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Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poir.

Distribution ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
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Pablo Gutierrez
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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por North American Flora
Kraunhia macrostachys (T. & G.) Small, Bull. Torrey Club 25: 134. 1898.
Wisteria frutescens macrostachys T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 283. 1838. Wisteria macrostachys Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 283. as synonym. 1838. Wisteria frutescens magnifica Herincq, Rev. Hortic. 1862: 50. 1862. Bradleya macrostachys Small; Britton, Man. 549. 1901.
A woody vine, 6-S m. high; branches sparingly pilose when young; leaves 1-3 dm. long; petiole and rachis more or less silky-pilose; leaflets mostly 9, ovate tq elliptic-lanceolate, 37 em. long, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, sparingly silky-pilose on both sides or in age glabrate above; racemes 2-3 dm. long, drooping; peduncle densely hirsute and glandular; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, caducous; pedicels 10-12 mm. long; calyx densely hirsute and glandular, the tube about 6 mm. long; upper teeth almost obsolete, the upper lip rounded or truncate; lateral teeth 4-5 mm. long, lanceolate, the lowest one subulate, 6-7 mm. long; corolla lilac-purple or light-blue; basal auricle of the wings lanceolate to linear-subulate, reflexed, often nearly equaling the claw; basal auricles of the keel-petals deltoid, porrect; pod 7-12 cm. long, somewhat torulose, reddish-brown; seeds nearly black, 14 mm. long, 8 mm. thick.
Type locality: Louisiana.
Distribution: In swamps, from Illinois to Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee.
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citação bibliográfica
Per Axel Rydberg. 1919. (ROSALES); FABACEAE; PSORALEAE. North American flora. vol 24(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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North American Flora

Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por North American Flora
Kraunhia frutescens (I,.) Greene, Pittonia 2: 175. 1891
Glycine frulescens L. Sp. PI. 753. 1753.
Anonymos frutescens Walt. Fl. Car. 1S6. 1788.
A pios frutescens Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 474. 1814.
Diplonyx elegans Raf . Fl . Ludov. 101. 1 S 1 7 .
Thyrsanthus frutescens Ell. Jour. Acad. Phila. 1: 371. 1818.
Wisteria speciosa Nutt. Gen. 2: 116. 1818.
Wisteria frutescens Poir. in Lam. Tab. Eneyc. 3: 674. 1823.
Thyrsanthus floridana Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. 25: 75. 1834.
Phaseclus frutescens Eaton & Wright, N. Am. Bot. 354. 1840.
Bradleya frutescens Britton, Man. 549. 1901.
A woody vine, 10-15 m. high; branches puberulent or villous when young; stipules lanceolate, caducous; leaves 1-3 dm. long; petiole and rachis more or less pubescent; leaflets 9-15, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, acuminate, from acute to rounded at the base, glabrous and green above, pale and sparingly pubescent beneath; racemes dense, 410 cm. long, the rachis lanuginous-villous; bracts lanceolate, caducous; pedicels 4-6 mm. long; calyx finely pilose and more or less glandular, the tube campanulate, 5-6 mm. long, the upper two teeth broadly triangular, sometimes nearly obsolete, the lower three deltoid, 1-2 mm. long; corolla lilac-purple, 15-19 mm. long; basal auricles of the wings lanceolate, reflexed, those of the keel-petals porrect; pod linear, 5-10 cm. long, about 12 mm. broad, somewhat torulose.
Type locality: Carolina.
Distribution: Low ground from Virginia to Arkansas, Texas, and Florida.
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citação bibliográfica
Per Axel Rydberg. 1919. (ROSALES); FABACEAE; PSORALEAE. North American flora. vol 24(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
original
visite a fonte
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North American Flora

