Biology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Typically found hovering just above the bottom (2), this large grouper is one of the major predators within its coral reef habitat (3), feeding on a range of large fish, including other grouper species and crustaceans. Its tendency to feed on large fish explains why high concentrations of ciguatoxin may be found in this species (1).
Like many groupers, this species has a fascinating life history. All blacksaddled groupers begin life as a female, and then as the animal ages, based on internal or external triggers, it shifts sex to become a male animal, a system known as protogynous hermaphroditism (3).
Most groupers are solitary fish, except when it comes to spawning (3), when small groups or larger aggregations form to release large quantities of eggs into the surrounding water (1). The eggs are fertilised by sperm released by males into the water, and after a period, the round, floating eggs hatch to reveal a tiny larva. The blacksaddled grouper is a fairly fast-growing species, with females reaching maturity in less than three years (1). Groupers typically spawn as a female for one or more years, before changing sex and then functioning as a male (3).
Conservation
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
The blacksaddled coral grouper occurs in a number of protected areas throughout its range, as well as being subject to several conservation actions in certain areas (1). For example, in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, 30 percent of the area is closed entirely to fishing, while in the remainder of the park, blacksaddled coral groupers below 50 centimetres are not allowed to be caught (1). In Pohnpei, Micronesia, a ban on the sale of this species and other groupers is in place during March and April (1), presumably to protect this species during the critical spawning period.
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Like other groupers, this rather wary (2), coral reef-dwelling fish is a large, robust species (2) (3). It may be one of two colour forms: the pale black-saddled form is whitish or pale yellowish, with five dark brown to black bars on the head and body. Small blue spots with dark edges may also pattern the body. The other colour form is much darker, being brown, olive, red, or nearly black, speckled with numerous, dark-edged blue spots. The dark bars that appear on the pale form are either very faint or entirely absent in this form (3). Blacksaddled coral groupers have large mouths, lined with numerous small teeth and prominent canines on the sides of the lower jaw, enabling them to be efficient predators of other reef inhabitants (2).
Habitat
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
As its name suggests, this grouper inhabits coral reefs, between depths of 4 and 90 metres (3), where it is said to be encountered most frequently in channels (2).
Range
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
The blacksaddled coral grouper occurs in the Indo-Pacific. From the east African coast, its distribution stretches east to French Polynesia in the central and southern Pacific, and extends as far north as Japan (1) (3).
Status
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
Threats
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Arkive
This Vulnerable fish is thought to be threatened by collection for the aquarium trade. It is also occasionally caught for food, despite the danger of ciguatera poisoning, and while this is not currently believed to pose a threat, there is potential for hunting for human consumption to increase and have an impact on the blacksaddled grouper (1).
Trophic Strategy
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Inhabits coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific Region (Ref. 9137). Found inshore (Ref. 75154).
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Morphology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 7 - 8; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 12; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
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Diagnostic Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
Description: Characterized by having two distinct color varieties, first is pale black-saddled form is whitish or pale yellowish with 5 dark brown to black, irregular, saddle like or wedge shaped bars or blotches on the dorsal part of head and body, 1st just behind the eyes, 2nd on the nape and 3rd to 5th under the dorsal fin; small dark-edged blue spots may be visible on the body; yellow colored fins, caudal peduncle, snout and jaws; black blotch centrally at the base of the paired fins; dark form is brown, olivaceous, red or nearly black, dark bars are usually faint or absent; numerous round, dark-edged blue spots on head and body, soft dorsal, caudal and anal fins and base of pectoral fins; pectoral fins dark brown distally, rays darker than membranes, rear edge white; flat interorbital area without scales; broadly rounded preopercle, with 3 large, ventrally directed spines along lower half; smooth interopercle and subopercle; opercle with 3 flat spines, upper and lower spines covered by skin; subequal in size, posterior and anterior nostrils, set in shallow groove running forward from eye; front of jaws with pair of large canine teeth (Ref. 89707); 1-4 large canines on side of lower jaw; elongate body, greatest depth 2.9-3.9 in SL; slightly emarginate caudal fin; pectoral and pelvic fins 2.1-2.5 in head length (Ref. 90102).
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Biology
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
A voracious piscivore inhabiting coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs. Encountered most frequently in channels and outer shelf reefs. Migrate over short distances to spawn, forming large aggregations, maybe 1 or 2 per reef (Ref. 6390). Feeds mostly on fishes, and occasionally on crustaceans (Ref. 9710). The prey comprises a variety of large reef fishes, including groupers, and this diet of large fishes is responsible for the high concentrations of ciguatera toxins. Juveniles may mimic the pufferfish Canthigaster valentini. Usually wary (Ref. 9710). The young have a demersal existence in shallow water in reef habitats, especially around coral rubble (Ref. 27259). They feed on small fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid (Ref. 27261). Eggs float just below the surface (Ref. 6390). The pelagic larvae are found in habitats similar to those of the adults (Ref. 27260). An excellent table fish (Ref. 6390).
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- Estelita Emily Capuli
Importance
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: commercial; gamefish: yes
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分布
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
分布於印度-太平洋區，西起非洲東部，東至土木土群島，北至日本南部，南至澳洲。台灣南部、東北部及綠島海域均有。
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利用
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
常見之食用魚，一般漁法以一支釣，魚槍或設魚籠等捕獲。清蒸、煮湯或紅燒皆味美。因食物鰱之故，可能含有熱帶海魚毒。
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描述
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長而碩壯，標準體長為體高之2.9-3.9倍。頭中大。口大；下頜側邊具小犬齒。鰓耙數8-9+15，隨成長而漸退化。前鰓蓋骨邊緣圓形，具3根棘，唯埋入皮下，下緣稍具鋸齒；鰓蓋骨具3扁平棘，上下二棘被皮膚覆蓋。體被細小櫛鱗；側線鱗數83-97。背鰭鰭棘部與軟條部相連，鰭棘部明顯短於軟條部，具硬棘VIII，軟條10-12；臀鰭硬棘III枚，細弱而可動，軟條8；腹鰭腹位，末端延伸遠不及肛門開口；胸鰭圓形，中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條，鰭條
17-18；尾鰭內凹形。兩種色相，體具五條黑色橫帶；或有甚多小藍點散在，橫帶有或無。
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棲地
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por The Fish Database of Taiwan
主要棲息於珊瑚繁生的潟湖及面海的礁區，亦常出現於水道及外礁斜坡。生性兇猛，極為貪食，以魚類為主要食物，偶捕食甲殼類。繁殖期時會迴游短距離而聚集於1-2個礁區產卵；為浮性卵。幼魚底棲性，警覺性高，主要棲息於珊瑚碎屑堆。
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Swartsaal-luiperdkabeljou
(
Africâner
)
fornecido por wikipedia AF
Die Swartsaal-luiperdkabeljou (Plectropomus laevis) is 'n vis wat voorkom in die Stille Oseaan en die Indiese Oseaan; asook aan die ooskus van Afrika suidwaarts tot by die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Black-saddled leopardgrouper.
Identifikasie
Die vis word tot 125cm lank. Dit is 'n groot vis met 'n lang lyf wat in twee kleur variasies voorkom. Die een variasie is bleekwit kleur met vier swart vlekke op en daar is 'n swart band bokant die oë. Daar word vermoed dat die variasie net voorkom by die kleiner visse, die wyfies en jong vissies. Die ander variasie is bruin met drie tot vier kenmerkende, donker vlekke op die lyf. Daar is ook klein, blou kolletjies met donker rantjies op die kop, lyf en vinne. Die vinne is geel.
Hulle leef rotsagtige kus areas en aflandige riwwe in water wat 4 tot 90m diep is. Die visse is alleenlopers en vreet vis en skaaldiere.
Sien ook
Bron
-
The Reef Guide: Fishes, corals, nudibranchs & other invertebrates: East & South Coasts of Southern Africa. Dennis King & Valda Fraser. Struik Nature. 2014 ISBN 978-1-77584-018-3
Eksterne skakels
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Swartsaal-luiperdkabeljou: Brief Summary
(
Africâner
)
fornecido por wikipedia AF
Die Swartsaal-luiperdkabeljou (Plectropomus laevis) is 'n vis wat voorkom in die Stille Oseaan en die Indiese Oseaan; asook aan die ooskus van Afrika suidwaarts tot by die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Black-saddled leopardgrouper.
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Plectropomus laevis
(
Nan
)
fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
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Plectropomus laevis: Brief Summary
(
Nan
)
fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Plectropomus laevis sī Serranidae-kho ê hî-á.
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Plectropomus laevis
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Juvenile of
Plectropomus laevis
Plectropomus laevis, known commonly as the black-saddled coral grouper, cluespotted coral trout, blacksaddled coral trout, blue-spot trout, Chinese footballer, footballer cod, footballer coral trout, oceanic coral trout or tiger trout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Description
Plectropomus laevis has a body which is elongate and robust, with the standard length being 2.9 to 3.9 times the depth of the body. The preopercle is mostly rounded, with three large, downward pointing spines along the bottome half.[3] The dorsal fin contains 7-8 spines and 10-12 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 8 soft rays.[2] The spiny part of the dorsal fin has a shorter base than the soft-rayed part. The caudal fin is a truncate.[3] This species has two colour phases, one with black saddles on a whitish background colour with a yellow caudal peduncle and yellow fins is known as the "footballer phase"; the other being a greyish form which has a dark head, five dark saddle markings along the back and small blue spots on body. The juveniles are Batesian mimics of the toxic Valentin's sharpnose puffer (Canthigaster valentini).[4] This species attains a total length of 125 centimetres (49 in), although they are commonly around 84 centimetres (33 in), and a maximum published weight of 24.2 kilograms (53 lb).[2]
Distribution
Plectropomus laevis has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution. In eastern Africa it occurs from Kenya to Mozambique through islands of the tropical Indian Ocean, but not the Asian coast, and east into the Pacific Ocean as far east as French Polynesia and Pitcairn Island, north as far as southern Japan and south as far as Australia.[1] In Australia it is found at Rowley Shoals and Scott Reef in Western Australia, Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea and on the Great Barrier Reef as far south as One Tree Island and other reefs in the Coral Sea of Queensland, as well as in the region of Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea/[4]
Habitat and biology
Plectropomus laevis is found in lagoon areas which have good coral cover and the seaward side of reefs where it appears to prefer reef channels and the outer shelf of the reef.[2] It is found at depths between 4 and 100 metres (13 and 328 ft).[1] The juveniles of both colour phases with total length's of less than 20 centimetres (7.9 in) mimic Valentin's sharpnose puffer and usually scull with their pectoral fins for swimming while theyhold the caudal fin folded and the first few spines of the spiny part of the dorsal fin held erect.[3] This species forages over larger areas and a wider depth range than the sympatric Plectropomus leopardus. They are monandric protogynous hermaphrodites, in which the males only develop from mature females, the youngest males found have been 9 years of age and females mature at 2.2 years and at around 40 centimetres (16 in) in fork length. This species is comparatively fast growing and may attain a length of 50 centimetres (20 in) in less than four years and females may be sexually mature in less than three years. They form small spawning aggregations although large aggregations have been recorded from the northern Great Barrier Reef. It is likely that this species spawns in deeper waters on reef fronts compared to P. leopardus and this may be the reason for the lack of spawning observations for P. laevis.[1] The adults feed on a variety of larger reef fishes, including other groupers, while the juveniles feed on smaller fish and invertebrates such as crustaceans and squid.[2]
Parasites
As most fish, this species harbours many parasite species. The diplectanid monogeneans Echinoplectanum laeve and Echinoplectanum chauvetorum are parasites on the gills.[5]
Taxonomy
Plectropomus laevis was first formally described as Labrus laevis in 1801 by the French zoologist Bernard Germain de Lacépède with the type locality given as Grand golfe de l'lnde, the Indian Ocean.[6]
Utilisation
Plectropomus laevis is a prized food fish but their diet dominated by fish means that the consumption of its flesh has been responsible for many instances of ciguatera poisoning.[7] It is caught using hook-and-line, spears and fish traps. It is becoming more important in the live reef food fish trade and it also appears in the aquarium trade.[1]
References
-
^ a b c d e Choat, J.H.; Amorim, P.; Sadovy, Y.; Law, C.; Suharti, S.; Samoilys, M.; Ma, K.; To, A.; Myers, R.F.; Rhodes, K. (2018). "Plectropomus laevis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T64412A100467190. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T64412A100467190.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Plectropomus laevis" in FishBase. december 2019 version.
-
^ a b c Heemstra, P.C. & J.E. Randall (1993). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date (PDF). FAO Fish. Synopsis. Vol. 125. FAO, Rome. pp. 290–291. ISBN 92-5-103125-8.
-
^ a b Bray, D.J. (2017). "Plectropomus laevis". Fishes of Australia. Museums Victoria. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
-
^ Justine, Jean-Lou; Euzet, Louis (2006). "Diplectanids (Monogenea) parasitic on the gills of the coralgroupers Plectropomus laevis and P. leopardus (Perciformes, Serranidae) off New Caledonia, with the description of five new species and the erection of Echinoplectanum n. g." Systematic Parasitology. 64 (3): 147–172. doi:10.1007/s11230-006-9028-8. ISSN 0165-5752. PMID 16786281. S2CID 22801754.
-
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Labrus laevis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
-
^ Mark McGrouther (5 February 2019). "Plectropomus laevis (Lacépède, 1801)". Australian Museum. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
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Plectropomus laevis: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Juvenile of Plectropomus laevis
Plectropomus laevis, known commonly as the black-saddled coral grouper, cluespotted coral trout, blacksaddled coral trout, blue-spot trout, Chinese footballer, footballer cod, footballer coral trout, oceanic coral trout or tiger trout, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
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Plectropomus laevis
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Plectropomus laevis: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Plectropomus laevis Plectropomus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.
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Plectropomus laevis
(
Francês
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fornecido por wikipedia FR
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Plectropomus laevis: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Plectropomus laevis est une espèce de poissons de la famille Epinephelinae qui est aussi celle des mérous.
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Plectropomus laevis
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
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Cá mú vân yên ngựa
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Cá mú vân yên ngựa (Plectropomus laevis) là một loài cá mú sinh sống ở Ấn Độ-Thái Bình Dương thỉnh thoảng được người ta nuôi làm cá cảnh. Chúng phát triển kích thước dài đến 125 cm.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
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Cá mú vân yên ngựa: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
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fornecido por wikipedia VI
Cá mú vân yên ngựa (Plectropomus laevis) là một loài cá mú sinh sống ở Ấn Độ-Thái Bình Dương thỉnh thoảng được người ta nuôi làm cá cảnh. Chúng phát triển kích thước dài đến 125 cm.
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平滑鳃棘鲈
(
Chinês
)
fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Plectropomus laevisLacepede, 1801[1] 橫斑刺鰓鮨（学名：Plectropomus laevis）为鮨科鳃棘鲈属的鱼类，俗名皇帝條、横斑豹脍、平滑鳃棘鲈。分布于台湾恒春等。该物种的模式产地在印度洋。[1]
香港海鮮市場俗稱為皇帝星斑
参考文献
-
^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 橫斑刺鰓鮨. 中国动物物种编目数据库. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.
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平滑鳃棘鲈: Brief Summary
(
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fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
橫斑刺鰓鮨（学名：Plectropomus laevis）为鮨科鳃棘鲈属的鱼类，俗名皇帝條、横斑豹脍、平滑鳃棘鲈。分布于台湾恒春等。该物种的模式产地在印度洋。
香港海鮮市場俗稱為皇帝星斑
Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
A voracious piscivore inhabiting lagoon and seaward reefs in areas of rich coral growth. Feeds exclusively on fishes. The prey comprises a variety of large reef fishes, including groupers, and this diet of large fishes is responsible for the high concentrations of ciguatera toxins. Juveniles may mimic the pufferfish @Canthigaster valentini@.
Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).
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Juvenile of Plectropomus laevis 
Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
这是一篇與鱸形目相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
