dcsimg

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 5 - 6; Dorsal soft rays (total): 12 - 13; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 15 - 17
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Recorder
Armi G. Torres
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Migration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
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Rainer Froese
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Occurs inshore (Ref. 75154). Occurs mainly in brackish mangrove estuaries, but also penetrates freshwater rivers and small streams (Ref. 4833, 44894). Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 45255). Found along the shores of flowing and standing waters. Occurs in shaded areas with overhanging vegetation (Ref. 12693, 44894). Inhabits medium to large-sized rivers (Ref. 12975). Also found in lakes and billabongs (Ref. 44894).
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Pascualita Sa-a
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Occurs mainly in brackish mangrove estuaries, but also penetrates freshwater rivers and small streams (Ref. 4833, 44894). Inhabits coastal waters (Ref. 45255). Found along the shores of flowing and standing waters. Occurs in shaded areas with overhanging vegetation (Ref. 12693, 44894). Inhabits medium to large-sized rivers (Ref. 12975). Also found in lakes and billabongs (Ref. 44894). Feeds at the surface during the day on floating debris which includes insects and vegetable matter (Ref. 2847). Also consumes crustaceans and small fishes (Ref. 44894). Renowned for its habit of spitting to dislodge its insect prey from tree branches above the water; maximum shooting range is about 150 cm. Breeds from both fresh and brackish water (Ref. 2847, 44894). Breeding takes place in the wet season. Highly fecund female releases buoyant eggs (Ref. 44894). Lays 20,000 to 150,000 eggs, measuring about 0.4 mm in diameter (Ref. 6028). Occasionally caught by anglers and is reasonable eating (Ref. 44894). Sold fresh in markets.
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Rainer Froese
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Importance ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial
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Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822)

USNM 217224, Fly 75–3, 1: 7.9 mm.

USNM 217225, Fly 75–4, 1: 201 mm.

USNM 217226, Fly 75–20, 11: 7.5–84.8 mm.

USNM 217227, Fly 75–22, 2: 35.5–57.3 mm.

USNM 217228, Fly 75–24, 3: 12.9–66.3 mm.

USNM 217229, Fly 75–25, 2: 20.8–41.3 mm.

USNM 217230, Fly 75–27, 4: 35.4–90.3 mm.

USNM 217231, Fly 75–28, 1: 21.0 mm.

USNM 217232, Fly 75–30, 8: 12.2–31.4 mm.

The identification of this species has been confirmed by G. R. Allen, who has completed a review of the species of Toxotes (Allen, in press).
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citação bibliográfica
Roberts, Tyson R. 1978. "An ichthyological survey of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea with descriptions of new species." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-72. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.281

Toxotes chatareus ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
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Dibuix
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Toxotes chatareus
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Vista lateral

Toxotes chatareus és una espècie de peix de la família dels toxòtids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[5]

Descripció

Fa 40 cm de llargària màxima (encara que la seua mida normal és de 25)[6] i 750 g de pes.[7] Cos d'oval a romboide, moderadament comprimit, de blanquinós a gris fosc o marró, de vegades amb una lluentor argentada. Flancs amb una sèrie de 6-7 punts negres a la part superior. Presenta franges horitzontals alternes (clares i fosques) d'intensitat variable (en general, més prominents al ventre). Cap punxegut. Ulls grans. Boca moderadament gran, protràctil i amb la mandíbula inferior sortint. Angle de la mandíbula oblic. Maxi·lars prims, escatosos i sense os suplementari. Dents vil·liformes a les mandíbules, el vòmer i els palatins. Té una mena de ranura longitudinal profunda al sostre de la boca, la qual esdevé un tub per a llançar aigua quan la llengua pressiona contra ella. 5-6 espines i 12-13 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 3 espines i 15-17 radis tous a l'anal. Aletes pelvianes de blanquinoses a groguenques, les quals esdevenen progressivament fosques a la part exterior. Aleta caudal blanquinosa, groguenca o molt fosca. La part espinosa de l'aleta dorsal presenta una coloració de fosca a negrosa, mentre que la part tova és de fosca a negrosa, sovint amb una banda central clara. Aleta anal molt similar a la dorsal. Aleta dorsal contínua, caudal truncada i pectorals punxegudes. Escates moderadament grans i ctenoides, les quals formen fileres horitzontals al cos i s'estenen sobre el cap i les aletes imparelles. Galtes i opercle amb escates. Línia lateral contínua, la qual esdevé corbada per sobre de les aletes pectorals. Sense dimorfisme sexual.[8][9][10]

Reproducció

Té lloc durant l'estació de les pluges tant en aigua dolça com salabrosa[6][11] La femella és extraordinàriament fecunda, ja que pot pondre entre 20.000 i 150.000 ous, els quals són flotants[11] i mesuren al voltant de 0,4 mm de diàmetre.[7] No es reprodueix en captivitat.[12]

Alimentació

Es nodreix durant el dia de matèria vegetal que troba a la superfície i d'insectes que fa caure a l'aigua gràcies al doll d'aigua que expulsa per la boca.[13][6] També menja crustacis i peixets.[11]

Hàbitat i distribució geogràfica

És un peix d'aigua dolça i salabrosa, pelàgic, amfídrom[14] i de clima tropical (25 °C-30 °C),[15] el qual viu als estuaris de manglars d'aigua salabrosa, rius mitjans i grans,[16] rierols,[17][11] aigües costaneres,[18] àrees ombrívoles amb vegetació flotant,[19][11] llacs i meandres abandonats[11] des del Pakistan,[20][18][21] Sri Lanka,[22][7] l'Índia[23][18][17] (incloent-hi les illes Andaman)[24] i Bangladesh[25][26][27][28][29] fins a Birmània,[30][31] Cambodja,[32][19][33][34][35][36][37] Laos,[38][39][40][41] Tailàndia,[42][43][44][45] el Vietnam,[46][47][48] Malàisia,[49][50][51][52] Indonèsia,[53][54][55] les illes Filipines,[56][15][57][58] Nova Guinea[6][59][60][61][62] i el nord d'Austràlia.[63][11][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][3][10][80]

Vida en captivitat

És un dels tres únics peixos arquers que formen part del comerç de peixos ornamentals (els altres dos són Toxotes jaculatrix i Toxotes microlepis) i, tot i que en estat salvatge és capaç d'assolir els 40 cm de llargada, en captivitat només arriba als 20.[81] Li cal, com a mínim, un aquari de 170-209 litres d'aigua salabrosa[82] i, si és possible, que no sigui massa curt o que estigui descobert,[83] ja que aquesta espècie té la capacitat de saltar fora de l'aigua.[84] És compatible amb altres exemplars de la seua espècie i de mida similar, però els individus més grossos poden assetjar els més petits.[85]

