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La llenteya d'agua (Spirodela polyrhiza) ye una especie de planta acuática de la familia de les lemnacees.
Frondas flotantes, ovales a casi arrondaes, de 4-10 mm asimétriques y opaques, con 5-9 nervios planos en dambes cares, verdeoscuro nel fai y amoratáu el viesu, 5-15 raigaños procedentes de cada fronda Raramente flores en primavera.
Gran parte d'Europa, sacante Islandia, Albania y Grecia. Agües quietes, estanques, acequias.[1]
Spirodela polyrhiza describióse por (L.) Schleid. y espublizóse en Linnaea 13: 392. 1839.[2]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. La llenteya d'agua (Spirodela polyrhiza) ye una especie de planta acuática de la familia de les lemnacees.
Adi üzgəcotu (lat. Spirodela polyrhiza) — sugülükimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki növü.
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və statusu "Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar" kateqoriyasına aiddir – VU D2. Azərbaycanda nadir növüdür. [1][2]
Lənkəran ovalığı (Lənkəran rayonunun Göyşaban kəndi, Mortso gölü), Lənkəran-Muğan (Masallı rayonu – Boradigah çayı), Kür düzənliyi, Naxçıvanın dağlıq hissəsi (Şahbuz Dövlət qoruğu Batabat gölünün sahilyanı zonalarında)[3] [4][5]
Çiçəkləmə və meyvə əmələgətirmə dövrü iyun—avqust aylarına təsadüf edir. Toxumlarla və vegetativ yolla çoxalır. Kriptofit-hiqrofitdir. Arandan orta dağ qurşağınadək durğun və sakit axan sularda, göllərdə, hündür bitkilər areasında, külək və dalğalardan qorunan yerlərdə təmiz assosiasiyalar, eləcə də Lemna minor və L. Gibba növləri ilə qarışıq assosiasiyalar əməə gətirir. Dərman və çöl quşları üçün qida bitkisidir[3][6]
Çoxillik su bitkisidir. Suyun səthində üzən gövdələri tərs –yumurtavari və ya dəyirmi, üst hissədən açıq –yaşıl, alt hissədən qırmızımtıl rngdə, yastı, 5 mm enindədir. Kökcükləri çox sayda, dəstələr şəklindədir. Payızda nohurun dibinə batmış qonur-qırmızı, hər iki tərəfdən qabarıq zoğlar inkişaf edir [3][5][7]
Populyasiyasının təbii bərpası azalır, mənfi iqlim və antropogen təsirlərə həssaslıq müşahidə olunur [8]
Qlobal istiləşmə ilə əlaqədar yaranan quraqlıqların nəticəsində körfəz və göllərin suyunun azalması, əhali tərəfindən qida və dərman bitkisi kimi istifadə edilməsi.
Xüsusi mühafizə tədbirləri aparılmalıdır. Süni göl və gölməçələrin yaradılması məqsədəuyğundur.
Adi üzgəcotu (lat. Spirodela polyrhiza) — sugülükimilər fəsiləsinə aid bitki növü.
IUCN Qırmızı Siyahısına görə növün kateqoriyası və statusu "Nəsli kəsilməyə həssas olanlar" kateqoriyasına aiddir – VU D2. Azərbaycanda nadir növüdür.
Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd, dyfroo ag iddo un had-ddeilen (monocotyledon) yw Llinad mawr sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Araceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Spirodela polyrhiza a'r enw Saesneg yw Greater duckweed. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Bwyd-hwyaid Mawr, Llinad y Dŵr Mwyaf a Llinhad y Dŵr Mwyaf.
Gwlyptiroedd yw ei gynefin a mae'r casgliad byw mwyaf o'r teulu hwn yn cael ei gadw yn Missouri Botanical Gardens.
Planhigyn blodeuol lluosflwydd, dyfroo ag iddo un had-ddeilen (monocotyledon) yw Llinad mawr sy'n enw gwrywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Araceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Spirodela polyrhiza a'r enw Saesneg yw Greater duckweed. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Bwyd-hwyaid Mawr, Llinad y Dŵr Mwyaf a Llinhad y Dŵr Mwyaf.
Gwlyptiroedd yw ei gynefin a mae'r casgliad byw mwyaf o'r teulu hwn yn cael ei gadw yn Missouri Botanical Gardens.
Die Vielwurzelige Teichlinse (Spirodela polyrhiza, Syn.: Lemna polyrhiza L.) ist eine Art aus der Gattung Teichlinsen (Spirodela) in der Familie der Aronstabgewächse (Araceae).
Die Vielwurzelige Teichlinse ist eine frei flottierende Schwimmblattpflanze. Ihre Sprossglieder sind 4 bis 7 (selten 1,5 bis 10) Millimeter lang, rundlich bis verkehrt-eiförmig und auf beiden Seiten flach. Die Unterseite ist meist dunkel purpurrot gefärbt, die Oberseite ist grün bis rot. Je Sprossglied sind meist 8, selten 3 bis 16 Wurzeln vorhanden. Je 1 bis 3 (selten bis 5) Sprossglieder hängen zusammen. Sie bildet olive, nierenförmige, 2 bis 3 Millimeter breite Turionen aus. Im Vergleich zu den nahe verwandten Wasserlinsen (Lemna sp.) ist die Teichlinse größer, rundlicher geformt sowie stärker bewurzelt.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 40.[1]
Die Blütezeit reicht vermutlich von Juni bis August. Aus Deutschland und Frankreich sind bisher keine blühenden Pflanzen bekannt.
Die Art wird durch Wasservögel (Hydroepizoochorie) und durch Wasserausbreitung (Hydrochorie) verbreitet.
Die Art ist weltweit verbreitet. Auch in Deutschland ist die Vielwurzelige Teichlinse verbreitet und recht häufig, in West- und Mittel-Thüringen, Sachsen-Anhalt und dem Bergland allerdings nur zerstreut. Die Art besiedelt flache, bis 150 Zentimeter tiefe[1], eutrophe stehende und langsam fließende Gewässer. Sie ist nur schwach tolerant gegenüber Salz. Spirodela polyrhiza ist eine Kennart der Assoziation Lemno-Spirodeletum aus dem Verband Lemnion minoris.[1] Im Allgäu steigt sie im Weidensee bei Remnatsried bei Stötten am Auerberg in Bayern bis zu 810 Metern Meereshöhe auf.[2]
Die Art kann im Aquarium kultiviert werden.[3]
Die Vielwurzelige Teichlinse (Spirodela polyrhiza, Syn.: Lemna polyrhiza L.) ist eine Art aus der Gattung Teichlinsen (Spirodela) in der Familie der Aronstabgewächse (Araceae).
Spirodela polyrhiza (orth. var. S. polyrrhiza) is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat,[1] greater duckweed,[2] great duckmeat,[3] common duckweed, and duckmeat. It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat.[4]
Spirodela polyrhiza is a perennial aquatic plant usually growing in dense colonies, forming a mat on the water surface. Each plant is a smooth, round, flat disc 0.5 to 1.0 cm wide. Its upper surface is mostly green, sometimes red, while the lower surface is dark red.[5] It produces several minute roots and a pouch containing male and female flowers. The top part dies in the fall and the plant often overwinters as a turion. The turion sinks to the bottom of the water body and stays in a dormant phase, until water temperature reaches 15 °C. The turions then germinate on the bottom of the water body and start a new life cycle.[6] As this species lives in ponds and slow-moving water bodies, differs developmentally from terrestrial plants in morphology and physiology. It undergoes mainly vegetative growth in spring and summer, forming new fronds. Spirodela polyrhiza rarely flowers.[7] In fall and winter it switches into a dormant phase represented by the turions due to nutrition starvation and freezing temperatures.
Because of its fast growth, direct contact with media and small genome size (~150 Mb), S. polyrhiza is an ideal system for biofuels, bioremediation, and carbon cycling.[4] A comprehensive genomic study of S. polyrhiza was published in February 2014. The results provide insights into how this organism is adapted to rapid growth and an aquatic lifestyle.[8]
Turions were induced by the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) in the lab. Researchers reported that turions were rich in anthocyanin pigmentation and had a density that submerged them in liquid media. Transmission electron microscopy of turions showed in comparison to fronds shrunken vacuoles, smaller intercellular space, and abundant starch granules surrounded by thylakoid membranes. Turions accumulated more than 60% starch in dry mass after two weeks of ABA treatment.[9]
Spirodela polyrhiza is found worldwide, namely in North America,[10] Asia,[11] more rarely in Central and South America, but also in Central Europe.[12] It grows in tropical and temperate climates.[12] It is not prevalent in New Zealand and only rarely in Australia.[5]
Large scale cultivation is done in outdoor water tanks, mostly in connection with wastewater treatment. Tanks are fed with wastewater and the floating duckweed is harvested from the surface. It is then further used as a biofuel from industrial wastewater or as animal feed from agricultural wastewater treatment facilities.[6]
Spirodela polyrhiza can be used for bioremediation, removing toxic substances from aquatic environment as well as cleaning eutrophic waters, especially in wastewater treatment plants. Its uses as biofuel and animal feed are also gaining importance. It is hardly used for human nutrition.
Because of its capability to hyperaccumulate heavy metals and its high uptake of nutrients from the water, S. polyrhiza is used for bioremediation. The main pollutants it can be used to remediate are arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg)[13] and common wastewater nutrients, like sulphate (SO42-), phosphate (PO43-) and nitrate (NO3−).
Greater duckweed showed accumulation of arsenic in laboratory tests. Arsenic uptake was found to be negatively correlated with phosphate and positively correlated with iron uptake. This indicates that phosphate and arsenic compete for uptake by S. polyrhiza, while arsenic's absorption is facilitated by iron oxides, because it shows an affinity to the root surface of S. polyrhiza, where it is taken up. Greater duckweed is thought to detoxify the arsenic by reducing As (V) to the less toxic As (III). Difficulties arise with the management of the plants with high As contents. One possible use of the biomass containing As is production of charcoal and gas as a byproduct, which can be used as a fuel. The problems with this approach are low charcoal quality and high investments. Direct burning or burning of the coal is thought to release arsenic into the air, which would pollute the environment. Other options for fuel production would be hydrolysis and fermentation, which are economically not feasible. The biomass would have to be treated with strong acids and heat, which are both capital intensive. Briquetting is considered one of the best options, where the plants are dried and pressed into pellets of briquets. This raises the question of whether the arsenic is released back into the environment during the burning process. The production of biogas is also considered, but again, the redistribution of the As has to be avoided .[13]
Spirodela polyrhiza was found to be an efficient bio accumulator of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in laboratory settings. Its plant biomass showed a 1000 times higher mercuric chloride concentration than its aquatic environment. Spirodela polyrhiza showed the highest accumulation factor compared to Lemna gibba and L. minor, which were also investigated.[14]
dGreater duckweed has been used to remove common pollutants from wastewater. In a laboratory setting, S. polyrhiza showed a maximum of 90% removal efficiency of nitrate, 99.6% of phosphate and 69.8% of sulphate. The efficiency for all three pollutants combined was 85.6%, which makes it an environmentally and economically viable bioremediatory for wastewater treatment.[11]
Due to space-efficient starch production and good growth in animal wastewater, S. polyrhiza has great potential in bioethanol production.[15] Despite environmental problems associated with production and competition from human and animal feed, corn is the main raw material for bioethanol. Spirodela polyrhiza could produce up to 50% more bioethanol on the same area.[16] At the same time the production of bioethanol from S. polyrhiza is not in competition with human food. The production of bioethanol from S. polyrhiza is still in the development phase.
In small-scale agriculture S. polyrhiza is used as fish or poultry feed.[17] Due to its fast growth and high protein content, it is an interesting feedstuff. Because of sanitary problems and the risk of heavy metal accumulation, it is not yet used for feeding in larger animal husbandry systems.[18] For rainbow trout, poorer growth rates were found when S. polyrhiza was added to the feed.[19] For tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.), greater weight gains were found when 30% of the fish meal in the feed was replaced with S. polyrhiza.[20] A review has also shown that duckweed can be used in cattle, pig and poultry diets. However, the problems of heavy metals and pathogen contamination occur.[21]
Although other duckweed species, such as Wolffia arrhiza, are consumed by people in rural areas, S.polyrhiza is not cultivated for human consumption.[22] This is because of high concerns about heavy metal accumulation and possible contamination with Escherichia coli or Clostridium botulinum.[18] In contrast to W. arrhiza, S. polyrhiza contains, like most duckweed species, calcium oxalate crystals which are known to cause kidney stones.[6]
Spirodela polyrhiza (orth. var. S. polyrrhiza) is a species of duckweed known by the common names common duckmeat, greater duckweed, great duckmeat, common duckweed, and duckmeat. It can be found nearly worldwide in many types of freshwater habitat.
La lenteja de agua (Spirodela polyrhiza) es una especie de planta acuática de la familia de las lemnáceas.
Frondas flotantes, ovales a casi redondeadas, de 4-10 mm asimétricas y opacas, con 5-9 nervios planos en ambas caras, verdeoscuro en el haz y amoratado el envés, 5-15 raíces procedentes de cada fronda. Raramente flores en primavera.
Gran parte de Europa, excepto Islandia, Albania y Grecia. Aguas quietas, estanques, acequias.[1]
Spirodela polyrhiza fue descrita por (L.) Schleid. y publicado en Linnaea 13: 392. 1839.[2]
La lenteja de agua (Spirodela polyrhiza) es una especie de planta acuática de la familia de las lemnáceas.
Hulgajuurine vesilääts (Spirodela polyrhiza) on võhaliste sugukonda vesiläätse perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane ujulehtedega veetaim.
Ujulehtede diameeter on kuni 10 millimeetrit. Sageli moodustavad veekogus kolooniaid. Taim õitseb – ehkki haruharva – juulist augustini.
Välisehituselt meenutab ta suuresti lemleid, kuid lehealuseid juuri pole tal mitte üks (nagu lemletel), vaid palju.
Hulgajuurist vesiläätse võib leida paljudest veekogudest. Eestis tavaline.
Hulgajuurine vesilääts (Spirodela polyrhiza) on võhaliste sugukonda vesiläätse perekonda kuuluv mitmeaastane ujulehtedega veetaim.
Ujulehtede diameeter on kuni 10 millimeetrit. Sageli moodustavad veekogus kolooniaid. Taim õitseb – ehkki haruharva – juulist augustini.
Välisehituselt meenutab ta suuresti lemleid, kuid lehealuseid juuri pole tal mitte üks (nagu lemletel), vaid palju.
Hulgajuurist vesiläätse võib leida paljudest veekogudest. Eestis tavaline.
Mnohokorjenaty křěk (Spirodela polyrhiza, syn.: Lemna polyrhiza) je rostlina z podswójby kačiznowych rostlinow (Lemnoideae) ze swójba aronowych rostlinow (Araceae).
Mnohokorjenaty křěk je trajne zelo, kotrež docpěje wysokosć wot 0,5 hač do 1 cm. Twori zelene přestrjency z 4 hač do 10 mm dołhich, łopjenojtych čłonkow na wodźe. Delni bok zwjetša je ćěmnopurpurowy.
Wurostkowe čłonki su wopak jejkojte abo kulojte, zwjetša płone maja na čłonk 2 abo wjace promjenjowych korjenjow.
Kćěje wot meje hač do junija.
Korjenje docpěja dołhosć wot 3 cm.
Twori nazymu małke zymske pupki, kotrež so na wodźiznowy spódk nurja a tam zymny počas přetraja. Wobsahuja škrob jako energisku rezerwu. Wone nalěto zaso wubija a přez tworjenje płuna horje wustupja.
Rosće w stejacych a pomału běžacych wutkatych, lochko přihrěwajomnych wodźinach, jězorach a zaliwach ze starej wodu.
Mnohokorjenaty křěk (Spirodela polyrhiza, syn.: Lemna polyrhiza) je rostlina z podswójby kačiznowych rostlinow (Lemnoideae) ze swójba aronowych rostlinow (Araceae).
La lenticchia di palude o lenticchia d'acqua maggiore (Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.) è una pianta acquatica della famiglia delle Araceae.[1]
È una pianta acquatica flottante che forma grandi colonie sulla superficie delle acque.
Le foglie arrotondato-ovali, larghe 5–10 mm, sono più grandi di quelle di Lemna minor, con cui spesso condivide gli habitat, di colore verde glauco e arrossate inferiormente e talora anche sui margini della faccia superiore, con 5-15 nervature ben evidenziate.
Le radici sono corte e a forma di pennello.
Ha una distribuzione cosmopolita.[1]
La lenticchia di palude o lenticchia d'acqua maggiore (Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid.) è una pianta acquatica della famiglia delle Araceae.
Daugiašakė maurė (lot. Spirodela polyrrhiza) – plūdeninių (Lemnaceae) šeimos maurių (Spirodela) genties augalų rūšis.
Spirodela polyrhiza é uma espécie de planta aquática da subfamília Lemnoideae (ex-família Lemnaceae) da família Araceae.
S. polyrhiza é uma minúscula planta talosa, de flutuação livre, com o corpo vegetativo reduzido a estruturas taloides ovais a quase arredondadas, de 4–10 mm de diâmetro máximo, assimétricas e opacas, com 5-9 nervuras planas em ambas as faces, verde-escuro na face superior e acinzentada na face inferior. Cada planta apresenta 5-15 raízes. Raramente floresce na primavera.
A espécie tem distribuição natural em grande parte da Europa, estando apenas ausenta da Islândia, Albânia e Grécia. Prefere habitats de águas paradas, pântanos e albufeiras pouco profundas.[1]
Spirodela polyrhiza foi descrita por (L.) Schleid. e publicado em Linnaea 13: 392. 1839.[2]
Spirodela polyrhiza é uma espécie de planta aquática da subfamília Lemnoideae (ex-família Lemnaceae) da família Araceae.
개구리밥(학명: Spirodela polyrhiza, 공통명: common duckmeat,[1] greater duckweed,[2] great duckmeat,[3] common duckweed, duckmeat)은 천남성과에 속하는 여러해살이풀이다. 전 세계에 널리 분포하며 민물 위에서 빽빽하게 군생한다. 흔히 부평초라고 한다. 푸른 개구리밥은 녹빈(綠蘋), 청빈(靑蘋)으로 부른다.
개구리밥은 바이오연료, 생물복원(en:Bioremediation), 탄소순환(carbon cycling)에 굉장히 적합한데, 빨리 자라고, 배양액과 직접적으로 접촉하며, 게놈 사이즈가 제일 작기 때문이다(~150 Mb).[4] 2014년 2월에 수행된 개구리밥에 대한 포괄적인 게놈 연구를 통해 그 폭발적인 성장과 수중 생활 적응의 비결에 대해 많은 것을 알게 되었다.[5]
웅덩이에 서식하는 개구리밥은 형태학, 생리학적으로 지상의 식물과는 다른 식으로 발달한다. 봄과 여름에는 엽상체의 형태로 영양생장하며, 가을과 겨울에는 영양분이 모자라고 온도가 낮아지므로 겨울눈이라고 불리는 동면 형태로 변한다. 실험실에서 호르몬 ABA를 투여해도 겨울눈이 생겨난다. 연구자들은 겨울눈이 안토시아닌 색소가 풍부하며 배양액에서 가라앉을 정도의 밀도를 가진다고 보고하였다. 겨울눈을 transmission electron microscopy l 로 본 결과 엽상체에 비해 액포가 줄어들었고, 작은 세포 사이의 공간이 좁으며, 틸라코이드(en:thylakoid) 막으로 둘러싸인 녹말 알갱이가 많았다. 겨울눈에 2주 동안 ABA 처리를 한 결과 60% 이상의 건조질량 녹말을 축적하였다.[6]
꽃도 피지만 너무작아서 눈에는 안보인다.
늦가을에 겨울눈(en:turion (botany))이 식물체로부터 떨어져 나와 물 속에 가라앉아 겨울을 난 뒤 봄이 되면 물 위에 떠올라 번식한다. 식물체는 편평한 타원형 모양으로, 길이는 5~8mm 정도이며, 뒷면은 자색을 띠고 있다. 5~11개의 뿌리를 물 속에 내는데, 그 끝에는 모자 모양의 자루가 달려 있다. 뿌리가 나온 부분의 옆쪽에는 곁눈이 나와 새 식물체가 생긴다. 여름에 엷은 녹색의 잔 꽃이 피는데, 꽃차례도 뿌리가 나오는 부근의 패인 곳에 생기며, 작은 포엽에 싸이고 1개의 암꽃과 2개의 수꽃으로 이루어진다.
개구리밥(학명: Spirodela polyrhiza, 공통명: common duckmeat, greater duckweed, great duckmeat, common duckweed, duckmeat)은 천남성과에 속하는 여러해살이풀이다. 전 세계에 널리 분포하며 민물 위에서 빽빽하게 군생한다. 흔히 부평초라고 한다. 푸른 개구리밥은 녹빈(綠蘋), 청빈(靑蘋)으로 부른다.
개구리밥은 바이오연료, 생물복원(en:Bioremediation), 탄소순환(carbon cycling)에 굉장히 적합한데, 빨리 자라고, 배양액과 직접적으로 접촉하며, 게놈 사이즈가 제일 작기 때문이다(~150 Mb). 2014년 2월에 수행된 개구리밥에 대한 포괄적인 게놈 연구를 통해 그 폭발적인 성장과 수중 생활 적응의 비결에 대해 많은 것을 알게 되었다.
웅덩이에 서식하는 개구리밥은 형태학, 생리학적으로 지상의 식물과는 다른 식으로 발달한다. 봄과 여름에는 엽상체의 형태로 영양생장하며, 가을과 겨울에는 영양분이 모자라고 온도가 낮아지므로 겨울눈이라고 불리는 동면 형태로 변한다. 실험실에서 호르몬 ABA를 투여해도 겨울눈이 생겨난다. 연구자들은 겨울눈이 안토시아닌 색소가 풍부하며 배양액에서 가라앉을 정도의 밀도를 가진다고 보고하였다. 겨울눈을 transmission electron microscopy l 로 본 결과 엽상체에 비해 액포가 줄어들었고, 작은 세포 사이의 공간이 좁으며, 틸라코이드(en:thylakoid) 막으로 둘러싸인 녹말 알갱이가 많았다. 겨울눈에 2주 동안 ABA 처리를 한 결과 60% 이상의 건조질량 녹말을 축적하였다.
꽃도 피지만 너무작아서 눈에는 안보인다.
