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Biology ( Inglês )

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Pitcher plants are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers grow on separate plants (4), and only begin to flower once the upper pitchers are produced (5). The flowers produce large amounts of nectar during the early evening and night, which evaporates by morning. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to aid pollination. Once fertilised, a fruit usually takes about three months to develop and ripen. The fruits of Nepenthes species produce between 100 and 500 very light, winged seeds, which can measure up to 30 millimetres long, and are thought to be dispersed by the wind (2) (6). Despite enormous numbers of seeds being produced, only a few manage to germinate and only a fraction of those survive to maturity (2). Carnivorous pitcher plants are adapted to grow in soils low in nutrients. Although the plants do gain some nutrition through the soil, and energy through photosynthesis, they supplement this with a diet of invertebrates, usually consisting of ants, cockroaches, centipedes, flies and beetles (4). Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their bright colours and nectar, which is secreted by glands situated on the lid of the pitcher. The insects fall into the acidic fluid at the base of the pitcher and, unable to escape, they drown. The acidic fluid in Nepenthes inermis is extremely viscous suggesting that this species traps a large number of flies compared with other Sumatran pitcher plants (4). Digestive enzymes are then released to break down the captured prey (4). Despite the hostile environment of the pitchers, they can be home to number of animals. The red crab spider (Misumenops nepenthicola) inhabits pitcher plants in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. This spider ambushes insects that crawl into the pitcher and preys upon other insects, such as mosquitoes, as they emerge from larvae that live in the pitcher fluid (2).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Nepenthes inermis is listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) limiting the international export of this species (3). However, trade is very difficult to regulate and there is no requirement for internationally traded Nepenthes to be identified down to species level. Plants simply labelled as Nepenthes accounted for 94 percent of all exported Nepenthes plants between 1988 and 1993. This needs to be remedied and urgent attention is required to close other trade loopholes (2). Nepenthes species, including Nepenthes inermis, are being increasingly cultivated, helping to reduce the impact on wild populations. Artificial propagation can help make conservation efforts more effective together with the establishment of more habitat reserves and the implementation and enforcement of protective laws (8).
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Description ( Inglês )

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The tropical pitcher plants of Asia (Nepenthes species) are amongst the largest and most spectacular of all carnivorous plants. Nepenthes inermis is a vine, from which modified pitcher-shaped leaves hang from coiled tendrils and into which insects and other invertebrates fall. Nepenthes species usually have two or three different types of pitcher, generally known as upper and lower pitchers (5), but in Nepenthes inermis the lower pitchers are rarely produced (2). The upper pitchers vary slightly in form from trumpet-shaped and occasionally flattened in one plane, to ovoid or tubular (2). The smooth and waxy upper inner surface of the pitcher makes it impossible for captive insects to gain a foothold (4), and a ridge of hardened tissue lining the mouth of the pitcher, the peristome, bears downward pointing teeth, also preventing insects from escaping (2). A lid overhangs the mouth of the pitcher, preventing rain water from diluting the pitcher fluid (2). Young Nepenthes inermis are hairy, but the mature individuals are predominantly hairless (2).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Nepenthes inermis grows in stunted upper montane mossy forest. It generally grows as an epiphyte, but occasionally grows along the ground (2).
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Range ( Inglês )

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Endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia, where it grows between 2,300 and 2,590 metres above sea level (4).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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Nepenthes species are threatened by a combination of over-collection and habitat loss (2). The biodiversity of Indonesia is significantly threatened by widespread habitat destruction, caused by illegal and commercial logging and large agricultural projects such as rubber and oil palm plantations (7).
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Nepenthes inermis ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Nepenthes inermis ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie kommt ausschließlich auf Sumatra vor und ist nur wenig erforscht.

Beschreibung

Nepenthes inermis ist eine ausdauernde, immergrüne, kletternde Pflanze. Die Stängel sind 3 bis 5 mm dick, unregelmäßig geformt und im Querschnitt stumpfwinklig dreieckig.[1]

Die lanzettlich-spatelförmigen, spitzen oder stumpfen, zum Ansatz hin keilförmig sich verjüngenden Blätter der kletternden Triebe sind dünn, ledrig und ungestielt, 5 bis 12 Zentimeter lang und 1 bis 1,5 Zentimeter breit. Der Blattansatz umfasst den Stängel zu einem Drittel bis zur Hälfte. Die Blattaderung ist unregelmäßig netzartig. Meist entspringen je Seite drei Längsadern aus dem Blattansatz, die in der äußeren Hälfte der Blattspreite zueinander parallel verlaufen. Die Ranken sind ebenso lang bis doppelt so lang wie die Spreite, eine Schlinge kann vorhanden sein.[1]

Über die Bodenkannen ist kaum etwas bekannt. Nach Beobachtungen in der Natur sind sie sehr klein und ihr Peristom ähnelt jenem von Nepenthes lowii[2]. Eine Aufsammlung hat jedoch bisher nicht stattgefunden[3].

