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Actinemys marmorata (Baird & Girard 1852)

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Breeding occurs in late spring to mid-summer (4), with mating taking place under water (5). Most mature females nest every year, some laying two clutches per season (5). In early summer the eggs are deposited in the nest, which is generally dug in soil, close to a water source, but some females may dig their nests many metres away from the water's edge (9). The female lays an average of four to seven eggs (range 1 to 13) per clutch, which hatch after approximately 13 to 17 weeks (4); however, hatchlings from northern California northward over-winter in the nest (10). Western pond turtles develop slowly in areas with short or cool summers, taking up to eight years to reach sexual maturity. They can grow relatively fast in warmer regions and in some nutrient-rich habitats, where they can reach maturity in half that time (4). Turtles are thought to live up to 40 years (5). Adults face predation by a number of carnivores including racoons, otters, ospreys and coyotes. Hatchling turtles, being small with soft shells, are easily preyed upon by raptors, ravens, weasels, bullfrogs and large fish. The diet of the western pond turtle includes some plants, small fish, frogs, carrion and, most importantly, aquatic insects and larvae (4). Western pond turtles bask on mats of floating vegetation, floating logs or on mud banks just above the water's surface. In warmer climes they engage in aquatic basking by moving into the warm thermal environment in or on top of submerged mats of vegetation (4).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Commercial harvest or take of western pond turtles has been prohibited in all U.S. states where it is found since the 1980s (5). It is listed as Endangered in Washington State, and protected in Oregon and California (4). The recent increase in stock ponds and other man-made water sources appears to have a positive impact on population numbers and a few “head-start” programmes claim to have had excellent survivorship rates after being released into the wild (3). “Head-start” programmes are where the young are raised in captivity until their shells begin to harden and they are less susceptible to predation. However, re-introduction is limited if the habitat of the species is not protected.
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Description ( Inglês )

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The Latin name 'marmorata' refers to the marbled pattern of both the soft parts and carapace of many western pond turtles (3). The low, broad, smooth carapace is usually light to dark brown or olive in colour, either with no pattern or with an attractive pattern of fine, dark radiating lines on the scutes (2) (3). The limbs and head are olive, yellow, orange or brown, often with darker flecks or spots (3). Males are usually identified from females by the position of the cloaca. In males, the cloaca is positioned beyond the edge of the plastron, whereas it does not reach the edge of the plastron in females. Males also have a yellow or whitish chin and throat (4), a flatter carapace, a more concave plastron (indented underside of shell), and a more pointed snout than females (5). The taxonomy of the western pond turtle is currently under debate; at present, the IUCN Red List recognises that the western pond turtle belongs in its own genus, Actinemys marmorata (1), however, there is deliberation that it may belong to the genus Emys (6). There were previously thought to be two subspecies of the western pond turtle: the southern western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata pallida) and the northern western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata marmorata) (5), but now there is evidence for four separate groups, which do not match the distribution of the earlier described subspecies (7).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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The western pond turtle species occurs from sea level to around 1,500 metres in mountains (2) (3). It is found in ponds, lakes, streams, large rivers, slow-moving sloughs, and quiet waters. The turtles prefer aquatic habitats with exposed areas for basking, with aquatic vegetation, such as algae and other water plants, but they also live in clear waters, especially where there is cover such as boulders or fallen trees in the water (4). The western pond turtle also spends significant amounts of time in upland terrestrial habitats and has been found more than one kilometre from water (5).
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Range ( Inglês )

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The range of the western pond turtle extends from Baja California Norte, north through the Pacific States of the USA, and barely into British Columbia, Canada. The handful of specimens found in British Columbia, Canada could represent introductions rather than native populations (8).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red list 2007 (1).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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The western pond turtle is rare from mid-Oregon north and from the Los Angeles basin south, but is relatively abundant in the centre of its range in southern Oregon and northern California (2). In specific parts of its range, the greatest current threat for the western pond turtle is loss of habitat and fragmenting populations, through conversion of wetlands to farmlands, water diversions and urbanisation (5). In the past the western pond turtle, like other turtles, was intensively collected for the pet trade, but this has declined dramatically in recent years (4). Occasional losses occur through the illegal collection of turtles for food by immigrant populations from Asia, mortality from motor vehicles and predation from introduced species such as the bullfrog (5).
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Pazifische Sumpfschildkröte ( Alemão )