Estat de conservació

És bastant comú i no es considera que estigui en perill d'extinció. No obstant això, la destrucció dels manglars,[84] la construcció de preses[86] i la sobrepesca[87] són les seues principals amenaces potencials. A més, el creixement demogràfic del sud-est asiàtic també està causant la contaminació dels seus hàbitats.[84]

Observacions

És inofensiu per als humans,[10] pescat de manera ocasional, forma part de la dieta de les poblacions locals[11] i es pot trobar fresc als mercats.[10]

Referències

  1. Cuvier G., 1816. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Edition 1. Règne Animal (ed. 1). V. 2. i-xviii + 1-532.
  2. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton, 1822. An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches. Edimburg & Londres. Fishes Ganges: i-vii + 1-405, Pls. 1-39.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 Catalogue of Life (anglès)
  4. uBio (anglès)
  5. The Taxonomicon (anglès)
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Allen, G. R., 1991. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of New Guinea. Publication, núm. 9. 268 p. Christensen Research Institute, Madang, Papua Nova Guinea. Pàg. 141.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 Pethiyagoda, R., 1991. Freshwater fishes of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 362 p. Pàg. 225.
  8. 1999-2013 AquaBase (francès)
  9. Fishes of Australia (anglès)
  10. 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 FishBase (anglès)
  11. 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 11,7 Allen, G. R., S. H. Midgley i M. Allen, 2002. Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Austràlia Occidental. 394 p. Pàg. 249.
  12. 2013 Seriously Fish (anglès)
  13. Dill L. M., 1977. Refraction and Spitting Behavior of Archerfish (Toxotes chatareus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2: 169-184.
  14. Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
  15. 15,0 15,1 Riehl, R. i H. A. Baensch, 1991. Aquarien Atlas. Band. 1. Melle: Mergus, Verlag für Natur- und Heimtierkunde, Alemanya. 992 p. Pàg. 812.
  16. Taki, Y., 1978. An analytical study of the fish fauna of the Mekong basin as a biological production system in nature. Research Institute of Evolutionary Biology Special Publications núm. 1, 77 p. Tòquio, el Japó. Pàg. 40.
  17. 17,0 17,1 Talwar, P. K. i A. G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volum 2. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam. Pàg. 871.
  18. 18,0 18,1 18,2 Kapoor, D., R. Dayal i A.G. Ponniah, 2002. Fish biodiversity of India. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, l'Índia. 775 p. Pàg. 517.
  19. 19,0 19,1 Rainboth, W. J., 1996. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Roma, 265 p. Pàg. 189.
  20. All fishes of Pakistan - FishBase (anglès)
  21. Manilo, L. G. i S. V. Bogorodsky, 2003. Taxonomic composition, diversity and distribution of coastal fishes of the Arabian Sea. Journal of Ichthyology, v. 43 (suppl. 1): S75-S149.
  22. All fishes of Sri Lanka - FishBase (anglès)
  23. All fishes of India - FishBase (anglès)
  24. Rajan, P. T., C. R. Sreeraj i T. Immanuel, 2011. Fish fauna of coral reef, mangrove, freshwater, offshore and seagrass beds of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Haddo, Port Blair.
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  26. Rahman, A.K.A., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Zoological Society of Bangladesh. Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka. 364 p. Pàgs. 332-333.
  27. Ahmed, M., 1991. A model to determine benefits obtainable from the management of riverine fisheries of Bangladesh. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 28, 133 p. Pàg. 131.
  28. Al-Mamun, A., 2003. A hand guide for identification of inland fishes of Bangladesh. WorldFish Centre-Bangladesh.
  29. Ataur Rahman, A. K., 2003. Freshwater fishes of Bangladesh. Segona edició. Zoological Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka. i-xviii + 1-394.
  30. All fishes of Myanmar - FishBase (anglès)
  31. Hla Win, U., 1987. Checklist of fishes of Burma. Ministry of Livestock Breeding and Fisheries, Department of Fisheries, Burma.
  32. All fishes of Cambodia - FishBase (anglès)
  33. Kottelat, M., 1985. Fresh-water fishes of Kampuchea. Hydrobiologia 121: 249-279. Pàg. 273.
  34. Lamberts, D. i T. Sarath, 1997. Base line information on the ecology of the fish and the habitats of the flood area of the Tonlé Sap Lake in Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. GCP/CMB/002/BEL.
  35. Lim, P., S. Lek, S. T. Touch, S.-O. Mao i B. Chhouk, 1999. Diversity and spatial distribution of freshwater fish in Great Lake and Tonle Sap River (Cambodia, Southeast Asia). Aquat. Living Resour. 12(6):379-386. Pàg. 383.
  36. Motomura, H., S. Tsukawaki i T. Kamiya, 2002. A preliminary survey of the fishes of Lake Tonle Sap near Siem Reap, Cambodia. Bull. Natn. Sci. Mus. 28(4):233-246. Pàg. 238.
  37. Poeu, O. i P. Dubeau, 2004. Value of floodplain fisheries in Kompong Traolach district, Kompong Chhnang province. P. 32-36. A: M. Torell, A. Salamanca i B. Ratner (eds.). Wetlands management in Cambodia: socioeconomic, ecological and policy perspectives. WorldFish Technical Report 64, 55 p. Pàg. 34.
  38. All fishes of Lao People's Dem. Rep. - FishBase (anglès)
  39. Kottelat, M., 2001. Fishes of Laos. WHT Publications Ltd., Colombo 5, Sri Lanka. 198 p. Pàg. 152.
  40. Baird, I. G., 1998. Preliminary fishery stock assessment results from Ban Hang Khone, Khong District, Champasak Province, Southern Lao PDR. Technical Report. Center for Protected Areas and Watershed Management, Department of Forestry, Agriculture and Forestry Division, Champasak Province, Laos. 112 p. Pàg. 99.
  41. Baird, I. G., V. Inthaphaisy, P. Kisouvannalath, B. Phylavanh i B. Mounsouphom, 1999. The fishes of southern Lao. Lao Community Fisheries and Dolphin Protection Project. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Laos. 161 p. Pàg. 128.
  42. [All fishes of Thailand - FishBase] (anglès)
  43. Vidthayanon, C., J. Karnasuta i J. Nabhitabhata, 1997. Diversity of freshwater fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok. 102 p. Pàg. 52.
  44. Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn i T. Songsirikul, 1997. Checklist of Fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, Tailàndia. 353 p. Pàg. 185.
  45. Sidthimunka, A., 1970. A report on the fisheries survey of the Mekong River in the vicinity of the Pa Mong Dam site. Inland Fisheries Division, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Tailàndia. 75 p. Pàg. 15.
