dcsimg

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Salsola soda can be expected to spread in California, or to appear in inland or coastal saline habitats in southern states.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 4: 399, 400, 402 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Herbs annual, 20-70 cm tall. Stem branched from base; branches alternate or lower ones opposite, spreading, light green, sometimes whitish, not straight, glabrous. Lower leaves opposite, upper ones alternate, all semiterete, 2-7 cm × 2-4 mm, glabrous, base expanded, slightly decurrent, margin membranous, apex minutely mucronate. Inflorescence spicate, loose; flowers usually solitary; bracts longer than bractlets; bractlets narrowly ovate, margin narrowly membranous near base, apex acute. Perianth segments ovate, membranous, hardened in fruit, abaxially with a triangular process on distal middle part, glabrous; portion of segment above process strongly inflexed, with others forming a truncate surface tightly appressed to utricle, apex obtuse. Anthers oblong, 1-1.5 mm; appendage minute. Stigmas filiform, 2-3 × as long as style. Utricle obovoid, 3-4 mm in diam. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Aug-Sep.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 408 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Herbs, 5-70 cm, glabrous. Stems erect or ascending, branched from base or nearly so; branches straight or slightly arcuate (proximal ones sometimes almost prostrate). Leaves (especially proximal ones) mostly opposite; blade linear, usually more than 1.5 mm wide in herbarium specimens, fleshy, distinctly swollen or ovate at base, apex mucronulate, not spinose. Inflorescences distinctly interrupted, 1-flowered; bracts alternate or almost opposite, not imbricate, horizontally reflexed at maturity, swollen at base, abruptly narrowing into mucronulate nonspinose apex. Flowers: bracteoles distinct, not adnate to perianth segments; perianth segments wingless or with rudimental triangular tubercles at maturity, margins crenate or pectinate-ciliate apically, glabrous; fruiting perianth ca. 3-6(-7) mm diam. 2n = 18.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 399, 400, 402 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
introduced; Calif.; Eurasia; n Africa; introduced in South America.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 399, 400, 402 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Flowering spring-summer.
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direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 399, 400, 402 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Coastal and disturbed saline habitats; 0-50m.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 399, 400, 402 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
projeto
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Habitat & Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Saline lake shores, meadows with saline soils. Xinjiang [N Africa, C and SW Asia, S Europe; locally naturalized in North America (C California) and South America (Argentina)].
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 408 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Salicorn fi ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La barrella, barrellera, sosa, salicorn, salsola de Sevilla o salicorn fi[1] (Salsola soda) és un arbust anual suculent de fins a 70 cm d'alt que és nadiu de la conca del Mediterrani.[2] Salsola soda és nadiua d'Euràsia i Àfrica del Nord, arriba a la mar Negra.[3] S'ha naturalitzat a la costa del Pacífic d'Amèrica del Nord,[4] i es pot considerar espècie invasora a la Califòrnia litoral.[5][6] També s'ha naturalitzat a Amèrica del Sud.[7] És una planta halòfita (tolerant a la sal) que típicament creix al litoral. Té les fulles carnoses i les tiges verdes o vermelles. Les flors són molt petites i agrupades en una inflorescència.[8][7] Les sals processades de l'herba fada tenen fins a un 30% de carbonat de sodi.[9]

Usos

Històricament ha estat una important font de carbonat de sodi que també s'extreia de les cendres d'altres plantes anomenades també barrelles.[10] Amb el carbonat de sodi es fan vidres i sabons. La qualitat del famós cristall de Venècia i Murano depenia de la puresa del carbonat de sodi de les barrelles[11] i la naturalesa d'aquest ingredient es mantenia en secret. Al litoral ibèric (de Catalunya a Múrcia) durant el segle XVIII hi havia una gran indústria de carbonat de sodi obtingut de les cendres de les barrelles.[12] El nom de l'element sodi prové de l'epítet específic (soda) de l'herba fada. Més tard als Estats Units la soda va passar a ser sinònim de beguda no alcohòlica.

