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Imagem de Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello 1864
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Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello 1864

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Found almost exclusively on the lower slope of the Catalan Sea, western Mediterranean (Ref. 40720). Found on continental slopes and abyssal plains (Ref. 6871); usually in water temperature of 5-13°C (Ref. 5951). Feeds mainly on fishes (including sharks) and cephalopods (Ref. 6871), also gastropods and cetacean meat (Ref. 5578).
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

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Ovoviviparous (Ref. 6871), with 13 to 29 young per litter (Ref. 26346). Born at 27-31 cm (Ref. 26346). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).
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Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

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Dorsal fins with very small spines, very short snout, lanceolate upper teeth and bladelike lower teeth with short, oblique cusps, stocky body that does not taper abruptly from pectoral region, very large lateral trunk denticles with smooth, circular, acuspidate crowns in adults and subadults (Ref. 247). Uniformly golden brown to dark brown in color (Ref. 6871).
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Biology ( Inglês )

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Found on continental slopes and abyssal plains (Ref. 6871). Feeds mainly on fish (including sharks) and cephalopods (Ref. 6871), also gastropods and cetacean meat (Ref. 5578). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 205), with 13 to 29 young per litter, born at 27-31 cm (Ref. 26346); 32-35 cm TL in North Atlantic (Ref. 98315). Utilized as fishmeal, dried and salted for human consumption, or as a source of squalene (Ref. 6871).
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Importance ( Inglês )

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fisheries: minor commercial; price category: low; price reliability: reliable: based on ex-vessel price for this species
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Pailó ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El pailó (Centroscymnus coelolepis) és una espècie de tauró de la família Dalatiidae.

Descripció

  • Cos cilíndric amb el musell curt.
  • La seua coloració és castany fosc.
  • Sense aleta anal ni membrana nictitant.
  • Aletes dorsals amb espina molt petita.
  • Presenta cinc parells de fenedures branquials.
  • Assoleix entre 95 i 114 cm de longitud total.

Hàbitat

És força comú en els fons del talús continental, entre els 270 i 2000 m de profunditat. Normalment es troba als 400 m, però ostenta el registre de més fondària de qualsevol elasmobranqui: ha estat capturat a 3.675 m. Viu preferentment en aigües amb temperatures entre 5º i 10 C.

Alimentació

Menja peixos demersals i bentònics.

Reproducció

Ovovivípara aplacentària. En cada part neixen de 13 a 16 petits.

Aprofitament

Espècie sense cap tipus d'interès comercial, encara que la carn és bona.

Referències

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pailó Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Pailó: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El pailó (Centroscymnus coelolepis) és una espècie de tauró de la família Dalatiidae.

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Portugiesendornhai ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Portugiesendornhai (Centroscymnus coelolepis) ist ein Hai aus der Ordnung der Dornhaiartigen (Squaliformes) mit einer sehr weiten Verbreitung in gemäßigten Regionen aller Weltmeere. Im östlichen Atlantik kommt die Art von Island im Norden bis Namibia im Süden vor, im nördlichen Westatlantik fand man den Portugiesendornhai von der Neufundlandbank bis zur Delaware Bay. Außerdem lebt er im westlichen Mittelmeer, im südlichen Indischen Ozean, an der Südküste Australiens, an der Küste der Nordinsel von Neuseeland und an der Küste des südlichen Japan.[1][2]

Merkmale

Der Portugiesendornhai hat einen stämmigen Körper, ist schwärzlich-braun gefärbt, erreicht eine Maximallänge von 115 cm, bleibt für gewöhnlich aber bei einer Länge von ca. 90 cm. Die Placoidschuppen auf den Körperseiten sind sehr groß, rund und glatt, so dass der Hai fast wie ein beschuppter Knochenfisch aussieht. Die Schnauze ist kurz, deutlich kürzer als der Abstand vom unterständigen Maul zur ersten Kiemenspalte und auch kürzer als die Maulbreite. Die Lippen sind nicht dick und fleischig. Die oberen Labialfurchen sind sehr kurz, kürzer als der Abstand zwischen ihren vorderen Enden. Die Oberkieferzähne sind lanzettförmig. Im Unterkiefer sind die Zähne kurz, schräg und zur Seite gerichtet. Die zwei fast gleich großen Rückenflossen und die mit ihnen verbundenen Stacheln sind sehr klein, stehen aber aus den Flossen hervor. Die erste Rückenflosse liegt hinter den Brustflossen. Die Basis dieser Flosse setzt sich nicht als hervortretender Kamm nach vorn fort. Wie alle Dornhaiartigen hat der Portugiesendornhai keine Afterflosse. Die Basis der zweiten Rückenflosse ist kürzer als der Abstand zwischen ihrer Basis und der Schwanzflosse. Die Bauchflossen ragen über den Ansatz der zweiten Rückenflosse hinaus.[1]

Lebensweise

Der Portugiesendornhai lebt bodennah an Kontinentalhängen in Tiefen von 270 bis 3700 Metern bei Wassertemperaturen von 5 bis 13 °C. Über seine Lebensweise ist kaum etwas bekannt. Die Art ernährt sich vor allem von kleineren Fischen und Kopffüßern. Sie ist ovovivipar. Pro Wurf werden 13 bis 29 Junghaie geboren, die bei der Geburt 27 bis 33 cm lang sind.[1]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Leonard J.V. Compagno, 1984. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249. Rome, FAO. S. 55.
  2. Centroscymnus coelolepis in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2021. Eingestellt von: Finucci, B., Cheok, J., Cotton, C.F., Kulka, D.W., Neat, F.C., Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C.L., Tanaka, S. & Walker, T.I., 2020. Abgerufen am 26. Januar 2022.
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wikipedia DE

Portugiesendornhai: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Portugiesendornhai (Centroscymnus coelolepis) ist ein Hai aus der Ordnung der Dornhaiartigen (Squaliformes) mit einer sehr weiten Verbreitung in gemäßigten Regionen aller Weltmeere. Im östlichen Atlantik kommt die Art von Island im Norden bis Namibia im Süden vor, im nördlichen Westatlantik fand man den Portugiesendornhai von der Neufundlandbank bis zur Delaware Bay. Außerdem lebt er im westlichen Mittelmeer, im südlichen Indischen Ozean, an der Südküste Australiens, an der Küste der Nordinsel von Neuseeland und an der Küste des südlichen Japan.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
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wikipedia DE

Portuguese dogfish ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis) or Portuguese shark, is a species of sleeper shark of the family Somniosidae. This globally distributed species has been reported down to a depth of 3,675 m (12,057 ft), making it the deepest-living shark known. It inhabits lower continental slopes and abyssal plains, usually staying near the bottom. Stocky and dark brown in color, the Portuguese dogfish can be distinguished from similar-looking species (such as the kitefin shark, Dalatias licha) by the small spines in front of its dorsal fins. Its dermal denticles are also unusual, resembling the scales of a bony fish. This species typically reaches 0.9–1 m (3.0–3.3 ft) in length; sharks in the Mediterranean Sea are much smaller and have distinct depth and food preferences.

Relatively common, the Portuguese dogfish is an active hunter capable of tackling fast, large prey. It feeds mainly on cephalopods and fishes, though it also consumes invertebrates and cetacean carrion. This shark has acute vision optimized for detecting the bioluminescence of its prey, as sunlight does not reach the depths at which it lives. The Portuguese dogfish is aplacental viviparous, with the young provisioned by yolk and perhaps uterine fluid. The females give birth to up to 29 young after a gestation period of over one year. Valued for its liver oil and to a lesser extent meat, Portuguese dogfish are important to deepwater commercial fisheries operating off Portugal, the British Isles, Japan, and Australia. These fishing pressures and the low reproductive rate of this species have led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess it as Near Threatened.

Taxonomy

Black and white drawing of a dogfish from the side
Early illustration of a Portuguese dogfish.

The first scientific description of the Portuguese dogfish was published by Portuguese zoologists José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage and Félix António de Brito Capello, in an 1864 issue of Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London.[2] They created the new genus Centroscymnus for this shark, and gave it the specific epithet coelolepis, derived from the Greek koilos ("hollow") and lepis ("fish scale") and referring to the structure of the dermal denticles.[3] The type specimen, caught off Portugal, has since been destroyed in a fire.[2]

Distribution and habitat

One of the widest-ranging deepwater sharks, the Portuguese dogfish is patchily distributed around the world.[4] In the western Atlantic, it occurs from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland to the U.S. state of Delaware. In the eastern Atlantic, it is found from Iceland to Sierra Leone, including the western Mediterranean Sea, the Azores and Madeira, as well as from southern Namibia to western South Africa.[2] In the Indian Ocean, this species has been caught off the Seychelles.[5] In the Pacific, this shark occurs off Japan, New Zealand, and Australia from Cape Hawke, New South Wales, to Beachport, South Australia, including Tasmania.[1]

The deepest-living shark known,[6] the Portuguese dogfish has been reported at depths of 150 m (490 ft) to 3,675 m (12,057 ft) from the lower continental slope to the abyssal plain, and is most common between 400 m (1,300 ft) and 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[1][7] This species is found deeper in the Mediterranean, seldom occurring above a depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) and being most common at 2,500–3,000 m (8,200–9,800 ft).[8] The deep Mediterranean has a relatively constant temperature of 13 °C (55 °F) and a salinity of 38.4 ppt, whereas in the deep ocean the temperature is generally only 5 °C (41 °F) and the salinity 34–35 ppt.[9] The Portuguese dogfish is essentially benthic in nature, though young sharks can be found a considerable distance off the bottom.[2][10] There is depth segregation by size and sex; pregnant females are found in shallower water, above 1,200–1,500 m (3,900–4,900 ft), while juveniles are found deeper.[1][8][11] There may be several separate populations in the Atlantic, and sharks in the Mediterranean and off Japan appear to be distinct as well.[12]

Description

Side view of a dark brown shark
The Portuguese dogfish can be distinguished from similar species by its tiny dorsal fin spines.
Dorsal and ventral view of the Portuguese dogfish's head, showing the broad, flattened snout and wide mouth.

The Portuguese dogfish typically reaches a length of 0.9 m (3.0 ft) for males and 1.0 m (3.3 ft) for females, though specimens up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long have been recorded.[13] Sharks in the Mediterranean are smaller, growing no more than 65 cm (26 in) long.[4] This species has a flattened, broadly rounded snout that is shorter than the mouth is wide. The nostrils are preceded by short flaps of skin.[2] The eyes are large and oval in shape, positioned laterally on the head and equipped with a reflective tapetum lucidum that produces a yellow-green "eye shine".[14] The mouth is wide and slightly arched, with moderately thick, smooth lips and short furrows at the corners extending onto both jaws. The upper teeth are slender and upright with a single cusp, numbering 43–68 rows. The lower teeth have a short, strongly angled cusp and number 29–41 rows; their bases interlock to form a continuous cutting surface.[13] The five pairs of gill slits are short and nearly vertical.[15]

The body of the Portuguese dogfish is thick and cylindrical except for the flattened belly. The two dorsal fins are small and of similar size and shape, each bearing a tiny grooved spine in front. The first dorsal fin originates well behind the pectoral fins, while the second dorsal originates over the middle of the pelvic fin bases. The pectoral fins are medium-sized with a rounded margin. There is no anal fin. The caudal fin has a short but well-developed lower lobe and a prominent ventral notch near the tip of the upper lobe.[2] The very large dermal denticles change in shape with age: in juveniles, they are widely spaced and heart-shaped with an incomplete midline ridge and three posterior points, while in adults they are overlapping, roughly circular, smooth, and flattened with a round central concavity, superficially resembling the scales of bony fishes.[16] Young sharks are a uniform blue-black in color, while adults are brown-black; there are no prominent fin markings.[13] In 1997, a partially albino individual, with a pale body but normal eyes, was caught in the northeastern Atlantic. This represented the first documented case of albinism in a deep-sea shark.[17]

Biology and ecology

Living almost exclusively in the aphotic zone where little to no sunlight penetrates, the Portuguese dogfish is relatively common and the dominant shark species in deeper waters.[11][14] The large, squalene-rich liver of this shark allows it to maintain neutral buoyancy and hover with minimal effort; males contain more squalene in their livers than females.[18] A tracking study in the Porcupine Seabight has found that the Portuguese dogfish has an average swimming speed of 0.072 m/s (0.24 ft/s), and does not remain in any particular area for long.[19] This species may be preyed upon by larger fishes and sharks.[13] Known parasites of this species include monogeneans in the genus Erpocotyle,[20] and the tapeworms Sphyriocephalus viridis,[21] S. richardi, and Anthobothrium sp.[22]

An active predator of mobile, relatively large organisms, the Portuguese dogfish feeds mainly on cephalopods (including Mastigoteuthis spp.) and bony fishes (including slickheads, orange roughy, lantern fishes, and rattails). It has also been known to take other sharks and invertebrates (such as the medusa Atolla wyvillei), as well as scavenging from whale carcasses.[1][23] The Portuguese dogfish has more acute vision than many other deepsea sharks: in addition to having a large pupil and lens, and a tapetum lucidum, its eyes also contain a high concentration of ganglion cells mostly concentrated in a horizontal streak that is densest at the center; these cells impart highly sensitive motion detection along the horizontal plane. The visual system of this species appears adapted for detecting bioluminescence: the maximum absorption of its opsins correspond to the wavelengths of light emitted by favored prey, such as the squids Heteroteuthis dispar, Histioteuthis spp., Lycoteuthis lorigera, and Taningia danae.[14]

In the Mediterranean sea, the Portuguese dogfish is one of the most common deepwater sharks along with the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus) and the velvet belly lantern shark (Etmopterus spinax), and the only shark abundant below a depth of 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[8] By inhabiting deeper water, Portuguese dogfish in the Mediterranean may reduce competition with the other two species.[4] The smaller size of Mediterranean sharks relative to those from the rest of the world may be due to limited food availability and/or the warmer, saltier environment. Some 87% of the diet of Portuguese dogfish in the Mediterranean consists of cephalopods. Bony fishes are a secondary food source, while immature sharks favor the shrimp Acanthephyra eximia, the most common decapod crustacean in their environment.[9] Unlike in other regions, Mediterranean sharks seldom scavenge.[8]

Life history

The Portuguese dogfish is aplacental viviparous, with the female retaining eggs internally until they hatch. The embryos are sustained by yolk, and possibly also by uterine fluid secreted by the mother.[12] Figueiredo et al. (2008) reported that there are two breeding seasons per year off Portugal, from January to May and from August to December, with only a fraction of the population reproductively active at a time. However, previous accounts have described continuous reproduction with females in various stages of pregnancy present year-round.[12][24] The ovarian follicles take some time to mature; they are ovulated into the uterus at a diameter of 5–6 cm (2.0–2.4 in).[13] Studies of females have found no traces of sperm inside their reproductive tracts, which suggests that fertilization occurs immediately following copulation, which may also trigger ovulation. The reproductive cycles of Portuguese dogfish in the Atlantic and Pacific are generally similar; sharks off Japan tend to produce larger numbers of smaller oocytes than elsewhere, while sharks off the British Isles exhibit a larger litter size and birth size (but smaller oocytes) than those off Portugal. There is a record of a hermaphroditic specimen with an ovary on its right side and a testis on its left.[12]

Early in development, the embryos are sexually undifferentiated, unpigmented, and possess filamentous external gills; the external yolk sac in this stage weighs 120–130 g (4.2–4.6 oz). Recognizable sex organs develop by an embryonic length of 92 mm (3.6 in), and tissue differentiation is complete by a length of 150 mm (5.9 in). Body pigmentation appears when the embryo is 100–150 mm (3.9–5.9 in) long; the external gills regress at around the same time. An internal yolk sac develops when the embryo is 140 mm (5.5 in) long, which begins to take in yolk as the external yolk sac shrinks; by the time the embryo is 233–300 mm (9.2–11.8 in) long the external yolk sac has been completely resorbed.[12] Off Portugal, the young seem to be born in May and December following a gestation period of over a year. As they near giving birth, the females undergo ovarian atresia (regression of the follicles), suggesting that they enter a resting period afterwards.[24] The litter size ranges from 1 to 29 (typically 12), and is not correlated with female size.[1][12] Parturition may occur in a yet-unknown nursery area, as newborns are rarely ever caught.[12] The length at birth has been reported as 23–30 cm (9.1–11.8 in) in the Atlantic,[12][25] and 30–35 cm (12–14 in) in the Pacific.[26][27]

Aside from the distinctive Mediterranean population, Portuguese dogfish attain sexual maturity at similar sizes around the world: males and females mature at 90–101 cm (35–40 in) and 85–115 cm (33–45 in) respectively off the Iberian Peninsula,[12][24][25] 86 cm (34 in) and 102 cm (40 in) respectively west of the British Isles,[28] 70 cm (28 in) and 95–100 cm (37–39 in) respectively in Suruga Bay, Japan,[26] and 82–90 cm (32–35 in) and 99–110 cm (39–43 in) respectively off southeastern Australia.[27][29] In the Mediterranean, males mature at around 53 cm (21 in) long.[30]

Human interactions

Black and white photo of a row of small sharks lying side by side on the deck of a fishing boat
The Portuguese dogfish is an important component of several deepwater fisheries.

The Portuguese dogfish is too small and occurs too deep to pose a danger to humans.[13] This species has long been commercially fished, using hook-and-line, gillnets, and trawls. It is mainly valued for its liver, which contains 22–49% squalene by weight and is processed for vitamins. The meat may also be sold fresh or dried and salted for human consumption, or converted into fishmeal.[1][7] An important fishery for the Portuguese dogfish exists in Suruga Bay for liver oil; catches peaked during World War II, but declined soon after from over-exploitation.[1] In the past few years, catches by the South East Trawl Fishery off Australia have been increasing, as fishers have been seeking out species not covered by commercial quotas following the relaxation of seafood mercury regulations. Shark landings in this fishery are affected by a prohibition on landing livers without the rest of the carcass.[1]

Until recently, Portugal was the only European country to utilize the Portuguese dogfish. An important bycatch of the black scabbardfish (Aphanops carbo) longline fishery, between 300 and 900 tons of this shark were landed annually from 1986 to 1999. Its per-weight value has been increasing since 1986, and thus exploitation is likely to continue.[1] Around 1990, French bottom trawlers began to fish for Portuguese dogfish and leafscale gulper sharks (Centrophorus squamosus) west of the British Isles for meat and livers; these two species are together referred to as siki. The siki catch peaked at 3,284 tons in 1996 before declining to 1,939 tons in 1999. The French have since been joined by Norwegian, Irish, and Scottish longliners and trawlers, making the Portuguese dogfish a significant component of deepwater fisheries in the northwest Atlantic.[10][11] While stocks off Portugal seem to be stable for now, stocks off the British Isles have diminished substantially in recent years; this may reflect the disparity between the less massified Portuguese fishery and the commercial French fishery.[12] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed this species as Near Threatened, because of its commercial value and low reproductive productivity.[1]

In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the Portuguese dogfish as "Not Threatened" with the qualifier "Data Poor" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[31]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Stevens, J. & Correia, J.P.S. (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003) (2003). "Centroscymnus coelolepis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T41747A10552910. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41747A10552910.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f Compagno, L.J.V. (1984). Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. p. 55–56. ISBN 978-92-5-101384-7.
  3. ^ Lineaweaver, T.H. & R.H. Backus (1970). The Natural History of Sharks. Lippincott. p. 239.
  4. ^ a b c Tosti, L.; R. Danovaro; A. Dell'anno; I. Olivotto; S. Bompadre; S. Clo & O. Carnevali (August 2006). "Vitellogenesis in the deep-sea shark Centroscymnus coelolepis". Chemistry and Ecology. 22 (4): 335–345. doi:10.1080/02757540600812016. S2CID 86109497.
  5. ^ Baranes, A. (2003). "Sharks from the Amirantes Islands, Seychelles, with a description of two new species of squaloids from the deep sea". Israel Journal of Zoology. 49 (1): 33–65. doi:10.1560/N4KU-AV5L-0VFE-83DL.
  6. ^ Priede I.G.; R. Froese; D.M. Bailey; O.A. Bergstad; M.A. Collins; J.E. Dyb; C. Henriques; E.G. Jones & N. King (2006). "The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 273 (1592): 1435–1441. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461. PMC 1560292. PMID 16777734.
  7. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2009). "Centroscymnus coelolepis" in FishBase. November 2009 version.
  8. ^ a b c d Sion, L.; A. Bozzano; G. D'Onghia; F. Capezzuto & M. Panza (December 2004). "Chondrichthyes species in deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea". Scientia Marina. 68 (Supplement 3): 153–162. doi:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s3153.
  9. ^ a b Carrasson, M.; C. Stefanescu & J.E. Cartes (1992). "Diets and bathymetric distributions of two bathyal sharks of the Catalan deep sea (western Mediterranean)". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 82 (1): 21–30. Bibcode:1992MEPS...82...21C. doi:10.3354/meps082021.
  10. ^ a b Clarke, M.W., L. Borges and R.A. Officer (April 2005). "Comparisons of trawl and longline catches of deepwater elasmobranchs west and north of Ireland". Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science. 35: 429–442. doi:10.2960/J.v35.m516.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ a b c Clarke, M.W.; P.L. Connolly & J.J. Bracken (2001). "Aspects of reproduction of the deep water sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus from west of Ireland and Scotland". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 81 (6): 1019–1029. doi:10.1017/S0025315401005008. S2CID 83052597.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Veríssimo, A.; L. Gordo & I. Figueiredo (2003). "Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Centroscymnus coelolepis in Portuguese mainland waters". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 60 (6): 1335–1341. doi:10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00146-2.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Burgess, G. and Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Portuguese Shark. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on October 17, 2009.
  14. ^ a b c Bozzano, A. (December 2004). "Retinal specialisations in the dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis from the Mediterranean deep-sea". Scientia Marina. 68 (S3): 185–195. doi:10.3989/scimar.2004.68s3185.
  15. ^ Yano, K. & S. Tanaka (1983). "Portuguese shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis from Japan, with notes on C. owstoni". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 30 (3): 208–216.
  16. ^ Taniuchi, T. & J.A.F. Garrick (1986). "A new species of Scymnodalatias from the southern oceans, and comments on other squaliform sharks". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 33 (2): 119–134. doi:10.1007/BF02905840. S2CID 198492003.
  17. ^ Deynat, P.P. (September 30, 2003). "Partial albinism in the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis (Elasmobranchii, Somniosidae)". Cybium. 27 (3): 233–236.
  18. ^ Hernandez-Perez, M.; R.M. Rabanal Gallego & M.J. Gonzalez Carlos (2002). "Sex difference in liver-oil concentration in the deep-sea shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis". Marine and Freshwater Research. 53 (5): 883–886. doi:10.1071/MF01035.
  19. ^ Bagley, P.M.; A. Smith & I.G. Priede (August 1994). "Tracking movements of deep demersal fishes in the Porcupine Seabight, north-east Atlantic Ocean". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 74 (3): 473–480. doi:10.1017/S0025315400047603. S2CID 84555258.
  20. ^ Pascoe, P.L. (1987). "Monogenean parasites of deep-sea fishes from the Rockall Trough (N.E. Atlantic) including a new species". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 67 (3): 603–622. doi:10.1017/S0025315400027326. S2CID 84642290.
  21. ^ Bussieras, J. (1970). "Nouvelles observations sur les cestodes tétrarhynques de la collection du Musée Océanographique de Monaco. I. Sphryiocephalus alberti Guiart, 1935". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 45: 5–12. doi:10.1051/parasite/1970451005.
  22. ^ Guitart, J. (1935). "Cestodes parasites provenant des campagnes scientifiquesde S.A.S. le Prince Albert ler de Monaco (1886–1913)". Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques Accomplies Sur Son Yacht Par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco Publiés Sous Sa Direction Avec le Concours de M. Jules Richard. 91: 1–100.
  23. ^ Mauchline, J. & J.D.M. Gordon (1983). "Diets of the sharks and chimaeroids of the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic Ocean". Marine Biology. 75 (2–3): 269–278. doi:10.1007/BF00406012. S2CID 84676692.
  24. ^ a b c Figueiredo, I.; T. Moura; A. Neves & L.S. Gordo (July 2008). "Reproductive strategy of leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus and the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis on the Portuguese continental slope". Journal of Fish Biology. 73 (1): 206–225. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01927.x.
  25. ^ a b Bañón, R.; C. Piñeiro & M. Casas (2006). "Biological aspects of deep-water sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus in Galician waters (north-western Spain)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 86 (4): 843–846. doi:10.1017/S0025315406013774. S2CID 86283124.
  26. ^ a b Yano, K. & S. Tanaka (1988). "Size at maturity, reproductive cycle, fecundity and depth segregation of the deep sea squaloid sharks Centroscymnus owstoni and C. coelolepis in Suruga Bay, Japan". Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. 54 (2): 167–174. doi:10.2331/suisan.54.167.
  27. ^ a b Daley, R., J. Stevens and K. Graham. (2002). Catch analysis and productivity of the deepwater dogfish resource in southern Australia. FRDC Final Report, 1998/108. Canberra: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation.
  28. ^ Girard, M. & M.H. Du Buit (1999). "Reproductive biology of two deep-water sharks from the British Isles, Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae)". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 79 (5): 923–931. doi:10.1017/S002531549800109X. S2CID 84868639.
  29. ^ Irvine, S.B. (2004). Age, growth and reproduction of deepwater dogfishes from southeastern Australia. PhD Thesis, Deakin University.
  30. ^ Cló, S., M. Dalú, R. Danovaro and M. Vacchi (2002). Segregation of the Mediterranean population of Centroscymnus coelolepis (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae): a description and survey. NAFO SCR Doc. 02/83
  31. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 9. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.

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Portuguese dogfish: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Portuguese dogfish (Centroscymnus coelolepis) or Portuguese shark, is a species of sleeper shark of the family Somniosidae. This globally distributed species has been reported down to a depth of 3,675 m (12,057 ft), making it the deepest-living shark known. It inhabits lower continental slopes and abyssal plains, usually staying near the bottom. Stocky and dark brown in color, the Portuguese dogfish can be distinguished from similar-looking species (such as the kitefin shark, Dalatias licha) by the small spines in front of its dorsal fins. Its dermal denticles are also unusual, resembling the scales of a bony fish. This species typically reaches 0.9–1 m (3.0–3.3 ft) in length; sharks in the Mediterranean Sea are much smaller and have distinct depth and food preferences.

Relatively common, the Portuguese dogfish is an active hunter capable of tackling fast, large prey. It feeds mainly on cephalopods and fishes, though it also consumes invertebrates and cetacean carrion. This shark has acute vision optimized for detecting the bioluminescence of its prey, as sunlight does not reach the depths at which it lives. The Portuguese dogfish is aplacental viviparous, with the young provisioned by yolk and perhaps uterine fluid. The females give birth to up to 29 young after a gestation period of over one year. Valued for its liver oil and to a lesser extent meat, Portuguese dogfish are important to deepwater commercial fisheries operating off Portugal, the British Isles, Japan, and Australia. These fishing pressures and the low reproductive rate of this species have led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess it as Near Threatened.

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Centroscymnus coelolepis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La pailona conocida en algunos puertos del Cantábrico como foca (Centroscymnus coelolepis) es una especie de tiburón de la familia Somniosidae.

Morfología

Elasmobranquio Selacimorfo de la familia Somniosidae, presenta cinco pares de hendiduras branquiales. Posee dos espinas dorsales duras muy pequeñas. Esquina interior de la aleta pectoral generalmente redondeada, nunca extendida. No posee aletas anales. Carece de membrana nictitante. Morro muy pequeño, dientes superiores lanceolados y los inferiores con los vértices cortos y oblicuos. Cuerpo cilíndrico. Línea lateral que en adultos posee dentículos circulares suaves. Piel bastante suave en comparación con especies similares. Color uniforme de castaño dorado a oscuro.

Distribución geográfica

Se distribuye en el talud y en la zona abisal, entre los 270 y 2000 m de profundidad. Normalmente se encuentra en los 400 m, no obstante ostenta el registro de más profundidad de cualquier elasmobranquio ya que ha sido capturado a 3.675 m. Vive preferentemente en aguas con temperaturas entre 5 y 10 °C.

Alimentación

Se alimenta principalmente de peces (incluidos otros escualos) y cefalópodos, gasterópodos y cetáceos.

Reproducción

Ovovivíparo aplacentario con 13 a 29 jóvenes por camada, que nacen con alrededor de 27-31 cm.

Pesca

Especie que hace algunos años se pescaba mediante palangre de fondo, en el Cantábrico junto a otros tiburones de fondo como Centrophorus squamosus y Centrophorus granulosus, principalmente para la obtención de aceite mediante la fermentación de su hígado, su carne también era comercializada para su consumo, siendo exportada a algunas zonas del Mediterráneo. Debido a la sobrepesca y a su lento desarrollo las poblaciones se han resentido, por lo que su pesca está prohibida.

Véase también

Referencias

  • Barrull, Joan y Mate, Isabel: Els tiburons dels Països Catalans. Editorial Pòrtic, S.A. Col. Conèixer la natura, núm. 14. Barcelona, març del 1996. ISBN 84-7306-920-X. Plana 85.

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Centroscymnus coelolepis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La pailona conocida en algunos puertos del Cantábrico como foca (Centroscymnus coelolepis) es una especie de tiburón de la familia Somniosidae.

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Centroscymnus coelolepis ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Centroscymnus coelolepis Centroscymnus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Somniosidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Centroscymnus coelolepis FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Kanpo estekak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Centroscymnus coelolepis: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Centroscymnus coelolepis Centroscymnus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Somniosidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Pailona commun ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Centroscymnus coelolepis

Le pailona commun (Centroscymnus coelolepis) est une espèce de requins de la famille des Somnosidae.

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Centroscymnus coelolepis ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il centroscimno[2] (Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello 1864), o conosciuto anche come squalo portoghese o pescecane portoghese, è uno squalo della famiglia Somniosidae[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

La specie vive nell'Oceano Atlantico Occidentale, al largo di Stati Uniti e Cuba[4], in quello Orientale, dall'Islanda al Sudafrica, ed anche nel Mediterraneo[5]. Abita inoltre le acque di Giappone, Nuova Zelanda ed Australia nel Pacifico Occidentale[6][7] e quelle delle Seychelles nell'Oceano Indiano[8]. Preferisce le acque con temperature comprese tra 5 e 13 °C[6]. È stato avvistato a profondità comprese tra 150 e 3700 metri[9], ma generalmente si mantiene nell'intervallo tra i 400 ed i 2000[10].

Descrizione

La lunghezza massima di questi pesci non supera i 120 cm[6]. Le pinne dorsali presentano delle minuscole spine, il muso è accorciato, la forma dei denti è lanceolata nella mascella superiore, a lama in quella inferiore con piccole cuspidi oblique. Il corpo è tarchiato, e si assottiglia bruscamente solo in corrispondenza della zona pettorale. I dentelli dermici laterali sono molto grandi e tra gli adulti ed i giovani quasi maturi sono dotati di corone circolari e lisce[5]. Il colore è uniforme e va dal marrone dorato al marrone scuro[6].

Biologia

Alimentazione

Questo squalo si nutre principalmente di altri pesci (altri squali compresi) e cefalopodi[6], ma anche di gasteropodi e carne di cetacei morti[11].

Riproduzione

La specie è ovovivipara[12], e la madre mette al mondo da 13 a 29 cuccioli, lunghi da 27 a 31 cm, per volta[13].

Interazioni con l'uomo

Utilizzati per l'alimentazione umana, questi squali sono conservati essiccati o salati e sono catturati anche per ricavare l'olio noto come squalene contenuto nel fegato[6].

Conservazione

La specie è considerata in grave pericolo da alcuni studiosi[14], ma la valutazione del 2020 della Lista rossa IUCN la indica come "prossima alla minaccia"[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Finucci, B., Cheok, J., Cotton, C.F., Kulka, D.W., Neat, F.C., Pacoureau, N., Rigby, C.L., Tanaka, S. & Walker, T.I. 2020, Centroscymnus coelolepis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Mipaaf - Decreto ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su www.politicheagricole.it. URL consultato il 1º marzo 2018.
  3. ^ (EN) Centroscymnus coelolepis, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species).
  4. ^ Claro, R. 1994 Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. In R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
  5. ^ a b Compagno, L.J.V. 1984 FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 1 - Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(4/1):1-249.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens 1994 Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p.
  7. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. and V.H. Niem 1998 Squalidae. Dogfish sharks. p. 1213-1232. In: K.E. Carpenter and V.H. Niem (eds.) FAO Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes. The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. FAO, Rome.
  8. ^ Baranes, A. 2003 Sharks from the Amirantes Islands, Seychelles, with a description of two new species of squaloids from the deep sea. Israel J. Zool. 49:33-65.
  9. ^ Kiraly, S.J., J.A. Moore and P.H. Jasinski 2003 Deepwater and other sharks of the U.S. Atlantic Ocean Exclusive Economic Zone. Mar. Fish. Rev. 65(4):1-64.
  10. ^ Muus, B.J. and J.G. Nielsen 1999 Sea fish. Scandinavian Fishing Year Book, Hedehusene, Denmark. 340 p.
  11. ^ Compagno, L.J.V., D.A. Ebert and M.J. Smale 1989 Guide to the sharks and rays of southern Africa. New Holland (Publ.) Ltd., London. 158 p.
  12. ^ Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen 1966 Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, New Jersey. 941 p.
  13. ^ Cox, G. and M. Francis 1997 Sharks and rays of New Zealand. Canterbury University Press, Univ. of Canterbury. 68 p.
  14. ^ Cheung, W.W.L., T.J. Pitcher and D. Pauly 2005 A fuzzy logic expert system to estimate intrinsic extinction vulnerabilities of marine fishes to fishing Biol. Conserv. 124:97-111.

Bibliografia

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wikipedia IT

Centroscymnus coelolepis: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il centroscimno (Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello 1864), o conosciuto anche come squalo portoghese o pescecane portoghese, è uno squalo della famiglia Somniosidae.

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Portugese ijshaai ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Portugese ijshaai (Centroscymnus coelolepis) is een vis uit de familie Somniosidae (volgens oudere inzichten de familie Dalatiidae) en behoort in elk geval tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 120 centimeter.

Leefomgeving

De Portugese ijshaai is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert diep water en komt voor in de Grote en Atlantische Oceaan. Bovendien komt de Portugese ijshaai voor in de Middellandse Zee. De soort leeft gewoonlijk op dieptes tussen 400 en 2000 (maximaal 3700) meter.[2]

Relatie tot de mens

De Portugese ijshaai is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. De aanlandingen van gevangen ijshaaien stegen in de periode 1986-1999. Er was daarnaast een opmerkelijke stijging in de kilogramprijs, wat erop wijst dat de visserijdruk op deze haai toeneemt. De Portugese ijshaai staat daarom als gevoelig op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN[3]

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Portugese ijshaai op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Fishbase Centroscymnus coelolepis.
  3. Stevens, J. & Correia, J.P.S. 2003. Centroscymnus coelolepis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. . Downloaded on 02 March 2010.
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Portugese ijshaai: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Portugese ijshaai (Centroscymnus coelolepis) is een vis uit de familie Somniosidae (volgens oudere inzichten de familie Dalatiidae) en behoort in elk geval tot de orde van doornhaaiachtigen (Squaliformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 120 centimeter.

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wikipedia NL

Centroscymnus coelolepis ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Centroscymnus coelolepis (Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864) é uma espécie de tubarão de profundidade da família dos Somniosidae, conhecida pelo nome comum de carocho[2].

Descrição

Tubarão de profundidade, com até 1,2 m de comprimento, de cor castanho-escuro, que frequenta a zona bentónica e batial. Tem espinhos dorsais, mas apenas a ponta é visível.

As extremidade do focinho é arredondada e apresenta uma protuberância volumosa junto às comissuras bucais. As fendas branquiais são sensivelmente uniformes em tamanho[2].

Os dentes são unicúspides, sendo os superiores lanceolados e os inferiores largos e oblíquos[2].

Distribuição e habitat

A espécie ocorre no Oceano Atlântico numa vasta área que vai das costas da Islândia à costa de Marrocos, abrangendo as costas europeias e a região da Macaronésia. Também ocorre no Mediterrâneo ocidental Já foi encontrado em diversas áreas fora do Atlântico Nordeste, nomeadamente na costa africana a sul do Senegal, na região ocidental do Atlântico Norte, nas costas do nordeste dos Estados Unidos e da Nova Escócia.

A espécie tem hábitos bentónicos, ocorrendo em águas profundas, entre os 400 e os 2700 m. Prefere águas com temperatura em tornos dos 5-6 °C.

Notas

  1. Stevens, J. and J.P.S. Correia (SSG Australia & Oceania Regional Workshop, March 2003) (2003). «Centroscymnus coelolepis». Lista Vermelha da IUCN de espécies ameaçadas da UICN 2022 (em inglês). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado em Outubro 4, 2009 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  2. a b c Espécies Marinhas: Centroscymnus coelolepis.

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Centroscymnus coelolepis: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Centroscymnus coelolepis (Barbosa du Bocage & Brito Capello, 1864) é uma espécie de tubarão de profundidade da família dos Somniosidae, conhecida pelo nome comum de carocho.

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Pailonahaj ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Pailonahaj (Centroscymnus coelolepis) är en haj som tillhör familjen sömnhajar.

Utseende

Pailonahajen har en förhållandevis kraftig kropp för att vara en pigghaj, med en kort, trubbig nos och korta gälbågar. Färgen är enfärgat brunsvart; ungfiskar är dock mer blåaktigt svarta än bruna.[3] Huden är försedd med stora, men inte speciellt vassa hudtänder. De två ryggfenorna är små.[4] Som de flesta pigghajar har den en tagg främst i varje ryggfena, men taggarna är mycket små och till största delen dolda av hud.[5] Tänderna är olika i över- och underkäke; de övre tänderna är smala och spetsiga, medan de undre är breda, utan spets men med en skärande kant.[3] Hanar betraktas som vuxna vid en längd av 80 cm, honor vid 100 cm. Maxlängden ligger vid 120 cm.[6]

Vanor

Arten lever längs kontinentalsockelns sluttningar och vid havsbottnen på ett djup mellan 130 och 3 700 m, vanligtvis under 400 m. Födan består av andra hajar, benfiskar, ryggradslösa djur (som snäckor[7]), as (sälar och valar [6]samt bläckfiskar[8]. Den kan även bita mindre köttstycken ur större, levande byten på samma sätt som cigarrhajen.[6]

Fortplantning

Pailonahajen är levandeförare, och honan föder mellan 13 och 17 ungar med en längd av 27 – 30 cm. Under utvecklingen får fostren näring från sin gulesäck; ingen näring erhålles alltså via honan. Honorna blir könsmogna vid en längd mellan 90 och 100 cm, hanarna vid 70 till 75 cm längd.[3]

Utbredning

I östra Atlanten finns arten från Island, längs västra Brittiska öarna, Frankrike och Iberiska halvön till norra Västafrika och återigen längs Sydafrikas kust. Den går även in i västra Medelhavet.[8] I västra Atlanten finns den från Newfoundland i Kanada till Delaware i USA. Den finns även i västra Stilla havet runt Japan, Nya Zeeland och Australien samt i västra Indiska oceanen vid Seychellerna.[7]

Kommersiell användning

Ett visst fiske bedrivs, främst på grund av den oljerika levern, men även för mänsklig konsumtion och som industrifisk.[3] IUCN har klassificerat den som nära hotad ("NT"), framför allt på grund av dess långsamma tillväxt.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Stevens, J. & Correia, J.P.S. 2003 Centroscymnus coelolepis IUCN 2010 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Läst 2010-09-15
  2. ^ Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage and Brito Capello, 1864” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=160724. Läst 15 september 2010.
  3. ^ [a b c d] George Burgess, Cathy Bester. ”PORTUGUESE SHARK” (på engelska). Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/PortugueseShark/PortugueseShark.html. Läst 16 september 2010.
  4. ^ Mark McGrouther (17 juni 2010). ”Portuguese Dogfish, Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage & Capello, 1864” (på engelska). Australian Museum. http://australianmuseum.net.au/Portuguese-Dogfish-Centroscymnus-coelolepis-Bocage-Capello-1864. Läst 15 september 2010.
  5. ^ Curry-Lindahl, Kai (1985). Våra fiskar : havs- och sötvattensfiskar i Norden och övriga Europa. Stockholm: Norstedts. sid. 133, 324. ISBN 91-1-844202-1
  6. ^ [a b c] Compagno, Leonard; Dando, Marc; Fowler, Sarah (2005) (på engelska). Sharks of the World. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. sid. 112. ISBN 978-0-691-12071-3
  7. ^ [a b] Carpenter, Kent E. (20 april 2010). Centroscymnus coelolepis Barbosa du Bocage & de Brito Capello, 1864 Portuguese dogfish” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=662. Läst 15 september 2010.
  8. ^ [a b] Muus, Bent J; Nielsen, Jørgen G; Svedberg, Ulf (1999). Havsfisk och fiske i Nordvästeuropa. Stockholm: Prisma. sid. 56. ISBN 91-518-3505-3
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Pailonahaj: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Pailonahaj (Centroscymnus coelolepis) är en haj som tillhör familjen sömnhajar.

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Акула португальська ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Опис

Загальна довжина сягає 0,9-1 м. Самиці трохи більші за самців. Голова пласка, морда витягнута та округлена. Рот невеликий, проте широкий. Зуби на верхній щелепі тонкі та паралельні один одному, становлять 43—68 рядків. Зуби нижньої щелепи короткі й сильно вигнуті, становлять 29—41 рядків. Очі великі й оруглі, розташовані горизонтально на голові. Має чудовий зір. П'ять зябрових щілин невеликі. Тулуб товстий, циліндричний. Налічує 2 спинних плавця. Біля них розташовані невеличкі шипики. Перші розташовано позаду грудних плавців. Грудні плавці округлі.

Забарвлення цієї акули однотонне — коричнево-чорне. Акуленята більш світлі, проте з часом значно темнішають.

Спосіб життя

Є акулою, яка мешкає на найбільшій для цього надряду глибині — до 3700 м. Звичайна на глибині 400—2000 м. Тримається дна, є бентофагом. Зустрічається на континентальному шельфі. Активний мисливець, але має невелику швидкість. Живиться головоногими молюсками, костистою рибою, медузами, а також падлом.

Статева зрілість настає при розмірах від 70 до 115 см (в залежності від місця існування). Це яйцеживородна акула. Самиця після 12 місяців вагітності народжує до 29 акуленят завдовжки 23-35 см.

Португальська акула є об'єктом промислового вилову у Португалії, Великій Британії, Японії та Австралії. Цінується її м'ясо та жир. Перш за все цінується печінка цієї акули. М'ясо сушиться та солиться, з кісток робиться борошно.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає уздовж атлантичного узбережжя США, від Гренландії до Східної Африки, включно зі Сьєрра-Леоне. Також присутня у Середземному морі. Зустрічається у Південній Африці. Крім того, від південного Мадагаскару по островах південної частини Індійського океану до Австралії та о. Тасманія. Звичайна для узбережжя Нової Зеландії. Окремі ареали присутні на півдні Японії та біля Сейшельських островів.

Джерела

  • Bañón, R., C. Piñeiro and M. Casas (2006). «Biological aspects of deep-water sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus in Galician waters (north-western Spain)». Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86 (4): 843—846.
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wikipedia UK

Белоглазая колючая акула ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Белоглазые колючие акулы окрашены в коричнево-чёрный цвет

На ранней стадии развития пол эмбрионов неразличим, пигментация отсутствует, у них имеются волокнистые внешние жабры; желточный мешок весит 120—130 г. Репродуктивные органы развиваются по достижении зародышем длины 92 мм, а дифференциация клеток завершается при длине 150 мм. У эмбрионов, дорастающих до 100—150 мм, появляется пигментация, примерно в это же время внешние жабры регрессируют. При длине 140 мм развивается внутренний желточный мешок, в котором начинает запасаться желток. К тому времени, когда зародыши достигают размера 233—300 мм, внешний желточный мешок полностью пустеет[10]. У побережья Португалии новорождённые появляются на свет в мае и декабре. Беременность длится свыше года. После родов у самок происходит атрезия фолликулов; это говорит о том, что между беременностями существует период отдыха[27]. Численность помёта колеблется от 1 до 29 и напрямую зависит от размера самки. В среднем в помёте 12 новорождённых[5]. Возможно, роды происходят в пока неизвестных естественных питомниках, поскольку новорождённые попадаются крайне редко[10]. В Атлантике их длина составляет 23—30 см[10][28], а в Тихом океане 30—35 см[29][30].

За исключением особей средиземноморской популяции, самцы и самки этого вида достигают половой зрелости при длине 90—101 и 85—115 см соответственно (побережье Пиренейского полуострова)[10][28], 86 и 102 см (к западу от берегов Великобритании)[31], 70 и 95—100 см (залив Суруга)[29] и 82—90 и 99—110 см у юго-востока Австралии[30]. В Средиземном море же белоглазые колючие акулы становятся половозрелыми уже при длине 53 см[32].

 src=
Белоглазые колючие акулы являются ценным объектом коммерческого рыбного промысла

Взаимодействие с человеком

Белоглазые колючие акулы слишком малы и обитают слишком глубоко, чтобы представлять опасность для человека[16]. Этих акул с давних пор добывают на крючок, с помощью жаберных сетей и тралов. Они особенно ценятся за печень, содержащую до 22—49 % сквалена. Мясо поступает в продажу в свежем или вяленом виде, после чего употребляется в пищу либо используется для производства рыбной муки[5][4]. До недавнего времени эти акулы были объектами европейского коммерческого промысла только в Португалии. В качестве прилова в ходе промысла угольной рыбы-саблиruen с 1986 по 1999 год ежегодно вылавливали от 300 до 900 тонн белоглазых колючих акул. Примерно в 1990 году французские донные траулеры начали промысел этих и серых короткошипых акул к западу от Британских островов ради печени и мяса. К ним присоединились норвежские, ирландские и шотландские рыболовы, таким образом, белоглазые колючие акулы стали важным компонентом глубоководного промысла в северо-западной Атлантике[14][15]. В то время как у побережья Португалии численность популяции остаётся стабильной, популяция Британских вод существенно уменьшилась за последние годы[10]. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду статус сохранности «Близкий к уязвимому положению»[5].

Примечания

  1. Синонимы Centroscymnus coelolepis в базе данных FishBase (англ.) (Проверено 2 февраля 2016)
  2. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 35. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  3. Линдберг, Г. У., Герд, А. С., Расс, Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 45. — 562 с.
  4. 1 2 3 Centroscymnus coelolepis (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Centroscymnus coelolepis (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  6. Bocage, J.V.B. du & De Brito Capello, F. Sur quelques espèces inédites de Squalidae de la tribu Acanthiana Gray, qui fréquentent les côtes du Portugal // Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. — 1864. — Vol. 1864. — P. 260—263.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Compagno, Leonard J.V. 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes // FAO species catalogue. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1984. — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — P. 55. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  8. [slovarus.info/grk.php Большой древнегреческий словарь] (неопр.). Проверено 21 февраля 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 Tosti, L., R. Danovaro, A. Dell'anno, I. Olivotto, S. Bompadre, S. Clo and O. Carnevali. Vitellogenesis in the deep-sea shark Centroscymnus coelolepis // Chemistry and Ecology. — 2006. — Vol. 22, № 4. — P. 335—345. — DOI:10.1080/02757540600812016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Veríssimo, A., L. Gordo and I. Figueiredo. Reproductive biology and embryonic development of Centroscymnus coelolepis in Portuguese mainland waters // ICES Journal of Marine Science. — (2003). — Vol. 60, № 6. — P. 1335—1341. — DOI:10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00146-2.
  11. Baranes, A. Sharks from the Amirantes Islands, Seychelles, with a description of two new species of squaloids from the deep sea // Israel Journal of Zoology. — 2003. — Vol. 49, № 1. — P. 33—65. — DOI:10.1560/N4KU-AV5L-0VFE-83DL.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Sion, L., A. Bozzano, G. D'Onghia, F. Capezzuto and M. Panza. Chondrichthyes species in deep waters of the Mediterranean Sea // Scientia Marina. — (December 2004). — Vol. 68, № (Supplement 3). — P. 152—162.
  13. 1 2 Carrasson, M., C. Stefanescu and J.E. Cartes. Diets and bathymetric distributions of two bathyal sharks of the Catalan deep sea (western Mediterranean) // Marine Ecology Progress Series. — 1992. — Vol. 82, № 1. — P. 21—30. — DOI:10.3354/meps082021.
  14. 1 2 Clarke, M.W., L. Borges and R.A. Officer. Comparisons of trawl and longline catches of deepwater elasmobranchs west and north of Ireland // Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science. — (April 2005). — Vol. 35. — P. 429—442.
  15. 1 2 3 Clarke, M.W., P.L. Connolly and J.J. Bracken. Aspects of reproduction of the deep water sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus from west of Ireland and Scotland // Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — (2001). — Vol. 81, № 6. — P. 1019—1029. — DOI:10.1017/S0025315401005008.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Burgess, G. and Bester, C. Biological Profiles: Portuguese Shark (неопр.). Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Проверено 30 августа 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 Bozzano, A. «Retinal specialisations in the dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis from the Mediterranean deep-sea» // Scientia Marina. — 2004. — Vol. 68, № (Supplement 3). — P. 185—195.
  18. «Portuguese shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis, from Japan, with notes on C. owstoni» // Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. — 1983. — Vol. 30, № (3). — P. 208—216.
  19. Taniuchi, T. and J. A. F. Garrick. «A new species of Scymnodalatias from the southern oceans, and comments on other squaliform sharks» // Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. — 1986. — Vol. 33, № (2). — P. 119—134.
  20. Deynat, P.P. «Partial albinism in the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis (Elasmobranchii, Somniosidae)» // Cybium. — September 30, 2003). — Vol. 27, № (3). — P. 233—236.
  21. Hernandez-Perez, M., R.M. Rabanal Gallego and M.J. Gonzalez Carlos. Sex difference in liver-oil concentration in the deep-sea shark, Centroscymnus coelolepis // Marine and Freshwater Research 53. — 2002. — Vol. 53, № 5. — P. 883—886. — DOI:10.1071/MF01035.
  22. Bagley, P.M., A. Smith and I.G. Priede. Tracking movements of deep demersal fishes in the Porcupine Seabight, north-east Atlantic Ocean // Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — (August 1994). — Vol. 74, № 3. — DOI:10.1017/S0025315400047603.
  23. Pascoe, P.L. Monogenean parasites of deep-sea fishes from the Rockall Trough (N.E. Atlantic) including a new species // Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — 1987. — Vol. 67, № 3. — P. 603—622. — DOI:10.1017/S0025315400027326.
  24. Bussieras, J. Nouvelles observations sur les cestodes tetrarhynques de la collection du Musee Oceanographique de Monaco. I. Sphryiocephalus alberti Guiart, 1935 // Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee. — 1970. — Vol. 45. — P. 5—12.
  25. Guitart, J. Cestodes parasites provenant des campagnes scientifiquesde S.A.S. le Prince Albert ler de Monaco (1886—1913) // Résultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies sur son Yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco publiés sous sa Direction avec le Concours de M. Jules Richard. — 1935. — Vol. 91. — P. 1—100.
  26. Mauchline, J. and J.D.M. Gordon. Diets of the sharks and chimaeroids of the Rockall Trough, northeastern Atlantic Ocean // Marine Biology. — 1983. — Vol. 75, № 2—3. — P. 269—278. — DOI:10.1007/BF00406012.
  27. 1 2 Figueiredo, I., T. Moura, A. Neves and L.S. Gordo. Reproductive strategy of leafscale gulper shark Centrophorus squamosus and the Portuguese dogfish Centroscymnus coelolepis on the Portuguese continental slope // Journal of Fish Biology. — (July 2008). — Vol. 73, № 1. — P. 206—225. — DOI:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.01927.x.
  28. 1 2 Bañón, R., C. Piñeiro and M. Casas. Biological aspects of deep-water sharks Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus in Galician waters (north-western Spain) // Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — 2006. — Vol. 86, № 4. — P. 843—846. — DOI:10.1017/S0025315406013774.
  29. 1 2 Yano, K. and S. Tanaka. Size at maturity, reproductive cycle, fecundity and depth segregation of the deep sea squaloid sharks Centroscymnus owstoni and C. coelolepis in Suruga Bay, Japan // Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries. — 1988. — Vol. 54, № 2. — P. 167—174. — DOI:10.2331/suisan.54.167.
  30. 1 2 Daley, R., J. Stevens and K. Graham. (2002). Catch analysis and productivity of the deepwater dogfish resource in southern Australia. FRDC Final Report, 1998/108. Canberra: Fisheries Research and Development Corporation
  31. Girard, M. and M.H. Du Buit. Reproductive biology of two deep-water sharks from the British Isles, Centroscymnus coelolepis and Centrophorus squamosus (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae) // Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. — 1999. — Vol. 79, № 5. — P. 923—831. — DOI:10.1017/S002531549800109X.
  32. Cló, S., M. Dalú, R. Danovaro and M. Vacchi (2002). Segregation of the Mediterranean population of Centroscymnus coelolepis (Chondrichthyes: Squalidae): a description and survey. NAFO SCR Doc. 02/83
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Белоглазая колючая акула: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Белоглазые колючие акулы окрашены в коричнево-чёрный цвет

На ранней стадии развития пол эмбрионов неразличим, пигментация отсутствует, у них имеются волокнистые внешние жабры; желточный мешок весит 120—130 г. Репродуктивные органы развиваются по достижении зародышем длины 92 мм, а дифференциация клеток завершается при длине 150 мм. У эмбрионов, дорастающих до 100—150 мм, появляется пигментация, примерно в это же время внешние жабры регрессируют. При длине 140 мм развивается внутренний желточный мешок, в котором начинает запасаться желток. К тому времени, когда зародыши достигают размера 233—300 мм, внешний желточный мешок полностью пустеет. У побережья Португалии новорождённые появляются на свет в мае и декабре. Беременность длится свыше года. После родов у самок происходит атрезия фолликулов; это говорит о том, что между беременностями существует период отдыха. Численность помёта колеблется от 1 до 29 и напрямую зависит от размера самки. В среднем в помёте 12 новорождённых. Возможно, роды происходят в пока неизвестных естественных питомниках, поскольку новорождённые попадаются крайне редко. В Атлантике их длина составляет 23—30 см, а в Тихом океане 30—35 см.

За исключением особей средиземноморской популяции, самцы и самки этого вида достигают половой зрелости при длине 90—101 и 85—115 см соответственно (побережье Пиренейского полуострова), 86 и 102 см (к западу от берегов Великобритании), 70 и 95—100 см (залив Суруга) и 82—90 и 99—110 см у юго-востока Австралии. В Средиземном море же белоглазые колючие акулы становятся половозрелыми уже при длине 53 см.

 src= Белоглазые колючие акулы являются ценным объектом коммерческого рыбного промысла
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Diet ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on squid and bottom fishes

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Grand Banks to Cuba

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

licença
cc-by-4.0
direitos autorais
WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Occasionally found in Canadian Atlantic waters.Usually occurs in water temperatures of 5-13°C, on or near bottom.

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
benthic

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

licença
cc-by-4.0
direitos autorais
WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Known from seamounts and knolls

Referência

Stocks, K. 2009. Seamounts Online: an online information system for seamount biology. Version 2009-1. World Wide Web electronic publication.

licença
cc-by-4.0
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[email]