

強棘非鯽屬(Hoplarchus

高地麗魚屬(Hypselecara

高鰭麗魚屬(Hypsophrys

中間麗魚屬(Interochromis)

厚唇麗魚屬(Iodotropheus

伊朗麗鯛屬(Iranocichla

尖嘴麗魚屬(Julidochromis

瘤頭麗魚屬(Katria)

康尼麗魚屬(Konia

克羅比麗魚屬(Krobia

突吻麗魚屬(Labeotropheus

鑷麗魚屬(Labidochromis

悅麗魚屬(Laetacara

亮麗鯛屬(Lamprologus

雅麗魚屬(Lepidiolamprologus

盜麗魚屬(Lestradea

龍占麗魚屬(Lethrinops

艷麗魚屬(Lichnochromis

緣邊麗魚屬(Limbochromis

湖麗魚屬(Limnochromis

湖非鯽屬(Limnotilapia

圓唇麗魚屬(Lobochilotes

臼齒麗鯛屬(Mylochromis

馬贊麗魚屬(Mazarunia

黑麗魚屬(Melanochromis

中麗魚屬(Mesonauta

擬麗魚屬(Maylandia

小麗魚屬(Microchromis

小噬土麗鯛屬(Mikrogeophagus

邁卡麗魚屬(Myaka

多斑麗鯛屬(Naevochromis

南渡麗鯛屬(Nandopsis

矮麗魚屬(Nannacara

彩短鯛屬(Nanochromis

新亮麗鯛屬(Neolamprologus

雨麗魚屬(Nimbochromis

奈沙麗魚屬(Nyassachromis

大眼非鯽屬(Ophthalmotilapia

口孵非鯽屬(Oreochromis

直口非鯽屬(Orthochromis)

大咽非鯽屬(Otopharynx

尖非鯽屬(Oxylapia

蒼皮麗魚屬(Pallidochromis

副體魚屬(Parachromis

副愛麗魚屬(Paracyprichromis

副南麗魚屬(Parananochromis

副尼麗魚屬(Paraneetroplus

副非鯽屬(Paratilapia

副熱鯛屬(Paretroplus

突頜麗魚屬(Pelmatochromis

矛耙麗魚屬(Pelvicachromis

奇齒麗魚屬(Perissodus

燦麗魚屬(Petenia

岩麗魚屬(Petrochromis

岩非鯽屬(Petrotilapia

咽麗魚屬(Pharyngochromis

柔麗鯛屬(Placidochromis

織麗魚屬(Plecodus

原黑麗魚屬(Protomelas

褶唇麗魚屬(Pseudocrenilabrus

擬扁鼻麗魚屬(Pseudosimochromis

若麗魚屬(Pseudotropheus

大鰭麗魚屬(Pterochromis


神仙魚屬(Pterophyllum

褶麗魚屬(Ptychochromis

似褶麗魚屬(Ptychochromoides

螫麗魚屬(Pungu

雷根麗魚屬(Reganochromis

後臀麗魚屬(Retroculus

鉤嘴麗魚屬(Rhamphochromis

羅麗鯛屬(Rocio

帚麗鯛屬(Sargochromis)

帚齒非鯽屬(Sarotherodon

撒但鱸屬(Satanoperca

施韋茨麗魚屬(Schwetzochromis

鬼麗魚屬(Sciaenochromis

鮨麗魚屬(Serranochromis

扁鼻麗魚屬(Simochromis

劍齒麗魚屬(Spathodus

隆頭麗魚屬(Steatocranus

點麗魚屬(Stigmatochromis

大口非鯽屬(Stomatepia

盤麗魚屬Symphysodon

紋首麗魚屬(Taeniacara

紋麗魚屬(Taeniochromis

帶龍占麗魚屬(Taeniolethrinops

塔豪麗魚屬(Tahuantinsuyoa

坦加麗魚屬(Tangachromis

坦干伊喀麗魚屬(Tanganicodus

全麗魚屬(Teleocichla

遠紋麗魚屬(Teleogramma

沼麗魚屬(Telmatochromis

馴麗魚屬(Theraps

胸麗魚屬(Thoracochromis

火口魚屬(Thorichthys

纓麗魚屬(Thysochromis

非鯽屬(羅非魚屬)(Tilapia

托莫麗鯛屬(Tomocichla

薄麗鯛屬(Tramitichromis

孔麗鯛屬(Trematocara

孔首麗體魚屬(Trematocranus

緋麗魚屬(Triglachromis

三列麗鯛屬(Tristramella

尖吻慈鯛屬(Tropheops)

藍首魚屬(Tropheus

球麗魚屬(Tylochromis

暴麗魚屬(Tyrannochromis

三角麗魚屬(Uaru

雜色麗鯛(Variabilichromis)

奇麗魚屬(Xenochromis

奇非鯽屬(Xenotilapia

參考文獻

  1. ^ 【水产杂谈】这些水产品的名字竟有这么古怪的起源 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-01-28.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 (简体中文)麗魚科.见:魚類思想.淡水鱼类观赏大全,2009年12月26日查阅:
  3. ^ List of Nominal Species of Cichlidae, in Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2012). FishBase,. February 2012.
  4. ^ Stiassny, M., G. G. Teugels & C. D. Hopkins. The Fresh and Brackish Water Fishes of Lower Guinea, West-Central Africa - Vol. 2. Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. 2007: 269. ISBN 978-90-74752-21-3.
  5. ^ Stiassny, M.L.J.; Jensen, J.S. Labroid intrarelationships revisited: morphological complexity, key innovations, and the study of comparative diversity. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1987, 151: 269–319.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

慈鯛科: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

慈鯛科(学名:Cichlidae),又稱麗魚科或麗鯛科,為輻鰭魚綱慈鲷目的一,曾被归类为鱸形目隆头鱼亚目,已知約200個屬,超過2000種,是硬骨魚類中的大家族。

慈鲷科曾被归类为隆头鱼亚目的成员之一,但实际上与隆头鱼科并不亲近,不过,与雀鲷科海鯽科等可归类于卵附系,而裸鳗鳚科是本科的姐妹群,两者共同组成慈鲷目。这个科既是大型,又是多样化。至少有1650种已被科学地描述,成为最大的脊椎动物科之一。新品种每年都会被发现,许多品种仍然是未描述(英语:Undescribed taxon)。因此这个品种的实际数量是未知的,估计有2000和3000之间变化。饲养在家庭水族箱中,慈鲷科鱼是很受欢迎的淡水鱼

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

シクリッド ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
Question book-4.svg
この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2011年11月
シクリッド科 Aulonocara hansbaenschi RB3.jpg
マラウイ湖産のシクリッドの1種 Aulonocara jacobfreibergi
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 亜綱 : 新鰭亜綱 Neopterygii 上目 : 棘鰭上目 Acanthopterygii : スズキ目 Perciformes 亜目 : ベラ亜目 Labroidei : シクリッド科 Cichlidae 学名 Cichlidae Heckel, 1840 和名 カワスズメ科、シクリッド科 英名 Cichlid
  • 本文参照

シクリッド: Cichlid)またはカワスズメは、スズキ目ベラ亜目シクリッド科(カワスズメ科) Cichlidae に分類される魚の総称。

概要[編集]

中央アメリカから南アメリカにかけてと、マダガスカルを含むアフリカから中東南アジアまで分布する。淡水魚・汽水魚が少なくとも約1,300種以上確認されている。熱帯魚のなかでは獰猛な種として知られ、他種との混泳は注意を必要とする。

ティラピアなどは水産上重要である。エンゼルフィッシュディスカスなど色彩の美しい種は、観賞用熱帯魚として流通する。

繁殖形態が特徴的で、よく発達した行動様式をもつ。シクリッドの繁殖形態には、大きく分けて3種類があり、

  • オスまたはメスが産卵された卵を口の中に入れ、口内で卵が孵化するタイプ
  • メスが水中にあるものに産卵し、これを親が守るタイプ
  • メスが水中にあるものに産卵し、孵化した稚魚を親の口内で育てるタイプ

などがある。

口の中で卵や稚魚を育てることを口内保育(マウスブルーディング、mouth brooding)と呼び、そのような習性を持つ魚をマウスブルーダーと呼ぶ。

知られている種の大部分が東アフリカ(900種以上)と中央アメリカ(100種程度)、南アメリカ(300種程度)に分布しており、これらの地域ではかつて爆発的に種分化が進んだことが想定されている。

ティラピアなどの一部の種は、日本に移入され、養殖されたり、外来種として定着しているものもある。

おもな種類[編集]

アフリカン・シクリッド - アフリカ産のシクリッドの総称

アメリカン・シクリッド - 中南米産のシクリッドの総称。エンゼルフィッシュやディスカスなど単独で有名なグループは除く場合もある

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、シクリッドに関連するメディアがあります。

外部リンク[編集]

  • Kullander, Sven O. : Family Cichlidae - Cichlids from FishBase. (Ed. Froese, R. and D. Pauly. 2004, version 06/2004). - シクリッドについて
執筆の途中です この項目は、魚類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然/プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

シクリッド: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

シクリッド(: Cichlid)またはカワスズメは、スズキ目ベラ亜目シクリッド科(カワスズメ科) Cichlidae に分類される魚の総称。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

시클리드 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

시클리드(영어: Cichlid [ˈsɪklɨdz][*])는 조기어강 키클라목 키클라과(Cichlidae 키클리다이[*])에 속하는 물고기들을 총칭이다.[1] 매우 다양하게 분화한 물고기 종류로서, 주로 아프리카, 중앙아메리카남아메리카에 대부분이 서식하고 있으며 인도와 동남아 지방에도 크로마이드속의 종류들이 살고 있다. 송사리와 친족관계가 있고, 계통분류학자들에게 많이 연구가 되어 있다.[출처 필요] 다양한 아름다운 색깔 때문에 관상어로 많이 이용된다.

하위 분류

계통 분류

다음은 베탕쿠르(Betancur) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[2]

오발렌타리아류      

폴리켄트루스과

키클라목

키클라과

   

폴리디크티스과

      색줄멸상목  

색줄멸목

     

동갈치목

   

열대송사리목

             

암바시스과

     

망상어과

  숭어상목

숭어목

         

콩그로가두스과

       

자리돔과

   

육돈바리과

       

프세우도크로미스과

     

그라마과

     

후악치과

  베도라치상목  

학치목

   

베도라치목

                  키클라과

Etroplinae (인도 및 마다가스카르 섬)

     

Ptychochrominae (마다가스카르 섬)

     

프세우도크레닐라브루스아과 (아프리카 및 중동)

   

키클라아과 (중남미)

       

각주

  1. “Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes - Based mostly on Molecular Data — Version 3”. 2015년 8월 14일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2015년 9월 30일에 확인함.
  2. Ricardo Betancur-R, Edward O. Wiley, Gloria Arratia, Arturo Acero, Nicolas Bailly, Masaki Miya, Guillaume Lecointre and Guillermo Ortí: Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology, BMC series – Juli 2017, DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3
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시클리드: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

시클리드(영어: Cichlid [ˈsɪklɨdz][*])는 조기어강 키클라목 키클라과(Cichlidae 키클리다이[*])에 속하는 물고기들을 총칭이다. 매우 다양하게 분화한 물고기 종류로서, 주로 아프리카, 중앙아메리카남아메리카에 대부분이 서식하고 있으며 인도와 동남아 지방에도 크로마이드속의 종류들이 살고 있다. 송사리와 친족관계가 있고, 계통분류학자들에게 많이 연구가 되어 있다.[출처 필요] 다양한 아름다운 색깔 때문에 관상어로 많이 이용된다.

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