Actualment ja no es cultiva l'herba fada sinó és a Itàlia com a verdura comestible de gust similar a l'espinac, que és de la mateixa família (amb els noms de Barba di Frate, Agretti i Liscari sativa).[13]

Salsola soda ha estat estudiada com a planta per la bioremediació per treure la sal de sòls amb certa salinitat on es vol conrear tomàquets i pebrots.[14]

Vegeu també

Referències

  1. Vallés i Xirau, Joan (dir.). «Noms de plantes». Barcelona: TERMCAT, Centre de Terminologia, cop. (Diccionaris en Línia), 2009.
  2. Integrated Taxonomic Information Service (2007). "Salsola soda L.," report for taxonomic serial number 504989
  3. Jalas, Jaakko and Suominen, Juha (1989). Atlas Florae Europaeae: Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 78. ISBN 0-521-34271-6.
  4. "County-Level Distribution of Salsola soda,"de SMASCH (Specimen Management for California Herbaria) database (The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley). Entry retrieved December 13, 2006.
  5. California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California, October, 1999.
  6. Baye, Peter (1998). "More on Salsola soda," CalEPPC News (Newsletter of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council), Vol. 6, No. 4 (Fall 1998).
  7. 7,0 7,1 Robertson, Kenneth R. and Clemants, Steven E. (1997). Salsola Soda, from "Amaranthaceae" chapter, in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 4, pp. 399–402. ISBN 0-19-517389-9.
  8. Jepson, Willis Linn (1993). The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, James C. Hickman, editor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 514. ISBN 0-520-08255-9
  9. Barker, T. C., Dickinson, R., and Hardie, D. W. F. "The Origins of the Synthetic Alkali Industry in Britain," Economica, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 90. (May, 1956), pp. 158–171.
  10. Clow, Archibald and Clow, Nan L. (1952). Chemical Revolution, (Ayer Co Pub, June 1952), pp. 65–90. ISBN 0-8369-1909-2.
  11. Turner, Guy (1999). "Allume Catina and the Aesthetics of Venetian Cristallo," Journal of Design History 12, No. 2, pp. 111–122. DOI: 10.1093/jdh/12.2.111
  12. Pérez, Joaquín Fernández (1998). "From the barrilla to the Solvay factory in Torrelavega: The Manufacture of Saltwort in Spain," Antilia: The Spanish Journal of History of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. IV, Art. 1. ISSN 1136-2049. Archived at WebCite from this original URL on 2008-03-01.
  13. Mayes, Frances (2000). Bella Tuscany: The Sweet Life of Italy, (Broadway), p. 15. ISBN 0-7679-0284-X.
  14. Colla, G., Rouphael, Y., Fallovo, C., and Cardarelli, M. (2006). "Use of Salsola soda as a companion plant to improve greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum) performance under saline conditions," New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, Vol. 34: 283 - 290. Online abstract at http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjchs/2006/039.php (retrieved November 28, 2006).

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Salicorn fi Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia CA

Salicorn fi: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La barrella, barrellera, sosa, salicorn, salsola de Sevilla o salicorn fi (Salsola soda) és un arbust anual suculent de fins a 70 cm d'alt que és nadiu de la conca del Mediterrani. Salsola soda és nadiua d'Euràsia i Àfrica del Nord, arriba a la mar Negra. S'ha naturalitzat a la costa del Pacífic d'Amèrica del Nord, i es pot considerar espècie invasora a la Califòrnia litoral. També s'ha naturalitzat a Amèrica del Sud. És una planta halòfita (tolerant a la sal) que típicament creix al litoral. Té les fulles carnoses i les tiges verdes o vermelles. Les flors són molt petites i agrupades en una inflorescència. Les sals processades de l'herba fada tenen fins a un 30% de carbonat de sodi.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Salsola soda ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Salsola soda, the opposite-leaved saltwort, oppositeleaf Russian thistle, or barilla plant, is a small (to 0.7 m tall), annual, succulent shrub that is native to the Mediterranean Basin.[1] It is a halophyte (a salt-tolerant plant) that typically grows in coastal regions and can be irrigated with salt water.

The plant has great historical importance as a source of soda ash, which was extracted from the ashes of Salsola soda and other saltwort plants.[2] Soda ash is one of the alkali substances that are crucial in glassmaking and soapmaking. The famed clarity of 16th-century cristallo glass from Murano and Venice depended upon the purity of "Levantine soda ash",[3] and the nature of this ingredient was kept secret. Spain had an enormous 18th-century industry that produced soda ash from the saltworts (barrilla in Spanish).[4] Soda ash is now known to be predominantly sodium carbonate. In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy isolated a metallic element from caustic soda; he named the new element "sodium" to indicate its relationship to "soda". Before "soda" was somewhat synonymous (in U.S. English) with soft drinks, the word referred to Salsola soda and other saltwort plants, and to soda ash.