Die grünen Luftkannen sind 5 bis 9 Zentimeter hoch, im unteren Teil röhrenförmig bis schwach trompetenförmig, im oberen Teil trompetenförmig. Flügel fehlen, die Rippen sind unscheinbar. Die seitlich leicht zusammengedrückte Kannenöffnung misst bis zu 5 Zentimeter im Durchmesser. Ein Peristom fehlt fast vollständig und ist nur als schwacher Kranz von rund 0,2 Millimeter Breite ausgeprägt. Die innere Oberfläche ist fast gänzlich mit je Quadratzentimeter 600 bis 900 winzigen, leicht aufgewölbten Drüsen besetzt, wodurch die Kannenaußenseite leicht „hammerschlagartig“ wirkt. Der rot-braun gefleckte Deckel ist sehr schmal keilförmig, bis zu 5 Zentimeter lang und unterhalb der abgerundeten Spitze 0,3 bis 0,4 Zentimeter breit. Die Unterseite enthält viele Drüsen, nahe der Mittelrippe sind diese länglich-rund, zum Rand hin rund. Der Sporn ist 3 bis 4 Millimeter lang, unverzweigt und setzt nah am Deckel an.[1]

Die männlichen Blütenstände sind keilförmige Trauben. Der Blütenstand ist 5 Zentimeter, die Blütenstandsachse 12 Zentimeter lang, am Ansatz misst sie im Durchmesser 1,5 Millimeter. Die Blütenstiele sind einblütig, unten und in der Mitte um die 8 Millimeter lang, nach oben hin werden sie kürzer, die höchsten messen um die 4 Millimeter. Die unteren Blütenstiele weisen oberhalb des Ansatzes kleine, fadenförmige Tragblätter auf. Die Blütenhüllblätter sind länglich-rund bis lanzettlich, spitz zulaufend und rund 3 Millimeter lang und 1 Millimeter breit. Die Staubblätter sind inklusive der Staubbeutel bis zu 4 Millimeter lang.[1]

Die weiblichen Blütenstände gleichen den männlichen, sind aber etwas kürzer, Blütenschaft und Blütenstiele sind rund 3 Zentimeter lang. Der dicht behaarte Fruchtknoten ist ungestielt. Die Frucht ist am Ansatz weniger stark verjüngt als zur Spitze.[1]

Verbreitung

Nepenthes inermis wächst ausschließlich auf Sumatra in Höhenlagen zwischen 2300 und 2590 Meter in moosigen Wäldern[3].

Ökologie

Als eine der wenigen bekannten Arten der Gattung wächst Nepenthes inermis epiphytisch. Hopkins, Maulder und Salmon sichteten Exemplare gehäuft hoch in Bäumen[2].

Die Kannen duften stark süß und aromatisch[4], der Prozentsatz an Beutetieren aus der Gruppe der Zweiflügler ist im Vergleich zu anderen Arten Sumatras relativ hoch.[3] Die in den Kannen enthaltene Verdauungsflüssigkeit ist äußerst viskos, so dass sie extrem lange Fäden ziehen kann[2]. Versuche in Kultur konnten belegen, dass sich aufgrund der Form der Kannen und der sehr zähflüssigen Fangflüssigkeit kein Regenwasser in den Kannen sammeln und die Beute auswaschen kann[3].

Systematik

Nepenthes inermis wurde 1928 von dem Naturforscher Benedictus Hubertus Danser erstbeschrieben, das Artepitheton ist dem lateinischen Wort in-armus (zu deutsch „unbewaffnet“, „unbewehrt“) entliehen[5].

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e Benedictus H. Danser: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. = Contributions à l'étude de la flores des Indes Néerlandaises. XV. In: Bulletin du Jardin de Botanique. Serie 3, Bd. 9, Nr. 3–4, 1928, , S. 249–438, (Text online).
  2. a b c Mike Hopkins, Ric Maulder, Bruce Salmon: A Real Nice Trip to Southeast Asia. In: Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. Bd. 19, Nr. 1/2, 1990, , S. 19–28, (Digitalisat (PDF; 1,72 MB)).
  3. a b c d Matthew Jebb, Martin Cheek: A Skeletal Revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). In: Blumea. Bd. 42, 1997, , S. 1–106, hier S. 36–37, (Digitalisat (PDF; 8,82 MB)).
  4. Charles Clarke: Another Nice Trip to Sumatra. In: Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. Bd. 26, Nr. 1, 1997, S. 4–10, (Digitalisat (PDF; 1,57 MB)).
  5. Helmut Genaust: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der botanischen Pflanzennamen. 3., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Birkhäuser, Basel u. a. 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6.
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Nepenthes inermis: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Nepenthes inermis ist eine fleischfressende Pflanze aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Sie kommt ausschließlich auf Sumatra vor und ist nur wenig erforscht.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
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Nepenthes inermis ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Nepenthes inermis /nɪˈpɛnθz ɪˈnɜːrmɪs/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The specific epithet inermis is Latin for "unarmed" and refers to the upper pitchers of this species, which are unique in that they completely lack a peristome.[4]

Botanical history

Nepenthes inermis was first collected on September 7, 1918, by H. A. B. Bünnemeijer on Mount Talang, at an altitude of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft) above sea level.[note a] Two further collections were made by Bünnemeijer on Bukit Gombak on November 16, 1918, at 2,300 metres (7,500 ft)[note b] and 2,330 metres (7,640 ft)[note c] A fourth specimen was taken on April 26, 1920, from an elevation of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) on Mount Kerintji.[2][note d] This final specimen, Bünnemeijer 9695, was later designated as the lectotype of N. inermis by Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek.[5]

Illustration of three of Bünnemeijer's original herbarium specimens of N. inermis

Nepenthes inermis was first illustrated in an issue of De Tropische Natuur published in 1927.[2][6] A year later, B. H. Danser formally described N. inermis in his seminal monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".[note e] He wrote: "This new species is easily distinguishable from all others by the peculiar pitchers without peristome and with very narrow lid. Probably it is most nearly related to N. Bongso."[2]

Several of the specimens collected by Bünnemeijer were labeled with the local vernacular names galoe-galoe antoe and kandjong baroek. Danser noted that these originate from the Minangkabau language and are also used to refer to other species, but stated that their meaning was not clear to him.[2]

In 1986, Mitsuru Hotta and Rusjdi Tamin included plant material belonging to N. dubia and N. inermis in their description of N. bongso.[3][7] In a 1993 study of Nepenthes prey and pitcher infauna,[8] the same authors, together with M. Kato and T. Itino, identified N. inermis from Mount Gadut as N. bongso.[7] Despite this taxonomic confusion, N. bongso differs considerably in pitcher morphology from N. inermis and is not easily confused with it.

Description

Nepenthes inermis is a climbing plant. The stem, which may be branched, reaches 7 metres (23 ft)[4] in length and is up to 0.5 centimetres (0.2 in) in diameter. It is cylindrical-triangular in cross section. Internodes are up to 10 centimetres (4 in) long.[7]

A climbing stem of N. inermis with upper pitchers (left) and a rosette pitcher (right)

Leaves are sessile and coriaceous. The lamina is lanceolate-spathulate in form. It may be up to 12 centimetres (5 in) long and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) wide. It has an acute or obtuse apex and is gradually attenuate towards the base, which clasps the stem and is not decurrent. Three longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins are reticulate. Tendrils can be up to 15 centimetres (6 in) long and may or may not have a curl.[7]

Rosette and lower pitchers are rarely produced. They are infundibular in the lower two-thirds to three-quarters, and ovoid above. They are distinctly constricted just below the peristome. Terrestrial pitchers grow to 8 centimetres (3 in) in height and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in width. Fringed wings are usually absent, but may be present in the upper part. The pitcher mouth is round and horizontal, and raised slightly towards the rear. The peristome is cylindrical, up to 0.3 centimetres (0.12 in) wide, and bears indistinct teeth. The lid or operculum is ovate and lacks appendages. An unbranched spur (less than 0.4 centimetres (0.16 in) long) is inserted at the base of the lid.[7]

Two upper pitchers: one unopened (left) and one fully mature (right)

The unusual upper pitchers of N. inermis are larger than its lower pitchers, growing to 9 centimetres (3.5 in) in height and 5 centimetres (2 in) in width.[2] They gradually or abruptly arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in) wide curve.[2] They are tubular to infundibular in the lower two-thirds with laterally appressed pitcher walls. As in N. dubia, there is almost no gap between the walls in mature pitchers. The upper part of the pitcher is widely infundibular throughout. Wings are reduced to ribs in upper pitchers. The mouth is round and either horizontal or slightly raised at the front and rear. The inner surface of the pitcher is often said to be glandular throughout with no waxy zone,[9][10] but one source states that the waxy zone is merely reduced.[11] Mature upper pitchers are generally considered to completely lack a peristome, a trait that is unique to this species,[7][10] although one source gives a peristome width of 0.7 millimetres (0.03 in) for an 8 centimetres (3 in) tall upper pitcher (the inner portion of the peristome is said to account for 20% of its total cross-sectional surface length, the lowest proportion among studied species).[11] The lid is very long, narrow, and cuneiform. It is never reflexed beyond 90 degrees relative to the mouth.[7]

Nepenthes inermis has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle may be up to 5 centimetres (2 in) long. The rachis grows to 15 centimetres (6 in) in length, although it is usually shorter in female inflorescences. Pedicels are bracteolate and up to 0.8 centimetres (0.3 in) long. Sepals are oblong-lanceolate and up to 0.3 centimetres (0.12 in) long.[7]

Young parts of the plant, such as developing pitchers, are covered in a dense indumentum. However, most hairs are caducous and mature parts are virtually glabrous. An exception to this are the hairs on the ovary and some other parts of the inflorescence, which may be persistent.[7]

The stem, inflorescence and tendrils are characteristically purplish-red in most plants. The lamina is green, often with a red midrib. Pitchers are yellowish-green.[7] Danser described the colour of herbarium specimens as "blackish in all parts".[2]

Ecology

Upper pitchers of N. inermis from Mount Belirang

Nepenthes inermis is endemic to a number peaks in the Barisan Mountains that line the western side of Sumatra. More specifically, it is known only from the Indonesian provinces of West Sumatra and Jambi. The species has an altitudinal distribution of 1,500–2,600 metres (4,900–8,500 ft) above sea level. It usually grows as an epiphyte in mossy forest, but also occurs terrestrially in stunted upper montane vegetation above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft).[4][7]

Substantial populations of this species are present on Mount Talang, Mount Gadut, and Mount Belirang. Nepenthes inermis is particularly abundant on the western slopes of the latter, where it grows terrestrially.[7] It has also been recorded from Mount Gadang in West Sumatra.[12]

The conservation status of N. inermis is listed as Least concern on the IUCN Red List.[1]

Carnivory

Upper pitchers with insect prey

Nepenthes inermis produces extremely thick mucilaginous pitcher liquid. It is so viscous that if a pitcher is held upside down, the fluid will pour out, forming an unbroken stream several metres in length.[13][14] This fluid coats the entire inner surfaces of the pitchers in a thin film. The pitchers of N. inermis function not only as pitfall traps but also as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid.[7][15] The fluid also acts as a lubricant, allowing prey items to easily slide down into the bottom of the pitcher cup.[7]

The upper pitchers of N. inermis are frequently tipped over during downpours. The rainwater that accumulates in them is lost, but the extremely viscous fluid, together with the laterally appressed walls, ensure that the contents is retained. No longer holding heavy rainwater, the pitchers quickly spring back to an upright position.[7][16] A similar trapping method may be employed by related species such as N. dubia, which also produce very viscous pitcher fluid.[7]

Nepenthes inermis pitchers mostly trap flying insects, particularly those of the two fly suborders: Nematocera and Brachycera. However, they do not normally contain invertebrate pitcher infauna.[7][8]

It has been suggested that glands on the lid secrete compounds that intoxicate visiting insects, such that they lose their footing and fall into the pitcher.[14][16]

Related species

Closeup of the pitcher mouth of N. inermis. The upper pitchers of this species are the only ones in the genus to completely lack a peristome.

Nepenthes inermis belongs to a group of closely related montane Sumatran species that includes N. dubia, N. flava,[17] N. jacquelineae, N. jamban,[18] N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. These species are characterised by infundibular upper pitchers and highly viscous pitcher fluid.

Nepenthes inermis is thought to be most closely related to N. dubia. However, it is easily distinguished from that species as it completely lacks a peristome in its upper pitchers unlike the latter. The pitchers are also usually green, while those of N. dubia tend to be yellow to orange in colour.[7]

In 2001, Charles Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the Nepenthes species of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is part of the resultant cladogram, showing "Clade 1", which has 51% bootstrap support. Its most strongly supported subclade is the sister pair of N. inermis and N. dubia, having 95% support.[7]

51%

N. aristolochioides

unnamed
unnamed

N. tenuis

unnamed
95%

N. dubia

N. inermis

In his description of the Bornean species N. campanulata, botanist Shigeo Kurata suggested that it may be closely related to N. inermis.[19] However, other taxonomists disagree with this hypothesis.[20] While these two species are similar in general stature and pitcher morphology, they are not only separated by great geographical distance, but also occur in completely different habitats; N. campanulata is a lowland species endemic to limestone substrates,[21] whereas N. inermis usually grows as an epiphyte at elevations of 1,500–2,600 metres (4,900–8,500 ft).[7][22]

Natural hybrids

Nepenthes × pyriformis

An upper pitcher of N. × pyriformis

Nepenthes inermis is known to hybridise with N. talangensis on the upper slopes of Mount Talang, where the two species grow sympatrically. N. talangensis was only described as a distinct species in 1994.[23] Prior to this it was placed within N. bongso and some of the older literature identifies this hybrid as N. bongso × N. inermis.[13]

Nepenthes inermis × N. talangensis has been the subject of taxonomic confusion in the past. In an article published in 1973 on the Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra,[19] Shigeo Kurata incorrectly identified specimens of this hybrid as belonging to N. dubia.[7]

In 1997, Matthew Jebb and Martin Cheek published their monograph "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", in which they referred to N. dubia plant material from Mount Talang (Kurata s.n. SING).[5] Charles Clarke later identified Kurata s.n. as representing N. inermis × N. talangensis.

The natural hybrid is similar to N. dubia, but can be distinguished on the basis of several stable characters. The hybrid has a wider pitcher lid that is never relfexed beyond 90 degrees and the pitcher cup is not appressed in the lower parts as in N. dubia. In addition, the mouth of N. inermis × N. talangensis is raised towards the back as opposed to being horizontal.[7]

In 2001, Kurata described this hybrid as a new species, N. pyriformis.[24] Clarke rejected this interpretation in his monograph Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, published the same year. Clarke found that the type specimen of N. pyriformis, Kurata & Mikil 4230 NDC, matches the appearance of N. inermis × N. talangensis "in most respects".[7]

Other hybrids

Where their ranges overlap, N. inermis is also known to hybridise with N. singalana and N. spathulata.[7][10]

Notes

a.^ Bünnemeijer 5522 was collected on September 7, 1918, on Mount Talang at 2,590 metres (8,500 ft). It includes male floral material and is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens (formerly the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) in Java.[2]
b.^ Bünnemeijer 5749 was collected on November 16, 1918, on Bukit Gombak at 2,300 metres (7,500 ft). It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens and Herbarium Lugduno-Batavum in Leiden, Netherlands. The material does not consist of flowers or fruits. It was labeled with the vernacular name galoe-galoe antoe.[2]
c.^ Bünnemeijer 5747 was collected on November 16, 1918, on Bukit Gombak at 2,330 metres (7,640 ft). It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens and does not consist of flowers or fruits. It was labeled with the vernacular name galoe-galoe antoe.[2]
d.^ Bünnemeijer 9695 was collected on April 26, 1920, on Mount Kerintji at 1,800 metres (5,900 ft). It is deposited at the Bogor Botanical Gardens and does not consist of flowers or fruits. It was labeled with the vernacular name kandjong baroek.[2] In 1920, Bünnemeijer explored Mount Kerintji between February 6 and May 12, before passing the Barisan Range on May 20 and leaving Kerintji Valley.[25][26]
e.^ The original Latin description of N. inermis reads:[2]

Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina spathulato-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 3, basi caulis partem 1/2-1/3 amplectente, vagina 0 ; ascidia rosularum et inferiora ignota ; ascidia superiora parva, parte inferiore tubulosa v. paulum ventricosa, supra medium ampla infundibuliformia, ore expanso, peristomio fere 0, operculo angustissime cuneato, facie inferiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus parvus pedicellis inferioribus 4-8 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; indumentum iuventute tenue adpressum, denique in ascidiis sub ore et in inflorescentiis permanens.

References

  1. ^ a b Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes inermis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T40112A143967551. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T40112A143967551.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Danser, B.H. 1928. 19. Nepenthes inermis DANS., spec. nova.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  3. ^ a b (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
  4. ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  5. ^ a b Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  6. ^ Danser, B.H. 1927. Indische bekerplanten. De Tropische Natuur 16: 197–205.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  8. ^ a b Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
  9. ^ Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–164.
  10. ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  11. ^ a b Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  12. ^ Wistuba, A. N.d. Nepenthes inermis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  13. ^ a b Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. "A real nice trip to Southeast Asia" (PDF). (1.72 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
  14. ^ a b Salmon, B.[R.] 1993. "Some observations on the trapping mechanisms of Nepenthes inermis and N. rhombicaulis" (PDF). (148 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 11–12.
  15. ^ Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
  16. ^ a b Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. "Another Nice Trip to Sumatra" (PDF). (1.57 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
  17. ^ Wistuba, A., J. Nerz & A. Fleischmann 2007. Nepenthes flava, a new species of Nepenthaceae from the northern part of Sumatra. Blumea 52(1): 159–163.
  18. ^ Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra. Blumea 51(3): 561–568.
  19. ^ a b Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  20. ^ Nerz, J. 1994. Nepenthes-discussion. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List.
  21. ^ Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  22. ^ Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  23. ^ Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
  24. ^ (in Japanese and English) Kurata, S. 2001. スマトラ島およびミンダナオ島産ウツボカズラの2新種(英文). [Two new species of Nepenthes from Sumatra (Indonesia) and Mindanao (Philippines).] Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 52(2): 30–34.
  25. ^ Bünnemeijer, H.A.B. 1921. Reizen in het bergland van Midden-Sumatra. l.c. 10: 1–78.
  26. ^ van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., et al. 2006. Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: H. A. B. Bünnemeijer. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.
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Nepenthes inermis: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Nepenthes inermis /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ɪˈnɜːrmɪs/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The specific epithet inermis is Latin for "unarmed" and refers to the upper pitchers of this species, which are unique in that they completely lack a peristome.

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wikipedia EN

Nepenthes inermis ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Nepenthes inermis est une plante insectivore endémique de l'île de Sumatra en Indonésie. Cette espèce pousse sur les contreforts occidentaux de Sumatra à une altitude de 1500 m à 2600 m.

Morphologie

La plante atteint 5 m de long dans la nature. Ces feuilles pièges sont exceptionnelles dans leur genre puisqu'elles ne possèdent pas de péristome. La taille des urnes avoisine au maximum les 10 cm de long pour 5 cm de large.

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wikipedia FR

Nepenthes inermis: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Nepenthes inermis est une plante insectivore endémique de l'île de Sumatra en Indonésie. Cette espèce pousse sur les contreforts occidentaux de Sumatra à une altitude de 1500 m à 2600 m.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Nepenthes inermis ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Nepenthes inermis /nˈpɛnθz ɪˈnɜːrmɪs/ adalah kantong semar yang endemik di Sumatra. Nama penunjuk inermis berasal dari bahasa Latin "bersenjata" dan mengacu pada kantong atas spesies ini, yang unik adalah bahwa kantong benar-benar tidak memiliki peristom.[3]

Sejarah botani

Nepenthes inermis pertama kali dikumpulkan pada tanggal 7 September 1918, oleh H. A. B. Bünnemeijer di Gunung Talang, pada ketinggian 2.590 m di atas permukaan laut.[note a] Dua koleksi lanjutan dikumpulkan oleh Bünnemeijer di Bukit Gombak pada tanggal 16 November 1918, pada ketinggian 2300 m[note b] dan 2330 m.[note c] Spesimen keempat diambil pada tanggal 26 April 1920, dari ketinggian 1800 m di Gunung Kerinci.[1][note d] Spesimen akhir ini, Bünnemeijer 9695, kemudian ditunjuk sebagai lektotipe dari N. inermis oleh Matthew Jebb dan Martin Cheek.[4]

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Ilustrasi dari tiga spesimen herbarium asli N. inermis Bünnemeijer

Nepenthes inermis pertama kali dideskripsikan dalam isu De Tropische Natuur yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1927.[1][5] Setahun kemudian, B. H. Danser secara resmi mendeskripsikan N. inermis dalam monograf "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies".[note e] Dia menulis : "Spesies baru ini mudah dibedakan dari yang lain oleh kantong aneh tanpa peristom dan dengan tutup sangat sempit. Mungkin hal ini sangat erat kaitannya dengan N. Bongso."[1]

Beberapa spesimen dikumpulkan oleh Bünnemeijer diberi label dengan nama vernakular lokal galoe-galoe antoe dan kandjong baroek. Danser mencatat bahwa nama ini berasal dari bahasa Minangkabau dan juga digunakan untuk merujuk kepada spesies lain, tetapi menyatakan bahwa maknanya tidak jelas baginya.[1]

Pada tahun 1986, Mitsuru Hotta dan Rusjdi Tamin memasukkan bahan tumbuhan N. dubia dan N. inermis dalam deskripsi N. bongso mereka.[2][6] Dalam sebuah studi tahun 1993, mangsa Nepenthes dan infauna kantong,[7] penulis yang sama, bersama dengan M. Kato dan T. Itino , mengidentifikasi N. inermis dari Gunung Gadut sebagai N. bongso.[6] Meskipun kebingungan taksonomi ini, N. bongso berbeda jauh dalam morfologi kantong dari N. inermis dan tidak dapat dibingungkan dengan itu.

Deskripsi

Nepenthes inermis adalah tanaman memanjat. Batang, yang dapat bercabang, dapat mencapai panjang 7 m[3] dan diameter hingga 5 mm. Batangnya berbentuk segitiga silinder di bagian lintas. Ruasnya dapat mencapai panjang 10 cm.[6]

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Sebuah batang memanjat N. inermis dengan kantong atas (kiri) dan kantong roset (kanan)

Daun berbentuk sesil dan seperti kulit. Bentuk helai daun berbentuk tombak meruncing. Mungkin panjangnya dapat mencapai 12 cm dan lebar 3 cm. Helai daun memiliki ujung yang tajam atau tumpul dan secara bertahap menipis menuju dasar, yang menggenggam batang dan tidak memanjang. Tiga pembuluh memanjang yang terdapat di kedua sisi pelepah tersebut. Pembuluh bercabang adalah jaringan. Sulur dapat mencapai panjang 15 cm dan mungkin keriting atau mungkin tidak keriting.[6]

Kantong roset dan bawah jarang terbentuk. Berbentuk corong pada dua pertiga sampai tiga perempat bawah, dan bulat telur di atas. Kantong jelas tercekat tepat di bawah peristom tersebut. Kantong di tanah tumbuh sampai 8 cm dan lebar 3 cm. Sayap pembatas biasanya tidak ada, tetapi mungkin ada di bagian atas. Mulut kantong bulat dan horisontal, dan mengangkat sedikit ke arah belakang. Peristom berbentuk silinder, lebar hingga 3 mm, dan gigi beruang tidak jelas. Tutup atau operkulum berbentuk seperti telur dan tidak memiliki pelengkap. Sebuah taji bercabang (≤ 4 mm) terdapat di dasar tutupnya.[6]

 src=
 src=
Dua kantong atas: satu belum terbuka (kiri) dan satu sepenuhnya matang (kanan)

Kantong atas N. inermis lebih besar dari kantong bawah, tumbuh sampai 9 cm dan lebar 5 cm.[1] Kantong secara bertahap atau tiba-tiba muncul dari ujung sulur, membentuk kurva dengan lebar 10 sampai 20 mm.[1] Corong tubular pada dua pertiga bawah dengan dinding kantong lateral pipih. Seperti pada N. dubia, hampir tidak ada kesenjangan antara dinding dalam kantong matang. Bagian atas dari kantong meluas ke seluruh corong. Sayap direduksi menjadi tulang rusuk di atas kantong. Mulut bulat dan horisontal atau sedikit terangkat di depan dan belakang. Permukaan bagian dalam kantong sering dikatakan kelenjar, seluruhnya tanpa zona lilin,[8][9] tetapi salah satu sumber menyatakan bahwa zona lilin hanyalah berkurang.[10] Kantong atas matang umumnya dianggap benar-benar tidak memiliki peristom, suatu sifat yang unik untuk spesies ini,[6][9] meskipun satu sumber mengatakan lebar peristom 0,7 mm dan tinggi 84,45 mm pada kantong atas (bagian dalam dari peristom dikatakan mencapai 20% dari total panjang permukaan potong lintang, proporsi terendah di antara spesies yang dipelajari).[10] Tutup ini sangat panjang, sempit, dan runcing. Tutup tidak pernah melipat di atas 90 derajat relatif terhadap mulut.[6]

Nepenthes inermis memiliki infloresensi bergugus. Tangkai bunga mungkin panjangnya sampai 5 cm. Panjang malai tumbuh sampai 15 cm, meskipun biasanya lebih pendek dalam perbungaan betina. Tangkai memiliki daun pelindung dan panjangnya dapat mencapai 8 mm. Sepal berbentuk tombak lonjong dan panjangnya dapat mencapai 3 mm.[6]

Batang, perbungaan dan sulur yang khas berwarna merah keunguan di sebagian besar tumbuhan. Helai daun berwarna hijau, sering dengan pelepah berwarna merah. Kantong berwarna hijau kekuningan.[6] Danser menggambarkan warna spesimen herbarium sebagai "kehitaman di semua bagian".[1]

Ekologi

 src=
Kantong atas N. inermis dari Gunung Belirang

Nepenthes inermis merupakan tumbuhan endemik di puncak Pegunungan Bukit Barisan yang melapisi sisi barat Sumatra. Lebih khusus lagi, diketahui spesies ini hanya dari provinsi Sumatra Barat dan Jambi di Indonesia. Spesies ini memiliki penyebaran ketinggian dari 1500-2600 m di atas permukaan laut. Biasanya tumbuh secara epifit di hutan berlumut, tetapi juga tumbuh di tanah vegetasi terhambat pegunungan tinggi di atas 2000 m.[3][6]

Populasi besar dari spesies ini terdapat di Gunung Talang, Gunung Gadut, dan Gunung Belirang. Nepenthes inermis sangat berlimpah di lereng barat yang terakhir, di mana ia tumbuh di tanah.[6] Tumbuhan ini juga telah dicatat dari Gunung Gadang di Sumatra Barat.[11]

Status konservasi N. inermis terdaftar sebagai Rentan pada 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[12]

Karnivora

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 src=
Kantong atas dengan mangsa serangga

Nepenthes inermis menghasilkan cairan kantong sangat kental seperti getah. Cairan ini sangat kental yang jika kantong dibalikkan, cairan akan keluar, membentuk aliran tak terputus beberapa meter panjangnya.[13][14] Cairan ini melapisi seluruh permukaan bagian dalam kantong dalam film tipis. Fungsi kantong N. inermis tidak hanya sebagai perangkap jatuh, tetapi juga sebagai efek perangkap lalat, dengan bagian dinding lengket menjebak serangga terbang di atas permukaan cairan.[6][15] Cairan juga bertindak sebagai pelumas, yang memungkinkan mangsa untuk dengan mudah meluncur turun ke bagian bawah kantong.[6]

Kantong atas N. inermis sering terbalik selama hujan. Air hujan yang terakumulasi di dalamnya hilang, tetapi cairan yang sangat kental, bersama-sama dengan dinding lateral pipih, menjamin bahwa isi di dalam kantong dapat dipertahankan. Ketika air hujan tidak lagi berat, kantong cepat bangkit kembali ke posisi tegak.[6][16] Sebuah metode perangkap yang sama dapat digunakan oleh spesies terkait seperti N. dubia, yang juga memproduksi cairan kantong sangat kental.[6]

Kantong Nepenthes inermis memerangkap serangga terbang, terutama dari dua subordo lalat : Nematocera dan Brachycera. Namun, biasanya tidak memiliki kantong infauna invertebrata.[6][7]

Kantong telah diketahui bahwa kelenjar pada tutupnya mengeluarkan senyawa yang memikat serangga, sehingga mereka kehilangan pijakan dan jatuh ke dalam kantong.[14][16]

Spesies terkait

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Perhatikan mulut kantong N. inermis. Kantong atas spesies ini merupakan satu-satunya dalam genus Nepenthes yang benar-benar tidak memiliki peristom.

Nepenthes inermis termasuk dalam kelompok terkait erat dengan spesies pegunungan Sumatra yang mencakup N. dubia, N. flava,[17] N. jacquelineae, N. jamban,[18] N. talangensis, dan N. tenuis. Spesies ini dicirikan oleh kantong atas berbentuk corong dan cairan kantong yang sangat kental.

Nepenthes inermis dianggap berkaitan erat dengan N. dubia. Namun, dua spesies ini mudah dibedakan, N. inermis benar-benar tidak memiliki peristom pada kantong atasnya, tidak seperti N. dubia. Kantong N. inermis juga biasanya berwarna hijau, sedangkan N. dubia cenderung berwarna kuning sampai oranye.[6]

Pada tahun 2001, Charles Clarke melakukan analisis kladistika dari spesies Nepenthes Sumatra dan Semenanjung Malaysia menggunakan 70 karakteristik morfologi dari masing-masing takson. Berikut ini adalah bagian dari kladogram yang dihasilkan, menunjukkan "Klad 1", yang memiliki 51 % dukungan butstrap. Subklad yang paling kuat didukung adalah sepasang saudara N. inermis dan N. dubia, memiliki dukungan 95 %.[6]


51%

N. aristolochioides


unnamed unnamed

N. tenuis



unnamed 95%

N. dubia



N. inermis







Dalam penjelasannya tentang spesies Borneo N. campanulata, ahli botani Shigeo Kurata menyarankan bahwa mungkin terkait erat dengan N. inermis.[19] Namun, ahli taksonomi lainnya tidak setuju dengan hipotesis ini.[20] Sementara dua spesies ini serupa pada bentuk umum dan morfologi kantong, mereka tidak hanya dipisahkan oleh jarak geografis yang besar, tetapi juga terjadi di habitat yang sama sekali berbeda, N. campanulata adalah spesies dataran rendah yang endemik pada substrat batu kapur,[21] sedangkan N. inermis biasanya tumbuh secara epifit pada ketinggian 1.500 sampai 2.600 m.[6][22]

Hibrida alami

Nepenthes × pyriformis

Artikel utama: Nepenthes × pyriformis
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Kantong atas N. × pyriformis

Nepenthes inermis diketahui hibridasi dengan N. talangensis di lereng atas Gunung Talang, di mana kedua spesies tumbuh simpatrik. N. talangensis hanya digambarkan sebagai spesies yang berbeda pada tahun 1994.[23] Sebelum ditempatkan dalam N. bongso dan beberapa literatur yang lebih tua mengidentifikasi hibrida ini sebagai N. bongso × N. inermis.[13]

Nepenthes inermis × N. talangensis telah menjadi subyek kebingungan taksonomi pada masa lalu. Dalam sebuah artikel yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1973 pada Nepenthes of Borneo, Singapore, and Sumatra,[19] spesimen Shigeo Kurata salah diidentifikasi hibrida ini sebagai N. dubia.[6]

Pada tahun 1997, Matthew Jebb dan Martin Cheek menerbitkan monograf "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)", di mana mereka menyebut spesimen dengan tumbuhan N. dubia dari Gunung Talang (Kurata s.n. SING).[4] Charles Clarke kemudian mengidentifikasi Kurata s.n. sebagai mewakili N. inermis × N. talangensis.

Hibrida alami mirip dengan N. dubia, tetapi dapat dibedakan atas dasar beberapa karakter stabil. Hibrida ini memiliki tutup kantong lebih luas yang dapat melipat 90 derajat dan kantong tidak berbentuk corong di bagian bawah seperti pada N. dubia. Selain itu, mulut N. inermis × N. talangensis menaik ke arah belakang sebagai lawan horisontal.[6]

Pada tahun 2001, Kurata mendeskripsikan hibrida ini sebagai spesies baru, N. pyriformis.[24] Clarke menolak penafsiran ini dalam monografi Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, yang diterbitkan pada tahun yang sama. Clarke menemukan bahwa tipe spesimen N. pyriformis, Kurata & Mikil 4230 NDC, sesuai dengan penampilan N. inermis × N. talangensis dalam banyak hal.[6]

Hibrida lain

Dimana penyebaran mereka tumpang tindih, N. inermis juga dikenal untuk hibridasi dengan N. singalana dan N. spathulata.[6][9]

Catatan

a.^Bünnemeijer 5522 dikumpulkan pada tanggal 7 September 1918, di Gunung Talang pada ketinggian 2590 m. Spesimen ini termasuk bahan bunga jantan dan disimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor (dahulu Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens) di Jawa.[1]
b.^Bünnemeijer 5749 dikumpulkan pada tanggal 16 November 1918, di Bukit Gombak pada ketinggian 2300 m. Spesimen ini disimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor dan Herbarium Lugduno-Batavum di Leiden, Belanda. Spesimen ini tidak terdiri dari bunga atau buah-buahan. Spesimen ini diberi label dengan nama vernakular galoe-galoe antoe.[1]
c.^Bünnemeijer 5747 dikumpulkan pada tanggal 16 November 1918, di Bukit Gombak pada ketinggian 2330 m. Spesimen ini disimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor dan tidak terdiri dari bunga atau buah-buahan. Spesies ini diberi label dengan nama vernakular galoe-galoe antoe.[1]
d.^Bünnemeijer 9695 dikumpulkan pada tanggal 26 April 1920, di Gunung Kerinci pada ketinggian 1800 m. Spesies ini disimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor dan tidak terdiri dari bunga atau buah-buahan. Spesiemen ini diberi label dengan nama vernakular kandjong baroek.[1] Pada tahun 1920, Bünnemeijer mengeksplorasi Gunung Kerinci antara 6 Februari dan 12 Mei sebelum melewati Pegunungan Bukit Barisan pada 20 Mei dan meninggalkan Lembah Kerinci.[25][26]
e.^Deskripsi bahasa Latin asli N. inermis :[1]

Folia mediocria sessilia, lamina spathulato-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque c. 3, basi caulis partem 1/2-1/3 amplectente, vagina 0 ; ascidia rosularum et inferiora ignota ; ascidia superiora parva, parte inferiore tubulosa v. paulum ventricosa, supra medium ampla infundibuliformia, ore expanso, peristomio fere 0, operculo angustissime cuneato, facie inferiore plana ; inflorescentia racemus parvus pedicellis inferioribus 4-8 mm longis, omnibus 1-floris ; indumentum iuventute tenue adpressum, denique in ascidiis sub ore et in inflorescentiis permanens.

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Danser, B.H. 1928. 19. Nepenthes inermis DANS., spec. nova.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  2. ^ a b (Indonesia) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatra: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
  3. ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  4. ^ a b Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
  5. ^ Danser, B.H. 1927. Indische bekerplanten. De Tropische Natuur 16: 197–205.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  7. ^ a b Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
  8. ^ Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–164.
  9. ^ a b c McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  10. ^ a b Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
  11. ^ Wistuba, A. N.d. Nepenthes inermis. Carnivorous Plant Database.
  12. ^ Schnell, D., P. Catling, G. Folkerts, C. Frost, R. Gardner, et al. 2000. Nepenthes inermis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1c v2.3).
  13. ^ a b Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia.PDF (1.72 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
  14. ^ a b Salmon, B.[R.] 1993. Some observations on the trapping mechanisms of Nepenthes inermis and N. rhombicaulis.PDF (148 KiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 22(1–2): 11–12.
  15. ^ Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 36(1): 23–27.
  16. ^ a b Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra.PDF (1.57 MiB) Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
  17. ^ Wistuba, A., J. Nerz & A. Fleischmann 2007. Nepenthes flava, a new species of Nepenthaceae from the northern part of Sumatra. Blumea 52(1): 159–163.
  18. ^ Lee, C.C., Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. Two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North Sumatra. Blumea 51(3): 561–568.
  19. ^ a b Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
  20. ^ Nerz, J. 1994. Nepenthes-discussion. Carnivorous Plant Mailing List.
  21. ^ Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  22. ^ Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  23. ^ Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
  24. ^ (Jepang) (Inggris) Kurata, S. 2001. スマトラ島およびミンダナオ島産ウツボカズラの2新種(英文). [Two new species of Nepenthes from Sumatra (Indonesia) and Mindanao (Philippines).] Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society 52(2): 30–34.
  25. ^ Bünnemeijer, H.A.B. 1921. Reizen in het bergland van Midden-Sumatra. l.c. 10: 1–78.
  26. ^ van Steenis-Kruseman, M.J., et al. 2006. Cyclopaedia of Malesian Collectors: H. A. B. Bünnemeijer. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland.

Bacaan lanjutan

Pranala luar

Diagnosis taksa tidak lengkap
N. sp. Anipahan
N. sp. Luzon
N. sp. Misool
Kemungkinan spesies punah
N. echinatus
N. echinosporus
N. major
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Nepenthes inermis: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Nepenthes inermis /nᵻˈpɛnθiːz ɪˈnɜːrmɪs/ adalah kantong semar yang endemik di Sumatra. Nama penunjuk inermis berasal dari bahasa Latin "bersenjata" dan mengacu pada kantong atas spesies ini, yang unik adalah bahwa kantong benar-benar tidak memiliki peristom.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Nepenthes inermis ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Nepenthes inermis Danser, 1928 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae[2], endemica di Sumatra, dove cresce a 1500–2600 m.

Conservazione

La Lista rossa IUCN classifica Nepenthes inermis come specie a rischio minimo.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Clarke, C.M. 2018, Nepenthes inermis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 14/12/2019.
  2. ^ (EN) Nepenthes inermis, in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 14/12/2019.

Bibliografia

  • Danser, B.H. 1928. 19. Nepenthes inermis DANS., spec. nova. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
  • McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

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Nepenthes inermis: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

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Nepenthes inermis Danser, 1928 è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica di Sumatra, dove cresce a 1500–2600 m.

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