USA: AL , AR , CT , DE , FL , GA , IL , IN , IA , KS , KY , LA , ME , MD , MA , MI , MN , MS , MO , NE , NH , NJ , NY , NC , OH , OK , PA , RI , SC , TN , TX , VT , VA , WV , WI , DC (NPIN, 2007)
Canada: MB , NB , ON , QC (NPIN, 2007)
Native Distribution: S. New Brunswick and Maine south to NW. Florida, west to S. Texas, and north to SE. Minnesota; also from W. Texas west to N. California; local in N. Mexico; to 5000 (1524 m). (NPIN, 2007)
USDA Native Status: L48(N), CAN(N) (NPIN, 2007)
Flowers The sexes are on different plants. Male flowers are accompanied by 1 or 2 small glands. Female flowers have a small flat gland near the base of the ovary. Each flower is subtended by a scale. Flowers and leaves appear together. Catkins are long and slender, with yellow deciduous scales. There are 3-5 stamens. Stigmas are nearly sessile. (Peattie, 1930) Flowers are slender and upright. (Weeks et al, 2005) There are sharply pointed buds. Catkins are on a long, leafy stalk. (UW, 2009) Bright yellow-green twigs bear yellow-green catkins. Flowers are inconspicuous and arranged in elongate clusters. (NPIN, 2007)
Fruit The capsule is ovate-conic, glabrous (hairless), and light reddish brown. (Peattie, 1930) Fruit is a cluster of capsules that release cottony seeds. (Weeks et al, 2005)
Leaves are narrow and green on both sides. (Hultman, 1978) Young leaves are much unlike the mature ones. Stipules are conspicuous, somewhat persistent, and halfheart-shaped. Young leaves are more or less downy. Mature leaves are lanceolate, long, curved-tapering, acute at base, finely serrate, thin, and bright green. (Peattie, 1930) Leaves are green on both top and bottom, smooth on both sides, and have finely toothed margins. Leaves are simple, very narrow, and elongate. Tips often curve. Often a pair of leafy stipules are at the base of the short leaf stalk. (Weeks et al, 2005) Leaves are usually hanging, narrowly lance-like, with both sides green but paler below, and edges mostly finely toothed and not curled. (UW, 2009)
Stems/branches are black. Branches are long and drooping. (Hultman, 1978) Twigs are round and limber. Twigs are reddish brown to pale orange, at first tomentose (closely covered with downy hairs). (Peattie, 1930) Branching is alternate. Bud with a single greenish brown, reddish, or yellow scale. Buds are small, flat, and somewhat triangular. Twigs are extremely slender and brittle and have various colors similar to the buds. Leaf scars are tiny with 3 bundle scars. (Weeks et al, 2005) Bright yellow-green twigs bear yellow-green catkins. (NPIN, 2007)
Bark is black. (Hultman, 1978) Bark is dark, flat, and scaly. (Peattie, 1930) Bark is dark brownish with thick, wide shaggy plates. MAture bark is dark brown to nearly black with thick, rough, shaggy patches that nearly interlace. Fissures are often deep. (Weeks et al, 2005)
Plant is 3-40'. (Hultman, 1978) Typically 30-40' tall, but can be much larger. (Weeks et al, 2005) Up to 65' tall. (UW, 2009) In the lower Mississippi Valley it attains commercial timber size, reaching 100-140' (30-42 m) in height. (NPIN, 2007)
Flowers are nearly 3" long. (Weeks et al, 2005) Catkins are 1"-3" long. (UW, 2009)
Fruit is 2.5" long. (Weeks et al, 2005)
Stems Trunks are up to 20" in diameter. (UW, 2009) In the lower Mississippi Valley it attains commercial timber size, reaching up to 4" (1.2 m) in diameter. (NPIN, 2007)
Leaves are 3-6" long. (Hultman, 1978) Leaves are up to 5" long. (NPIN, 2007)
This is not a preferred ornamental since the lifespan is moderate and the wood is susceptible to physical damage. (Weeks et al, 2005) Large trees are valuable in binding soil banks, thus preventing soil erosion and flood damage. Mats and poles made from Black Willow trunks and branches can provide further protection of riverbanks and levees. One of the lightest of all Eastern hardwoods, it is extremely weak in a structural sense. Yet it has a compliant strength. When nails are driven into it, black willow does not split. It is also a shade tree and honey plant. Ornamental uses include Fall conspicuous foliage, fast growing status, and shade trees. Medicinal uses include preparations of the bark of the roots that is intensely bitter and used to be an ingredient of spring tonics to purge the blood. Other uses include the numerous uses of the wood for millwork, furniture, doors, cabinetwork, boxes, barrels, toys, and pulpwood. During the American Revolution, the wood of black willow (and of other willows) was made into fine charcoal, which was then used to make gunpowder. The young stems are very flexible and are used in basket and furniture making. The twigs can be split in half lengthways, sun-dried and used as the foundation of coiled basketry. The plant is usually coppiced annually when grown for basket making. (NPIN, 2007)
Native American uses included the following. Various preparations of bark, roots, and leaves were used to check bowels, make the hair grow, as a poultice, for fever, for lost voice, for hoarseness, for "feebleness" due to thin blood, for stomach gas, for headaches, and on sprains and bruises. Bark and branches were used to construct various tools and containers. (UM, 2009)
Salix nigra, el sauce negru, ye un árbol orixinariu del este de Norteamérica, dende Nuevu Brunswick y el sur d'Ontario escontra l'oeste hasta Minnesota, y escontra el sur hasta'l norte de Florida y Texas.[1]
Ye un árbol caducifoliu de mediu tamañu, la especie más grande de sauce en Norteamérica, algamando los 10-30 m d'altu, escepcionalmente hasta 45 m, con un tueru de diámetru 50–80 cm. La corteza ye pardu escura a corita, fisurándose nos árboles más vieyos y con frecuencia encrúciense cerca de la base.[2] Los biltos son delgaos, de color variable dende'l verde al marrón, mariellu o púrpura; son, como'l so pariente européu la blimal fráxil (Salix fragilis), débiles na base, rompiéndose de manera uniforme na unión de tosquilar si dóblase fuertemente. Les yemes de les fueyes son pequeñes, de 2-4 mm de llargu, con una sola escala pardu acoloratada apuntada. Les fueyes son alternes, llargues, delgaes, de 5-15 cm de llargu y 0.5-2 cm d'anchu, polo xeneral daqué falcadas, de color verde escuru, brillante en dambos llaos o con un viesu d'un verde más claru, con un cantu finamente dentáu, un curtiu peciolu y un par de pequeñes estípules. Ye una planta dioica, con flores pequeñes, de mariellu verdoso a mariellu que nacen sobre amentos de 2.5-7.5 cm de llongura a principios de la primavera, coles mesmes qu'apaecen les fueyes nueves. El frutu ye una cápsula de 5 mm que s'abrir al maurecer pa lliberar numberoses granes pequeñes, cubiertes per debaxo. Les fueyes volver d'un color mariellu llimón na seronda.[3] Alcuéntrase de normal a lo llargo de los regueros y nos banzaos.[4][5][6]
Salix gooddingii (n'inglés, Goodding's Willow, lliteralmente, "sauce de Goodding") dacuando ta consideráu un S. nigra como una variedá, como S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; cuando s'inclúi, esto estiende la área de distribución de la especie escontra l'oeste de Norteamérica. Sicasí, los dos de normal son trataos como especies distintes.[7]
Según el Rexistru Nacional de Grandes Árboles de los EE.XX. el sauce negru más grande del país alcuéntrase en Hennepin, Minnesota. Tien un altor de 63 pies, y una circunferencia de 32 pies y una copa de 73 pies.[8]
El Marlboro Tree ("Árbol de Marlboro") que s'atopa en Marlboro, Nueva Jersey ta certificáu pol Estáu de Nueva Jersey como l'exemplar más grande conocíu d'esti árbol nesi estáu. Tien una edá d'aprosimao 152 años y mide 76 pies d'altu y 19' 8" de circunferencia. Tienen De coyer les manes cinco adultos pa poder arrodiar tol árbol.[9]
Los raigaños del sauce negru son bien amargoses, y usáronse como sustitutu de la quinina nel pasáu. Los Ojibwa de los Grandes Llagos usaben les cañes nueves y les ramines pa faer cestos y otres partes usar pa tratar la indixestión. La corteza del árbol puede usase tamién pa faer un té amargoso con componentes químicos paecencies a los de la aspirina.
Salix nigra describióse por Humphry Marshall y espublizóse en Arbustrum Americanum 139–140. 1785.[10]
Salix: nome xenéricu llatín pal sauce, les sos cañes y madera.[11]
nigra: epítetu llatín que significa "negra".[12]
Salix nigra, el sauce negru, ye un árbol orixinariu del este de Norteamérica, dende Nuevu Brunswick y el sur d'Ontario escontra l'oeste hasta Minnesota, y escontra el sur hasta'l norte de Florida y Texas.
Salix nigra (lat. Salix nigra) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin söyüd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Salix nigra (lat. Salix nigra) - söyüdkimilər fəsiləsinin söyüd cinsinə aid bitki növü.
Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide[1] oder Schwarze Weide[2] (Salix nigra) ist ein kleiner Baum aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) mit dunkelbrauner Borke und dunkelgrünen Blattoberseiten. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in Nordamerika.
Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide ist ein bis zu 20 Meter hoher Baum mit rauer, dunkelbrauner Borke und schlanken, abstehenden Ästen. Die Zweige sind gelblich und anfangs etwas behaart. Die Laubblätter haben breit halbherzförmige Nebenblätter und einen 3 bis 6 Millimeter langen Stiel. Die Blattspreite ist 8 bis 12 Zentimeter lang, 0,5 bis 2 Zentimeter breit, linealisch-lanzettlich bis lanzettlich, zugespitzt, mit keilförmiger Basis und fein gesägtem Blattrand. Die Blattoberseite ist dunkelgrün und kahl, die Unterseite ist hellgrün und manchmal entlang der Blattadern schwach behaart.[3][4]
Als Blütenstände werden 3 bis 8 Zentimeter lange, zylindrische und gestielte Kätzchen gebildet. Die Tragblätter sind hellgelb und flaumig behaart. Männliche Blüten haben drei bis sieben Staubblätter. Der Fruchtknoten weiblicher Blüten ist deutlich gestielt und kahl, die Narbe ist fast sitzend. Als Früchte werden 3 bis 5 Millimeter lange Kapseln gebildet[5]. Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide blüht mit dem Blattaustrieb von April bis Mai.[3][4]
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 38.[5]
Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet liegt in Nordamerika und reicht von Ostkanada (Süden von New Brunswick, Ontario und Quebec) über den Osten und die Mitte der Vereinigten Staaten bis nach Florida und Texas.[6] Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide wächst in Auen und an Gewässerufern bis in 1400 Metern Höhe[5] auf frischen bis feuchten, schwach sauren bis alkalischen Untergrund aus Sand, Kies oder Schotter an sonnigen Standorten. Die Art ist wärmeliebend und frosthart. Das Verbreitungsgebiet wird der Winterhärtezone 4 zugeordnet mit mittleren jährlichen Minimaltemperaturen von −34,4 bis −28,9 °C (−30 bis −20 °F).[4]
Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide (Salix nigra) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) in der Familie der Weidengewächse (Salicaceae).[6] Sie wurde 1785 von Humphry Marshall erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben.[6] Der Gattungsname Salix stammt aus dem Lateinischen und wurde schon von den Römern für verschiedene Weidenarten verwendet.[7] Das Artepitheton nigra stammt ebenfalls aus dem Lateinischen und bedeutet „schwarz“.[8]
Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide wird nur sehr selten verwendet, sie gilt jedoch als Arzneipflanze.[4]
Die Amerikanische Schwarz-Weide oder Schwarze Weide (Salix nigra) ist ein kleiner Baum aus der Gattung der Weiden (Salix) mit dunkelbrauner Borke und dunkelgrünen Blattoberseiten. Das natürliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Art liegt in Nordamerika.
Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[2]
Salix nigra is a medium-sized deciduous tree, the largest North American species of willow, growing to 10–30 m (35–100 ft) tall, exceptionally up to 45 m (148 ft), with a trunk 50–80 centimeters (20–30 in) diameter. The bark is dark brown to blackish, becoming fissured in older trees, and frequently forking near the base.[3] The shoots are slender and variable in color from green to brown, yellow or purplish; they are (like the related European Salix fragilis) brittle at the base, snapping evenly at the branch junction if bent sharply. The foliage buds are 2–4 millimetres (1⁄16–3⁄16 in) long, with a single, pointed reddish-brown bud scale. The leaves are alternate, long, thin, 5–15 centimeters (2–6 in) long and 0.5–2 centimeters (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) broad, usually somewhat falcate, dark, shiny green on both sides or with a lighter green underside, with a finely serrated margin, a short petiole and a pair of small stipules. It is dioecious, with small, greenish yellow to yellow flowers borne on catkins 2.5–7.5 centimeters (1–3 in) long in early spring at the same time as the new leaves appear. The fruit is a 5 millimeters (3⁄16 in) capsule which splits open when mature to release the numerous minute, down-covered seeds. The leaves turn a lemon yellow in the fall.[3]
Salix nigra is native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.[2] It is also found in parts of Mexico, both south and west of the Rio Grande. It has also been introduced along streams in the state of Utah.[4] Salix nigra grows best in areas of full sun and wet or moist soils.[5] Thus, it is typically found along streams and in swamps.[6][7][8]
Black willow is part of the Salicaceae, the willow family.[9] The accepted name for black willow is: Salix nigra Marshall. Marshall, the "Father of American Dendrology",[9] first described this taxon in 1785.
Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) is sometimes considered a variety of S. nigra as S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; when recognized, this extends the range of S. nigra to western North America. However, the two are usually treated as distinct species.[10] Some other related taxa and synonyms are S. nigra var. altissima, S. nigra var. brevijulis, S. nigra var. longifolia, S. nigra var. marginata, and S. nigra var. wardii.[11]
Another name occasionally used for black willow is "swamp willow", not to be confused with Salix myrtilloides (swamp willow). Other common names include "Goodding willow", "southwestern black willow", "Dudley willow", and "sauz" (a Spanish word).[12]
Salix nigra is dioecious, which means it has separate male and female trees.[13] Flowering may be climate dependent. It flowers during February in the southern part of its range, and flowers until June in the northern parts. These trees are capable of producing seeds when they are around the age of 10 years. The black willow continuously has good seed crops year after year, with only a few failures. The seeds require very specific conditions to germinate. They prefer soil that is very wet or flooded. After they germinate, they can experience excellent growth if they are exposed to high sunlight and copious moisture during the growing season.[14]
Black willow are capable of developing special features related to flood tolerance to help them survive in flooded habitats.[1] Under flooded conditions, black willow develop hypertrophied lenticels and water roots. Black willows are also sensitive to drought conditions. Black willows living in drought conditions experience inhibition of their branch and root growth.[15]
Early season leaves of some species in the Salix genus generally contain denser indumentum than leaves that are produced later in the season. Indumentum refers to hairs that are red or brown in color. Salix have first leaves, which are leaves that grow from the bud, and can also be called leaves that are "preformed". The leaves that form as the branch continues to grow out are called new leaves, or "neoformed".[16]
According to the National Register of Big Trees, the largest black willow tree in the US is in Hennepin, Minnesota. Its height is 63 feet (19 m), circumference is 32 feet (9.8 m) and spread is 73 feet (22 m).
The Marlboro Tree, located in Marlboro Township, New Jersey is certified by the State of New Jersey as the largest known example of this tree in the state. It is about 152 years old and measures 76 feet (23 m) in height and 19.7 feet (6.0 m) in circumference. Five grown people must hold hands to fully encircle the tree.[17]
Black willow roots are very bitter, and have been used as a substitute for quinine in the past.[18] Ethnobotanical uses of black willow by various Native American tribes include basketry, and treatment of fever, headache, and coughs.[19] It was recognized that using the bark and leaves of Salix nigra was useful in treating rheumatism.
The black willow is the only United States native willow species to be used as timber for a variety of different items. Black willow lumber is used in furniture and shipping containers. The largest production site for black willow timber was in Louisiana at its peak during the 1970s.[20]
The wood of Salix nigra is very lightweight. The wood was once used for artificial limbs, such as wooden hands.[21] It is also capable of maintaining its shape, does not splinter very easily, and has a moderately high shock resistance, allowing it to sustain continuous moderate impacts.[21]
It may also be used in environmental restoration. Black willow is very resistant to herbivory, flooding, and is an erosion control tool. Salix nigra is used for marshland stabilization or restoration projects as long as the roots don't penetrate any clay liner that may be in place.[22][23] Salix nigra demonstrated some success as a photodegradation tool.[24] Photodegradation is theorized to work by drawing the target chemical, such as Bentazon, up the roots and stem into the leaves where it is degraded by higher energy radiation provided by the sun.[24]
Black willows are susceptible to diseases such as Crown gall and Cankers. Crown gall is caused by bacteria living in the soil where the black willow is present. When black willow are infected, the bacteria stimulate a quick burst in growth of plant cells. They cause the tree to form tumor-like growths, or "galls" on different parts of the tree such as their roots or on the lower branches. As these galls get bigger, they become hard, woody, brown in color, and corky. Black willows do not normally die from crown galls. However, these galls can cause a disruption in the flow of nutrients throughout the tree and can have its normal growth stunted or slowed down due to this disease. Crown galls are less problematic in soils that are more acidic, thus soil pH can be an important factor in helping to limit this disease.[25]
Black canker disease is caused by the fungus Glomerella miyabeana. This disease starts as spotting on the leaves of the black willow, where it then spreads to the petiole and eventually the twig or branch holding the leaf. It then forms black patches on the stem of the tree that are capable of expanding. Black Willows that are in nutrient-poor locations or that are experiencing poor temporary climate conditions (such as a temporary lack of rainfall or short, drought-like conditions) are considered stressed and very susceptible to the spread of these cankers. Tissue on the black willow that is affected by these cankers will not grow with the rest of the tree, and cracks will begin to form.[26]
Salix nigra, the black willow, is a species of willow native to eastern North America, from New Brunswick and southern Ontario west to Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and Texas.
Salix nigra, el sauce negro, es un árbol originario del este de Norteamérica, desde Nuevo Brunswick y el sur de Ontario hacia el oeste hasta Minnesota, y hacia el sur hasta el norte de Florida y Texas.[1]
Es un árbol caducifolio de medio tamaño, la especie más grande de sauce en Norteamérica, alcanzando los 10-30 m de alto, excepcionalmente hasta 45 m, con un tronco de diámetro 50–80 cm. La corteza es pardo oscura a negruzca, fisurándose en los árboles más viejos y con frecuencia se bifurcan cerca de la base.[2] Los brotes son delgados, de color variable desde el verde al marrón, amarillo o púrpura; son, como su pariente europeo la mimbrera frágil (Salix fragilis), débiles en la base, rompiéndose de manera uniforme en la unión de las rapas si se dobla fuertemente. Las yemas de las hojas son pequeñas, de 2-4 mm de largo, con una sola escala pardo rojiza apuntada. Las hojas son alternas, largas, delgadas, de 5-15 cm de largo y 0.5-2 cm de ancho, por lo general algo falcadas, de color verde oscuro, brillante en ambos lados o con un envés de un verde más claro, con un borde finamente dentado, un corto pecíolo y un par de pequeñas estípulas. Es una planta dioica, con flores pequeñas, de amarillo verdoso a amarillo que nacen sobre amentos de 2.5-7.5 cm de largo a principios de la primavera, al mismo tiempo que aparecen las hojas nuevas. El fruto es una cápsula de 5 mm que se abre al madurar para liberar numerosas semillas pequeñas, cubiertas por debajo. Las hojas se vuelven de un color amarillo limón en el otoño.[2] Se encuentra normalmente a lo largo de los arroyos y en los pantanos.[3][4][5]
Salix gooddingii (en inglés, Goodding's Willow, literalmente, "sauce de Goodding") a veces está considerado un S. nigra como una variedad, como S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley; cuando se incluye, esto extiende el área de distribución de la especie hacia el oeste de Norteamérica. Sin embargo, los dos normalmente son tratados como especies distintas.[6]
Según el Registro Nacional de Grandes Árboles de los EE. UU. el sauce negro más grande del país se encuentra en Hennepin, Minnesota. Tiene una altura de 63 pies, y una circunferencia de 32 pies y una copa de 73 pies.[7]
El Marlboro Tree ("Árbol de Marlboro") que se encuentra en Marlboro, Nueva Jersey está certificado por el Estado de Nueva Jersey como el ejemplar más grande conocido de este árbol en ese estado. Tiene una edad de aproximadamente 152 años y mide 76 pies de alto y 19' 8" de circunferencia. Deben cogerse las manos cinco adultos para poder rodear todo el árbol.[8]
Las raíces del sauce negro son muy amargas, y se han usado como sustituto de la quinina en el pasado. Los Ojibwa de los Grandes Lagos usaban las ramas jóvenes y las ramitas para hacer cestos y otras partes se usaban para tratar la indigestión. La corteza del árbol puede usarse también para hacer un té amargo con componentes químicos parecidos a los de la aspirina.
Salix nigra fue descrita por Humphry Marshall y publicado en Arbustrum Americanum 139–140. 1785.[9]
Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.[10]
nigra: epíteto latino que significa "negra".[11]
Salix nigra, el sauce negro, es un árbol originario del este de Norteamérica, desde Nuevo Brunswick y el sur de Ontario hacia el oeste hasta Minnesota, y hacia el sur hasta el norte de Florida y Texas.
Salix nigra
Le saule noir (Salix nigra) est un arbre de la famille des Salicacées vivant en Amérique du Nord.
Sa taille est moyenne (10 à 30 m de haut, exceptionnellement 45 m, son tronc atteint 80 cm de diamètre), c'est l'espèce de saule la plus courante en Amérique du Nord. Son écorce est noir-brûnatre à noirâtre, devenant crevassée sur les vieux arbres, souvent ramifiés dès la souche[1].
Les pousses récentes sont minces et de couleur variable de vert à brun, jaune à violet. Elles ressemblent à celles du parent européen Salix fragilis, fragiles à la base, cassant souvent si elles sont pliées brusquement.
Les bourgeons font 4 mm de long, avec un simple point brun-rougeâtre. Les feuilles sont alternes, longues et fines, de 5 à 15 cm de long et de 0,5 à 2 cm de large, noires, vert brillant sur les deux faces ou avec un vert léger au-dessous, avec une fine marge dentée. Elles sont munies d'un court pétiole et d'une paire de stipules.
C'est une plante dioïque, avec de petites fleurs vert-jaunâtre à jaunes composant des chatons de 2,5 à 7,5 cm de long et apparaissant au début du printemps, en même temps que les feuilles.
Le fruit est une capsule de 5 mm qui s'ouvre à maturité pour libérer les nombreuses graines minuscules couvertes d'un léger duvet. Les feuilles virent au jaune avant leur chute[1]. L'espèce peuple typiquement les rives de cours d'eau et les marais[2],[3],[4].
L'espèce Salix gooddingii (Goodding's willow) est parfois classée comme une variété de Salix nigra : S. nigra var. vallicola Dudley ; cela étend l'aire de distribution à l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. Cependant, les deux taxons sont le plus souvent traités comme des espèces différentes[5].
Parmi d'autres :
Ne pas confondre le saule noir avec l'espèce eurasiatique appelée en français saule noircissant (Salix myrsinifolia) qui est un arbuste.
Salix nigra
Le saule noir (Salix nigra) est un arbre de la famille des Salicacées vivant en Amérique du Nord.
Salix nigra é uma espécie de salgueiro nativas para o leste da América do Norte, de Nova Brunswick e Ontário do sul para o oeste para Minnesota, e do sul para o norte da Flórida e Texas.[1] É uma árvore caducifólia de tamanho médio, com tamanho entre 10 a 30 metros de altura com um tronco de 50 a 80 centímetros de diâmetro. O súber é de marrom escuro a negro, tornando-se fissurado em árvores velhas que frequentemente bifurcam-se na base.[2] Os ramos são escassos, variando em cor do verde ao marrom, amarelo e púrpureo. O maior exemplar da espécie está localizada em Marlboro Township, New Jersey e tem aproximadamente 152 anos de idade e 23 metros de altura.[3] As raízes são bastante amargas, tendo sido usadas no passado como uma substituto da quinina. Os Ojibwa usavam utilizavam ramos e galhos jovens para fazer cestas e outras partes eram utilizadas para tratar indigestões. O súder da árvore também pode ser utilizado para fazer um chá amargo com composto químico similar a aspirina.[carece de fontes?]
Salix nigra é uma espécie de salgueiro nativas para o leste da América do Norte, de Nova Brunswick e Ontário do sul para o oeste para Minnesota, e do sul para o norte da Flórida e Texas. É uma árvore caducifólia de tamanho médio, com tamanho entre 10 a 30 metros de altura com um tronco de 50 a 80 centímetros de diâmetro. O súber é de marrom escuro a negro, tornando-se fissurado em árvores velhas que frequentemente bifurcam-se na base. Os ramos são escassos, variando em cor do verde ao marrom, amarelo e púrpureo. O maior exemplar da espécie está localizada em Marlboro Township, New Jersey e tem aproximadamente 152 anos de idade e 23 metros de altura. As raízes são bastante amargas, tendo sido usadas no passado como uma substituto da quinina. Os Ojibwa usavam utilizavam ramos e galhos jovens para fazer cestas e outras partes eram utilizadas para tratar indigestões. O súder da árvore também pode ser utilizado para fazer um chá amargo com composto químico similar a aspirina.[carece de fontes?]
Črna vrba (znanstveno ime Salix nigra) je listopadno drevo iz družine vrbovk.
Črna vrba zraste do 12 metrov visoko, gosta krošnja pa je sestavljena iz tankih vej, ki se zlahka odlomijo. Deblo drevesa ima luskasto lubje svetle barve. Listi so suličasti in imajo narezan rob. Na obeh straneh so svetlo zelene barve. Cvetovi so enospolni in združeni v socvetja, imenovana mačice. Moške mačice so dolge od 2 do 5 cm in imajo 3 do 5 prašnikov. Ženske mačice so še manjše in imajo pestič z brazdo. Za razliko od drugih vrbovk se drevo ne oprašuje samo z vetrom, temveč jih oprašujejo tudi žuželke. Iz oprašenih cvetov se razvijejo semena, ki imajo na koncu dolge dlačice.
Črna vrba je samonikla v Severni Ameriki, uspeva pa povsod v zmernem pasu. Najraje ima dobro namočeno zamljo, zato se po večini zadržuje ob vodi. Voda poskrbi tudi za vegetativno razmnoževanje, saj se odpadle vejice zlahka ukoreninijo. Poleg takega razmnoževanja se črna vrba razmnožuje tudi s semeni.
Črna vrba (znanstveno ime Salix nigra) je listopadno drevo iz družine vrbovk.
Salix nigra Marsh. är en buske eller ett träd, som grenar sig tätt intill marken.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[1]
Grenar sig tätt intill marken. Bark svartaktigt brun. Fullvuxna exemplar kan få en stamdiameter på 50 … 80 cm. Kvistarna är gulbruna; de nedersta bryts lätt av. Nedfallna grenar slår lätt rot.
Bladen, som sitter ett och ett på kvisten med en kort stjälk, är smala, tillspetsade i bägge ändar, 5 cm långa och 2,5 cm breda. De är mörkgröna på ovansidan; ljusgröna på undersidan. Följande färgprover utgör medelvärden av uppmätta färger i taxoboxens illustration.
Blommar i april … maj. Blommorna bildar ax (hängen) i änden på årsskotten. 3 … 5 ståndare, någon gång fler än 5. Pistillen fjällig.
Frukten är en 5 mm stor kapsel. När den fullmogen spricker faller ett stort antal mycket små hårbevuxna frön ut. Håren underlättar spridning till ett större område.
Stiplerna lutar åt sidan och rör sig i vinden.
Bladen gulnar, innan de fälls på hösten. Samtidigt faller många av årsskotten av, vilket begränsar höjdtillväxten. Höjden överstiger sällan 4 m, men kan i enstaka fall bli tio gånger mer.
Vinterknopparna är ca 3 mm tvärs över.
Oftast blir livslängden inte mer ca 15 år, men enstaka fall mer än 150 år gamla är kända.
Kromosomtalet är 2n = 38.
Barken innehåller salicylsyra (som fått sitt namn med inspiration från Salix).
Våtmarker, längs långsamflytande vattendrag.
Upp till 1 400 m ö h.
Svagt sur till svagt basisk mark. Soliga lägen. Både värmeälskande och köldtålig.
Sand, grus.
Salix är romarnas samlingsnamn på flera videarter.
Nigra är latin och betyder svart, vilket torde syfta på barkens mörka färg.
Nordamerikas ursprungsfolk har använt Salix nigra till flätning avkorgar. Från barken har de utvunnit salicylsyran, som kan användas febernedsättande och mot huvudvärk.
Plantering av Salix negra kan användas för att binda lös mark.
Hängena sitter alltid i änden på ett årsskott
En hel rad av Salix nigra i en våtmark
Somliga grenar visar bladens mörka ovansida; andra den ljusa undersidan.
Salix nigra Marsh. är en buske eller ett träd, som grenar sig tätt intill marken.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Salix nigra Marshall
АреалИ́ва чёрная[2] (лат. Salix nigra) — вид цветковых растений из рода Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae).
В синонимику растения входят следующие названия:[3]
В природе ареал вида охватывает юго-восточные районы Канады и восточную половину США[4].
Хорошо размножается черенками.
Дерево высотой до 10—12 м и диаметром ствола до 30 см.
Листья ланцетные, длиной 5—8 см, шириной 0,3—1,8 см, длинно-заострённые и на верхнем конце обычно искривлённые и у основания закруглённые или клинообразные, острозубчатые, сверху светло-зелёные, гладкие и блестящие, снизу тёмно-зелёные, на коротких черешках. Прилистники полусердцевидные, рано опадающие.
Тычинки в числе трёх—пяти, на длинных свободных нитях. Завязь яйцевидно-овальная, голая; столбик короткий; рыльца короткие с расходящимися лопастями.
Цветёт в мае, одновременно с распусканием листьев.
Древесина высокого качества; широко используется для разных поделок.
Как быстрорастущее и декоративное растение может быть рекомендована для разведения во всей лесной зоне.
Вид Ива чёрная входит в род Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae) порядка Мальпигиецветные (Malpighiales).
И́ва чёрная (лат. Salix nigra) — вид цветковых растений из рода Ива (Salix) семейства Ивовые (Salicaceae).