La Parasemia plantaginis ye una especie de lepidópteru ditrisio de la familia Arctiidae de colores brillosos, que s'atopa en toa Europa en biotopos montascosos.[1][2]
Árctido d'hasta 2 cm de valumbude nales, con forma, coloración y aspeutu xeneral que recuerda a una pequeña xitana, (Arctia caxa). Especie bien variable, bon exemplu de polimorfismu. Anque les femes xeneralmente son coloraes y los machos amarrillos o blancos.
N'Europa, preferentemente en media y altu monte. Na Península, en colonies alcontraes y numberoses hasta los 2.600 msnm.
De finales de branu a finales de la primavera siguiente, la canesba envierna, aliméntase de llantén preferentemente; amás de diente de lleón, agrieta y otres.
La Parasemia plantaginis ye una especie de lepidópteru ditrisio de la familia Arctiidae de colores brillosos, que s'atopa en toa Europa en biotopos montascosos.
Gwyfyn sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw teigr bach, sy'n enw gwrywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy teigrod bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Wood Tiger, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Parasemia plantaginis.[1][2] Mae i'w gael yn Anatolia, Transcaucasus, gogledd Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tsieina, Corea a Japan.
32–38 mm ydy lled ei adenydd agored ac mae'n hedfan ym Mehefina Gorffennaf.
Prif fwyd y siani flewog ydy: Plantago, Hawkbit, Hawkweed a phlanhigion isel eraill..
Gellir dosbarthu'r pryfaid (neu'r Insecta) sy'n perthyn i'r Urdd a elwir yn Lepidoptera yn ddwy ran: y gloynnod byw a'r gwyfynod. Mae'r dosbarthiad hwn yn cynnyws mwy na 180,000 o rywogaethau mewn tua 128 o deuluoedd.
Wedi deor o'i ŵy mae'r teigr bach yn lindysyn sy'n bwyta llawer o ddail, ac wedyn mae'n troi i fod yn chwiler. Daw allan o'r chwiler ar ôl rhai wythnosau. Mae pedwar cyfnod yng nghylchred bywyd glöynnod byw a gwyfynod: ŵy, lindysyn, chwiler ac oedolyn.
Gwyfyn sy'n perthyn i urdd y Lepidoptera yw teigr bach, sy'n enw gwrywaidd; yr enw lluosog ydy teigrod bach; yr enw Saesneg yw Wood Tiger, a'r enw gwyddonol yw Parasemia plantaginis. Mae i'w gael yn Anatolia, Transcaucasus, gogledd Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Tsieina, Corea a Japan.
32–38 mm ydy lled ei adenydd agored ac mae'n hedfan ym Mehefina Gorffennaf.
Prif fwyd y siani flewog ydy: Plantago, Hawkbit, Hawkweed a phlanhigion isel eraill..
CaterpillarDer Wegerichbär (Arctia plantaginis, Syn.: Parasemia plantaginis[1]) ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Unterfamilie der Bärenspinner (Arctiinae).
Die Falter besitzen eine Flügelspannweite von 32 bis 38 Millimetern. Der Wegerichbär sieht dem Braunen Bären ähnlich, ist aber etwas kleiner. Die Farben dieser Art variieren stark, so gibt es Exemplare mit rot-schwarzen, weiß-schwarzen und gelb-schwarzen Hinterflügeln. Man hat jedoch herausgefunden, dass die Weibchen stets rot und die Männchen weiß oder gelb gefärbt sind. Auch melanistische Formen sind beschrieben, etwa f.melanata. Die Geschlechter kann man ebenso an den Beinen unterscheiden, Männchen haben weiße und Weibchen schwarze Beine.[2]
Die adulten Raupen sind hinten und vorne schwarzgrau, mittig fuchsrot und dicht behaart.
Man findet den Wegerichbären in ganz Europa, aber vor allem in den Gebirgen und Mittelgebirgen bis 3000 m Höhe. Ideal sind Hügelländer mit nassen Wiesen, Mooren oder feuchten Waldrändern bzw. -schneisen. Viele Populationen des Hügellandes sind erloschen, da die Art sehr empfindlich auf Kulturmaßnahmen auf den bewohnten Wiesenbiotopen reagiert. Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts sind viele ehemals sehr große Populationen erloschen.[3]
Die nachtaktiven Falter findet man von Juni bis Mitte Juli, die Raupen von August bis Mai. Während die Männchen tagsüber umherfliegen, sitzen die Weibchen meist nur am Boden. Es gibt nur eine Generation pro Jahr. Die Raupen überwintern. Erst im Frühjahr beginnt die richtige Nahrungsaufnahme und das damit verbundene Wachstum. Wie alle Bärenspinner sind die Raupen dicht behaart und für die meisten Vögel ungenießbar. Trotzdem bringen sie sich sicherheitshalber bei jeder Erschütterung der Futterpflanze in Sicherheit.
Die Larven ernähren sich hauptsächlich von Wegericharten (Plantago spec.), aber auch von Löwenzahn, Sauerampfer und anderen Kräutern.
Der Wegerichbär (Arctia plantaginis, Syn.: Parasemia plantaginis) ist ein Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Unterfamilie der Bärenspinner (Arctiinae).
Arctia plantaginis, the wood tiger, is a moth of the family Erebidae. Several subspecies are found in the Holarctic ecozone south to Anatolia, Transcaucasus, northern Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. One subspecies is endemic to North America.
This species was formerly a member of the genus Parasemia, but was moved to Arctia along with the other species of the genera Acerbia, Pararctia, Parasemia, Platarctia, and Platyprepia.[1][2]
P. plantaginis males occur predominantly in two distinct color phenotypes: yellow and white. They are aposematic, meaning their colorations serve to deter predators from attacking. In populations of aposematic species, it is common to have a single coloration phenotype dominate, because predators better learn to avoid the more common phenotype and rare phenotypes suffer higher predation. Rare phenotypes are often selected against because predators are less familiar with their aposematic signal. Thus, other selective pressures exist to perpetuate weaker aposematic signals in exchange for other adaptive benefits.[3] P. plantaginis has become a common model for studying the counteracting selective pressures of predation, mate choice, immune function, thermoregulation, and more.
This moth is extraordinarily variable. The wingspan is 32–38 mm. Normally, it has a black forewing in both sexes, with moderately broad, ivory yellow bands. In the male, the hindwing is yellow or white with an irregular marginal band, which is often interrupted, and two or three submarginal spots. The basal portion of the hindwing bears black streaks at the margin of the cell and before the anal margin. In the female, the hindwing is red above with the base strongly black. Numerous aberrations have been found and named, which often occur predominantly, and only exceptionally among typical specimens. Major aberrations are listed by Seitz, 1913.[4]
There are populations throughout the globe, but most common in northern latitudes[5] of North America and Eurasia.[6] The North American populations range from Alaska to Manitoba, and south through the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico, with isolated populations occurring in Arizona and the Sierra Nevada mountains of California and Nevada.[6]
P. plantaginis prefer slightly moist areas, like meadows with nearby streams. Adults like to spend time close to lupine stands, which are meadows of plants from the genus Lupinus. It is estimated that over 250 annual and perennial species of this genus Lupinus are distributed throughout both montane and lowland habitats, with hugely diverse regions found in North and South America.[7]
A two-year study of populations of P. plantaginis throughout the Alpine regions of Italy, Austria and Switzerland indicated a single whole population. Pairwise Fst values, AMOVA and COl results showed little to no differentiation between populations during the two sampling years of 2009 and 2010. This overall high genetic diversity and low differentiation between populations suggests much gene flow and high population density in P. plantaginis populations. Though this extreme gene flow would be thought to lead to fixation of a single morphological phenotype, the differential selective pressures experienced by various populations of the species likely leads to the maintenance of its widespread polymorphism.[8]
Wood tiger moths are polyphagous, meaning their diet can vary significantly. Eating different host plants can result in different immune function and overall life history traits; one example of this is shown by wood tiger moth caterpillars that feed on ribwort plantain. These plant contain high levels of iridoid glycosides, which help caterpillars produce defensive chemicals. A 2015 study showed that the iridoid glycosides present in plantain-eating larvae is sufficient to deter both ants and parasitoids.[9]
Though it may benefit caterpillars to intake more plant compounds that can help produce defensive chemicals (depending on the plant), this process can be costly and energy intensive for caterpillars. As polyphagous larvae, this process of detoxification and toxin sequestration can be especially costly if their physiology has to support detoxification processes for different types of plants and compounds. Investing more in detoxification as larvae results in lower reproductive output as adults.[10]
P. plantaginis are capital breeders, which means that they do not feed as adults, and thus the larval diet is incredibly important component in adult fitness.[10]
Males are, on average, smaller than females but experience a relatively similar rate of development. Generally a longer development time correlates with a larger pupal mass, and in females, pupal mass correlates with total lifetime eggs produced.[11]
As a polyphagous species, the life history traits of P. plantaginis depend on its habitat and diet. In P. plantaginis, high anti-oxidant intake from their diet significantly increases their ability to encapsulate pathogens.[11] Encapsulation is an important, innate immune response that occurs in invertebrates to protect against a variety of parasites and pathogens.[12] The antioxidants serve to protect cells from damage incurred by the creation of free radicals resulting from the encapsulation reaction.[13] In environments where the pathogen load is likely to be high, the food ingested by an individual moth is important in building its defense mechanisms.[11]
Birds and ants are the most common predators of P. plantaginis, to which the moth has both general and specialized defense mechanisms.[14] The blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a well known predator.
Selection by predation can impact host immune defense, as demonstrated by an experiment measuring the virulence of a pathogen Serrate marcescens in Arctia plantaginis larvae. Larvae with smaller warning signals had higher survival rates than those with larger warning signals, suggesting that developing a warning signal comes at the expense of immune function. Basically, there is a trade off between immune function and predatory defense. Thus predation is an import factor when considering the evolution of pathogen virulence and host immunity.[15]
Aposematism is common in many Lepidoptera species; it is an adaptive mechanism in which prey produce conspicuous warning signals. In the wood tiger moth, conspicuous coloration patterns communicate a poisonous, toxic, or otherwise unpalatable or unprofitable effect to predators. Typically, aposematic species experience strong selection favoring monomorphic populations. As a specific warning signal phenotype becomes more common in an environment, more and more predators learn to avoid individuals bearing such signals. In P. plantaginis, a distinct hindwing pattern of bands and splotches of white or yellow on black warns predators of its chemical defenses. Populations of P. plantaginis, are, however, almost always polymorphic, with males exhibiting varying degrees of either yellow or white melanized banding patterns. Yellow morphs show stronger warning signals and experience lower predation rates and longer predator-hesitation. White morphs are preyed upon significantly more by birds than yellow morphs, but persist as a frequent phenotype in many populations, suggesting there are other selection pressures favoring white morphs.[3]
A possible explanation for the persistence of white morphs despite their higher predation rates is selection heterogeneity; in other words, due to the wide geographic distribution of the wood tiger moth, different populations experience vastly different selective pressures. One consideration is immune variation. A 2013 study demonstrated that male yellow and white larvae saw different survival rates when reared in aggregations; yellow male survived to pupate better in aggregations than white males did, which may reflect different immune investments. In aggregations, white males saw better ability to encapsulate pathogens, while yellow males had higher hemolymph (equivalent to insect 'blood') lytic activity (virus attacking). Thus the two types of wood tiger moth may be maintained in populations because they have different immune investments. This is advantageous in thriving in heterogeneous environments with differential risk factors for immune challenges.[16]
Though the aposematic signal of a wood tiger moth is highly conspicuous against vegetative scenery, its patterning is less easy to detect when it drops to the ground. Disruptive coloration is when a pattern creates an illusion that makes discerning the edges of an object difficult. It essentially destroys the appearance of any outline the object may have. Though the idea of disruptive coloration, which is clearly a camouflage technique, seems counterintuitive in aposematism, it has been demonstrated that the same coloration pattern on a moth can act as either a warning signal or a camouflage depending on the backdrop. Wood tiger moths exhibit a behavior where they essentially 'feign death' by dropping suddenly on to the ground in the presence of a predator and taking on a specific, rigid posture with folded legs. Once on the ground, the moths are much more difficult to detect. This suggests that the hindwing pattern of the wood tiger moth can switch instantly from conspicuous to camouflage, which has obvious adaptive advantages.[17]
A 2017 study highlighted the ability of P. plantaginis to secrete two different chemical fluids as defense mechanisms in response to two different types of predators. Along with its colorful, conspicuous hindwing color patterns, these moths secrete defense fluids from their abdomen and thoracic glands. The abdominal fluids deterred ants and not birds, while thoracic fluids deterred birds but not ants, suggesting that a single species is capable of producing target-specific chemical defense fluids in response to predation threats.[14]
Warning signals show no phenotypic plasticity in adult wood tiger moths. The shapes and patterning of adult warning signals are entirely determined during resource allocation of the larval stage. Once an adult metamorphoses, their warning signal phenotype can no longer change.[18]
Yellow morphs are able to avoid predation more readily than white morphs; however, a laboratory study showed that yellow males had lower mating success compared to white males. This trade-off between reproductive success and predator avoidance could explain why two polymorphisms exist.[19]
Females tend to attract males during the day, and they group together at dusk. It has been observed that once attracted to a group of females, male P. plantaginis will readily mate with females of a related species Arctica villa, most likely due to their similar sex pheromones. Similarly, female P. plantaginis are also attracted to male Artica villas.[20]
Flight behavior in populations of P. plantaginis vary between color morphs and are under frequency dependent selection. In outdoor cage experiments of populations with various frequencies of yellow and white male morphs, researches found that white morphs were significantly more active and had longer periods of sustained activity than yellow morphs across all treatment groups. In groups with higher frequencies of yellow morphs, overall flying activity for both morphs was considerably lower. The data suggest that white male morphs invest less in producing costly warning signals and thus have more energy to invest in flight for both avoiding predation and finding mates. Yellow males, which in previous studies have been shown to be less sexually favored by females than whites, tend to be most active at peak female-calling periods.[21]
Wood tiger moths have a limited amount of resources to allocate to different life history traits and adaptive strategies; thermoregulation is an important part of their physiology, especially in the cooler climates of North America and Eurasia. As latitude increases, populations of P. plantaginis show higher melanization (conversion of resources into melanin). This melanin confers thermoregulatory advantages by increasing a male moth's ability to absorb radiation. This increased melanization comes at a cost, however, as it is costly to produce, and thus male moths with more melanization suffer increased predation as their warning signals are weaker. Thus it is thought that due to the various climatic conditions of populations of wood tiger moth, there are different costs and benefits to produces more melanin, which serves to maintain the global diversity of warning signals that we see throughout the species. In both yellow and white male phenotypes, individuals with more melanin had a heightened ability to trap heat but an increased predation rate due to its weaker and less effective signal.[22]
Arctia plantaginis, the wood tiger, is a moth of the family Erebidae. Several subspecies are found in the Holarctic ecozone south to Anatolia, Transcaucasus, northern Iran, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Korea and Japan. One subspecies is endemic to North America.
This species was formerly a member of the genus Parasemia, but was moved to Arctia along with the other species of the genera Acerbia, Pararctia, Parasemia, Platarctia, and Platyprepia.
P. plantaginis males occur predominantly in two distinct color phenotypes: yellow and white. They are aposematic, meaning their colorations serve to deter predators from attacking. In populations of aposematic species, it is common to have a single coloration phenotype dominate, because predators better learn to avoid the more common phenotype and rare phenotypes suffer higher predation. Rare phenotypes are often selected against because predators are less familiar with their aposematic signal. Thus, other selective pressures exist to perpetuate weaker aposematic signals in exchange for other adaptive benefits. P. plantaginis has become a common model for studying the counteracting selective pressures of predation, mate choice, immune function, thermoregulation, and more.
Figures 3–7, wood tiger moth formsParasemia plantaginis es un especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Erebidae de colores brillantes, que se encuentra en toda Europa en biotopos montañosos. Es la única especie del género Parasemia.
Árctido de hasta 2 cm de longitud de las alas, con forma, coloración y aspecto general que recuerda a una pequeña gitana, (Arctia caja). Especie muy variable, buen ejemplo de polimorfismo. Aunque las hembras generalmente son rojas y los machos amarillos o blancos.
En Europa, preferentemente en media y alta montaña. En la península, en colonias localizadas y numerosas hasta los 2.600 msnm.
De finales de verano a finales de la primavera siguiente, la oruga inverna, se alimentan de llantén preferentemente; además de diente de león, acedera y otras.
Parasemia plantaginis es un especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Erebidae de colores brillantes, que se encuentra en toda Europa en biotopos montañosos. Es la única especie del género Parasemia.
Arctia plantaginis
L'Écaille du plantain (Arctia plantaginis) est une espèce holarctique de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Erebidae et de la sous-famille des Arctiinae.
L'imago a une envergure de 32 à 38 mm. Le dessus des ailes antérieures est noir avec des dessins jaunes ou crème. Les ailes postérieures présentent un dimorphisme sexuel, celles du mâle étant noires à dessins jaunes alors que celles de la femelle sont noires à dessins orangés.
Arctia plantaginis est répandue dans une grande partie de l'écozone paléarctique, en Europe et en Asie[1]. On la trouve également dans le Nord et l'Ouest de l'Amérique du Nord[2].
En France métropolitaine, on la trouve principalement dans la moitié est et les montagnes[3].
Ce papillon se rencontre dans les bois clairs, les friches, les prairies plutôt humides. Les mâles sont surtout actifs de jour, alors que les femelles le sont surtout après le coucher du soleil.
L'espèce est univoltine et les imagos volent de début juin à fin juillet, en août en haute montagne (jusqu'à 2 500 m).
Les plantes hôtes de la chenille sont le plantain, les Hieracium (y compris la piloselle), le séneçon commun, le pissenlit, des silènes et d'autres plantes basses.
L'hivernation a lieu au stade de jeune chenille, dans la mousse. Au printemps, les chenilles recommencent à s'alimenter, pour se nymphoser en mai. Les cocons sont faits de soie mélangée à des poils larvaires.
Arctia plantaginis
L'Écaille du plantain (Arctia plantaginis) est une espèce holarctique de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Erebidae et de la sous-famille des Arctiinae.
Juodmargė meškutė (lot. Parasemia plantaginis, vok. Wegerichbär) – meškučių (Arctiidae) šeimos drugys. Skraido gegužės – liepos mėn. miško pakraščiuose, pagrioviuose. Dieną tupi ant žiedinių augalų. Vikšras apaugęs juodais plaukais. Jis minta įvairiais augalais (beržais, gysločiais, rūgštynėmis, dobilais ir kt.). Randamas rugpjūčio – gegužės mėn. Lėliukė juodai ruda, jos galas apaugęs šereliais. Lietuvoje reta rūšis.
Juodmargė meškutė (lot. Parasemia plantaginis, vok. Wegerichbär) – meškučių (Arctiidae) šeimos drugys. Skraido gegužės – liepos mėn. miško pakraščiuose, pagrioviuose. Dieną tupi ant žiedinių augalų. Vikšras apaugęs juodais plaukais. Jis minta įvairiais augalais (beržais, gysločiais, rūgštynėmis, dobilais ir kt.). Randamas rugpjūčio – gegužės mėn. Lėliukė juodai ruda, jos galas apaugęs šereliais. Lietuvoje reta rūšis.
Juodmargė meškutėCosto capìtol a l'é mach në sboss. Da finì.
AmbientLa farfala a vòla a luj.
DistribussionParasemia plantaginis é uma espécie de insetos lepidópteros, mais especificamente de traças, pertencente à família Erebidae.[1]
A autoridade científica da espécie é Linnaeus, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1758.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.
Parasemia plantaginis é uma espécie de insetos lepidópteros, mais especificamente de traças, pertencente à família Erebidae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é Linnaeus, tendo sido descrita no ano de 1758.
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português.