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Die Pazifische Sumpfschildkröte (Actinemys marmorata) ist eine Art der Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten. Sie zählt mit einer Carapaxlänge von bis zu 20 Zentimeter zu den kleinen bis mittelgroßen Schildkröten. Ihre Verbreitung ist auf die Westküste der USA und Mexikos beschränkt und reicht vom Westen des US-Bundesstaates Washington bis in den Norden von Baja California. Seit Mai 2002 gilt die Pazifische Schildkröte in Kanada als offiziell ausgestorben. Seit 2007 fehlen sie auch im Puget Sound.

Beschreibung

Die Grundfarbe des Rückenpanzers der Pazifischen Sumpfschildkröte ist ein dunkles Oliv oder Dunkelbraun bis fast Schwarz, zusätzlich weist er ein Netzwerk aus braunen Flecken und Linien auf. Der Panzer ist bei ausgewachsenen Tieren 11 bis 21 Zentimeter lang. Nur die Männchen haben eine helle, fast gelbliche Kehle.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Pazifischen Sumpfschildkröte ist mittlerweile disjunkt. Im Süden des US-Bundesstaates Washington gibt es nur noch einige wenige nicht zusammenhängende Populationen. Die Pazifische Sumpfschildkröte lebt in schlammigen, vegetationsreichen Seen und Teichen, in Brackwasser sowie in schnell fließenden Bächen und Flüssen bis 2000 Meter über NN.[1] Im Wesentlichen verlassen lediglich die Weibchen das Wasser, um ihre Eier abzulegen.

Lebensweise

Die Paarungszeit fällt in die Zeit von Mai bis August. Das Gelege besteht aus einem bis dreizehn Eiern. Die Dauer bis zum Schlupf der Jungschildkröten ist temperaturabhängig, in der Regel schlüpfen sie jedoch nach einer Zeit von 70 bis 80 Tagen.

Nachweise

Einzelnachweise

  1. Rogner, S. 59.

Literatur

  • Manfred Rogner: Schildkröten – Biologie, Haltung, Vermehrung. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5440-1.

Weblinks

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Pazifische Sumpfschildkröte: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Die Pazifische Sumpfschildkröte (Actinemys marmorata) ist eine Art der Neuwelt-Sumpfschildkröten. Sie zählt mit einer Carapaxlänge von bis zu 20 Zentimeter zu den kleinen bis mittelgroßen Schildkröten. Ihre Verbreitung ist auf die Westküste der USA und Mexikos beschränkt und reicht vom Westen des US-Bundesstaates Washington bis in den Norden von Baja California. Seit Mai 2002 gilt die Pazifische Schildkröte in Kanada als offiziell ausgestorben. Seit 2007 fehlen sie auch im Puget Sound.

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Western pond turtle ( Inglês )

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The Western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata), also known commonly as the Pacific pond turtle is a species of small to medium-sized turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the western coast of the United States and Mexico, ranging from western Washington state to northern Baja California. It was formerly found in Canada (in British Columbia), but in May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Pacific pond turtle as being extirpated.

Taxonomy and systematics

Its genus classification is mixed. Emys and Actinemys were used among published sources in 2010.[5] It was known by several names in the Indigenous languages of its range, including kʰá:wanaka: (Northeastern Pomo), kʰa:wana (Southern Pomo), and ʔaləšək (Lushootseed).

Description

The dorsal color of A. marmorata is usually dark brown or dull olive, with or without darker reticulations or streaking. The plastron is yellowish, sometimes with dark blotches in the centers of the scutes. The straight carapace length is 11–21 cm (4.5–8.5 in). The carapace is low and broad, usually widest behind the middle, and in adults is smooth, lacking a keel or serrations. Adult western pond turtles are sexually dimorphic, with males having a light or pale yellow throat.

Distribution

The western pond turtle originally ranged from northern Baja California, Mexico, north to the southern regions of British Columbia, Canada. It was once a large part of a major fishery on Tulare Lake, California, supplying San Francisco with a local favorite, turtle soup, as well as feed for hogs that learned to dive for it in the shallows of Hog Island, also on Tulare Lake. As of 2007, it has become rare or absent in the Puget Sound region of Washington. It has a disjunct distribution in most of the Northwest, and some isolated populations exist in southern Washington. The western pond turtle is now rare in the Willamette Valley north of Eugene, Oregon, but abundance increases south of that city where temperatures are higher. It may be locally common in some streams, rivers and ponds in southern Oregon. A few records are reported east of the Cascade Mountains, but these may have been based on introduced individuals. It ranges up to 305 m (1,001 ft) in Washington, and to about 915 m (3,002 ft) in Oregon. It also occurs in Uvas Canyon area, Santa Cruz Mountains, California, and in the North Bay, and lakes such as Fountaingrove Lake. Many taxonomic authorities now split what had been considered one species of turtle into two species. The southern species is named Actinemys pallida, or the southwestern pond turtle. Its range is southern California and Mexico. The northern species remains Actinemys marmorata, with a range of northern California northward. It is then usually referred to as the northwestern pond turtle.

Ecology and behavior

The western pond turtle occurs in both permanent and intermittent waters, including marshes, streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. It favors habitats with large numbers of emergent logs or boulders, where individuals aggregate to bask. They also bask on top of aquatic vegetation. Consequently, this species is often overlooked in the wild. However, it is possible to observe resident turtles by moving slowly and hiding behind shrubs and trees.

A. marmorata can be encouraged to use artificial basking substrate, or rafts, which allows for easy detection of the species in complex habitats.

In addition to its aquatic habitat, terrestrial habitat is also extremely important for the western pond turtle. Since many intermittent ponds can dry up during summer and fall months along the west coast, especially during times of drought, the western pond turtle can spend upwards of 200 days out of water. Many turtles overwinter outside of the water, during which time they often create their nests for the year.

Diet

The western pond turtle is omnivorous and most of its animal diet includes insects, crayfish, and other aquatic invertebrates. Fish, tadpoles, and frogs are eaten occasionally, and carrion is eaten when available. Plant foods include filamentous algae, lily pads, tule and cattail roots. Juveniles are primarily carnivorous, and eat insects and carrion. At about age three they begin to eat plant matter.

Predation and threat

Raccoons, otters, ospreys, and coyotes are the biggest natural threats to this turtle, its eggs, and hatchlings. Weasels and large fish are also known predators. [6] , Non-native predators include bullfrogs, crayfish, and opossums.

In the past the turtle was exploited as food by both indigenous peoples and American settlers. After the goldrush in California a large "fishery" emerged processing turtles from the San Francisco Bay Estuary into canned soup for markets East.

Finally, this species is still threatened by humankind. Due to habitat destruction and modification, this species is currently listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and by NatureServe. It also faces significant competition from introduced invasive species, especially the red-eared slider. With the removal of ponds, modification of sandy banks needed for egg laying, draining of wetlands, this species is now vulnerable. Efforts at reintroducing this turtle to its native range have met with limited success.

Reproduction

Clemmys marmorata01.jpg

Sexually mature females of the western pond turtle produce 5–13 eggs per clutch. They deposit eggs either once or twice a year. They may travel some distance from water for egg-laying, moving as much as 0.8 km (1/2 mile) away from and up to 90 m (300 ft) above the nearest source of water, but most nests are within 90 m (300 ft) of water. The female usually leaves the water in the evening and may wander far before selecting a nest site, often in an open area of sand or hardpan that is facing southwards. The nest is flask-shaped with an opening of about 5 cm (2 in). Females spend considerable time covering up the nest with soil and adjacent low vegetation, making it difficult for a person to find unless it has been disturbed by a predator.

Hatchlings

The vast majority of western pond turtle hatchlings overwinter in the nest, and this phenomenon seems prevalent in most parts of the range, especially northern areas. This might explain the difficulty researchers have had in trying to locate hatchlings in the fall months. Winter rains may be necessary to loosen the hardpan soil where some nests are deposited. It may be that the nest is the safest place for hatchlings to shelter while they await the return of warm weather. Whether it is hatchlings or eggs that overwinter, young first appear in the spring following the year of egg deposition. Individuals grow slowly in the wild, and their age at their first reproduction may be 10 to 12 years in the northern part of the range. The western pond turtle may survive more than 50 years in the wild.

References

  1. ^ Rhodin 2010, p. 000.105
  2. ^ Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). "Actinemys marmorata". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T4969A97292542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T4969A11104202.en.
  3. ^ "Actinemys marmorata. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  4. ^ Species Actinemys marmorata at The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
  5. ^ Rhodin 2010, p. 000.139
  6. ^ "Wildscreen Arkive". arkive.org. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2016.

Bibliography

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Western pond turtle: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata), also known commonly as the Pacific pond turtle is a species of small to medium-sized turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the western coast of the United States and Mexico, ranging from western Washington state to northern Baja California. It was formerly found in Canada (in British Columbia), but in May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Pacific pond turtle as being extirpated.

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Actinemys marmorata ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El galápago occidental (Actinemys marmorata o Emys marmorata) o la tortuga del Pacífico es una especie de tortuga de aproximadamente 20 cm de longitud de caparazón. Su distribución se limita a la costa oeste de Estados Unidos y México, que va desde el estado occidental de Washington hasta el norte de Baja California, se considera extinta en Canadá.

Taxonomía

Su clasificación de género se mezcla. Emys y Actinemys fueron utilizados entre las fuentes publicadas en 2010.

Morfología

El dorsal es de color marrón oliva oscuro o mate por lo general, con o sin reticulaciones oscuras o rayas. El plastrón es de color amarillento, a veces con manchas oscuras en el centro de los escudos. El caparazón mide de 11-21 cm de longitud. El caparazón dorsal es bajo y ancho, la más ancha por lo general detrás de la media, y en los adultos es lisa, sin una quilla o estrías. Los machos tienen una garganta de color amarillo claro o amarillo pálido y un plastrón cóncavo, y la cloaca es igual o posterior al borde del caparazón.

Distribución

Originalmente iban desde el norte de Baja California, México, al norte de la Puget Sound región de Washington. A partir de 2007 se han vuelto raras o ausentes en el área de Puget Sound. Tienen una distribución dispersa en la mayor parte del noroeste, y existen algunas poblaciones aisladas en el sur de Washington. Son raras en el Valle de Willamette, al norte de Eugene, Oregon aumenta la abundancia, pero al sur de esta ciudad, donde las temperaturas son más altas. Pueden ser localmente común en algunos arroyos, ríos y lagunas en el sur de Oregon. Se informó de su presencia al este de las Montañas de la Cascada, pero estos pueden haber sido sobre la base de los individuos introducidos. Se extienden hasta los 305 m de altitud en Washington, y sobre los 915 m de Oregon.

Ecología y comportamiento

 src=
Actinemys marmorata

Viven tanto en aguas permanentes y temporales, incluyendo pantanos, arroyos, ríos, estanques y lagos. Viven en los hábitats con un gran número de rocas o troncos para tomar el sol. También toman el sol en la parte superior de la vegetación acuática o se posicionan justo debajo de la superficie, donde las temperaturas del agua son elevadas. Los individuos muestran un comportamiento agresivo hacia los demás, mientras toman el sol, rápidamente saltan al ser abordados por los seres humanos, incluso a distancias de más de 50 m. En consecuencia, esta especie es a menudo pasado por alto en la naturaleza. Sin embargo, es posible observar las tortugas si se mueve lentamente y escondiéndose detrás de árboles y arbustos.

Buscan refugio en aguas profundas, debajo de troncos sumergidos y rocas, en madrigueras de castor, y suelen "nadar" en sedimentos profundos. Son extremadamente difíciles de detectar en estas condiciones. Las tortugas pueden ser alentados a utilizar sustratos artificiales o balsas, lo que permite una fácil detección de las especies de hábitats complejos.

Alimentación

Son omnívoros y la mayor parte de su dieta animal incluye insectos, cangrejos y otros invertebrados acuáticos. Comen de vez en cuando peces, renacuajos y ranas, y comen carroña cuando está disponible. Los alimentos vegetales son algas filamentosas, las vainas de lirio, tule y las raíces de totora.

Reproducción

Clemmys marmorata01.jpg

Las hembras producen 5-13 huevos por puesta. Depositan los huevos una vez o dos veces al año. Pueden viajar a cierta distancia del agua para la puesta de huevos, 0.8 km (media milla) de distancia desde el agua y hasta 90 m (300 pies) por encima de la fuente más cercana de agua, pero la mayoría de los nidos están a 90 m (300 pies) del agua. La hembra por lo general deja el agua por la noche y puede ir muy lejos antes de seleccionar un sitio de anidación, a menudo en un área abierta de arena o tierra dura que se enfrenta hacia el sur. El nido es en forma de botella con una abertura de unos 5 cm (2 pulgadas). Las hembras dedican un tiempo considerable, que cubre el nido con tierra y vegetación baja adyacentes, lo que hace difícil para una persona encontrarlo a menos que haya sido afectado por un depredador.

Las crías

Algunas crías pasan el invierno en el nido, y este fenómeno parece ser más prevalente en las zonas septentrionales. Las lluvias de invierno puede ser necesarias para aflojar el suelo donde algunos nidos son depositados. Puede ser que el nido sea el lugar más seguro para las crías y un refugio mientras esperan el regreso del buen tiempo. Si se trata de crías o huevos que pasan el invierno, en primer lugar los jóvenes aparecen en la primavera del año siguiente a la deposición de los huevos. Las tortugas crecen con lentitud en la naturaleza, y su edad en su primera reproducción puede ser de 10 a 12 años en la parte norte de la cordillera. Pueden sobrevivir más de 30 años en estado salvaje.

Referencias

  • Rhodin 2010, p. 000.105.
  • Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (1996). Actinemys marmorata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 23 February 2009.
  • Rhodin 2010, p. 000.139.
  • Species Actinemys marmorata at The Reptile Database.
  • Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Paul van Dijk, Peter; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the World 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status" (pdf). Archived from the original on 2010-12-15. https://www.webcitation.org/5uzfktoIh?url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v3_2010.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
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Actinemys marmorata: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El galápago occidental (Actinemys marmorata o Emys marmorata) o la tortuga del Pacífico es una especie de tortuga de aproximadamente 20 cm de longitud de caparazón. Su distribución se limita a la costa oeste de Estados Unidos y México, que va desde el estado occidental de Washington hasta el norte de Baja California, se considera extinta en Canadá.

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Actinemys marmorata ( Basco )

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Actinemys marmorata Actinemys generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Emydidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Actinemys marmorata: Brief Summary ( Basco )

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Actinemys marmorata Actinemys generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Emydidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Tortue de l'Ouest ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Actinemys marmorata

Actinemys marmorata, la Tortue de l'Ouest, unique représentant du genre Actinemys, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :

Sa présence est incertaine dans la province de Colombie-Britannique au Canada. Elle a été introduite dans l’État de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud en Australie.

Description

 src=
Actinemys marmorata

Cette tortue qui possède une carapace de 20 cm environ.

Taxinomie

Cette espèce est nommée Actinemys marmorata ou Emys marmorata selon les auteurs.

Publications originales

  • Baird & Girard, 1852 : Descriptions of new species of reptiles, collected by the U.S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. First part — Including the species from the western coast of America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 6, p. 174-177 (texte intégral).
  • Agassiz, 1857 : Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, vol. 1, p. 1-452 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
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Tortue de l'Ouest: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Actinemys marmorata

Actinemys marmorata, la Tortue de l'Ouest, unique représentant du genre Actinemys, est une espèce de tortue de la famille des Emydidae.

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