  46. All fishes of Viet Nam - FishBase (anglès)
  47. Khoa, T. T. i T. T. T. Huong, 1993. Dinh Loai Cá Nuóc Ngot Vùng Dông Bang Sông Cuu Long. Khoa Thuy San Truong Dai Hoc Can Tho. (Nutrició dels peixos d'aigua dolça del delta del riu Mekong. Departament de Pesca de la Universitat de Can Tho). Pàg. 7.
  48. Huynh, D. H., 1998. Rare valuable animals in Vietnam. P. 23-56. A: C.V. Sung (ed.). Environment and bioresources of Vietnam: present situation and solutions. The Gioi Publishers, Hanoi. Pàg. 50.
  49. All fishes of Malaysia - FishBase (anglès)
  50. Martin-Smith, K. M. i H. H. Tan, 1998. Diversity of freshwater fishes from eastern Sabah: annotated checklist for Danum valley and a consideration of inter- and intra-catchment variability. Raffles Bull. Zool. 46(2):573-604. Pàg. 592.
  51. Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2009. Valid local name of Malaysian marine fishes. Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 180 p.
  52. Mohsin, A. K. M. i M. A. Ambak, 1983. Freshwater fishes of Peninsular Malaysia. Penerbit Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malàisia. 284 p. Pàg. 211.
  53. All fishes of Indonesia - FishBase (anglès)
  54. Kottelat, M., A. J. Whitten, S. N. Kartikasari i S. Wirjoatmodjo, 1993. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 221 p. Pàg. 120.
  55. Schuster, W. H. i R. Djajadiredja, 1952. Local common names of Indonesian fishes. W. V. Hoeve, Bandung, Indonèsia. 276 p.
  56. All fishes of Philippines - FishBase (anglès)
  57. Herre, A. W. C .T. i A. F. Umali, 1948. English and local common names of Philippine fishes. U. S. Dept. of Interior and Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circular Núm. 14, U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington. 128 p. Pàg. 64.
  58. Herre, A. W. C. T., 1953. Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., (20): 977 p. Pàg. 492.
  59. Hitchcock, G., 2002. Fish Fauna of the Bensbach river, southwest Papua New Guinea. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 48(1):119-122. Pàg. 121.
  60. Kailola, P. J., 1987. The fishes of Papua New Guinea: a revised and annotated checklist. Vol. II Scorpaenidae to Callionymidae. Research Bulletin Núm. 41, Research Section, Dept. of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Papua Nova Guinea. Pàg. 329.
  61. Roberts, T. R., 1978. An ichthyological survey of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea with descriptions of new species. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. Núm. 281: 1-72.
  62. Allen, G. R., K. G. Hortle i S. J. Renyaan, 2000. Freshwater fishes of the Timika region, New Guinea. Timika (PT Freeport Indonesian Company, Timika Environmental Laboratory). i-ix + 1-175.
  63. All fishes of Australia - FishBase (anglès)
  64. McKay, R. J., 1989. Exotic and translocated freshwater fishes in Australia. P. 21-34. A: S.S. De Silva (ed.). Exotic aquatic organisms in Asia. Proceedings of the Workshop on Introduction of Exotic Aquatic Organisms in Asia. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 3, 154 p. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Filipines.
  65. Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen, 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178. Pàg. 1285.
  66. Lake, J. S., 1978. Freshwater fishes of Australia. An illustrated field guide. Nelson Australia, Melbourne, 160 p.
  67. Merrick, J. R. i G. E. Schmida, 1984. Australian freshwater fishes: biology and management. Griffin Press Ltd., Austràlia Meridional. 409 p.
  68. Unmack, P. J., 2001. Biogeography of Australian freshwater fishes. Journal of Biogeography. V. 28: 1053-1089.
  69. Hutchins, J. B., 2001. Checklist of the fishes of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement Suppl. Núm. 63: 9-50.
  70. Allen, G. R., 1997. Marine fishes of tropical Australia and south-east Asia. Western Australian Museum, Perth. 1-292.
  71. Larson, H. K. i R. S. Williams, 1997. Darwin Harbour fishes: a survey and annotated checklist. A: J. R. Hanley, G. Caswell, D. Megirianand i H. K. Larson (eds). Proceedings of the Sixth International Marine Biological Workshop. The Marine Flora and Fauna of Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia. Museums and Art Galleries, Northern Territory and Australian Scientific Association 1997: 339-380.
  72. Salini, J. P., D. T. Brewer i S. J. M. Blaber, 1998. Dietary studies on the predatory fishes of the Norman River estuary, with particular reference to penaeid prawns. Estuar. Coast. Shelf-Sci. 46(6):837-847. Pàg. 840.
  73. Allen, G. R. i R. Swainston, 1988. The marine fishes of north-western Australia. A field guide for anglers and divers. Western Australian Museum, Perth. i-vi + 1-201, Pls. 1-70.
  74. Pusey, B. J., M. J. Kennard i J. Bird, 2000. Fishes of the dune fields of Cape Flattery, northern Queensland and other dune systems in north-eastern Australia. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, v. 11 (núm. 1): 65-74.
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  76. Larson, H. K. i K. C. Martin, 1990. The freshwater fishes of the Northern Territory. Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Science, Darwin, Handbook Series, núm. 1: i-xv + 1-102.
  77. Morgan, D. L., G. R. Allen, B. J. Pusey i D. W. Burrows, 2011. A review of the freshwater fishes of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Zootaxa, núm. 2816: 1-64.
  78. Allen, G. R., 1984. Toxotidae. A: W. Fischer i G. Bianchi (eds.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 4. FAO, Roma.
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  87. Ghaffar, Mazlan; Simon Kumar Das i Zaidi Che Cob, 2008. "Comparison of Scale and Otolith Age Estimates for two Archer Fishes (Toxotes jaculatrix, (Pallas, 1767) and Toxotes chatareus, (Hamilton, 1822)) from Malaysian Estuaries". International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences 2 (3): 129–134. [3]


Bibliografia


Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Toxotes chatareus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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original
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Toxotes chatareus: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA
 src= Dibuix  src= Toxotes chatareus  src= Vista lateral

Toxotes chatareus és una espècie de peix de la família dels toxòtids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Gefleckter Schützenfisch ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Jungfisch

Der Gefleckte Schützenfisch (Toxotes chatareus) ist ein Brackwasserfisch der in Südasien und Ozeanien von Sri Lanka und Indien bis Neuguinea und Nordaustralien vorkommt.

Merkmale

Er erreicht eine Maximallänge von 40 cm, bleibt für gewöhnlich aber bei einer Länge von 25 cm, und ist dem gewöhnlichen Schützenfisch (T. jaculatrix) sehr ähnlich. Im Unterschied zu diesem hat er aber fünf Rückenflossenstacheln (vier bei T. jaculatrix) und auf der oberen Hälfte der Körperseiten eine Reihe unterschiedlich großer, dunkler Flecken. Jungfische beider Arten sehen gleich aus und besitzen eine Querbindenzeichnung. Mit zunehmendem Alter werden die Querbinden bei T. chatareus zu Flecken reduziert und zwischen ihnen erscheinen kleinere Flecken.

Ökologie

Der Gefleckte Schützenfisch lebt vor allem in brackigen Mangroven und Flussmündungen, geht aber auch in Süßwasserzonen. Meist hält er sich unter überhängender Ufervegetation auf und ernährt sich von kleinen Fischen, Krebstieren und Insekten. Die Nahrung wird immer von oder in der Nähe der Wasseroberfläche aufgenommen. Er kann Insekten bis zu einer Entfernung von 1,5 m durch einen Wasserstrahl von ihrem Sitz spucken. Die Fische sind sehr fruchtbar, ein Weibchen legt zwischen 20.000 und 150.000 Eier, die einen Durchmesser von 0,4 mm haben. Sie pflanzen sich in der Regenzeit sowohl im Brackwasser als auch im Süßwasser fort.

Quellen

Weblinks

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original
visite a fonte
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Gefleckter Schützenfisch: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
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Der Gefleckte Schützenfisch (Toxotes chatareus) ist ein Brackwasserfisch der in Südasien und Ozeanien von Sri Lanka und Indien bis Neuguinea und Nordaustralien vorkommt.

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Toxotes chatareus ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Toxotes chatareus, sometimes known by the common names common archerfish, seven-spot archerfish or largescale archerfish, is a species of perciform fish in the archerfish genus Toxotes.[3]

They are usually no larger than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) but may grow up to 40 centimetres (16 in). Unlike most archerfish, T. chatareus are sooty rather than silvery in colour. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, fish, and vegetative matter at the surface of the water. Breeding occurs in the wet season, and 20,000 to 150,000 eggs may be laid at one time.

T. chatareus are distributed throughout southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific and Australia. They may live in brackish or fresh water, inhabiting mangrove swamps and estuaries as well as further upstream in slow-moving rivers. While occasionally caught and eaten, T. chatareus are more commonly kept in the aquarium. They may be sold with other Toxotidae under the collective label "archerfish". Caring for T. chatareus in aquaria is somewhat difficult as they need live food given at the surface, rather than flake food.

Description

Toxotes chatareus are of moderate size, usually between 15 and 20 centimetres (5.9 and 7.9 in).[4] Rarely, they may reach up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in length.[5] T. chatareus weigh up to 700 grams (25 oz).[6] T. chatareus are believed to have a lifespan of three to five years.[6]

T. chatareus have five or six dorsal spines, the fourth of which is the longest,[7] and twelve or thirteen dorsal soft rays.[5] The dorsal spines are generally shorter in specimens collected from freshwater than those from brackish water.[6] T. chatareus also have three anal spines and fifteen to seventeen anal soft rays.[5] T. chatareus have 33 or 34 lateral line scales.[4] The caudal (tail) fin in almost square.[7] The anal fin is undivided[8] and the third anal spine is longest.[7]

Overall, the body is sooty[9] but sometimes silvery or gold.[7] The dorsal side is "greenish brown".[7] The pectoral fins are clear or "dusky" in colour.[6] Pelvic fins may be darker and heavily pigmented.[6] T. chatareus are white and usually has six or seven dark blotches, alternating long and short, along the dorsal side.[9] A dark blotch is also found at the base of the caudal fin. The colour of these blotches may become darker or lighter due to time of day, environment, and stress.[6] The blotches of young fish are darker than those of older fish.[7] Startled or stressed fish are darker than unstressed fish; fish found in cloudy water may be completely white.[6] It is unknown whether sexual dimorphism occurs.[10]

Comparison to other archerfish

T. chatareus can be distinguished by their sooty colour, as opposed to the typical silver of most other archerfish.[9] They have five dorsal spines, whereas T. jaculatrix have four. The markings on their flanks are also alternating long and short spots rather than bands.[9] T. chatareus also have six or seven markings on its sides, whilst banded archerfish have four to five.[9] T. chatareus has 29–30 lateral line scales, compared to 33–35 in T. jaculatrix.[10] T. chatareus are also less common upstream than T. microlepis.[4]

Behaviour

Diet and feeding

Like other archerfish, Toxotes chatareus are able to spit streams of water to knock prey into the water. Despite lacking a neocortex, T. chatareus has well-developed visual cognition and pattern-recognition abilities which allow it to hit prey at distances of up to 150 centimetres (59 in) against complex backgrounds.[5][11] Behaviour studies on the visual processing of T. chatareus have found that this species is able to recognize and distinguish between different human faces.[11] They feed during the day, consuming plant matter and insects.[5] They are omnivorous;[12] their diet comprises crustaceans and other fishes, as well as zooplankton, rotifers, cladocerans, and insects (terrestrial and aquatic).[4] T. chatareus has been called a "specialised insectivore" because it does not prey upon certain insects, particularly those that feed upon C4 plants.[13] Diet appears to be ontogenetic (varying with age); small fish do not consume any vegetative matter, whilst it comprises one-fourth of the diet of larger fish.[14] Diet also varies with location; when upstream, T. chatareus feed on insects, but when in the estuary, they feed on crustaceans.[15]

Breeding

Toxotes chatareus reproduce by spawning. Spawning in T. chatareus are homochronal (females only spawn once per season) and iteroparous (spawning occurs more than once in a fish's lifespan).[6] Breeding in Toxotes chatareus occurs in the wet season. T. chatareus breed both in brackish and in fresh water. Spawning occurs in shallow, muddy lagoons.[6] Females lay about 20,000 to 150,000 buoyant eggs, each 0.4 millimetres in diameter.[5] Females become mature at about 19 centimetres (7.5 in), and males become mature at about 18 centimetres (7.1 in).[6] T. chatareus become reproductively active at 24 months. When they first hatch, larvae may be less than 4 mm in length; when they first feed, they are 5 mm and their mouthparts have become well-developed.[6] There is no parental care in this species.[6] Breeding in this species does not involve travelling downstream; nonetheless, populations may be affected by the construction of obstacles along rivers they inhabit.[6] T. chatareus has not been bred in captivity.[16]

Distribution

Toxotes chatareus are found in India, Burma, Indonesia and New Guinea, and northern Australia.[6][5] They are generally found in temperature ranges of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F),[5] though they have been recorded at temperatures as high as 36 °C (97 °F) in the Alligator Rivers region and as low as 20.5 °C (68.9 °F) in the Burdekin river region; these are believed to be the upper and lower limits of their tolerance, respectively.[6] Brackish mangrove swamps form its main habitat, but T. chatareus are also found in freshwater rivers and streams.[5] It occurs in rivers of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, the Kakadu area of the Northern Territory and Arnhem Land in Australia.[6] On the Mekong river, it may be found as far north as Thailand and Laos.[4] They are also found in the upper parts of the Burdekin river, somehow having overcome the Burdekin Falls.[6] T. chatareus are distributed more "patchily" in eastern Australia, and are less abundant.[6]

T. chatareus are known to occur in shaded areas with vegetation overhead, usually at the top layer of the water column. They are found only where there is an intact riparian area, as this is a major source of their food.[6] T. chatareus are usually not found in fast-flowing streams.[6]

Relationship to humans

Toxotes chatareus have a minor part in fisheries. They are sometimes caught by anglers and are described as "reasonable eating".[5] T. chatareus are caught and sold in markets, where they are often grouped with the banded archerfish and simply sold as "archerfish".[9]

T. chatareus are sometimes kept in the aquarium.[5] In aquaria, they can reach about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length, compared to 40 centimetres (16 in) in the wild.[9] They are one of only three archerfish species to be commonly traded (the others being T. jaculatrix and T. microlepis).[9] They are placed in an aquarium in a minimum size of 100 centimetres (39 in) deep with a volume of 170 to 209 litres (37 to 46 imp gal; 45 to 55 US gal).[16] T. chatareus prefer brackish water and need a tall aquarium.[12] T. chatareus have the ability to "jump" out of the water, which in the wild is used to capture prey on low-hanging branches;[17] they are capable of jumping out of an aquarium that is too short or uncovered.[9] They are compatible with others of their species of similar size, but larger individuals may harass smaller individuals.[10] T. chatareus is fed live food at the surface, though it does occasionally take flake food;[16] because of this, caring for them is not done by beginners in most home aquaria.[12]

T. chatareus are fairly common and not considered endangered. However, the destruction of their mangrove swamp habitat[17] and increased fishing pressure[18] may pose a risk in the future. The construction of weirs and tidal barrages within its habitat may affect populations in rivers.[6] The growing population in Southeast Asia is also causing pollution to its habitat.[17]

A study found increased (greater than 0.5 μg/g) levels of mercury in four out of ten specimens sampled at Lake Murray in Papua New Guinea.[13] This may have contributed to increased mercury levels in locals who consumed several species of fish from the lake, T. chatareus included.[13] Compared to the other fishes tested, T. chatareus displayed a high level of mercury.[13] Sediments from the nearby Porgera gold and silver mine are the source of this mercury; the cause of the high level at which the mercury was accumulated in T. chatareus is not known.[13]

References

  1. ^ Pal, M.; Morgan, D.L. (2019). "Toxotes chatareus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T166566A1137243. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T166566A1137243.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Synonyms of Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822)". FishBase. May 7, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2010.
  3. ^ Martin F. Gomon & Dianne J. Bray (2011) Sevenspot Archerfish, Toxotes chatareus. Fishes of Australia. Retrieved 29 Aug 2014
  4. ^ a b c d e Rainboth, Walter J. (1996). Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. Food & Agriculture Organization. pp. 189. ISBN 978-92-5-103743-0.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Toxotes chatareus" in FishBase. January 2010 version.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Pusey, Brad; Mark J. Kennard; Angela H. Arthington (2004). Freshwater fishes of north-eastern Australia (illustrated ed.). CSIRO Publishing. pp. 419–425. ISBN 978-0-643-06966-4.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Day, Francis (1889). Fishes. Vol. 2. London: Taylor and Francis.
  8. ^ Berra, Tim M. (2007). Freshwater Fish Distribution. University of Chicago Press. pp. 422–423. ISBN 978-0-226-04442-2.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Monks, Neale; Bruce Hansen. "Archerfish, family Toxotidae". Brackish Water Aquarium FAQ. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  10. ^ a b c Baensch, Hans A.; Rudiger Riehl; Hans A. Smith; Eberhard Schulze; Bob Behme (1997). Aquarium Atlas. Vol. 1 (6 ed.). Steven Simpson Books. p. 812. ISBN 978-1-890087-12-8.
  11. ^ a b Newport, Cait; Wallis, Guy; Reshitnyk, Yarema; Siebeck, Ulrike E. (7 June 2016). "Discrimination of human faces by archerfish (Toxotes chatareus)". Scientific Reports. 6: 27523. Bibcode:2016NatSR...627523N. doi:10.1038/srep27523. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4895153. PMID 27272551.
  12. ^ a b c "Largescale Archerfish". Microcosm Aquarium Explorer. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e Apte, S. C.; K.C. Bowles; W.A. Maher; R.E.W. Smith (July 2000). "MERCURY CYCLING IN LAKE MURRAY, PAPUA NEW GUINEA" (PDF). PEAK. Porgera, Papua New Guinea: Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry Energy Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  14. ^ Blaber, Stephen J. M. (1997). Fish and fisheries of tropical estuaries. Vol. 22. Springer. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-412-78500-9.
  15. ^ McConnell, Ro; R. H. Lowe-McConnell (1991). Ecological studies in tropical fish communities. Gateshead: Athenaeum Press. ISBN 978-0-521-28064-8.
  16. ^ a b c Butler, Rhett A. (1995). "Seven-Spot Archerfish". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  17. ^ a b c "Archerfish". Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
  18. ^ Ghaffar, Mazlan; Simon Kumar Das; Zaidi Che Cob (2008). "Comparison of Scale and Otolith Age Estimates for two Archer Fishes (Toxotes jaculatrix,Pallas, 1767 and Toxotes chatareus, Hamilton, 1822) from Malaysian Estuaries" (PDF). Scale International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2 (3): 129–134. ISSN 1307-1149. Retrieved 1 March 2010.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toxotes chatareus.

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Toxotes chatareus: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Toxotes chatareus, sometimes known by the common names common archerfish, seven-spot archerfish or largescale archerfish, is a species of perciform fish in the archerfish genus Toxotes.

They are usually no larger than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) but may grow up to 40 centimetres (16 in). Unlike most archerfish, T. chatareus are sooty rather than silvery in colour. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, fish, and vegetative matter at the surface of the water. Breeding occurs in the wet season, and 20,000 to 150,000 eggs may be laid at one time.

T. chatareus are distributed throughout southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific and Australia. They may live in brackish or fresh water, inhabiting mangrove swamps and estuaries as well as further upstream in slow-moving rivers. While occasionally caught and eaten, T. chatareus are more commonly kept in the aquarium. They may be sold with other Toxotidae under the collective label "archerfish". Caring for T. chatareus in aquaria is somewhat difficult as they need live food given at the surface, rather than flake food.

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Toxotes chatareus ( Basco )

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Toxotes chatareus Toxotes generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Toxotidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Toxotes chatareus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Toxotes chatareus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Toxotes chatareus Toxotes generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Toxotidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Toxotes chatareus ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Toxotes chatareus est également appelé poisson-archer.

Répartition

Ce poisson se trouve dans le bassin océanique indo-pacifique, au sud-est de l'Asie et au nord de l'Australie.

Habitat

Il vit dans les mangroves et les eaux saumâtres des estuaires, dans les cours d'eau et dans les lacs, par exemple dans le Mékong et le fleuve Chao Phraya.

Description

Le poisson archer mesure jusqu'à 40 cm de long et peut peser 1 kg[1].

Son corps est argenté avec des raies sombres le long des flancs et au bout des nageoires dorsale et pelvienne.

Alimentation

Le poisson archer est carnivore. Il crache par sa petite bouche, en pressant sa langue contre son palais et en comprimant rapidement ses cavités branchiales, des jets d'eau pouvant atteindre 1,50 m de long afin d'attraper les insectes en vol en les faisant tomber dans l'eau[2].

Toxotes chatareus n'exerce pas ses talents d'archer et se contente de cueillir insectes et proies à la surface de l'eau.[pas clair]

Références taxinomiques

Vidéo

Toxotes chatareus

Notes et références

  1. Marie-Paul Zierski et Philipp Röhlich, La grande encyclopédie des animaux, Terres éditions, juillet 2019, 320 p. (ISBN 978-2-35530-295-4), Poisson-archer page 163
  2. Collectif (trad. Josette Gontier), Le règne animal, Gallimard Jeunesse, octobre 2002, 624 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2), Poisson-archer page 515
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Toxotes chatareus: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Toxotes chatareus est également appelé poisson-archer.

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Toxotes chatareus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Toxotes chatareus Buch.-Ham., 1822 è una specie di pesci appartenente alla famiglia Toxotidae, meglio noti con il nome di "pesci arcieri", che comprende un solo genere, a sua volta composto di 7 specie di pesci predatori.[1] Vivono nel sud-est asiatico, nella zona del Pacifico indiano ed in Australia. Il loro ambiente è quello delle acque salmastre o dolci, vivono nelle foreste di mangrovie e negli estuari dei fiumi, ma anche nei corsi d'acqua a lento scorrere.

Essi raggiungono normalmente una lunghezza di circa 20 cm ma alcuni possono arrivare fino a 40. Diversamente dalla maggior parte dei "pesci arcieri", i toxotes chatareus sono di colore fuligginoso anziché argenteo. Si tratti di pesci onnivori, cibandosi di insetti, altri pesci e vegetali presenti sulla superficie dell'acqua. La riproduzione avviene nella stagione umida e un esemplate può emettere da 20.000 a 150.000 alla volta.

Anche se catturati talvolta per costituire cibo, sono comunemente più utilizzati negli acquari. Venduti spesso insieme ad altri esemplari di Toxotidae con il generico nome di "pesci arcieri", anche se la loro alimentazione negli acquari è in un certo modo più difficile di quella di esemplari appartenenti ad altre famiglie, poiché necessitano di cibi che stanno in superficie.

Descrizione

I Toxotes chatareus sono di moderate dimensioni, tra i 15 ed i 20 cm[2] e raramente raggiungono i 40 cm di lunghezza. [3] I T. chatareus possono raggiungere un peso di 700 grammi e si ritiene che possano vivere da tre a cinque anni.[4]

I T. chatareus hanno cinque o sei spine, delle quali la più lunga è la quarta,[5] e da dodici a tredici spine dorsali leggere.[3] Quelle dorsali sono generalmente più corte negli esemplari catturati in acque dolci rispetto a quelli catturati in acque salmastre.[4] I T. chatareus hanno anche tre spine anali più altre 15 o 16 leggere.[3] T. chatareus hanno 33 o 34 scaglie sulla linea laterale.[2] La pinna caudale è quasi quadra,[5] Quella anale indivisa.[6] e la terza spina anale è la più lunga.[5]

In genere il colore del corpo è fuligginoso,[7] ma talvolta può essere argenteo o dorato, la parte dorsale è grigio-marrone.[5] Le pinne pettorali possono essere di colore chiaro o scuro,[4] le pinne pelviche possono essere scure e fortemente pigmentate .[4]

I T. chatareus sono bianchi e normalmente hanno sei o sette chiazze scure, alternate lunghe e corte, lungo il dorso.[7] Una macchia scura è anche presente all'attacco della pinna caudale. Il colore di queste macchie può cambiare da scuro a chiaro e viceversa secondo l'ora del giorno, l'ambiente e lo stato di stress, e sono più scure nei pesci più giovani;[5] gli esemplari trovati in acque torbide sono totalmente bianchi.[4] Non è noto se si ha dimorfismo sessuale.[8]

Confronto con gli altri "pesci arcieri"

Il T. chatareus si distingue dalle altre specie della famiglia per il colore scuro in contrasto con quello tipicamente argenteo di gran parte di questi ultimi.[7] Essi hanno cinque spine dorsali contro le quattro del T. chatareus. Le macchie sui loro fianchi sono anche alternativamente lunghe e corte piuttosto che in bande.[7] Il T. chatareus ha anche sei o sette segni per ogni lato, mentre le altre specie ne hanno quattro o cinque.[7] Il T. chatareus ha 29 o 30 scaglie sulla linea laterale, in confronto alle 33–35 nel Toxotes jaculatrix.[8]

Comportamento

Alimentazione

Come altri "pesci arcieri", i Toxotes chatareus sono in grado di sputare getti d'acqua in aria per far cadere in acqua le loro prede e sono in grado di colpirle ad una distanza fino a 150 cm.[3] Essi si alimentano di giorno, consumando piante acquatiche ed insetti.[3] Sono perciò onnivori e la loro dieta comprende crostacei ed altri animali acquatici quali zooplancton, rotifere, cladocere ed insetti sia acquatici che terrestri.[2] Il T. chatareus è stato definito un "insettivoro specializzato", poiché non caccia certi insetti, particolarmente quelli che si nutrono di piante C4.[9] La dieta pare ontogenica (variabile con l'età): i pesci piccoli non consumano vegetali, mentre nei pesci adulti i vegetali costituiscono un quarto della dieta.[10] La dieta varia anche secondo il luogo: verso la sorgente il T. chatareus si nutre di insetti ma verso la foce di crostacei.[11]

Riproduzione

Il Toxotes chatareus si riproduce per fregola. Le fregole nel T. chatareus sono omocronali (le femmine vanno in calore una sola volta per stagione) e iteropare (la fregola avviene più di una volta nella vita del pesce).[4] La riproduzione ha luogo durante la stagione delle piogge e il T. chatareus si riproduce sia in acqua dolce che in acqua salmastra e la riproduzione avviene in lagune basse e fangose.[4] Le femmine depongono da 20.000 a 150.000 uova galleggianti, ciascuno delle dimensioni di circa 0.4 millimetri di diametro.[3] Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale quando sono lunghe circa 19 cm, mentre i maschi quando sono lunghi circa 18 cm.[4], cioè a circa 24 mesi di vita. Con la schiusa le larve di Toxotes chatareus possono avere una lunghezza inferiore ai 4 mm ed al momento di alimentarsi raggiungono i 5 mm e le parti della bocca sono già ben sviluppate. La specie non presenta cure da parte dei genitori.[4] La riproduzione non è legata a migrazione, ciò non di meno la popolazione ittica può subire la costruzione di ostacoli lungo il corso d'acqua abitato.[4] Il T. chatareus non è mai stato riprodotto in cattività.[12]

Distribuzione

Toxotes chatareus sono stati trovati in India, Burma, Indonesia, Nuova Guinea e nel nord dell'Australia.[3][4] e in un intervallo di temperatura compreso fra i 25 ed i 30 °C, benché ne siano stati trovati a temperature di circa 36 °C nella zona detta Alligator Rivers[13] e di circa 20.5 °C nella regione del fiume Burdekin: si ritiene che questi ultimi due siano gli estremi, rispettivamente, più alto e più basso di tolleranza termica della specie.[4] Le foreste salmastre di mangrovie formano il suo habitat, ma T. chatareus sono stati trovati anche in acque dolci correnti.[3] Ciò avviene nei fiumi del Kimberley, nell'Australia occidentale, in quelli del Parco nazionale Kakadu nel Territorio del Nord e nella Terra di Arnhem in Australia.[4]

Nel Mekong il Toxotes chatareus può essere trovato al nord, in Thailandia e Laos.[2]

I T. chatareus prediligono le aree ombrose, nella parte più vicina alla superficie del corso d'acqua. Sono stati trovati solo nelle zone ripariali, ove si trova la maggior parte della sua alimentazione, mentre molto raramente sin trovano in acque che scorrono impetuosamente.[4]

Rapporto con l'uomo

Il Toxotes chatareus ha una parte marginale nella pesca; viene talvolta pescato con la lenza e descritto come una carne discreta.[3] Esso viene catturato e venduto sui mercati locali, spesso mischiato con altri "pesci arciere".[7]

I T. chatareus sono talvolta tenuti in acquario.[3] Qui possono raggiungere la lunghezza anche di 20 :cm ma non arrivare ai 40 dell'ambiente naturale.[7] essi fanno parte dei soli tre tipi di "pesci arciere" comunemente commerciati come pesci di acquario (gli altri due sono: Toxotes jaculatrix e il Toxotes microlepis).[7] Per loro ci vuole un acquario con una profondità minima di circa un metro ed un volume d'acqua da 170 a 190 litri.[12]

Il T. chatareus preferisce acqua salmastra ed ha bisogno di un acquario alto.[14] Esso ha la capacità di saltare fuori dell'acqua, caratteristica che nel suo ambiente naturale gli consente di catturare le prede per cibarsene,[15] ma così è anche in grado di saltare fuori dall'acquario, se questo non è coperto od è troppo piccolo.[7]

La sua presenza è compatibile con quella di altre specie simili in dimensioni, la esemplari grossi possono infastidire quelli più piccoli.[8] Esso va alimentato con cibo vivo alla superficie, benché occasionalmente con cibo normale per acquari;[12] a causa di ciò, la sua presenza in acquari domestici è difficile da gestire.[14]

I T. chatareus sono abbastanza comuni in natura e non sono considerati in pericolo di estinzione. Tuttavia, la distruzione del loro habitat di mangrovie[15] e l'incremento della pesca[16] può portare a dei rischi in futuro. La costruzione di briglie e di sbarramenti nel suo habitat, può influire sulla popolazione del fiume in questione.[4] L'incremento demografico nell'Asia sudorientale è anche causa d'inquinamento del suo habitat.[15]