While the era of farming for soda ash is long past, S. soda is still cultivated as a vegetable that enjoys considerable popularity in Italy and with gourmets around the world. Its common names in Italian include barba di frate, agretti, and liscari sativa (short: lischi or lischeri). Of its culinary value, Frances Mayes has written that "Spinach is the closest taste, but while agretti has the mineral sharpness of spinach, it tastes livelier, full of the energy of spring."[5]

Description

This annual, succulent plant can grow into small shrubs up to 0.7 m tall (sometimes called subshrubs). It has fleshy green leaves with either green or red stems. The tiny flowers develop from inflorescences that grow out of the base of the leaves near the stem.[6][7]

Distribution

Salsola soda is native in Eurasia and North Africa. Historically, it was well known in Italy, Sicily, and Spain. In modern Europe, it is also found on the Atlantic coasts of France and Portugal and on the Black Sea coast.[8] It has become naturalized along the Pacific coast of North America,[9] and there is concern about its invasiveness in California's salt marshes.[10][11] It is also reported to be naturalized in South America.[7]

Soda ash and the biology of sodium accumulation

The ashes obtained by the burning of S. soda can be refined to make a product called soda ash,[2] which is one of the alkali materials essential to making soda-lime glass, soap, and many other products. The principal active ingredient is sodium carbonate, with which the term "soda ash" is now nearly synonymous. The processed ashes of S. soda contain as much as 30% sodium carbonate.[12]

A high concentration of sodium carbonate in the ashes of S. soda occurs if the plant is grown in highly saline soils (i.e. in soils with a high concentration of sodium chloride), so that the plant's tissues contain a fairly high concentration of sodium ions. S. soda can be irrigated with sea water, which contains about 40 g/L of dissolved sodium chloride and other salts. When these sodium-rich plants are burned, the carbon dioxide that is produced presumably reacts with this sodium to form sodium carbonate.

Cells of the boatlily plant Rhoeo discolor. The large pink region in each cell is a vacuole. Sodium is sequestered in vacuoles by halophyte cells.

It is surprising to find a higher concentration of sodium than of potassium in plant tissues; the former element is usually toxic, and the latter element is essential, to the metabolic processes of plants. Thus, most plants, and especially most crop plants, are "glycophytes", and suffer damage when planted in saline soils.[13][14] S. soda, and the other plants that were cultivated for soda ash, are "halophytes" that tolerate much more saline soils than do glycophytes, and that can thrive with much larger densities of sodium in their tissues than can glycophytes.

The biochemical processes within the cells of halophytes are typically as sensitive to sodium as are the processes in glycophytes. Sodium ions from a plant's soil or irrigation water are toxic primarily because they interfere with biochemical processes within a plant's cells that require potassium, which is a chemically similar alkali metal element.[15] The cell of a halophyte such as S. soda has a molecular transport mechanism that sequesters sodium ions into a compartment within the plant cell called a "vacuole". The vacuole of a plant cell can occupy 80% of the cell's volume; most of a halophyte plant cell's sodium can be sequestered in the vacuole, leaving the rest of the cell with a tolerable ratio of sodium to potassium ions.

In addition to S. soda, soda ash has also been produced from the ashes of S. kali (another saltwort plant), of glasswort plants, and of kelp, a type of seaweed. The sodium carbonate, which is water-soluble, is "lixiviated" from the ashes (extracted with water), and the resulting solution is boiled dry to obtain the finished soda ash product. A very similar process is used to obtain potash (mainly potassium carbonate) from the ashes of hardwood trees. Because halophytes must also have potassium ions in their tissues, even the best soda ash derived from them also contains some potash (potassium carbonate), as was known by the 19th century.[2][16]

Plants were a very important source of soda ash until the early 19th century. In the 18th century, Spain had an enormous industry producing barilla (one type of plant-derived soda ash) from saltwort plants.[4] Similarly, Scotland had a large 18th-century industry producing soda ash from kelp; this industry was so lucrative that it led to overpopulation in the Western Isles of Scotland, and one estimate is that 100,000 people were occupied with "kelping" during the summer months.[2] The commercialization of the Leblanc process for synthesizing sodium carbonate (from salt, limestone, and sulfuric acid) brought an end to the era of farming for soda ash in the first half of the 19th century.

Freshly harvested agretti (S. soda)
Agretti cooked with onions and bacon

Cultivation and culinary uses

The Italian name agretti is commonly used in English to refer to the edible leaves of S. soda; barba di frate (or friar's beard) is the most common of the Italian names. This plant is not a summer green and should be started early indoors or in autumn. The seed is notorious for poor germination at about 30 to 40% standard, much like rosemary. Though the plant is often grown in saltwater-irrigated land in the Mediterranean Basin, it will grow without salt water. S. soda is harvested in bunches when small, or cropped regularly to encourage new growth when mature. It is most commonly boiled and eaten as a leafy vegetable; the recommendation is to cook it in boiling water until the leaves soften, and to serve while some bite (crunch) remains (much like samphire). It can also be eaten raw; it is said to taste "grassy and slightly salty with a pleasant, crunchy texture".[17]

Salsola soda is sometimes confused with a plant known in Japan as okahijiki (land seaweed), which is actually the species S. komarovii. The harvested leaves of the two species have a similar appearance.

Phytoremediation

Salsola soda has also been studied as a bioremediation "biodesalinating companion plant" for crops such as tomatoes and peppers when they are grown in saline soils.[18] The Salsola soda extracts enough sodium from the soil to improve the growth of the crop plant, and better crop yields result despite the competition of the two plants for the remaining minerals from the soil.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Salsola soda L." Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 May 2007.
  2. ^ a b c d Clow, Archibald and Clow, Nan L. (1952). Chemical Revolution, (Ayer Co Pub, June 1952), pp. 65–90. ISBN 0-8369-1909-2.
  3. ^ Turner, Guy (1999). "Allume Catina and the Aesthetics of Venetian Cristallo," Journal of Design History 12, No. 2, pp. 111–122. doi:10.1093/jdh/12.2.111
  4. ^ a b Pérez, Joaquín Fernández (1998). "From the barrilla to the Solvay factory in Torrelavega: The Manufacture of Saltwort in Spain," Antilia: The Spanish Journal of History of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. IV, Art. 1. ISSN 1136-2049. Archived at WebCite from this original URL on 1 March 2008.
  5. ^ Mayes, Frances (2000). Bella Tuscany: The Sweet Life of Italy, (Broadway), p. 15. ISBN 0-7679-0284-X.
  6. ^ Jepson, Willis Linn (1993). The Jepson manual: higher plants of California, James C. Hickman, editor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), p. 514. ISBN 0-520-08255-9
  7. ^ a b Robertson, Kenneth R. and Clemants, Steven E. (1997). Salsola Soda, from "Amaranthaceae" chapter, in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 4, pp. 399–402. ISBN 0-19-517389-9.
  8. ^ Jalas, Jaakko and Suominen, Juha (1989). Atlas Florae Europaeae: Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), p. 78. ISBN 0-521-34271-6.
  9. ^ "County-Level Distribution of Salsola soda," from SMASCH (Specimen Management for California Herbaria) database (The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley). Entry retrieved 13 December 2006.
  10. ^ California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California, October 1999.
  11. ^ Baye, Peter (1998). "More on Salsola soda," CalEPPC News (Newsletter of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council), Vol. 6, No. 4 (Fall 1998).
  12. ^ Barker, T. C., Dickinson, R., and Hardie, D. W. F. (1956). "The Origins of the Synthetic Alkali Industry in Britain," Economica, New Series, Vol. 23, No. 90. (May 1956), pp. 158–171.
  13. ^ Glenn, Edward P., Brown, J. Jed, and Blumwald, Eduardo (1999). "Salt Tolerance and Crop Potential of Halophytes," Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 227–255. doi:10.1080/07352689991309207
  14. ^ Xiong, Liming and Zhu, Jian-Kang (2002). (30 September 2002) "Salt Tolerance," in Somerville, C. R. and Meyerowitz, E. M., eds, The Arabidopsis Book. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, MD. doi:10.1199/tab.0048.
  15. ^ Tester, Mark and Davenport, Romola (2003). "Na+ Tolerance and Na+ Transport in Higher Plants," Annals of Botany 91: 503-527. doi:10.1093/aob/mcg058.
  16. ^ Porcher, Francis Peyre (1863). Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs, (Evans and Cogswell, Charleston), p. 133. Online version at http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/porcher/porcher.html (retrieved 28 November 2006).
  17. ^ Lennartson, Margi (2005). Organic Vegetable Production. The Crowood Press Ltd. p. 247. ISBN 1-86126-788-6.
  18. ^ Colla, G.; Rouphael, Y.; Fallovo, C.; Cardarelli, M. (2006). "Use of Salsola soda as a companion plant to improve greenhouse pepper (Capsicum annuum) performance under saline conditions". New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 34 (4): 283–290. doi:10.1080/01140671.2006.9514418. Retrieved 28 November 2006.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Salsola soda: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Salsola soda, the opposite-leaved saltwort, oppositeleaf Russian thistle, or barilla plant, is a small (to 0.7 m tall), annual, succulent shrub that is native to the Mediterranean Basin. It is a halophyte (a salt-tolerant plant) that typically grows in coastal regions and can be irrigated with salt water.

The plant has great historical importance as a source of soda ash, which was extracted from the ashes of Salsola soda and other saltwort plants. Soda ash is one of the alkali substances that are crucial in glassmaking and soapmaking. The famed clarity of 16th-century cristallo glass from Murano and Venice depended upon the purity of "Levantine soda ash", and the nature of this ingredient was kept secret. Spain had an enormous 18th-century industry that produced soda ash from the saltworts (barrilla in Spanish). Soda ash is now known to be predominantly sodium carbonate. In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy isolated a metallic element from caustic soda; he named the new element "sodium" to indicate its relationship to "soda". Before "soda" was somewhat synonymous (in U.S. English) with soft drinks, the word referred to Salsola soda and other saltwort plants, and to soda ash.

While the era of farming for soda ash is long past, S. soda is still cultivated as a vegetable that enjoys considerable popularity in Italy and with gourmets around the world. Its common names in Italian include barba di frate, agretti, and liscari sativa (short: lischi or lischeri). Of its culinary value, Frances Mayes has written that "Spinach is the closest taste, but while agretti has the mineral sharpness of spinach, it tastes livelier, full of the energy of spring."

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Salsola soda ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Salsola soda es una especie de planta de la subfamilia Chenopodioideae perteneciente a la familia Amaranthaceae. Se trata de un halófila (una planta tolerante a la sal) que por lo general crece en las regiones costeras o salinas y puede ser regado con agua salada. La planta tiene una gran importancia histórica como fuente de carbonato de sodio, que se extraía de las cenizas de la Salsola soda y otras barrillas.[1]​ La ceniza de sosa fueron una de las sustancias alcalinas cruciales en la fabricación de vidrio y la fabricación de jabón. La famosa claridad de los vidrios y cristales de Murano y Venecia dependía de la pureza de la "ceniza de sosa", y la naturaleza de este ingrediente se mantuvo en secreto. España tuvo una industria enorme en el siglo XVIII produciendo carbonato de sodio a partir de las salicornias. En 1807, Sir Humphry Davy aisló un elemento metálico a partir de la sosa cáustica y lo nombró sodio para indicar su relación con esta planta.

Distribución

Es nativa del Mediterráneo occidental extendiéndose hasta Asia. En España se encuentra en las Islas Baleares donde crece en suelos salinos húmedos y arenales marítimos.

 src=
Detalle de la planta

Descripción

Se trata de una planta herbácea erecta de hasta 80 cm de altura. Las hojas son semicilíndricas y carnosas con la base dilatada. Flores pequeñas y poco vistosas agrupadas en glomérulos axilares. El periantio está formado por hojas aquilladas y un poco soldadas en la base. Se diferencia de S. kali porque ésta tiene las hojas rígidas y acabadas en una espina.

Taxonomía

Salsola soda fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 223. 1753.[2]

Citología

Número de cromosomas de Salsola soda (Fam. Chenopodiaceae) y táxones infraespecíficos: 2n=18[3]

Etimología

Salsola: nombre genérico que deriva del término latino salsus = "salado", de acuerdo con los hábitats de muchas de sus especies.

soda: epíteto

Sinonimia
  • Salsola longifolia Lam.
  • Salsola soda var. depauperata Pau in Merino[4]
  • Kali inermis Moench
  • Kali soda Scop.
  • Soda inermis Fourr.[5]

Nombres comunes

  • Castellano: álcali, alkalí planta, barrilla, barrilla comúm, barrilla común, barrilla de Sevilla, barrillera, álcali, peralejo, salicón, salicor, salicor de la Mancha, salicor fino, soda, sosa, sosa común, sosa álcali, sosa legítima[4]

Referencias

  1. ESTEBAN SANTOS, Soledad. «Química Y Cultura Científica». Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2014.
  2. «Salsola soda». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 7 de julio de 2013.
  3. Contribuiçao para o conhecimento citotaxonómico das spermatophyta de Portugal. X. Chenopodiaceae. Queirós, M. (1975) Bol. Soc. Brot. ser. 2 49: 121-142
  4. a b «Salsola soda». Real Jardín Botánico: Proyecto Anthos. Consultado el 24 de noviembre de 2009.
  5. Salsola soda en PlantList

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Salsola soda: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

Salsola soda es una especie de planta de la subfamilia Chenopodioideae perteneciente a la familia Amaranthaceae. Se trata de un halófila (una planta tolerante a la sal) que por lo general crece en las regiones costeras o salinas y puede ser regado con agua salada. La planta tiene una gran importancia histórica como fuente de carbonato de sodio, que se extraía de las cenizas de la Salsola soda y otras barrillas.​ La ceniza de sosa fueron una de las sustancias alcalinas cruciales en la fabricación de vidrio y la fabricación de jabón. La famosa claridad de los vidrios y cristales de Murano y Venecia dependía de la pureza de la "ceniza de sosa", y la naturaleza de este ingrediente se mantuvo en secreto. España tuvo una industria enorme en el siglo XVIII produciendo carbonato de sodio a partir de las salicornias. En 1807, Sir Humphry Davy aisló un elemento metálico a partir de la sosa cáustica y lo nombró sodio para indicar su relación con esta planta.

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Soude commune ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Salsola soda

La Soude commune (Salsola soda) est une plante du genre Salsola appartenant à la famille des Chenopodiaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Amaranthaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.

En anglais l'espèce est appelée Opposite-leaved saltwort « Soude à feuilles opposées ».

Répartition

Salsola soda est originaire d'Eurasie et d'Afrique du Nord. On en trouve sur le littoral Atlantique de la France et du Portugal et sur la côte de la mer Noire. Il s'est naturalisé le long de la côte Pacifique de l'Amérique du Nord, et l'on se préoccupe de son caractère invasif en Californie dans les marais salants. Il est également naturalisé en Amérique du Sud.

Description

C'est une plante annuelle succulente pouvant mesurer 70 cm de haut originaire du bassin méditerranéen. Cette plante halophyte pousse généralement dans les régions côtières et peut être irriguée avec de l'eau salée.

Elle a des feuilles charnues vertes à tiges vertes ou rouges.

Les petites fleurs se développent à partir des inflorescences qui poussent à la base des feuilles près de la tige.

Les graines sont connues pour leur faible taux de germination (environ 30 % à 40 %), tout comme le romarin.

Bien que la plante soit souvent cultivée en eau salée, elle se développe aussi sans eau salée. Salsola soda est soit récoltée en grappes lorsqu'elles sont petites, soit cultivée régulièrement pour favoriser une nouvelle croissance à maturité.

Salsola soda est parfois confondue avec une plante connue au Japon comme Okahijiki ("Pays Seaweed"), qui est en fait l'espèce Salsola komarovi car les feuilles de ces deux espèces ont une apparence similaire.

Synonymes

  • Soda inermis
  • Kali soda (L.) Scop.
  • Salsola longifolia Lam.
  • Salsola mutica C.A.Mey.

Utilisation

Production de carbonate de sodium

L'espèce a une grande importance historique en tant que source de carbonate de soude, qui était extrait des cendres de Salsola soda et d'autres plantes plantes telles que les salicornes. Le carbonate de soude est l'une des substances alcalines cruciales dans la production de verre sodocalcique et la fabrication de savon.

En 1807, Sir Humphry Davy a isolé un élément métallique de la soude caustique, il nomma le nouvel élément "sodium" pour indiquer sa relation à «soda». Avant que le terme "Soda" soit synonyme en anglais de boissons non alcoolisées, le terme se référait à Salsola soda et d'autres plantes de type salicornes permettant d'obtenir de la soude.

Les cendres de Salsola soda transformées contiennent jusqu'à 30 % de carbonate de sodium si la plante est cultivée dans les sols très salins (à savoir dans les sols à forte concentration en chlorure de sodium), de sorte que les tissus de la plante contiennent une concentration relativement élevée d'ions sodium. Salsola soda peut être irriguée avec de l'eau de mer, qui contient environ 40 grammes par litre de chlorure de sodium dissous et d'autres sels. Lorsque ces plantes riches en sodium sont brûlées, le dioxyde de carbone qui est produit réagit avec le sodium pour former du carbonate de sodium.

Culinaire

 src=
Barbe di frate sautées avec lardons et oignons.

Le goût est herbacé et légèrement salé avec une texture croquante agréable. Ses noms communs en italien sont "Barba del frate", "Agretti", et "Liscari sativa". À propos de sa valeur culinaire, Frances Mayes a écrit que « L'épinard est le plus proche au niveau du goût, mais l'Agretti a la valeur minérale de l'épinard avec un goût plus vif, plein de l'énergie du printemps ». La plante est le plus souvent cuite et consommée comme légume-feuille, la recommandation est de la faire cuire dans l'eau bouillante jusqu'à ce que les feuilles ramollissent tout en restant croquantes (un peu comme la salicorne). En Italie, on les consomme ainsi en antipasti, refroidies, avec de l'huile d'olive, de l'ail et du citron. Elles peuvent également être consommées crues.

Dessalement

Salsola soda a été étudiée comme une «plante de compagnonnage désalinisatrice" pour les cultures des tomates et poivrons quand ils sont cultivés en sols salins. Salsola extrait assez de sodium du sol pour améliorer la croissance de la plante cultivée, et un meilleur rendement des cultures en résulte malgré la concurrence des deux plantes pour le reste des minéraux du sol.

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Soude commune: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Salsola soda

La Soude commune (Salsola soda) est une plante du genre Salsola appartenant à la famille des Chenopodiaceae selon la classification classique, ou des Amaranthaceae selon la classification phylogénétique.

En anglais l'espèce est appelée Opposite-leaved saltwort « Soude à feuilles opposées ».

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Salsola soda ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La salsola soda[1] (detta anche riscolo, barba di frate, barba del Negus o agretto) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia Chenopodiaceae (assegnata alle Amaranthaceae dalla classificazione APG). È una specie di piccole dimensioni (massimo 70 centimetri), annuale, e possiede foglie e fusto succulenti. È una pianta alofita, e in quanto tale richiede dei suoli ricchi di sale; cresce abitualmente nelle zone costiere ed è originaria del bacino del Mediterraneo. Il loro ciclo di vita è annuale e sono disponibili sul mercato nel periodo primaverile ed estivo precoce.

È una pianta dai molteplici usi; è edibile e viene perciò largamente usata in cucina e veniva inoltre usata, in passato, quale importante fonte di soda (carbonato di sodio), che veniva estratta dalle sue ceneri dopo combustione[2].

Descrizione

Questa pianta annuale succulenta forma piccoli cespugli che possono crescere fino ai 70 cm di altezza; possiede foglie e fusto generalmente tendente al rosso. Produce dei piccoli fiori che formano infiorescenze e che spuntano direttamente dal fusto, alla base delle foglie.

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie è nativa dell'Eurasia e del Nord Africa, ed è conosciuta soprattutto in Italia (in particolare in Sicilia) e Spagna, dove in passato si incentrava la sua coltivazione; è diffusa anche sulla costa atlantica dell'Europa ed è stata importata anche negli Stati Uniti, paese in cui sta diventando una specie invasiva, specialmente nei suoli salini della California[3][4]. Esistono evidenze che il suo areale si stia estendendo anche all'America del sud[5].

Usi industriali: la produzione della soda

Magnifying glass icon mgx2.svgLo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Carbonato di sodio.

In passato, la combustione delle piante di S. soda era uno dei principali metodi di ottenere il carbonato di sodio, la soda. Questo è un composto alcalino che veniva utilizzato, fra l'altro, per la lavorazione del vetro, per la produzione del sapone e per altri vari scopi. Dalle ceneri risultanti dalla combustione di S. soda, con opportuna lavorazione si può ottenere soda in percentuale pari al 30%.

Le piante di questa specie tendono ad accumulare sodio in presenza di suoli ricchi di sali; in questo modo i loro tessuti arrivano a possedere un'alta concentrazione di ioni sodio. Quando la pianta viene bruciata, l'anidride carbonica che si produce reagisce, presumibilmente, con il sodio e forma il bicarbonato.

Il fatto che S. soda accumuli sodio è una prerogativa che questa pianta condivide con le altre piante alofite; per la stragrande maggioranza delle piante, infatti, il sodio è nocivo e viene ritenuto nei tessuti in maniera minima, in confronto ad altri elementi quali, ad esempio, il potassio. Le piante alofite, invece, possiedono appositi meccanismi cellulari che immagazzinano il sodio in una struttura apposita, il vacuolo, impedendogli così di circolare liberamente per i tessuti, neutralizzandone la tossicità. La quasi totalità del sodio presente in una pianta alofita è infatti contenuto nel vacuolo.

Queste piante sono state un'importante -se non essenziale- fonte di soda per usi industriali fino all'inizio del XIX secolo; in particolare la Spagna possedeva larghe coltivazioni di S. soda (chiamata barrilla in spagnolo) atte alla produzione di questo composto. L'introduzione, agli inizi dell'Ottocento, di nuovi e più convenienti processi di produzione della soda, quale il processo Leblanc, che permetteva di ottenerla dal calcare e dall'acido solforico, mise fine all'utilizzo industriale delle piante alofite.

Usi alimentari

 src=
Mazzetti di barba del frate appena colti.
 src=
Barbe del frate saltate con cipolla e pancetta.

Le foglie e i fusti di S. soda sono commestibili e, principalmente le piantine giovani e i germogli, largamente usate in cucina. La pianta è utilizzata soprattutto nella dieta mediterranea, e in particolare in Italia (dove è una verdura nota con il nome di barba del frate o agretti) e in Spagna (dove è nota con il nome di barrilla). È diffusa anche nella cucina anglosassone, dove viene chiamata con il nome italiano di agretti. In Romagna viene popolarmente chiamata "lischi" o "liscari". Nelle Marche è nota come "rospici", "roscani" o "arescani". In Umbria invece prende il nome di "riscoli".

Note

  1. ^ secondo Linneo, 1753
  2. ^ Archibald e Nan L. Clow, Chemical Revolution, (Ayer Co Pub, June 1952), pp. 65-90. ISBN 0-8369-1909-2.
  3. ^ California Exotic Pest Plant Council, Exotic Pest Plants of Greatest Ecological Concern in California, October, 1999.
  4. ^ Baye, Peter (1998). "More on Salsola soda Archiviato il 27 settembre 2007 in Internet Archive.," CalEPPC News (Newsletter of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council), Vol. 6, No. 4 (Fall 1998).
  5. ^ Robertson, Kenneth R. e Clemants, Steven E. (1997). Salsola Soda, dal capitolo "Amaranthaceae", in: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 4, pp. 399-402. ISBN 0-19-517389-9.

 title=
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Salsola soda: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La salsola soda (detta anche riscolo, barba di frate, barba del Negus o agretto) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia Chenopodiaceae (assegnata alle Amaranthaceae dalla classificazione APG). È una specie di piccole dimensioni (massimo 70 centimetri), annuale, e possiede foglie e fusto succulenti. È una pianta alofita, e in quanto tale richiede dei suoli ricchi di sale; cresce abitualmente nelle zone costiere ed è originaria del bacino del Mediterraneo. Il loro ciclo di vita è annuale e sono disponibili sul mercato nel periodo primaverile ed estivo precoce.

È una pianta dai molteplici usi; è edibile e viene perciò largamente usata in cucina e veniva inoltre usata, in passato, quale importante fonte di soda (carbonato di sodio), che veniva estratta dalle sue ceneri dopo combustione.

licença
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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Salsola soda ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Salsola soda (também conhecida como Barba de Frade, agretti ou alga-da-terra)é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Chenopodiaceae. É uma planta comestível.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 223. 1753.

Portugal

Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental.

Protecção

Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.

Referências

 title=
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wikipedia PT

Salsola soda: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Salsola soda (também conhecida como Barba de Frade, agretti ou alga-da-terra)é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Chenopodiaceae. É uma planta comestível.

A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 223. 1753.

licença
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wikipedia PT

Săricică ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Săricica (Salsola soda) este o plantă halofită din familia Chenopodiaceae, genul Salsola, originară din bazinul Mediteranei.

Distribuție geografică

Arealul natural al plantei este extins în prezent, pe lângă bazinul Mediteranei, și la zonele de coastă ale Mării Negre, coasta atlantică a Franței și Portugaliei și coasta pacifică a Americii de Nord, existând dovezi și despre extinderea în America de Sud [1]. În SUA, săricica a devenit o specie invazivă, în special pe solurile saline din California [2].

Note

  1. ^ Kenneth R. Robertson, Steven E. Clemants (1997): Salsola Soda, în capitolul Amaranthaceae din: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 12+ vols. New York and Oxford. Vol. 4, pp. 399-402. ISBN 0-19-517389-9.
  2. ^ Peter Baye (1998) - More on Salsola soda, CalEPPC News (Newsletter of the California Exotic Pest Plant Council), Vol. 6, Nr. 4 (Fall 1998).

Legături externe

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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia RO

Săricică: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Săricica (Salsola soda) este o plantă halofită din familia Chenopodiaceae, genul Salsola, originară din bazinul Mediteranei.

licença
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Wikipedia autori și editori
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Salsola soda ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Salsola soda là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Tham khảo

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Salsola soda. Truy cập ngày 23 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về Họ Dền này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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original
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Salsola soda: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Salsola soda là loài thực vật có hoa thuộc họ Dền. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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苏打猪毛菜 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Salsola soda
L.

苏打猪毛菜学名Salsola soda)是苋科猪毛菜属的植物。分布于俄罗斯以及中国大陆新疆等地,一般生于盐湖边和含盐质土壤的草地,目前尚未由人工引种栽培。

参考文献

  • 昆明植物研究所. 苏打猪毛菜. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).


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苏打猪毛菜: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

苏打猪毛菜(学名:Salsola soda)是苋科猪毛菜属的植物。分布于俄罗斯以及中国大陆新疆等地,一般生于盐湖边和含盐质土壤的草地,目前尚未由人工引种栽培。

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wikipedia 中文维基百科