Paraclostridium bifermentans

Paraclostridium bifermentans (früher Clostridium bifermentans)^[2] von lateinisch bis zweimal und lateinisch fermentans Fermenter kann sowohl Kohlenhydrate als auch Aminosäuren fermentieren. Es handelt sich um strikt anaerobe, Gram-positive Bakterien, die gerade Stäbchen bilden, welche durch peritrichen Flagellen beweglich sind. Die gebildeten Sporen sind oval und liegen zentral bis subterminal, wobei sie die Zelle für gewöhnlich nicht auftreiben. Kolonien auf Blutagar sind kreisförmig mit unregelmäßigen Rändern, grau, glänzend und glatt. Das Wachstumsoptimum findet bei 30–37 °C statt, einige Stämme wachsen auch zwischen 25 und 45 °C.^[3] In seltenen Fällen kann P. bifermentans als Pathogen beim Menschen auftreten, wenn es zu Wundinfektionen kommt.^[4]

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Taxonomy of the species Paraclostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Sasi Jyothsna et al. 2016 emend. Kutsuna et al. 2019. doi:10.1601/tx.28455.
2. ↑ T. S. Sasi Jyothsna, L. Tushar, Ch. Sasikala, Ch. V. Ramana: Paraclostridium benzoelyticum gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from marine sediment and reclassification of Clostridium bifermentans as Paraclostridium bifermentans comb. nov. Proposal of a new genus Paeniclostridium gen. nov. to accommodate Clostridium sordellii and Clostridium ghonii. In: International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,. Band 66, Nr. 3, 2016, ISSN 1466-5026, S. 1268–1274, doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000874.
3. ↑ Mohamed Chamkha, Bharat K. C. Patel, Jean-Louis Garcia, Marc Labat: Isolation of Clostridium bifermentans from Oil Mill Wastewaters Converting Cinnamic Acid to 3-phenylpropionic Acid and Emendation of the Species. In: Anaerobe. Band 7, Nr. 4, 2001, ISSN 1075-9964, S. 189–197, doi:10.1006/anae.2001.0382 (academia.edu [PDF]).
4. ↑ Andrew Hale, James E. Kirby, Mary Albrecht: Fatal Spontaneous Clostridium bifermentans Necrotizing Endometritis: A Case Report and Literature Review of the Pathogen. In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases. Band 3, Nr. 2, 2016, doi:10.1093/ofid/ofw095, PMID 27419167.

Paraclostridium bifermentans, formerly known as Clostridium bifermentans and abbreviated CLOBI, is an anaerobic, motile, gram-positive bacterium.

Toxins and mosquito larvae

A certain subspecies, Clostridium bifermentans subsp. Malaysia, was the first anaerobic bacterium known to kill mosquito larvae. The subspecies was part of a collection at the Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia. A biochemical analysis found that the mosquitocidal cry toxin is coded by four genes in an operon: cry16Aa, cry17Aa, cbm17.1, and cbm17.2. When the four genes were individually expressed, none of the four proteins encoded exhibited mosquitocidal activity. This suggests that the toxicity requires four proteins cooperating as a complex to take effect. A single promoter was found upstream of the four genes, indicating that the four were likely to be expressed simultaneously. The half-life of toxicity was about one day and the toxin was unstable in high temperature. Although C. bifermentans subsp. Malaysia is shown to be more lethal to Anopheles mosquito larvae, the toxin produced by Cry operon has no mosquitocidal effect on mature Anopheles individuals. Thus, the genes accountable for the toxicity towards Anopheles are different than those controlled by the cry operon; rather, the toxins selectively target Aedes mosquito larvae, in which they cause high mortality.

References

• "Clostridium bifermentans: (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
• UniProt. "Clostridium bifermentans". Retrieved 2011-01-25.
• Qureshi, Nadia; Chawla, Swati; Likitvivatanavonga, Supaporn; Ham, Lim Lee; Gill, Sarjeet S. (September 2014). "The Cry Toxin Operon of Clostridium bifermentans subsp. malaysia Is Highly Toxic to Aedes Larval Mosquitoes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 80 (18): 5689–5696. doi:10.1128/aem.01139-14. PMC 4178593. PMID 25002432.

Clostridium bifermentans è una specie di batterio appartenente alla famiglia delle Clostridiaceae.

Bibliografia

• ITIS - Catalogo delle specie, su catalogueoflife.org.