Uno studio ha trovato un aumento del livello di mercurio (oltre 0.5 μg/g) in quattro su dieci dei campioni rilevati nel lago Murray nella Papua Nuova Guinea[9] Questo può aver contribuito all'incremento dei livelli di mercurio nei locali ove si consumano molte specie di pesci pescati nel lago, compreso il Toxotes chatareus.[9] Confrontato agli altri pesci campionati, il T. chatareus evidenzia un elevato livello di mercurio.[9] I sedimenti della vicina miniera d'oro di Porgera sono la causa di questo incremento, ma la causa dell'elevato livello di bioaccumulo del mercurio non è nota.[9]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Martin F. Gomon & Dianne J. Bray (2011) Sevenspot Archerfish, Toxotes chatareus. Fishes of Australia. controllato il 29 agosto 2014
  2. ^ a b c d (EN) ,Walter J. Rainboth, Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (EN) Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2010), FishBase, versione gennaio 2010
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o (EN) Brad Pusey, Mark J. Kennard, Angela H. Arthington, Freshwater fishes of north-eastern Australia, pp. 419–425
  5. ^ a b c d e (EN) Francis Day, Fishes
  6. ^ (EN) Tim M. Berra, Freshwater Fish Distribution, pp. 422–423
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i (EN) Neale Monks e Bruce Hansen, Archerfish, family Toxotidae, su Brackish Water Aquarium FAQ. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2010.
  8. ^ a b c (EN) Hans A. Baensch, |Rüdiger Riehl, Hans A. Smith, Eberhard Schulze, Bob Behme: Aquarium Atlas
  9. ^ a b c d e (EN) S. C. Apte, K.C. Bowles, W.A. Maher and R.E.W. Smith, MERCURY CYCLING IN LAKE MURRAY, PAPUA NEW GUINEA (PDF), su PEAK, Porgera, Papua New Guinea, Centre for Advanced Analytical Chemistry Energy Technology, luglio 2000. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 marzo 2012).
  10. ^ (EN) Stephen J. M. Blaber, Fish and fisheries of tropical estuaries
  11. ^ (EN) Ro McConnell e R. H. Lowe-McConnell, Ecological studies in tropical fish communities, Gateshead, Athenaeum Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-28064-8.
  12. ^ a b c (EN) Rhett A. Butler, Seven-Spot Archerfish, su Mongabay.com, 1995. URL consultato il 15 marzo 2010.
  13. ^ Alligator Rivers è un'area nella regione della Terra di Arnhem, nel Territorio del Nord in Australia, che contiene tre fiumi: East, West e South Alligator River.
  14. ^ a b (EN) Largescale Archerfish, su Microcosm Aquarium Explorer. URL consultato il 19 febbraio 2010.
  15. ^ a b c (EN) Archerfish, su montereybayaquarium.org, Monterey Bay Aquarium. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2010 (archiviato dall'url originale il 29 febbraio 2012).
  16. ^ (EN) Mazlan Ghaffar, Simon Kumar Das and Zaidi Che Cob, Comparison of Scale and Otolith Age Estimates for two Archer Fishes (Toxotes jaculatrix,Pallas, 1767 and Toxotes chatareus, Hamilton, 1822) from Malaysian Estuaries (PDF) , in scale International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences, vol. 2, n. 3, 2008, pp. 129-134. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2010.

Bibliografia

 title=
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wikipedia IT

Toxotes chatareus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Toxotes chatareus Buch.-Ham., 1822 è una specie di pesci appartenente alla famiglia Toxotidae, meglio noti con il nome di "pesci arcieri", che comprende un solo genere, a sua volta composto di 7 specie di pesci predatori. Vivono nel sud-est asiatico, nella zona del Pacifico indiano ed in Australia. Il loro ambiente è quello delle acque salmastre o dolci, vivono nelle foreste di mangrovie e negli estuari dei fiumi, ma anche nei corsi d'acqua a lento scorrere.

Essi raggiungono normalmente una lunghezza di circa 20 cm ma alcuni possono arrivare fino a 40. Diversamente dalla maggior parte dei "pesci arcieri", i toxotes chatareus sono di colore fuligginoso anziché argenteo. Si tratti di pesci onnivori, cibandosi di insetti, altri pesci e vegetali presenti sulla superficie dell'acqua. La riproduzione avviene nella stagione umida e un esemplate può emettere da 20.000 a 150.000 alla volta.

Anche se catturati talvolta per costituire cibo, sono comunemente più utilizzati negli acquari. Venduti spesso insieme ad altri esemplari di Toxotidae con il generico nome di "pesci arcieri", anche se la loro alimentazione negli acquari è in un certo modo più difficile di quella di esemplari appartenenti ad altre famiglie, poiché necessitano di cibi che stanno in superficie.

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Schuttersvis ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vissen

De schuttersvis (Toxotes chatareus) is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de schuttersvissen (Toxotidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1822 door Hamilton.

Kenmerken

De tot 40 cm lange en tot 1 kg zware schuttersvis heeft een samengedrukt lichaam met een grote aarsvin, kleine borstvinnen, grote ogen en een puntig hoofd met een grote mond. Het zilverkleurige lichaam heeft donkere vlekken langs de zijkant. De vinranden zijn donkergekleurd.

Leefwijze

Deze vis kan een insect, dat zich op een tak boven het water bevindt, met een gerichte straal waterdruppels van die tak spuwen, waardoor het insect in het water valt en opgegeten wordt. Dit doet hij door met zijn tong tegen zijn gehemelte te drukken en gelijktijdig zijn kieuwen snel te sluiten. De nauwkeurigheid van de schuttersvis is nog opmerkelijker omdat hij onderwater is en hij daarom rekening moet houden met de lichtbreking.

De vis heeft ook de mogelijkheid om uit het water te springen om een insect van zijn tak te eten. In Papua New Guinea is bekend dat de schuttersvis ook fruit eet, maar elders bestaat zijn dieet uit insecten. Omdat het een scholenvis is, worden regelmatig de insecten opgegeten die door andere schuttersvissen in het water worden geschoten.

Voortplanting

De voortplanting vindt plaats vroeg in het natte seizoen. De schuttersvissen komen dan in grote scholen bij elkaar op plekken met zoetwater. Het vrouwtje zet grote hoeveelheden zeer kleine eitjes af, die dan bevrucht worden door het mannetje.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in Zuidoost-Azië en noordelijk Australië in brakke kustwateren, maar ook in zoete meren en rivieren met overhangende vegetatie.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Toxotes chatareus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
  • David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
licença
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NL

Schuttersvis: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De schuttersvis (Toxotes chatareus) is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de schuttersvissen (Toxotidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1822 door Hamilton.

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Cá cung thủ bảy đốm ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Toxotes chatareus, đôi khi được biết đến với tên gọi phổ biến Cá cung thủ bảy đốm hay cá măng rỗ bảy đốm, là một loài cá trong chi cá cung thủ Toxotes.[2] Chúng thường không lớn hơn 20 cm (7,9 in) nhưng có thể phát triển lên đến 40 cm (16 in). Chúng ăn tạp, ăn côn trùng, cá, và các thực vật nổi trên bề mặt nước.

Chú thích

  1. ^ “Synonyms of Toxotes chatareus (Hamilton, 1822)”. FishBase. Ngày 7 tháng 5 năm 2008. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 3 năm 2010.
  2. ^ Martin F. Gomon & Dianne J. Bray (2011) Sevenspot Archerfish, Toxotes chatareus. Fishes of Australia. Truy cập 29 Aug 2014

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
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original
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wikipedia VI

Cá cung thủ bảy đốm: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Toxotes chatareus, đôi khi được biết đến với tên gọi phổ biến Cá cung thủ bảy đốm hay cá măng rỗ bảy đốm, là một loài cá trong chi cá cung thủ Toxotes. Chúng thường không lớn hơn 20 cm (7,9 in) nhưng có thể phát triển lên đến 40 cm (16 in). Chúng ăn tạp, ăn côn trùng, cá, và các thực vật nổi trên bề mặt nước.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI