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Die Urtica ferox, selten auch Nesselbaum genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Brennnesseln (Urtica) innerhalb der Familie der Brennnesselgewächse (Urticaceae). Sie kommt nur in Neuseeland vor und wird von den Māori Ongaonga genannt.
Urtica ferox ist eine verholzende Pflanze, die als Halbstrauch wächst und üblicherweise Wuchshöhen von 1 bis 2 Metern, selten auch drei Metern erreicht. Stängel und Laubblätter sind mit weißen Brennhaaren besetzt. An den Laubblättern stehen sie in Reihen. Die Brennflüssigkeit besteht wie bei anderen Brennnesseln vorwiegend aus Ameisensäure, sowie 5-Hydroxytryptamin, Histamin, Acetylcholin und Triffydin,[1] aber auch anderen, teilweise noch unbekannten Substanzen.
Es werden Blütenstände gebildet.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 48.[2]
Urtica ferox kommt in Neuseeland vor. Sie wächst in den Waldgebieten der Küstengebiete und Tiefebenen auf beiden Hauptinseln. Die Hauptvorkommen liegen am Rand von Gebüschen, aber auch im Waldinneren. Auf Weiden wächst sie nicht. Man nimmt an, dass die Pflanzen im Jugendstadium vom Vieh gefressen werden.
Leichter Kontakt reicht beim Menschen bereits aus, um einen zwei Tage andauernden Brennreiz mit Rötungen und Blasen zu verursachen. Intensiver Hautkontakt kann für den Menschen zu starken neuropathischen Beschwerden führen[3] und sogar lebensbedrohlich sein.[4] Zwei Quellen sprechen sogar von Todesopfern.[5][4]
Die Urtica ferox, selten auch Nesselbaum genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Brennnesseln (Urtica) innerhalb der Familie der Brennnesselgewächse (Urticaceae). Sie kommt nur in Neuseeland vor und wird von den Māori Ongaonga genannt.
Онгаонга (науч. Urtica ferox) или дрвенеста коприва — коприва ендемска на Нов Зеланд. Има дрвенести дршки и необично големи листови кои достигнуваат 5 м во височина. Дури и најлесниот допир до растението дава болови кои траат неколку дена. Од ова растение има загинато најмалку еден човек, како и неколку кучиња и коњи кои случајно се имаат втурнато во него.
Во маорскиот фолклор, Купе поставил неколку пречки за неговите гонители, чии жени тој ги имал украдено, една од кои била онгаонга.
Онгаонга е главна храна за ларвите на пеперутката новозеландски црвен адмирал или кахукура (Bassaris gonerilla).
Онгаонга (науч. Urtica ferox) или дрвенеста коприва — коприва ендемска на Нов Зеланд. Има дрвенести дршки и необично големи листови кои достигнуваат 5 м во височина. Дури и најлесниот допир до растението дава болови кои траат неколку дена. Од ова растение има загинато најмалку еден човек, како и неколку кучиња и коњи кои случајно се имаат втурнато во него.
Во маорскиот фолклор, Купе поставил неколку пречки за неговите гонители, чии жени тој ги имал украдено, една од кои била онгаонга.
Онгаонга е главна храна за ларвите на пеперутката новозеландски црвен адмирал или кахукура (Bassaris gonerilla).
Urtica ferox, commonly known as tree nettle and in Māori: ongaonga, taraonga, taraongaonga, оr okaoka, is a species of nettle endemic to New Zealand. Unlike the other species in the genus Urtica found in New Zealand, all of which are herbaceous, ongaonga is a large woody shrub that can grow to a height of 3 m (9.8 ft), with the base of the stem reaching 12 cm (4.7 in) in thickness. It has large spines that can result in a painful sting that lasts several days.[1]
Ongaonga is the main source of food for larvae of the New Zealand red admiral butterfly or kahukura, Vanessa gonerilla.[2]
U. ferox can grow to a height of 3 m (9.8 ft) with the base of the stem reaching 12 cm (4.7 in) in thickness. The pale green leaves are very thin like a membrane and the surface of the leaf, stems and stalks are covered in stiff stinging hairs that can grow up to 6 mm (0.24 in) long. These spines are prominent along the salient mid-vein and leaf margin. The leaves range from 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) in width and 8–12 cm (3.1–4.7 in) in length, these are oppositely arranged and there are two stipules per node. The leaf shape is ovulate-triangulate with a serrated leaf margin each bearing a spine of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in). The spines covering the leaf surface, stem and stalk are generally no larger than 6 mm (0.24 in) in length, the spines on the older darker bark are smaller and softer - these don't cause a sting. This nettle is winter deciduous in cold climates, evergreen in mild climates and can lose its leaves in drought conditions if it is growing in shallow soils.[1][3][4]
Flowering occurs from November to March and because U. ferox is a dioecious shrub it will cross pollinate,[5][6] with transferral between the flowers enabled by the wind. Pollen grains are collected by the densely packed stigmas on the flowers and seed dispersal is carried out by rolling, wind, and by birds.[7] The fruit, which are achenes, mature in January, each containing one 1.5 mm long, brown coloured, ovoid-shaped seed[8] which takes one month to germinate. In his study on the germination behaviour of 5 different vascular seeding species, C. J. Burrows found that U. ferox had the lowest germination rate of 59% compared to>85% for the other similar species. He surmised that it is capable of building up a large seed bank in the soil which may survive for several years, citing that European species in the genus Urtica produce seed banks.[4]
The toxin present in the spines is triffydin (or tryfydin). This toxin contains histamine, serotonin and acetylcholine, the latter causing powerful stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve system. Multiple stingings can have a very painful reaction which causes inflammation, a rash, and itching. In high concentrations it can also cause: loss of motor movement, paralysis, drop in blood pressure, convulsions, blurred vision, confusion and in extreme cases, death.
Acute polyneuropathy can occur due to U. ferox stings;[9] and there has been one recorded human death from contact—a lightly clad hunter who died five hours after walking through a dense patch.[10] There is also one other likely death, with the mystery of the death only being solved by the pathologist years afterwards.[11]
U. ferox is endemic to New Zealand and inhabits coastal and lowland forests and shrublands in the North, South, and Stewart Islands.[1] It is commonly found in clearings or forest margins, often forming large patches, from 0–600 m above sea level.[10][4] It has also been recorded on the Hen and Chicken Islands along stream-beds.[12]
Although U. ferox is a toxic shrub, it also plays a significant part in the phenology of a native butterfly, namely the red admiral (Vanessa gonerilla). The leaves of the tree nettle is the preferred food and provide protection for the butterfly larvae. When the larvae arrives in the leaves, it will curve the tip of nettle leaf, use the silken threads to make the leaves stick together, and construct a secure place where it can eat the food.[2][13] Due to the caterpillar's activities, the leaves of shrub can fall off. The eggs of butterflies, also including the yellow admiral (Vanessa itea), are laid on the leaves of nettle during the spring and summer. It takes eight to ten days for the eggs to incubate. Beside these butterflies, some mammalian pests also eat the leaves of tree nettle, like the Common brushtail possum,[14] goats and deer.[15] However, because no non-flying, non-marine mammals existed in New Zealand prior to human arrival in the last one thousand years, it is unadapted for them.
U. ferox requires high nutrient levels found in cycling forest systems such as those found in native New Zealand forest. In these environments an “A type” soil horizon of rich leaf litter and humus between 10 – 80 cm is common. This is significant as the species doesn't directly compete with other flora, this is achieved through inhabiting the boundary zones between strata, therefore the high soil fertility.[4] Like other species in the nettle family it grows well in soils with high nutrient levels; especially in high quantities of nitrogen.[16] Access to open sunlight and rainwater results in a rapidly growing plant able to take advantage of natural tree fall and other natural events such as land slides and flooding which clear dominating old growth species.
In Māori folklore, Kupe was said to have placed several obstacles to hinder pursuers whose wives he had stolen, one of which was the ongaonga.
Tree nettle has been eaten, and used medicinally. Māori used the bark of tree nettle and the leaves of kawakawa, boiled together, to make a liquid that can be used internally and externally for eczema and venereal disease.[17] Also, the leaves of tree nettle play a significant part in the treating of pains. The decoction of leaves and young twigs dipped in boiled water is said to have been used for stomach ache and as treatment for gonorrhea.[18][19] Urtica ferox was also a food source for Māori. The inner stems were sometimes consumed after the leaves and outer bark had been removed,[20] the thin film that makes up the inner bark was also eaten raw and is said to have a sweet taste, it is also documented that stems were cooked after having the leaves removed.[21]
Urtica ferox, commonly known as tree nettle and in Māori: ongaonga, taraonga, taraongaonga, оr okaoka, is a species of nettle endemic to New Zealand. Unlike the other species in the genus Urtica found in New Zealand, all of which are herbaceous, ongaonga is a large woody shrub that can grow to a height of 3 m (9.8 ft), with the base of the stem reaching 12 cm (4.7 in) in thickness. It has large spines that can result in a painful sting that lasts several days.
Ongaonga is the main source of food for larvae of the New Zealand red admiral butterfly or kahukura, Vanessa gonerilla.
El ongaonga (Urtica ferox) es una planta arbustiva perenne de la familia Urticaceae. Es endémica de Nueva Zelandia, donde crece en los bosques y llanuras costeras de la isla sur a partir de los 35º de latitud. Sus hojas son pilosas y urticantes; el más ligero roce puede producir una dolorosa picadura que dura varios días. Se han registrado incidentes de muerte por contacto masivo con ellas, tanto de seres humanos como de perros y caballos.
U. ferox puede alcanzar 5 metros de altura. Se ramifica desde la base, desarrollando varios tallos leñosos de hasta 12 cm de diámetro. Tallos, brotes y pecíolos están recubiertos de grandes espinas punzantes; las hojas son ovado-triangulares, acuminadas, de márgenes irregularmente dentados, con la base trunca o subcordada. Son de color verde claro, glabras por el haz y pubescentes por el envés, estando dotada la pilosidad de glándulas secretoras de acetilcolina, histaminas, y 5-hidroxitriptamina (5HT, la serotonina). Las espinas se bifurcan, y alcanzan los 8 cm de largo. Las flores son pequeñas, dioicas, de color verde, apareciendo en racimos axilares. Muestran cuatro estámentes, con ovario ovoide. El fruto es un aquenio de color pardo, de 1 a 1,5 mm de largo.
El ongaonga (Urtica ferox) es una planta arbustiva perenne de la familia Urticaceae. Es endémica de Nueva Zelandia, donde crece en los bosques y llanuras costeras de la isla sur a partir de los 35º de latitud. Sus hojas son pilosas y urticantes; el más ligero roce puede producir una dolorosa picadura que dura varios días. Se han registrado incidentes de muerte por contacto masivo con ellas, tanto de seres humanos como de perros y caballos.
Urtica ferox
L'ongaonga (Urtica ferox) est une espèce d'ortie arbustive qui pousse uniquement en Nouvelle-Zélande sur l'île du Nord et à l'est de l'île du Sud. Elle se rencontre en basse altitude et dans les forêts côtières. Elle peut mesurer jusqu'à 5 m de hauteur.
Des poils urticants de 5 mm ornent les tiges, les nervures et le pourtour des feuilles. Ils contiennent de l'acétylcholine, des histamines, et de la sérotonine. Le moindre contact avec la plante provoque des piqures très douloureuses durant plusieurs jours. On rapporte même le cas d'une mort d'homme[1] : un chasseur ayant pénétré un fourré de ces orties serait décédé dans les quatre heures qui suivirent.
C'est la plante nourricière d'un papillon, le Vanessa gonerilla.
Urtica ferox
L'ongaonga (Urtica ferox) est une espèce d'ortie arbustive qui pousse uniquement en Nouvelle-Zélande sur l'île du Nord et à l'est de l'île du Sud. Elle se rencontre en basse altitude et dans les forêts côtières. Elle peut mesurer jusqu'à 5 m de hauteur.
Des poils urticants de 5 mm ornent les tiges, les nervures et le pourtour des feuilles. Ils contiennent de l'acétylcholine, des histamines, et de la sérotonine. Le moindre contact avec la plante provoque des piqures très douloureuses durant plusieurs jours. On rapporte même le cas d'une mort d'homme : un chasseur ayant pénétré un fourré de ces orties serait décédé dans les quatre heures qui suivirent.
C'est la plante nourricière d'un papillon, le Vanessa gonerilla.
Urtica ferox G.Forst. è un arbusto della famiglia delle Urticacee[1], endemico della Nuova Zelanda, ove è nota come anche ongaonga. È un'ortica dai fusti legnosi e spine pungenti: toccate, causano un dolore che può durare più giorni e che può creare problemi neurologici, convulsioni e difficoltà respiratorie. È stato riportato un decesso umano a causa dell'U. ferox, nel 1961.[2]
L'attributo ferox, dal latino feroce, deriva dall'irritazione causata dalla pianta, più potente di quella della comune ortica.
L'arbusto può superare i 2 m di altezza. Il fusto è percorso da numerosi peli urticanti. Le foglie sono verdi, ovate, triangolari, opposte, da acute a acuminate, dentate, lunghe fino a 18 cm, con spine bianche lunghe fino a 1 cm. I frutti sono acheni lunghi 1-1,5 mm.[3]
Urtica ferox G.Forst. è un arbusto della famiglia delle Urticacee, endemico della Nuova Zelanda, ove è nota come anche ongaonga. È un'ortica dai fusti legnosi e spine pungenti: toccate, causano un dolore che può durare più giorni e che può creare problemi neurologici, convulsioni e difficoltà respiratorie. È stato riportato un decesso umano a causa dell'U. ferox, nel 1961.
Urtica ferox, kjend som ongaonga, er ei nesle som veks endemisk på New Zealand. Planten, som stundom vert kalla «trenesle», har ein treaktig stamme og uvanleg lange og stikkande nåler, og kan veksa fem meter i høgda. Sjølv den aller lettaste kontakten med planten kan føra til eit smertefullt stikk som kan vera plagsamt i fleire dagar.
I maori-folkeminne heiter det at Kupe skal ha lagt ut talrike hinder for å seinka forfølgjarar som han hadde stole konene frå; og eit av desse var ongaonga.
Ongaonga er den viktigaste næringsplanten til larven til sommarfuglen New Zealand red admiral eller kahukura, Bassaris gonerilla.
Der er ein rapport om eit dødsfall av menneske etter kontakt med planten—ein lettkledd jeger som (i 1961) døydde fem timar etter å ha gått gjennom eit tett kratt.[1]
Urtica ferox, kjend som ongaonga, er ei nesle som veks endemisk på New Zealand. Planten, som stundom vert kalla «trenesle», har ein treaktig stamme og uvanleg lange og stikkande nåler, og kan veksa fem meter i høgda. Sjølv den aller lettaste kontakten med planten kan føra til eit smertefullt stikk som kan vera plagsamt i fleire dagar.
I maori-folkeminne heiter det at Kupe skal ha lagt ut talrike hinder for å seinka forfølgjarar som han hadde stole konene frå; og eit av desse var ongaonga.
Ongaonga er den viktigaste næringsplanten til larven til sommarfuglen New Zealand red admiral eller kahukura, Bassaris gonerilla.
Der er ein rapport om eit dødsfall av menneske etter kontakt med planten—ein lettkledd jeger som (i 1961) døydde fem timar etter å ha gått gjennom eit tett kratt.