Physical Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por USDA PLANTS text
Perennial, Vines, twining, climbing, Woody throughout, Plants with rhizomes or suckers, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Leaves absent at flowering time, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Stipules inconspicuous, absent, or caducous, Stipules setiform, subulate or acicular, Stipules deciduous, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves odd pinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Stipels present at base of leaflets, Leaflets 5-9, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Leaves hairy on one or both surfaces, Inflorescences racemes, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence or flowers lax, declined or pendulous, Bracts conspicuously present, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Bracts hairy, Flowers zygomorphic, Calyx 2-lipped or 2-lobed, Calyx gland-dotted or with glandular spot, Calyx hairy, Petals separate, Corolla papilionaceous, Petals blue, lavander to purple, or violet, Banner petal suborbicular, broadly rounded, Banner petal auriculate, Wing petals narrow, oblanceolate to oblong, Wing petals auriculate, Wing tips obtuse or rounded, Keel tips obtuse or rounded, not beaked, Keel petals fused on sides or at tip, Stamens 9-10, Stamens diadelphous, 9 united, 1 free, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit freely dehiscent, Fruit elongate, straight, Fruit oblong or ellipsoidal, Fruit coriaceous or becoming woody, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit compressed between seeds, Fruit explosively or elastically dehiscent, Fruit glabrous or glabrate, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seeds reniform, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black.
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Dr. David Bogler
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Missouri Botanical Garden
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USDA NRCS NPDC
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Wisteria macrostachya ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Wisteria frutescens, commonly known as American wisteria, is a woody, deciduous, perennial climbing vine, one of various wisterias of the family Fabaceae. It is native to the wet forests and stream banks of the southeastern United States, with a range stretching from the states of Virginia to Texas (Northeast Texas Piney Woods) and extending southeast through Florida, also north to Iowa, Michigan, and New York.

Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus described Wisteria frutescens.

Kentucky wisteria, Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya is a distinctive variety found in the southeastern United States,[16] including its namesake state of Kentucky. It has been classified as a separate species, Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex B. L. Rob. & Fernald.[17]

Description

American wisteria can grow up to 15 m long over many supports via powerful counterclockwise-twining stems. It produces dense clusters of blue-purple, two-lipped, flowers 2 cm (34 in) wide on racemes 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long in late spring to early summer. These are the smallest racemes produced by any Wisteria. Though it has never been favored in many gardens for this characteristic, many bonsai artists employ American wisteria for its manageably-sized flowers, and it is charming as a woodland flowering vine.

The foliage consists of shiny, dark-green, pinnately compound leaves 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length. The leaves bear 9–15 oblong leaflets that are each 2–6 cm (342+14 in) long. It also bears numerous poisonous, bean-like seed pods 5–10 cm (2–3+78 in) long that mature in summer and persist until winter; the pods are fuzzy and greenish-tan when young, but shiny brown and smooth when dry. The seeds are large and brown (see image). American wisteria prefers moist soils. It is considered shade tolerant, but will flower only when exposed to partial or full sun. It grows best in USDA plant hardiness zones 5–9. In the wild, they can be found in woods, thickets, and streambanks.[18]

Kentucky wisteria bears slightly scented bluish-purple to white flowers in racemes 15–30 cm (6–12 in) long, a generally average length for the Wisteria family.[19]

Several characteristics distinguish American wisteria from its Asian counterparts. It grows only two-thirds as tall, its racemes are half as long (the shortest of the wisteria family), and its bloom time is sometimes shorter than many Asian varieties. Its flowers are scented, and its seed pods are smooth rather than velvety when mature.

American wisteria is very similar to Kentucky wisteria (Wisteria macrostachya) which has been considered a variety of W. frutescens but grows somewhat differently and has a fragrance similar to that of grapes.

Wisteria frutescens by Ellis Rowan, 1901

Ecology

The butterflies long-tailed skipper, silver-spotted skipper,[20] marine blue,[21] zarucco duskywing[22] and the moth Cuphodes wisteriae[23] use Wisteria frutescens as a larval host.

Pests and diseases

Wisteria frutescens, in general, is subject to few pests or diseases. It is, however, subject to damage by typical pests like aphids, leaf miners, Japanese beetles, scale insects, and mealybugs. Pests of particular concern are longhorn beetles, such as Synaphaeta guexi, and the Asian long-horned beetle. These beetles will bore into the woody stems of young or unhealthy wisteria, causing disruption of water and nutrient flow. This also allows for the potential to introduce disease, like rot, and both of these have the potential to cause death of the plant.[24][25]

A fungus, Aplosporella wistariae Ellis & Barthol.Ellis & Barthol.,[26] has been found on some cultivars of wisteria in Louisville, Kansas. Its stromata are elliptical or orbicular, are 1–2 mm in diameter, and are sunk into the bark, which causes raised pustules, some of which are ruptured. Its perithecia are 120–150 μm and are white inside; sporules are oblong, measuring 12–16 by 6–7 μm.[27]

Partly dead leaves of Wisteria frutescens have been found to host Phomatospora wistariae Ellis & Everh. This fungus is perithecial, meaning its fruiting body is flask-shaped with an ostiole through which its ascospores are released. It is mostly epiphytic, and it grows in relatively flat gray spots that are approximately 2–4 mm. in diameter. These spots are bounded by narrow dark lines, and frequently merge. Phomatospora wistariae is hyaline in appearance and resembles a membrane, it is sessile, it does not have paraphyses, its asci are oblong, and its sporidia are biseriate and have an oblong-elliptical shape. Its perithecia mesaure to about 110–120 μm, its asci 35–45 by 10–12 μm, and its sporidia 12 by 6 μm.[27]

Rhizobium radiobacter, previously known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and commonly as crown gall, is a soil-borne bacterium that occasionally infects wisteria, causing abnormal growths or swellings on the roots or stems. It infects the plant through its Ti plasmid, and then A. tumefaciens integrates a part of its DNA into the chromosome of the host plant's cells.[28] The K-48 strain of the bacterium can be effectively used to prevent infection by the pathogenic strain of crown gall.[29]

Root-knot nematodes are parasites known to affect most species of plants, wisteria not being an exception, but wisteria is susceptible to Texas root rot caused by the fungus Phymatotrichum omnivorum. Texas root rot damages the roots and prevents their absorption of water, resulting in wilting then death.[28]

Pantoea agglomerans has been shown to induce galls on Wisteria.[30]

Wisteria brachybotrys, Wisteria floribunda, Wisteria sinensis and Wisteria venusta, have been shown to carry Erysiphe cichoracearum, Botryosphaeria, and Phomopsis canker and die-back pathogens, Phyllosticta wisteriae, and Septoria wisteriae. Wisteria vein mosaic virus (a variant of the tobacco mosaic virus) and subterranean clover stunt virus are the only two known viruses to infect genus Wisteria, and the potential for Wisteria frutescens to contract any of the previously mentioned diseases is undetermined.[28][31][32][33][34][35]

Toxicity

All species of Wisteria contain a saponin known as Wisterin in the bark, branches, pods, roots, and seeds. There is debate over whether the flowers are toxic. An unknown and toxic resin is present as well. Poisoning from the plant can occur from ingestion of 1 to 2 seed pods and results in mild to severe gastroenteritis, nausea, frequent vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. This can result in dehydration and collapse in serious cases; recovery generally occurs within 24 hours. The concentration of toxins varies in all segments of the plant and varies during different seasons. Wisterin's structure has been shown to be similar in structure and in effects to the alkaloid cytisine, but less potent. It has a bittersweet taste. As with the cytisine-containing Laburnum, its leaves are sometimes taken as a tobacco substitute.[36][37]

Wisteria frutescens seeds in pod halves

Canavanine is a common α-amino-acid constituent found in the seeds of all species of Wisteria. It serves as a defense compound against herbivores and provides a vital source of nitrogen for the growing plant embryo. The toxicity of canavanine is due to its extreme structural similarity to L-arginine, which may result in an organism's incorporation of it into proteins in place of L-arginine. This results in the production of aberrant proteins that may not function properly in the body.[38]

Leaves
Mature bark

References

  1. ^ Frederick Traugott Pursh (1814). Flora Americae Septentrionalis Vol. II (Apios frutescens). Vol. 2. White, Cochrance, and co. p. 474. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  2. ^ Nathaniel Lord Britton (1901). Manual of the Flora of the northern States and Canada (Bradlea frutescens & macrostachys. Holt. Archived from the original on 2017-12-02. Retrieved 2018-01-13. |page 549
  3. ^ Carl Von Linné; Lars Salvius (1753). Species Plantarum 2 (Glycine frutescens). Vol. 2. Holmiae :Impensis Laurentii Salvii. p. 753. Archived from the original on 2012-06-28. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  4. ^ Constantine Samuel Rafinesque & Edward Lee Greene (1891). Pittonia Vol. II (Kraunhia frutescens). Vol. 2. Doxey & Co. [etc.] p. 175. Archived from the original on 2016-09-22. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
  5. ^ Duane Isely. Vascular Flora of the Southeastern United States: Vol. 3, Part 2 (Kraunhia macrostachya). The University of North Carolina Press.
  6. ^ Torrey Botanical Club (1898). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Vol. XXV (Kraunhia macrostachys). Vol. 25. Torrey Botanical Club. p. 134. Archived from the original on 2018-10-13. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  7. ^ Carl Ernst Otto Kuntze (5 November 1891). Revisio Generum Plantarum Pars. 1 (Phaseolodes frutescens). Vol. v.1. A. Felix. p. 201. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  8. ^ Amos Eaton & John Wright (1840). North American Botany (A Manual of Botany Edition 8) (Phaseolus frutescens). E. Gates. p. 354. Archived from the original on 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  9. ^ Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Vol. 1 Part 2 (Thyrsanthus frutescens). Vol. 1. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1818. p. 371. Archived from the original on 2017-10-01. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  10. ^ John Torrey; Asa Gray; Putnam Wiley (1838). A flora of North America (Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya). Vol. 1. Putnam Wiley. p. 283. Archived from the original on 2017-08-24. Retrieved 2018-01-13.
  11. ^ Ludwig Beifsner; Ernst Schelle; Hermann Zabel (1903). Handbuch der LAubholz-Benenung III. P. Parey. p. 270. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  12. ^ "IPNI Albolilacina". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  13. ^ Revue Horticole. Audot. 1862. p. 50.
  14. ^ "International Legume Database & Information Service". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  15. ^ Arnold Arboretum (1919). "Journal of the Arnold Arboretum Vol. 8 (Wisteria macrostachya f. albo-lilacina". 7. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University: 149. Archived from the original on 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2018-01-13. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Jarantoski, K.S. (January 1988). "Wisteria frutescens and W. macrostachya". The Public Garden: Journal of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta. 3 (1): 33.
  17. ^ "Wisteria macrostachya". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2019-07-08.
  18. ^ M. Brandenburg, David (2010). National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Wildflowers of North America. Andrew Stewart Publishing, Inc. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-4027-4154-8.
  19. ^ Thompson, Ralph L. (September 1980). "Woody Vegetation and Floristic Affinities of Mingo Wilderness Area, a Northern Terminus of Southern Floodplain Forest, Missouri". Castanea. 45 (3): 194–212. JSTOR 4033235.
  20. ^ "Weeds and Invasive Plants – Wisteria". University of Florida. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  21. ^ "Wisteria Frutescens (American Wisteria) Lady Bird Johnson". Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  22. ^ "Wisteria Frutescens NC State University". NC State University. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
  23. ^ Atsushi Kawakita, Tomoko Okamoto, Ryutaro Goto and Makoto Kato (Sep 22, 2010). "Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant–herbivore interactio". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. Royal Society Publishing. 277 (1695): 2765–2774. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0355. PMC 2981980. PMID 20427340. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "Wisteria Borer Control". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  25. ^ "Fine Gardening American Wisteria". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  26. ^ "Index Fungorum Haplosporella wistariae Ellis & Barthol". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  27. ^ a b William Ashbrook Kellerman (2008) [October 14, 1902]. "Journal of Mycology, Volume 8". BiblioBazaar. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  28. ^ a b c "Plant Disease Handbook Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Wisteria". Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  29. ^ "UC IPM How to Manage Pests UC Pest Management Guidelines". Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  30. ^ De Maayer, P.; Chan, W. Y.; Blom, J.; Venter, S. N.; Duffy, B.; Smits, T. H.; Coutinho, T. A. (2012). "The large universal Pantoea plasmid LPP-1 plays a major role in biological and ecological diversification". BMC Genomics. 13: 625. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-625. PMC 3505739. PMID 23151240.
  31. ^ "Phyllosticta leaf spot of Chinese wisteria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  32. ^ Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.). "Plant Viruses Online". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ "Septoria wisteriae bioinfo". Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  34. ^ G. R. G. Clover1, Z. Tang, T. E. Smales and, M. N. Pearson (Jan 20, 2003). "Taxonomy of Wisteria vein mosaic virus and extensions to its host range and geographical distribution". Plant Pathology. 52: 92–96. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00798.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "UC IPM wisteria". Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  36. ^ Kent D. Perkins; Willward W. Payne (1970). Guide to the Poisonous and Irritant Plants of Florida. Valerie D'lppolito (illustrator). Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Archived from the original on 2015-05-29. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
  37. ^ Jacqueline Kupper; Daniel Demuth (2010). Giftige Pflanzen für Klein- und Heimtiere: Pflanze erkennen – Gift benennen – Richtig therapieren. Georg Thieme Verlag. p. 86. ISBN 9783830410348. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
  38. ^ Dietary Supplements: A Framework for Evaluating Safety. National Academies Press (US). 2005. Archived from the original on 2023-05-02. Retrieved 2017-09-18.

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wikipedia EN

Wisteria macrostachya: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Wisteria frutescens, commonly known as American wisteria, is a woody, deciduous, perennial climbing vine, one of various wisterias of the family Fabaceae. It is native to the wet forests and stream banks of the southeastern United States, with a range stretching from the states of Virginia to Texas (Northeast Texas Piney Woods) and extending southeast through Florida, also north to Iowa, Michigan, and New York.

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wikipedia EN

Wisteria frutescens ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Glycine d'Amérique

Wisteria frutescens, la glycine d'Amérique, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Fabaceae (Légumineuses), sous-famille des Faboideae, originaire des États-Unis.

Étymologie

Le nom générique, Wisteria, est un hommage à Caspar Wistar (1761-1818), médecin anatomiste américain de Philadelphie[2]. Cependant pour certains auteurs, ce nom serait plus probablement un hommage à Charles J. Wister (1782–1865), botaniste et ami proche de Thomas Nuttall[3].

L'épithète spécifique, frutescens, est un terme latin signifiant « frutescent », plante aux branches lignifiées, ayant le port d'un arbuste ou arbrisseau[4].

Description

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Feuilles et inflorescence.
 src=
Graines.

Wisteria frutescens est une plante grimpante ligneuse à feuilles caduques, pubescente à l'état jeune, qui peut atteindre 10 mètres de long (entre 4,6 et 12,2 m selon divers rapports[5]). C'est une liane volubile qui croit en s'enroulant autour du support dans le sens contraire des aiguilles d'une montre[5]. A l'âge adulte, l'écorce est grise et ornée de lenticelles arrondies[4].

Les feuilles, alternes, brillantes, de couleur vert foncé, munies à la base de minuscules stipules, et sont portées par un pétiole de 2 à 6 cm de long. Elles sont composées imparipennées, comptant 9-15 folioles, ovales-oblongues à ovales-lancéolées, disposées par paires opposées sur le rachis de la feuille, avec une foliole terminale[6]. Chaque foliole mesure de 4 à 6 cm de long et est glabre à la face supérieure et faiblement pubescente à la face inférieure[4].

Les fleurs, de couleur lilas ou pourpre bleuâtre et très parfumées, sont groupées en grandes grappes pendantes de 15 à 25 cm de long, qui apparaissent après les feuilles, contrairement aux espèces asiatiques de Wisteria les plus populaires. Elles n'apparaissent que sur du bois neuf. Chaque fleur, portée par un pédicelle de 4 à 10 mm de long, mesure environ 2,5 cm de long[4].

Le calice tubulaire, forme deux lèvres (bilabié) terminées par des lobes plus courts sur la lèvre supérieure. La corolle, à symétrie bilatérale, est formée de pétales obovales, les deux pétales inférieurs formant des oreillettes près de la base de la fleur. Les dix étamines sont diadelphes (9 groupées et 1 isolée) et l'ovaire, glabre, est stipité et entouré d'un collier glandulaire. Le stigmate forme une tête minuscule. Le fruit est une gousse brune déhiscente, glabre, linéaire, aplatie, de 5 à 10 cm de long sur 12 mm de large, ressemblant à celle du haricot, qui persiste jusqu'à l'hiver. Elle contient de nombreuses graines assez réniformes, brunes, de 6 à 12 mm de long[6],[4].

Biologie

La glycine d'Amérique se reproduit par graines. La gousse déhiscente s'ouvre tard dans la saison et aucun agent de dispersion spécifique n’a été identifié. La plante peut également se reproduire par multiplication végétative, par des racines adventives, par des coulants poussant sur le sol ou sous-terre[4].

Wisteria frutescens fleurit massivement au printemps et en début d'été, de fin mai à juillet selon la latitude, puis fleurit sporadiquement tout le reste de l'été[4].

Cette espèce est moins agressive que les espèces similaires de Wisteria asiatiques, qui peuvent se révéler envahissantes[6].

Distribution et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition originelle.

L'aire de répartition originelle de Wisteria frutescens s'étend dans la moitié Est des États-Unis, depuis la côte Atlantique (des États de New York et du Massachusetts au Nord jusqu'à la Floride au Sud), et vers l'Ouest jusqu'au Texas et à l'Oklahoma[6],[4].

L'espèce se rencontre dans son habitat naturel dans les bois frais ou humides, sur les berges des plans d'eau et des cours d'eau, dans les fourrés humides des hautes terres[6],[5].

C'est une espèce qui préfère les sols limoneux, humides et légèrement acides, mais elle peut également prospérer dans divers de types de sol dont le pH peut aller de 6,1 à 7,5[5].

Taxinomie

Wisteria frutescens a été initialement décrite par Linné sous le nom de Glycine frutescens et publiée en 1753 dans son Species plantarum 2: 753. 1753[7], puis a été reclassée dans le genre Wisteria par Jean-Louis Marie Poiret en 1823 et publiée dans Tableau encyclopédique et méthodique des trois règnes de la nature tome 3: 674[8].

Wisteria frutescens a d'abord été décrite comme la variante méridionale d'un complexe d'espèces, avec une répartition allant de la Virginie à l'Est jusqu'au Texas oriental vers l'Ouest. L'autre variante étant Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & A. Gray) Nutt. ex B.L. Rob. & Fernald, la glycine du Kentucky, dont la répartition plus septentrionale s'étend du sud du Missouri et de l'Illinois jusqu'à l'est du Kentucky vers le nord. Les deux variantes ont été réunies pour former une seule espèce, Wisteria frutescens, tandis que Wisteria macrostachya est désormais considérée comme une variété de la précédente[5].

Synonymes

Selon The Plant List (2 mai 2019)[1] :

  • Bradlea macrostachya (Torr. & A.Gray) Small
  • Glycine frutescens L. (basionyme)
  • Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene[9]
  • Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Kuntze
  • Kraunhia macrostachya (Torr. & A.Gray) Small
  • Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya Torr. & A.Gray
  • Wisteria macrostachya (Torr. & A.Gray) Robinson & Fer

Liste des variétés

Selon Tropicos (2 mai 2019)[10] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

  • Wisteria frutescens var. albo-lilacina Dippel
  • Wisteria frutescens var. macrostachya Torr. & A. Gray
  • Wisteria frutescens var. magnifica Herincq

Utilisation

Plante ornementale

La glycine d'Amérique est souvent cultivée comme plante ornementale et s'est probablement naturalisée dans de nombreux endroits. Au Texas, le cultivar 'Dam B' a des fleurs bleues groupées en grappes et fleurit de fin mai à juin, et sporadiquement pendant le reste de l'été et l'automne. Un cultivar nommé 'Nivea' a des fleurs blanches.

Cultivars

Divers cultivars ont été sélectionnés pour leur qualité ornementale, dont[5] :

  • Wisteria ‘Betty Matthews’,
  • Wisteria ‘Blue Moon’,
  • Wisteria ‘Aunt Dee’.

Plante alimentaire

Généralement considérées comme comestibles, les fleurs fraîches peuvent se consommer mélangées dans des salades vertes. On peut également les manger frites en beignets[11].

Toutefois le centre antipoison de l'État du Texas (Texas State Poison center) a signalé des cas de vomissements violents consécutifs à l'ingestion de fleurs de glycine[12].

Toxicité

Wisteria frutescens, comme les autres espèces de Wisteria, contient dans toutes ses parties, mais plus particulièrement les graines, diverses substances toxiques, dont une lectine glycoprotéine, qui peut avoir des effets toxicologiques sévères. En effet cette lectine se lie avec la N-acétyl-D-galactosamine, empêchant le renouvellement des cellules de la muqueuse intestinale, en particulier de l'intestin grêle. Cela se traduit par des symptômes de vomissements, diarrhée, coliques, faiblesse générale, rougeur de la muqueuse intestinale. Le traitement consiste à administrer du charbon actif, des liquides, des électrolytes, des médicaments antidiarrhéiques[3].

Notes et références

  1. a et b The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/, consulté le 2 mai 2019
  2. (en) « Wisteria (n.) », sur Online Etymology Dictionary (consulté le 2 mai 2019).
  3. a et b (en) George E. Burrows et Ronald J. Tyrl, Toxic Plants of North America, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, 1383 p. (ISBN 978-0-8138-2034-7, lire en ligne), p. 629.
  4. a b c d e f g et h (en) Burnham, R.J., « Wisteria frutescens », sur climbers: Censusing Lianas in Mesic Biomes of Eastern Regions., 2008-2014 (consulté le 3 mai 2019).
  5. a b c d e et f (en) Stan C. Hokanson , Steven McNamara, Kathryn Zuzek1and, Mike Zins & Nancy Rose, « Wisteria frutescens, American Wisteria, ‘Betty Matthews’ First Editions® Summer Cascade™ », HortScience, vol. 50, no 2,‎ 1er février 2015 (DOI , lire en ligne).
  6. a b c d et e (en) « Wisteria frutescens », sur Plant database, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - Université du Texas (Austin) (consulté le 2 mai 2019).
  7. (en) « Fabaceae Glycine frutescens L. », sur International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (consulté le 3 mai 2019).
  8. (en) « Fabaceae Wisteria frutescens Poir. », sur International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (consulté le 3 mai 2019).
  9. BioLib, consulté le 2 mai 2019
  10. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden., consulté le 2 mai 2019
  11. (en) « Wisteria frutescens (L.)Poir. », sur Plants For A Future (PFAF) (consulté le 3 mai 2019).
  12. (en) Delena Tull, Edible and Useful Plants of the Southwest : Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, University of Texas Press, 2013, 500 p. (ISBN 978-0-292-75411-9, lire en ligne), p. 254.

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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FR

Wisteria frutescens: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Glycine d'Amérique

Wisteria frutescens, la glycine d'Amérique, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Fabaceae (Légumineuses), sous-famille des Faboideae, originaire des États-Unis.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Wisteria frutescens ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Wisteria frutescens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được (L.) Poir. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Wisteria frutescens. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


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licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Wisteria frutescens: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Wisteria frutescens là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được (L.) Poir. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI