Dryophytes versicolor (Le Conte 1825)

In arboreal forest habitat, north-eastern US

The gray treefrog (Dryophytes versicolor) is a species of small arboreal holarctic tree frog native to much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada.^[2]

It is sometimes referred to as the eastern gray treefrog, northern gray treefrog,^[3] common gray treefrog, or tetraploid gray treefrog to distinguish it from its more southern, genetically disparate relative, Cope's gray treefrog.

Description

As the scientific name implies, gray treefrogs are variable in color. This ability to vary their color provides them with the ability to camouflage themselves from gray to green or brown, depending on the environment around them. H. versicolor can change from nearly black to nearly white. They change color at a slower rate than a chameleon. A unique aspect of the appearance of gray treefrogs is that its legs feature a dark band-like pattern which then contrast sharply with the black-marked bright yellow or orange under the sides of its legs and arms. Dead gray treefrogs and ones in unnatural surroundings are predominantly gray. The female does not call however, the male does call. Female gray treefrogs are usually larger than their male counterparts. They are relatively small compared to other North American frog species, typically attaining no more than 1.5 to 2 in (3.8 to 5.1 cm) in length. Their skin has a lumpy texture to it, giving them a warty appearance.

This species is virtually indistinguishable from Cope's gray treefrog, the only readily noticeable difference being that Cope's Gray treefrog has a shorter, faster call. This varies depending on the temperature, however, as the call rates of both gray treefrogs are temperature dependent. At lower temperatures, Cope's gray treefrog can have a call rate approximating that of the gray treefrog.^[4] This difference in calling can be heard, but it is best quantified by counting the number of pulses per second in their whistled trills. At usual temperatures, the gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 16 to 34 pulses per second, while Cope's gray treefrog has a pulse rate of 34 to 60 pulses per second. Even though there is potential for overlap, because of the temperature dependence of the pulse frequency the two species are easily distinguished where they occur together. At a given temperature, the pulse frequency for the gray treefrog is approximately 1/2 that of Cope's gray treefrog.^[5]

The gray treefrog also has 48 chromosomes (4n), and is sometimes referred to as the tetraploid gray treefrog in scientific literature. Cope's gray treefrog, or diploid gray treefrog, retained its 2n (24) original chromosome count. Hybridization between these species results in early mortality of many larvae, but some individuals survive to adulthood, but these individuals suffer from reduced fertility.^[6]

Both of these similar species have bright-yellow patches on their hind legs, which distinguishes them from other treefrogs, such as the bird-voiced tree frog.^[7] The bright patches are normally only visible while the frog is jumping. Both species of gray treefrogs are slightly sexually dimorphic. Males have black or gray throats, while the throats of the females are lighter.^[8]

Yellow hind legs of a gray tree frog

Tadpoles have rounded bodies (as opposed to the more elongated bodies of stream species) with high, wide tails that can be colored red if predators are in the system.^[9] Metamorphosis can occur as quickly as two months with optimal conditions. During metamorphosis, the new froglets will almost always turn green for a day or two before changing to the more common gray. Young frogs will also sometimes maintain a light green color, only turning gray or darker green once adulthood is reached.

Distribution and habitat

Gray treefrogs inhabit a wide geographic range, and can be found in most of the eastern half of the United States and as far west as central Texas and Oklahoma. They also range into Canada in the provinces of Quebec,^[10] Ontario, and Manitoba, with an isolated population in New Brunswick.

The gray treefrog is capable of surviving freezing of its internal body fluids to temperatures as low as −8 °C (18 °F).^[11]

The gray treefrog is most common in forested areas, as it is highly arboreal. Its calls are often heard in rural residential areas of the East Coast and the Midwest. It prefers to breed in semipermanent woodland ponds without fish, but it also lays eggs in swamps, vernal pools, man-made fountains and water gardens, and even in rainwater-filled swimming pool covers.

Behavior

Male gray treefrogs rarely have large choruses, as they are mostly solitary animals, but might vocalize competitively at the height of breeding periods. Gray treefrogs have been observed to congregate around windows and porch lights to eat insects that are attracted to the light. Insect larvae, mites, spiders, plant lice, harvestmen and snails also contribute towards the diet of the gray treefrog.^[12] Some populations have a diet high in ants and beetles.^[13] However, like most frogs, D. versicolor is opportunitistic and may also eat smaller frogs, including other treefrogs.^[12] During the day they often rest on horizontal tree branches or leaves out in the open. Gray treefrogs have also been observed to lay out in the direct sun. Gray tree frogs are less prone to overheating and desiccation than other amphibians and rely on their superb camouflage to hide them from predators.

Mating

Mate searching behavior

Research on anuran communication reveals that groups of male frog chorus attract female frogs to mate. The relative success of these male frogs, including H. versicolor males, at attracting females depends on how their advertisement call is able to lead females to their calling space. As male density increases, a male’s advertisement call is confused with the other calls. This confusion leads to the inability of females to accurately locate the origin of the call. The lowest intensity of a neighbor's call that a male frog is tolerant of is known as the aggressive threshold. When this threshold is reached, a male frog will use a different call known as an aggressive call to initiate male-male conflict or intolerance.^[14]

Aggressive calls are usually much shorter in length and have lower frequencies than advertisement calls. Aggressive calls specifically in H. versicolor males also do not show much variation in amplitude throughout the call, unlike advertisement calls which contain many pulses. This is very unique to the H. versicolor species since most species with graded aggressive calls have advertisement and aggressive calls with very similar structures. They are similar in that they both have two peak frequencies, but the aggressive call peak frequencies are usually lower.^[15][16]

Male/male interactions

Since females do not prefer call overlap between males in a close range of each other, this can cause a change in call-timing as well as a change in the characteristics of the calls these males produce.^[17][18] When there are other male frogs calling, H. versicolor males will adjust the timing of their calls; however, this is done in a much less strict fashion than most frog species. Compared to other species, H. versicolor does not exhibit selective attention. Selective attention is the phenomenon observed in many chorusing male frog species to change the timing of their calls to reduce overlap based on their loudest one or two neighboring male competitors, while ignoring the timing of other calls farther away.^[19] Instead, H. versicolor males will avoid call overlap when paired with only one other male, but will not actively avoid overlap with adjacent frogs in a group nearly as much as other frog species do.^[19] In response to increased competition, males can change the timing of their calls, but also change the characteristics of their calls. As surrounding competition increases, males will increase the length of their advertisement calls, but produce those calls less often since each call requires more energy to produce. But call amplitude and call frequency do not change as the amount of surrounding competition changes.^[18]

When males get closer and there is infiltration of each others territories, there are increased chances of aggressive encounters. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls. The timing of these aggressive calls changes as distance from the intended recipient varies.^[17]

Conflict between two H. versicolor males will begin with trading advertisement calls between each other. Even though advertisement calls are primarily used to attract females, they still play a role in male-male interactions. Rarely the conflict escalates from this point and transitions into the exchange of aggressive calls and only in few cases will conflict result in physical contact.^[15][16]

Female/male interactions

Mate choice

D. versicolor in amplexus

Unlike most species, H. versicolor females do not prefer leading calls, but do prefer leading pulses if there is call overlap between male calls. Overall, females prefer the lack of call overlap. However, increasing the distance between males producing overlapping calls may reduce the cost that usually causes females to not choose those potential mates. The distance between the males allows the female to distinguish calls opposed to overlapping calls produced from very close points that make two individual males harder to distinguish by sound. This means that H. versicolor males are not as forced to make specific timed-call responses and initiations to increase mate attractiveness compared to other chorus anurans and insects. Instead, H. versicolor males can allow call-timing to be more dependent on other things, like the social environment and male competition.^[17]

H. versicolor females are not usually attracted to aggressive calls no matter the range of aggressive frequency it is produced in, but may occasionally still be attracted to aggressive calls. Females also exhibit no preference within the range of advertisement call frequencies, they generally prefer advertisement calls over aggressive ones. There is a range in the advertisement and aggressive call frequencies because H. versicolor males are capable of producing certain frequencies based on their size and properties of their vocal structures.^[15][16]

Females are more attracted to longer male calls, which is also supported by their preference for advertisement calls over any aggressive call.^[18] Aggressive calls from nearby males don’t reduce the attractiveness of advertisement calls from a given other male.^[20]

Courting

Male frogs will change their vocalizations when female frogs move closer to them. They do this in order to increase the likelihood that their advertisement call is received by a female over the other noise and vocalizations that could obscure it. H. versicolor males specifically do this by increasing the length of their calls to several lengths of a normal advertisement call.^[19] Males will also lengthen the duration of their calls when they see a female or sense them through touch. Females will initiate the mating position by touching the male frog resulting in the male frog vocalizing one or two especially long calls, known as courting calls.^[18]

Social behavior

Adult sociality

H. versicolor males are known to follow a similar pattern that is seen in other species termed graded aggressive calling. Compared to aggressive calls, H. versicolor male aggressive calls are a lower frequency than advertisement calls. However, they decrease the frequency of their aggressive calls as the aggressiveness with another male rises. This gradient in frequencies allows their calls to efficiently balance energy costs of calling and when intense calling is necessary during male-male conflict. The energetic cost of producing vocalizations increases if there is any shift from a male’s individual natural frequency. That being said, there is more of an energetic cost for low frequency and frequency decreasing calls than higher frequency ones, so this could be an explanation for why these types of calls are usually reserved for the most intense conflict.^[15][16]

Graded aggressive calling and a lower need to avoid call overlap allows H. versicolor males to have more freedom in the types of calls they produce. More freedom in call-timing also allows H. versicolor males to use advertisement call-overlap to signal the beginning of rising levels of aggressiveness between two males. Increasing overlapping calls can also be a response to an increase in the level of male competition or might simply be because call overlap increases as males communicate with each other for a longer period of time. For the same reason why males respond with call overlap in areas with the most acoustic competition, males in high density call choruses also produce the highest levels of overlapping calls with male frogs closest to them.^[17]

Group living

Male aggressive calling not only is affected by mating and their need to defend their calling space but is also affected by social communication with other aggressive males.^[21] The social environment can change as male callers move around and as females arrive to assess their potential mates producing different levels of perceived male competition heard by H. versicolor males.^[17] In particular, the social environment surrounding a male responding to an intruder will affect the intensity of the responding aggressive calls produced. This idea of a social environment affecting aggressive call output arose in this frog species from research that examined the relationship between aggressive call intensity in environments with an intruder versus and environment with other surrounding male competitors. With that being said, the effect of the social environment is more complex and requires further research.^[21] There are effects of other male competition on a male’s advertisement call timing in the gray tree frog. As males get closer to another males calling space, they become more aggravated by another male infiltrating their calling space. This results in males engaging in conflict with one another through aggressive calls and the timing of these calls changes when the intended recipient is within close range.^[17]

Inter-species interactions

Dryophytes versicolor is known to be largely intersterile with D. chrysoscelis but there may be a limited amount of interfertility in sympatry. When D. versicolor is sympatric with D. chrysoscelis, females more strongly weight a species-specific cue (call rate) than a more general cue (call duration) when choosing mates.^[22] This appears to be an example of reproductive character displacement to keep the species separate. In addition, to enforce speciation there may be unknown mechanisms of reinforcement deployed between these species and further research may be fruitful.^[23]

Dryophytes versicolor and Dryophytes chrysoscelis call next to each other ponds resulting in interference of their vocalizations because their calls are so similar acoustically. In response to male advertisement calls, D. versicolor male answers with the same level of aggressiveness to males of the same species and to D. chrysoscelis males producing the initial call. D. versicolor male interactions with D. chrysoscelis males increase in aggressive intensity more quickly than with male interactions with their own species. Once the aggression levels intensified between these species, the weaker frog was more likely to retreat from the winner. In general, D. versicolor males initiate physical attacks during intense vocal conflict between the two species more often than D. chrysoscelis.

In previous studies, D. versicolor mate attractiveness decreases when there is call overlap with D. chrysoscelis. The H. versicolor mate attractiveness decreases even more so than D. chrysoscelis when there is call overlap, which can explain why the D. versicolor male tends to initiate aggressive physical contact more often: the D. versicolor has more to lose from the call overlap continuing to take place. While the advertisement calls of D. versicolor and D. chrysoscelis are distinguishable, the aggressive calls between these two species are similar.^[24]

Gray treefrog, Missouri Ozarks

References

La rana arbórea gris (Hyla versicolor o Dryophytes versicolor) es una especie de anfibios de la familia Hylidae. Habita en el este de los Estados Unidos y el sureste de Canadá.^[1]​

Véase también

• Hyla chrysoscelis

Referencias

Dos machos

• Hammerson (2004). «Hyla versicolor». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2006.
• Bernard S. Martof et al. (1980). Amphibians y Reptiles of the Carolinas y Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4252-4.
• Thomas F. Tyning (1990). A Guide to Amphibians y Reptiles. Boston: Little, Brown y Company. ISBN 0-316-81719-8.

Hyla versicolor Hyla generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

• Hylidae

Dryophytes versicolor, la rainette versicolore, est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae^[1].

Description

La rainette versicolore a une peau granuleuse qui varie entre le vert et le gris en passant par le brun; un individu peut changer de couleur en quelques minutes. Elle a une tache irrégulière et foncée sur son dos et une tache plus pâle de forme presque carré est présente sous chaque œil. L'aine et le dessous des cuisses sont jaune foncé à orangé. Ses disques adhésifs sont bien développés. C'est une grosse rainette qui peut mesurer jusqu'à 6 cm. Les mâles sont généralement plus petits que les femelles et leur gorge est foncée, pigmentée de noir contre une gorge blanche pour les femelles. Les jeunes ont la peau lisse et sans tache et n'a pas de tache jaune sous l'aine et les cuisses^[2].

Alimentation

La rainette versicolore chasse des petits insectes et invertébrés dans les arbres et parfois au sol. Lorsqu'elle poursuit une proie elle peut faire des acrobaties impressionnantes en sautant de branche en branche

Chant

Le chant de la rainette versicolore est une série de trilles d'une durée d'environ une seconde qui rappelle la sonnerie d'un téléphone et qui est répétée de 20 à 22 fois par minute. Elle chante aussi du haut des arbres lors des journées chaudes et humides de l'été et de l'automne. Ces chants ne servent pas à la reproduction et leur fonction reste inconnus^[2].

Reproduction

Elles se reproduisent durant les mois de mai et de juin dans des marais, des étangs ou d'autres milieux aquatiques. Les mâles chantent le plus souvent à partir d'un arbre,d'un arbuste, de la berge ou d'une touffe de végétation émergente. Les femelles pondent de 400 à 2000 œufs en paquets de 10 à 50, attachés à la végétation aquatique ou tout simplement laissés au fond de l'eau. Ceux-ci écloront après une semaine environ, dépendant de la température de l'eau. Les têtards mesurent de 3 à 5 cm et sont surtout caractérisés par leur nageoire caudale orangée ou rouge et pigmentée de noir. Ils demeureront au stade larvaire durant 2 à 4 mois.^{[réf. souhaitée]}

Répartition et habitat

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre dans une grande partie de l'Est de l'Amérique du Nord^[1],[3] :

• aux États-Unis :
  • Nord-Est : Au Connecticut, au Massachusetts, au Maine, au New Hampshire, au Rhode Island, au New Jersey, dans l'New York et en Pennsylvanie ;
  • Midwest : Au Michigan, en Ohio, en Illinois, au Wisconsin, en Indiana, au Minnesota, au Missouri, Iowa et au Kansas ;
  • Sud des États-Unis : Au Delaware, au Maryland, en Virginie, en Virginie-Occidentale, en Caroline du Nord, au Kentucky, au Tennessee, en Arkansas, en Oklahoma, en Louisiane et au Texas ;
• Au Canada : dans le sud du Manitoba, dans le sud de l'Ontario, dans le sud du Québec et au Nouveau-Brunswick.

Habitat

Une grenouille versicolore

La rainette versicolore est arboricole. Elle grimpe dans les arbres après la saison de reproduction et y reste tout l'été et l'automne. Elle peut grimper jusqu'à 50 m de hauteur. Elle fréquente les bois situés près des étangs et des marécages ainsi que les prés bordés d'arbustes. Elle affectionne particulièrement les étangs de castor. On la retrouve parfois à une bonne distance d'un point d'eau en forêt. Son domaine vital est peu étendu après la reproduction et un individu peut passer tout son été sur un seul arbre. Elle n'est pas territoriale et peut cohabiter avec plusieurs de ses congénères sans se battre. Elle hiberne dans la litière forestière où elle s'enfouit pour se protéger du froid^[2].

Taxonomie

Elle forme avec Hyla chrysoscelis un couple d'espèces cryptiques. Celle-ci diffère par son chant, sa distribution et le nombre de chromosomes. La rainette versicolore est tétraploïde, elle a le double de chromosomes que la plupart des autres espèces.^{[réf. souhaitée]}

Galerie

Publication originale

• LeConte, 1825 : Remarks on the American species of the GENERA HYLA and RANA. Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New-York, vol. 1, p. 278–282 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

Hyla versicolor é unha especie de pequenas ras arborícolas (relas) nativas de gran parte do leste dos Estados Unidos e do sueste do Canadá.^[2] Na súa área de distribución chámanlle ra arborícola gris do leste (eastern gray tree frog), entre outros nomes.

Descrición

Esta ra é variable en cor, como indica o seu nome científico (versicolor), debido á súa capacidade de camuflaxe cambiando de cor de gris a verde, dependendo do substrato onde se sitúa. O grao de manchas que presenta varía.^[3] Poden cambiar de case negras a case brancas. O cambio de cor é máis lento que nos camaleóns. Cando están mortas ou en contornas non naturais son predominantemente de cor cincenta. A femia non croa e ten a gorxa clara, pero o macho croa e pode ter gorxa negra, gris ou marrón durante a estación reprodutora. A femia é xeralmente máis grande que o macho.

Son relativamente pequenas comparadas con outras ras norteamericanas, e normalmente miden entre 3,8 e 5,1 cm. A súa pel ten unha textura ruda e dálle unha aparencia verrugosa. Son virtualmente indistinguibles da especie H. chrysoscelis, e a única diferenza salientable entre elas é que a H. chrysocelis cando croa fai unha chamada máis curta e rápida.^[4] H. versicolor ten 48 cromosomas (4n), polo que é tetraploide. Ao contrario, H. chrysocelis é diploide, e ten 24 cromosomas (2n). A hibridación entre estas especies orixina unha morte temperá de moitas larvas, pero algúns individuos poden sobrevivir ata chegaren a adultos, aínda que teñen unha reducida fertilidade.^[5]

Tanto H. chrysoscelis coma H. versicolor teñen manchas amarelas brillantes nas súas patas traseiras, o que as distingue doutras ras arbóreas, como H. avivoca.^[6] As manchas brillantes normalmente só son visibles cando a ra dá brincos. Ambas as especies son lixeiramente dimórficas sexualmente. Os machos teñen xeralmente gorxas negras ou grises, e as femias téñenas máis claras.^[7]

Os cágados teñen corpos arredondados (a diferenza dos corpos máis alongados das especies de río) con colas altas e largas que poden estar coloreadas de vermello se os predadores están presentes no sistema. A metamorfose pode ocorrer moi rapidamente en condicións óptimas e durar só dous meses. Na metamorfose, as pequenas ras vólvense case sempre verdes durante un día ou dous antes de cambiar á súa cor máis común gris, pero ás veces a ras novas poden manter a súa cor verde clara e só se volven grises ou verdes máis escuras cando chegan á idade adulta.

Distribución e hábitat

Sobre un talo.

H. versicolor vive na maior parte da metade leste dos Estados Unidos, e chega polo oeste ata Texas central e Oklahoma. Tamén vive no Canadá nas provincias de Quebec,^[8] Ontario, e Manitoba, e hai unha poboación illada en Novo Brunswick.

Pode sobrevir á conxelación dos fluídos internos do seu corposa temperaturas de -8 °C.^[9]

Os seus hábitats máis comúns son as áreas forestais, xa que é moi arbórea. As súa chamadas séntense con freceuencia en áreas residenciais rurais da costa leste e do Medio Oeste. Prefiren reproducirse en pozas de bosque semipermanentes sen peixes, pero tamén poñen ovos en pantanos, pozas primaveirais, fontes feitas polo home e xardíns con pozas de auga.

Comportamento

Estas ras raramente descenden das partes altas das árbores a non ser para reproducirse. Son estritamente nocturnas. Os machos raramente fan grandes coros, xa que son principalmene animais solitarios, pero poden vocalizar competitivamente no período álxido da tempada reprodutora. As chamadas de apareamento e coros son máis frecuentes de noite, pero os individuos a miúdo fan chamadas tamén durante o día en resposta a tronos ou outros ruídos fortes. En ocasións poden congregarse arredor das luces de fiestras e soportais para comer insectos atraídos pola luz. Durante o día adoitan descansar en pólas horizontais das árbores. A súa camuflaxe axúdalles a evitar os depredadores. En catividade, quedan amansadas e mesmo poden comer da man do seu dono.

H. versicolor en amplexo.

H. versicolor, Missouri Ozarks

Notas

Véxase tamén

Hyla versicolor adalah spesies kodok di Amerika Serikat timur dan Kanada tenggara.^[1]

Referensi dan pranala luar

• Gray Treefrog - Hyla versicolor Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide
• Gray Treefrog - Hyla versicolor - audio recording of call

L'ila grigia nordamericana (Dryopytes versicolor LeConte, 1825) è un anfibio della famiglia Hylidae, nativo di gran parte degli Stati Uniti d'America orientali e del Canada sudorientale.^[2]

È conosciuta anche con il nome di raganella grigia orientale per distinguerla dalla sua parente più meridionale, l'ila grigia o raganella grigia (Dryophytes chrysoscelis). In passato, questo anfibio, come numerose altre specie, era ascritto al genere Hyla ed era conosciuto più comunemente come Hyla versicolor. Una recente revisione della famiglia Hylidae ha portato alla riclassificazione di molte di queste specie e al loro inserimento nel genere Dryophytes.^{[3] [4]}

Descrizione

Come implica il nome scientifico, le ile grigie nordamericane sono di colore variabile grazie alla loro abilità di camuffarsi dal grigio al verde, a seconda del sostrato dove sono sedute. Il grado di screziatura varia.^[5] Possono cambiare da quasi nero a quasi bianco. Possono cambiare colore ad una velocità più lenta di un camaleonte. Le ile grigie nordamericane morte e quelle in contesti unnaturali sono prevalentemente grigie. La femmina non fa richiami e ha una gola bianca; tuttavia, il maschio fa i richiami e può mostrare una gola nera/grigia durante la stagione della riproduzione. La femmina di solito è più grande del maschio.

Esse sono relativamente piccole in confronto ad altre specie di rana nordamericane, che normalmente non raggiungono più di 3,8-5,1 cm. La loro pelle ha in sé una struttura piena di protuberanze, dando loro in aspetto bitorzoluto.

Questa specie è virtualmente indistinguibile dalla già citata ila grigia, D. chrysoscelis, l'unica differenza immediatamente riscontrabile essendo che l'ila grigia nordamericana ha un richiamo più breve e veloce. Tuttavia, il richiamo di entrambe queste rane dipende dalla temperatura e a temperature inferiori il Dryophytes chrysoscelis può avere una velocità del richiamo che approssima quella del Dryophytes versicolor.^[6] La differenza nel richiamo si può udire, ma si quantifica meglio contando il numero di impulsi al secondo nei loro fremiti sibilati. Il Dryophytes versicolor ha una frequenza di impulsi di 16-34 impulsi al secondo, mentre il Dyophytes chrysoscelis ha una frequenza di impulsi di 34-60 impulsi al secondo. Anche se c'è una potenziale sovrapposizione, a causa della dipendenza dalla temperatura delle frequenza degli i pulsi, le due specie si distinguono facilmente quando si presentano insieme. A una data temperatura, la frequenza degli impulsi per il Dryophytes versicolor è approssimativamente 1/2 di quella del Dryophytes chrysoscelis.^[7]

L'ila grigia nordamericana ha 48 cromosomi (4n) ed è chiamata ila grigia tetraploide nei circoli scientifici. L'ila grigia, o ila grigia diploide, ha conservato il suo conteggio cromosomico originale di 2n (24). L'ibridazione tra queste due specie produce come risultato una iniziale mortalità di molte larve, ma alcuni individui sopravvivono fino all'età adulta, bendhé abbiano una ridotta fertilità.^[8]

Sia il D. chrysoscelis sia il D. versicolor hanno macchie gialle brillanti sulle zampe posteriori, che le distinguono da altre rane arboricole, come la H. avivoca.^[9] Le macchie brillanti sono normalmente visibili mentre la rana sta saltando. Entrambe le specie di ila grigia sono lievemente sessualmente dimorfiche. I maschi hanno le gole nere o grigie, mentre le gole delle femmine sono più chiare.^[10]

I girini hanno i corpi arrotondati (in contrapposizione ai corpi più allungati delle specie dei corsi d'acqua) con code alte e ampie che possono colorarsi di rosso se dei predatori sono nel sistema.^[11] La metamorfosi può avvenire in appena due mesi con condizioni ottimali. Alla metamorfosi, le nuove ranocchiette diventeranno quasi sempre verdi prima di cambiare nel più comune grigio. Le rane giovani a volte manterranno anche un colore verde chiaro e diventeranno grigie o verdi più scure dopo aver raggiunto l'età adulta.

Distribuzione e habitat

Sul gambo di un fiore

Le ile grigie nordamericane abitano un vasto ambiente, e si possono trovare nella maggior parte della metà orientale degli Stati Uniti, fino al Texas centrale e all'Oklahoma. Si trovano anche in Canada nelle province del Québec,^[12] dell'Ontario e del Manitoba, con una popolazione isolata nel Nuovo Brunswick.

L'ila grigia nordamericana è capace di sopravvivere al congelamento dei suoi fluidi corporei interni a temperature fino a -8 °C.^[13]

Le ile grigie nordamericane sono più comuni nelle aree forestali, in quanto sono fortemente arboricole. I loro richiami si odono spesso nella aree residenziali rurali della Costa orientale e del Midwest. Preferiscono riprodursi in stagni boschivi semipermanenti senza pesci, ma depongono le uova anche nelle paludi, nelle pozze primaverili, nelle fontane fabbricate dall'uomo e nei giardini acquatici, e perfino nelle coperture delle piscine riempite di acqua piovana.

Comportamento

Queste rane raramente scendono dalle cime alte degli alberi eccetto che per riprodursi. Sono rigorosamente notturne. Le ile grigie nordamericane raramente fanno grandi cori, in quanto sono per la maggior parte animali solitari, ma potrebbero vocalizzare in modo competitivo al culmine dei periodi riproduttivi. Le ile grigie nordamericane possono riunirsi intorno alle finestre e alle luci dei porticati per mangiare gli insetti che vengono attirati dalla luce. Durante il giorno spesso riposano su rami d'albero orizzontali o foglie lasciate all'aperto, anche al sole. Evidentemente sono meno soggette al surriscaldamento e all'essiccazione di altri anfibi e fanno affidamento sul loro superbo sistema di camuffamento per nascondersi dai predatori. In cattività, diventano addomesticate e imparano ad associare i loro padroni al cibo, anche al punto di fissare ansiosamente le dita vuote che di solito contengono un insetto.

D. versicolor nell'amplesso

Riproduzione

I richiami e i cori per l'accoppiamento sono più frequenti di notte, ma i singoli individui spesso emettono i richiami durante il giorno in risposta ai tuoni o altri forti rumori.

Ila grigia nordamericana, Missouri Ozarks

In cattività

Vedi Dryophytes cinereus.

Note

A rela Hyla versicolor é uma espécie de rã arbórea pequena endémica de grande parte dos Estados Unidos da América e parte do Canadá.^[1]

Referências