dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 77 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Little is known about perception and communication in gray whales. Most whales communicate using a variety of high and low frequency "whale songs", including prolonged deep moans. Evidence suggests that gray whales use a simple array of short pulses and moans. Short pulses may be used for basic echolocation.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Other Communication Modes: choruses

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; echolocation ; chemical

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

In 2003, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) established an indigenous hunting limit of 620 gray whales over five years, with no more than 140 individuals to be taken in a single year. In 2005, the IWC estimated that 400 individuals could be sustainably taken in any one year. Additionally, the major breeding lagoons of the eastern Pacific population are protected by their inclusion in the El Vizcaino Biosphere Reserve, limiting disturbances from boating, fishing, and coastal development.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada designated the eastern north Pacific gray whale as a species of "Special Concern". After international protection from commercial whaling, gray whale populations experienced a 2.5% annual growth increase until 1998, when the population peaked at around 27,000 individuals. Over the following four years, however, the population declined by more than a third, possibly due to a lack of food in their summer feeding grounds. Since 2002, the eastern north Pacific gray whale population has steadily increased. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service lists the western north Pacific gray whale population as "endangered" and indicates that the eastern north Pacific stock was delisted in 1994. When the western and eastern Pacific populations are considered a single population, the IUCN considers them as a species of "Least Concern". However, the western Pacific population is separately listed as “critically endangered”.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales have no known negative impact on humans; however, future conservation efforts may limit costal development.

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales have been hunted for thousands of years by indigenous populations along the coasts of North America and Russia. Commercial whaling for baleen, blubber, oil, and meat has occurred sporadically since 1900; however, over the past 400 years over-hunting has significantly decreased gray whale abundance. Although commercial whaling is illegal, indigenous subsistence hunting is allowed in North America and Russia. Finally, ecotourism and whale watching are important components of local economies along gray whale migratory routes.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material; ecotourism ; research and education

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales are hosts to many endo- and ecto-parasites, including barnacles and whale lice. They are major predators of benthic amphipods (Amphipoda) and other marine invertebrates, including ghost shrimp (Palaemonetes). It is not known if gray whales contribute a significant degree of top down control on these prey species. Gray whales are primarily bottom feeders that disrupt muddy ocean bottoms, leaving feeding pits that are then colonized by other organisms. During feeding events, large mud plumes follow whales to the surface, carrying with them many invertebrates that are then eaten by sea birds and fish. Birds commonly associated with gray whales include northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis), red phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius), black-legged kitti-wakes (Rissa tridactyla), and thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia). Gray whales also eat herring eggs and spawn (Clupea pallasii pallasii) along their coastal migration routes and are considered to be opportunistic feeders that also feed upon schools of small baitfish.

Ecosystem Impact: creates habitat; soil aeration

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • barnacles, (Cryptolepas rhachianecti)
  • cyamids, (Cyamus)
  • trematode, (Ogmogaster antarcticus)
  • trematode, (Ogmogaster pentalineatus)
  • trematode, (Lecithodesmus goliath)
  • spiny-headed worms, (Acanthocephala)
  • nematodes, (Anisakis simplex)
  • northern fulmar, (Fulmarus glacialis)
  • red phalarope, (Phalaropus fulicarius)
  • black-legged kitti-wake, (Rissa tridactyla)
  • thick-billed murre, (Uria lomvia)
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales are mysticetes (i.e., filter feeders) and are the only large cetacean known primarily as bottom feeders. They feed in shallow water with muddy or sandy bottoms or in kelp beds. To feed, they dive to the ocean floor and fill their mouths with a large volume of sediment. They force the sediment through their baleen plates, which trap a wide variety of crustaceans (Crustacea) including amphipods (Amphipoda) and ghost shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis), as well as polychaete worms (Polychaeta), herring eggs (Clupea pallasii pallasii) and various forms of larvae. Food items are scraped off baleen plates with their large tongue and ingested.

Gray whales are considered opportunistic feeders and use group feeding strategies on schools of small fish during their southern migration. During feeding episodes, three to four whales corral a school of fish, as a single whale swims up through the school with its mouth agape. The head of the feeding whale emerges out of the water and remains in this position for up to a few minutes. Each whale in the group repeats this process until the school of fish has been significantly depleted.

Animal Foods: fish; eggs; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; cnidarians; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton

Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats eggs, Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore , Vermivore, Eats other marine invertebrates)

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales occur in the eastern and western north Pacific. Eastern north Pacific gray whales use shallow arctic feeding grounds during the summer, which are located in the Bering and Chukchi Seas. During the fall, they migrate south along the west coast of North America to their winter calving grounds, located in the warm waters off coast of Baja California. Four specific locations have been identified as important calving grounds for eastern gray whales: Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Guerrero Negro, Bahia Magdalena, and Laguna San Ignacio. Eastern gray whales are often seen during migration, off the western shores of the United States and British Colombia. During the return migration in the spring, a small population of about 80 individuals remains in more southerly Canadian waters. Relative to their eastern counterparts, western Pacific gray whales are poorly understood and are often referred to as the Korean, Western Pacific, or Okhotsk Sea stock. Their feeding grounds extend from the Okhotsk Sea, south along the east coast of Russia to the southern tip of south Korea. During the fall, they likely migrate to the South China Sea to give birth to young in sheltered lagoons and bays along the southern Chinese coast. However, this has not been well documented, as fewer studies have focused on this population.

A third north Atlantic gray whale population existed as recently as the 1700's and was described by whalers and colonists in North America, Iceland, Great Britain and Scandinavia. They have since been extirpated from the north Atlantic, likely due to over-hunting by whalers along with other anthropogenic influences (e.g., coastal development in their former calving grounds).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental ; arctic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales feed in shallow coastal waters with muddy or sandy bottoms. They are migratory and rely on a variety of coastal habitats. During summer, they stay in waters of up to 60 m in depth and within 0.5 km to 166 km of shore. During fall, eastern gray whales migrate along the west coast of North America and spend winter in waters of less than 4 m in depth. These waters tend to be hyper-saline and are between 15 and 20 degrees C. Winter calving grounds usually have muddy or sandy bottoms and may contain eelgrass beds or be adjacent to mangrove swamps.

Range depth: < 4 to 60 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; polar ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: benthic ; coastal

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Information on the lifespan of gray whales is limited, however, estimates range from 25 to 80 years old. Mortality rates are highest for young gray whales with an average annual calf mortality of 5.4%. About 75% of first-year mortalities occur during the first 2 weeks after birth. Mortality records indicate that calves represent about 91% of deaths at winter calving grounds, followed by yearlings (0 to 19.5%) and adults (0 to 5%). Annual adult mortality is estimated to be between 0.1 and 5% per year. Due to their large size and consequent feeding requirements, gray whales cannot be held in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
25 to 80 years.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gray whales have mottled gray backs, a trait shared among several mysticete species. They are often hosts to dense infestations of skin parasites (e.g., barnacles and orange whale lice) that give their skin a rough and patchy appearance. In gray whales, these parasites often cover the entire body, however, in other baleen whales (right whales, Eubalaena australis and humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae), infestations are limited to specific areas of the body. Gray whale calves weigh between 500 kg and 600 kg at birth and are about 4.6 m in length. Adult females are slightly larger than males and are between 11.7 m and 15.2 m. Males are between 11.1 m and 14.3 m in length. Gray whales can weigh as much as 36,000 kg.

Unlike humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), with which they are commonly confused, gray whales do not have dorsal fins. Rather, they have a large hump at the anterior end of the tail stock, followed by 7 to 15 knobs or knuckles of decreasing size. Gray whales have small, paddle-shaped flippers, compared to the large white flippers of humpback whales. The caudal fin has 2 wide, gray flukes separated by a deep notch. Their upper jaw extends past the lower jaw, and they have 2 to 5 throat pleats, which allow the mouth and throat to expand while feeding. Adults have 130 to 180 cream-colored baleen plates that are 5 to 25 cm in length.

Range mass: 36000 (high) kg.

Range length: 11.1 to 15.2 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The only non-human predator of gray whales is the killer whale, also known as the orca (Orcinus orca). Nearly 18% of all gray whales show evidence of orca attack, with juveniles being the most vulnerable. Orca’s hunt in pods and can separate a calf from its mother. Once separated from its mother, the orca pod drowns the calf by holding on to its flippers and tail flukes with their teeth. Adult gray whales often place themselves between their calf and potential predators. When under attack, adults may also swim toward shallow water or kelp beds, where orcas typically do not enter.

Known Predators:

  • Killer Whales (Orcinus orca)
  • Humans (Homo sapiens)
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Although little is known of gray whale mating behavior, group mating events of three or more individual have been documented. Gray whales have a high reproductive rate, relative to other baleen whales.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Gray whales mate throughout the year, however, most conceptions occur during the fall migration. After 13 to 14 months of gestation, females give birth to a single calf (one occurrence of twin fetuses was reported in 1987), which nurses until it is 6 to 7 months old. Eastern gray whale calves are born in late January in the warm coastal waters of Baja California, Mexico; however, early calving during the fall migration has been documented. Although less information is available for western gray whales, their winter calving grounds are thought to be along the coast of the South China Sea and likely have characteristics that are similar to the calving grounds of their eastern counterparts. Calving grounds are typically in shallow lagoons that are less than 4 m in depth and are hyper-saline. Preference for shallow water during calving may have contributed to the extirpation of the north Atlantic population in the mid 1700's.

Sexual maturation in gray whales occurs around 8 years of age, but has been documented in individuals as young as 5 and as old as 11. Nevertheless, studies suggest that size may be a better indicator of sexual maturity than age. Males average 11.1 m in length at time of sexual maturation and females average 11.7 meters. Sixty percent of the population consists of sexually mature adults. The average generation length (number of years between an individual's birth and the age at which they give birth) for gray whales is 22 years.

Breeding interval: Every other year

Breeding season: Year round mating with most conceptions occuring in late November to early December

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Range gestation period: 13 to 14 months.

Range weaning age: 6 to 7 months.

Average time to independence: unknown years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 11 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 11 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Gray whales replenish fat reserves during the summer. Pregnant females are especially dependent on these reserves. From the time they leave the summer feeding grounds in the fall, to when they return in early summer, females rely on fat reserves for energy and milk production. During times of limited food availability, interval between individual calving events may be extended.

Gray whale cows often hold newborn calves to the surface to help them breathe and are fiercely defensive of their young, especially against potential predators such as orcas (Orcinus orca) and human whalers. Gray whales inherit their mother's feeding grounds and are often seen, 1 year after they become independent, in their mother's feeding grounds.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); inherits maternal/paternal territory

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citação bibliográfica
Kidd, T. 2011. "Eschrichtius robustus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eschrichtius_robustus.html
autor
Travis Kidd, Northern Michigan University
editor
Alec Lindsay, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
editor
Tanya Dewey, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Grey Whale: A long-range migrant of the North Pacific and Amerasian Arctic
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Sue Moore
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Comprehensive Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Mottled gray; No dorsal fin, but a low hump followed by a series bumps (knuckles) on dorsal ridge of tail stock
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Sue Moore
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Only whale capable of benthic feeding; also feeds on epi-benthic and planktonic organisms; Wide range of prey including amphipods, cumaceans and other crustaceans, worms; little feeding occurs in the wintering grounds
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Sue Moore
autor
Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Size at birth 4.5m (15 feet) and 689kg (1500 pounds); Sexual maturity at 8 years; Females have calves every 2-3 years; Longevity over 40 years; Behavior; Short dives, usually flukes raised before prolonged dive; When feeding on benthic prey, often surfaces with mud streaming from mouth; Small groups, no lasting associations; Fiercely defend themselves and calf against predators/whalers
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Sue Moore
autor
Lloyd Lowry
autor
Bodil Bluhm

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arctic Ocean Biodiversity 2011
Shelf & coastal, North Pacific to Chukchi & Beaufort Seas; Migratory: most animals winter in Baja California where calves are born
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Arctic Ocean Diversity
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Sue Moore
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Lloyd Lowry
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Bodil Bluhm

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The gray whale makes the longest migration of any mammal known, each autumn and spring they pass between their Arctic summer feeding grounds and the warm lagoons near the equator where females give birth (5). This yearly round-trip may entail individuals travelling up to 20,400 kilometres (2). Sexual activity can occur at any time of the year, but tends to be concentrated on the migration south (5). Little is known about the mating strategies of this species, but various numbers of individuals can be involved (5). The breeding cycle last two years: gestation takes about 13 months and the single calf is then suckled for a further seven months (5). At birth the calf is smooth compared to the encrusted adults and lacks sufficient blubber that would allow it to survive in Arctic waters (2). The mother may have to hold the calf near the surface to help it to breathe during the first few hours after birth (2). This species is the only cetacean to feed by straining the sediment on the sea floor (5). Individuals roll onto their sides after diving to the bottom and take large amounts of sediment into their mouth. As the whale rises to the surface it strains the contents of the mouth through the baleen, leaving a trail of mud and sand behind it. The invertebrate prey consisting of bottom-dwelling crustaceans, worms and molluscs is isolated in this way and swallowed (5). A number of seabirds are attracted to feeding gray whales, and take advantage of invertebrates that escape the filtering process (2). Sufficient fat reserves are stored in the feeding grounds to allow individuals to go without food during the breeding season; on return to the feeding grounds about a third of the body weight may have been lost (5). Killer whales are the only non-human predator of the gray whale. Attacks directed towards calves have been observed; adult gray whales often try to position themselves between the killer whales and the calf in order to protect it, and they may also head for shallow waters and kelp beds to take refuge from the attackers (2).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
In 1946, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) legally protected gray whales from commercial whaling, and the eastern Pacific stock has shown a remarkable recovery, increasing from the brink of extinction to around 21,000 individuals today (6). However, the western Pacific population that migrates along the east coast of Russia remains very small and Critically Endangered (1). Whale watching, particularly in southern California and Mexico, has developed into an extremely popular tourist attraction (4), allowing people to appreciate these awesome creatures in their natural environment and providing additional value to their conservation.
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
A giant of the ocean, the gray whale is mottled dark to light grey in colour and is encrusted with patches of barnacles and whale lice (4). The species lacks a dorsal fin and instead has a series of bumps along a dorsal ridge on the final third of the back (2). There are two deep grooves on the throat, which allow the mouth to expand when feeding, and the baleen, which is used to filter food, is cream-white in colour. When surfacing, the 'blow' produced is distinctly bushy, short and forked, or 'heart-shaped', as it comes from two blowholes (2) (5). Females tend to be larger than males but otherwise the two sexes are similar in appearance (5). Whalers referred to gray whales as 'devilfish', due to the ferocity of mothers when separated from their calves (4) (5).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This whale typically occurs in coastal waters no deeper than 100 metres (2). The eastern Pacific stock migrates annually from Arctic feeding grounds to breed in Mexican waters, whilst the western Pacific stock migrates along the east coast of Russia (6).
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Range ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
There are two main stocks of the gray whale; one occurs along the east Pacific coast from Baja California to the Bering and Chukchi seas, the other occurs in the west Pacific from South Korea to the Okhotsk Sea (2). The gray whale once also occurred in the Atlantic Ocean, but became extinct here in the late 17th to early 18th century (5).
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Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). The northeast Pacific stock is classified as Least Concern (LC), and the northwest Pacific stock is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) (1).
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Threats ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The main threat to this whale has been hunting; humans have exploited the species for its oil, hide, baleen and meat (6). The activities of early whalers were, at the very least, a contributing factor to the extinction of the gray whale in the Atlantic Ocean (5), while massive over-exploitation in the 19th and 20th centuries almost destroyed the whole species (6). Whilst hunting is now banned a small quota is permitted to indigenous hunters (6). Shipping and industrial activities in the coastal migratory routes increase the risk of collisions with ships, entanglement in fishing nets and pollution. Furthermore, habitat degradation resulting from drilling and dredging is also a problem (1) (5).
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Amenazas ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Factores de riesgo

La ballena gris fue intensamente cazada desde mediados del siglo XIX hasta principios de XX, por balleneros estadounidenses, noruegos, ingleses y rusos, quienes realizaron expediciones a las lagunas de reproducción en la costa occidental de la Península de Baja California. De 1846 a 1874, se cazaron aproximadamente 7,200 ballenas grises en la costa occidental de la Península de Baja California. La mayoría de estas ballenas fueron capturadas en las bahías y estuarios del complejo lagunar de Bahía Magdalena, y conforme disminuyó el número de ballenas en esta zona, los cazadores utilizaron las Lagunas de San Ignacio y Ojo de Liebre. Para la década de 1870, la captura se detuvo principalmente por la disminución de ballenas y el decremento en la demanda de aceite de estos animales (Henderson, 1984). Con la aparición de los barcos factoría de la era moderna, la cacería se reactivó en Baja California, en esta ocasión, dominada por los noruegos quienes tuvieron la autorización del gobierno mexicano para operar en la Bahía Magdalena de 1913 hasta 1937. Los años de mayor captura fueron de 1925 a 1929, cuando se capturaron 179 animales, la mayoría de ellos madres con cría (Reeves, 1984). Desde la década de los treinta, la ballena gris se encuentra protegida internacionalmente a través de la Comisión Ballenera Internacional (CBI), de la que México forma parte (Reeves, 1984). Recientemente, la CBI autorizó la captura anual de 140 ballenas grises por año entre 1998 y 2002 como caza de subsistencia para aborígenes rusos y de 5 para aborígenes estadounidenses (CBI, 1998).

(CBI, Comisión Ballenera Internacional. 1998. Chairman's Report of the 49th Annual Meeting. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 48:28-30, 51.)

FACTORES QUE LIMITAN, MODIFICAN O DESTRUYEN EL HABITAT DE LA BALLENA GRIS.

Tráfico de embarcaciones.
El tráfico de embarcaciones comerciales puede dar como resultado le muerte de ballenas grises debido a colisiones cuando, tanto la ballena como la embarcación, estan confinados a corredores estrechos. Heyning y Dahlheim (en prensa) presentan siete casos de colisiones entre ballenas grises y embarcaciones, 5 en el sur de California, una en Washington y otra en Alaska. Por otra parte, durante los estudios de ballenas grises por parte de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, en las lagunas de reproducción, se han registrado varias ballenas con grandes cicatrices muy probablemente debido a los golpes producidos por las quillas o propelas de grandes embarcaciones, un caso extremo es el de una ballena a la que le fue amputada la aleta caudal, y a pesar de ello, se le ha visto desde hace más de 10 años en la laguna San Ignacio.

Las embarcaciones de observadores de ballenas, de placer o comerciales, pueden afectar negativamente la migración de las ballenas grises, interrumpiendo sus patrones de buceo, alterando sus rutas migratorias y desplazando a las parejas de madre-cría a aguas profundas lejos de la costa, lo que trae como consecuencia un mayor gasto de energía.

En las lagunas de reproducción se ha observado que las ballenas reaccionan a las embarcaciones que se mueven erráticamente o a velocidades altas, sin embargo, presentan poca o nula reacción cuando el desplazamiento de la embarcación es lento o esta detenida (Jones y Swartz, 1984). Estos mismo autores mencionan, en base a sus estudios en Laguna San Ignacio, que las ballenas grises poseen la suficiente tolerancia a la presencia de embarcaciones de observadores de ballenas, así como del ruido que producen, sin mayor reacción.

Este comportamiento particular de la ballena gris en sus lagunas de reproducción, dió lugar a un rápido incremento en el número de personas interesadas en visitar las lagunas de reproducción. Desde que Ray Gilmore dirigió la primera expedición estadounidense para observar ballenas grises en sus lagunas de reproducción en 1970 (Gilmore, 1976), el incremento de visitantes, tanto nacionales como extranjeros, ha provocado que el número de prestadores de este servicio aumente. Por citar algunos ejemplos, de 1993 a 1994 el incremento de turistas que visitaron puerto Adolfo López Mateos fue de un 300% (Dedina y Young, 1995). Durante 1996, 23,971 turistas visitaron las lagunas de reproducción: 9,130 la Laguna Ojo de Liebre; 2,969 la Laguna San Ignacio; 3,602 Puerto San Carlos, en la Bahía Magdalena; y 8,270 Puerto Adolfo López Mateos. Esto produjo una derrama económica estimada en $162,450 dólares estadounidenses para Laguna Ojo de Liebre y de $51,000 para Laguna San Ignacio, (no se indica para las otras zonas) (Sánchez, 1997a).

Con el objetivo de regular esta actividad de observación de ballenas en las lagunas de reproducción, se decretó una Norma Oficial Mexicana de Emergencia (NOM-EM-074-ECOL-1996) en donde "se establecen los lineamientos y especificaciones para la regulación de actividades de avistamiento en torno a la ballena gris y su hábitat así como las relativas a su protección y conservación". En esta norma, que comprende sus lagunas y bahías de reproducción, destacan: la delimitación de un área para la observación de ballenas; un número máximo de embarcaciones; un comportamiento adecuado por parte de los prestadores de servicio; y áreas específicas para levantar campamentos.

Sin duda, el desarrollo adecuado de las actividades turísticas en las lagunas de reproducción, es la actividad prioritaria con miras a un manejo sustentable apropiado de este recurso marino en México.

Deasarrollo industrial

Exploración y explotación de petróleo y gas.
Otra amenaza potencial para el hábitat de la ballena gris es la exploración y explotación de petróleo y gas natural. Entre 1954 y 1989 más de 358 perforaciones de exploración y 692 pozos petroleros se han excavado en el extremo de la plataforma continental de los Estados Unidos (Minerals Management Center, 1992). Todos estos pozos, excepto 31 se encuentran en la bahía del sur de California. En esta misma zona se han instalado 21 plataformas petroleras y aproximadamente 200 km de conductos submarinos para el transporte de petróleo (Minerals Management Center, 1992; Anónimo, 1993).

De acuerdo con Rice et al. (1984), anualmente las ballenas grises migran por, o a través de, al menos 8 desarrollos petroleros en aguas de los Estados Unidos.

Estas actividades tienen como consecuencia la destrucción del hábitat, la contaminación por ruido y el peligro potencial de grandes derrames de petróleo.

Desarrollo industrial en el complejo lagunar de Bahía Magdalena.
En lo que respecta al desarrollo industrial en el complejo lagunar de Bahía Magdalena, se conocen la construcción de una enlatadora y congeladora de pescado en Puerto Adolfo López Mateos y una planta para la elaboración de harina de pescado en Puerto San Carlos a principios de la década de 1960 (Dedina y Young, 1995).

En 1976 se inició la explotación de fosforita por la compañía Roca Fosfórica Mexicana de C.V. (ROFOMEX). Este desarrollo incluyó el dragado de un canal en la Boca de la Soledad, área conocida por su alta concentración de ballenas (Córdoba, 1981; Vargas, 1981; Villa, 1981).

La producción de sal en Guerrero Negro.
La compañía Exportadora de Sal, S.A. de C.V. (ESSA), se fundó en 1954 e inició sus operaciones en 1957. A partir de 1976 la compañía pertenece en un 51% al Gobierno de México y un 49% a la Compañía Mitsubishi, de Japón. La producción de sal se realiza utilizando las planicies de los salitrales naturales del área circundante a la Laguna Ojo de Liebre. ESSA actualmente emplea a 1000 trabajadores y produce 7 millones de toneladas de sal que exporta principalmente a Japón, Estados Unidos y Canadá. La producción de sal en este lugar, aparentemente ha alcanzado su máxima capacidad por lo que ESSA a solicitado la autorización del Gobierno de México para crear un desarrollo similar en los salitrales que circundan a la Laguna San Ignacio, lo que convertiría a México en el mayor exportador de sal del mundo (CIB, 1994, Dedina y Young, 1995, INE-SEMARNAP, 1996).

Situación actual del hábitat con respecto a las necesidades de la especie

El hábitat de la especie en México se ha modificado en diferentes grados. Los cambios más drásticos son los que se dieron en las bahías del sur de Sonora y Norte de Sinaloa, donde las ballenas solían concentrase en invierno. En esta zona, el desarrollo económico reflejado en la construcción de granjas de camarón así como el incremento de la pesca y el tráfico marino han ocasionado que las ballenas grises no usen más esta zona. En lo que corresponde a la costa occidental de la Península de Baja California, en general se mantiene sin alteraciones importantes para la especie. En lo que corresponde a las lagunas de Ojo de Liebre, San Ignacio y el complejo Lagunar de Bahía Magdalena, las principales modificaciones a su hábitat se deben a la pesca ribereña, el tráfico marino, el turismo y el desarrollo industrial, como es el caso de la extracción de roca fosfórica en bahía Magdalena y la extracción de Sal en Guerrero Negro. Sin embargo, con base al número de ballenas que visitan estos lugares, presumiblemente las modificaciones del hábitat en estas zonas no han tenido un impacto importante en las ballenas.
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cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
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CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
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Biología ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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Antecedentes del estado de la especie o de las poblaciones principales

Las ballenas grises que se distribuyen en México se dieron a conocer al mundo occidental por el capitán ballenero Charles M. Scammon, cuando en 1846, reconoció por primera vez la importancia de las lagunas de reproducción mexicanas, publicando en 1874 un escrito sobre esta especie y otras. Después de esta publicación no se llevó a cabo ningún estudio relacionado a la ballena gris hasta 1952, cuando se comenzaron a realizar los primeros censos, iniciándose así las primeras investigaciones sobre la especie (Rice et al., 1981; Gilmore, 1960a y b). Las primeras investigaciones se llevaron a cabo por Rice (1961; 1965), Rugh y Braham (1979); Rice et al. (1981), quienes efectuaron censos a lo largo del trayecto migratorio de la ballena gris, Berdegué (1956) y Adams (1968) realizaron censos en las áreas de reproducción, Hubbs y Hubbs (1967), Gard (1974) y Leatherwood (1974) realizaron censos aéreos en las lagunas de agregación invernal; Gilmore y Ewing (1954), Eberhardt y Norris (1964), realizaron estudios de natalidad y mortalidad, Rice y Wolman (1971) estudiaron la biología de la especie, Samaras (1974), describió el comportamiento reproductivo de la especie y Fleischer y Beddington (1985) reportaron la abundancia estacional, mortalidad y tasa reproductiva de la especie en aguas mexicanas de 1980 a 1985.
En la Laguna Ojo de Liebre, los primeros censos que se llevaron a cabo corresponden a Gilmore (1960), mientras que los estudios de abundancia y distribución a Henderson (1972) y Spencer (1973). Posteriormente se estableció una metodología para la estimación del número de ballenas dentro de la laguna, como parte de un esfuerzo de cooperación entre México y E.U.A.; Bryant et al. (1984), reportaron la reocupación de la Laguna de Guerrero Negro por las ballenas grises y Alvarado et al. (1986) realizaron censos desde embarcaciones y efectuaron un análisis de las caracterísitcas ambientales, relacionándolas con la abundancia y distribución de las ballenas en dicha laguna. La mortalidad de las crías ha sido reportada por Sumich y Harvey (1986), White y Griese (1991) y Sánchez (1998). Los trabajos más recientes corresponden a los estudios de abundancia y distribución de la ballena gris en Ojo de Liebre (Sánchez 1991; 1996; Urban et al. 2001).
En la Laguna San Ignacio, los primeros estudios sobre distribución y abundancia corresponden a Rice y Wolman (1971) y Reeves (1977). Rice et al. (1981) presentan un estudio formal de la especie, mientras que el primer y más significativo estudio sistemático relacionado a la demografía, distribución, abundancia y posible impacto por parte de actividades turísticas de la ballena gris en la laguna fue el realizado por Swartz y Cummings (1978), y continuado por Swartz y Jones (1979; 1980; 1981 y 1983); Jones y Swartz (1984; 1986) y Jones et al. (1994). Todos estos trabajos revelan un pico de abundancia de la especie en la laguna a mediados de febrero y una clara segregación de solitarios y madres con cría, ocupando distintas partes de la laguna. El Proyecto de Investigación de Mamíferos Marinos de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur ha llevado a cabo un estudio de 5 años de duración sobre el uso que hace la ballena gris, Eschrichtius robustus, de la Laguna San Ignacio y Bahía de Ballenas, B.C.S (Urbán et al., 1997a; 1997b; 1997c; 1998a; 1998b; 1999, 2000). Los datos de abundancia resultantes de estas investigaciones son los siguientes:
Para 1978 se registraron un total de 300 adultos, 235 solitarios y 67 madres con cría; en 1979 fueron 308, 208 y 100, respectivamente. Para 1980 se contaron 332 adultos, 214 solitarios y 118 crías, mientras que para 1981 fueron 348 adultos, 207 solitarios y 141 madres con cría. En 1982 estos valores fueron 407 adultos, 270 solitarios y 137 madres con cría. En 1985 se registraron 396 adultos, 295 solitarios y 100 madres con cría, mientras que en 1996 fueron 207 adultos, 115 solitarios y 92 madres con cría. En 1997 se contaron 253 adultos, 127 solitarios y 126 crías; en 1998 las cifras fueron 230, 178 y 52, respectivamente y para 1999 se registraron un total de 161 adultos, 144 solitarios y 17 madres con cría.
Estudios sobre las actividades turísticas y la ballena gris corresponden a Loreto et al. (1996), Sánchez (1997 a; b) y Mosig (1997). Por su parte, Dedina y Young (1995) realizaron estudios para evaluar el impacto de las actividades turísticas e industriales sobre la modificación del hábitat de la ballena gris en Laguna San Ignacio. Otros estudios sobre el comportamiento respiratorio y de buceo de la ballena gris en esta laguna se han llevado a cabo por Mate y Harvey (1981; 1984); y estudios por medio de marcas por satélite (Mate, 1996) y estudios encaminados a conocer la reacción de la especie a diferentes tipos de sonidos (Dahlheim, 1983; 1985; Dahlheim et al., 1984).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Biología de poblaciones ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Tamaño poblacional

La última estimación del tamaño de la población oriental fue en 1997/98 de 26,500 ballenas grises (Rugh et al. 1999). Sin embargo, durante 1999 y 2000 se registro una gran cantidad de ballenas muertas varadas a lo largo de su area de distribución (Norman et al. 2000; Moore et al. 2001). Además la producción de cría en los últimos tres años fue muy baja (Perryman, 2001; Brownell et al. 2001).

Reclutamiento

Perryman et. al (2000), encontraron que la producción anual de crías durante 1997 y 1998 fue de 6% (1431) y 5 % (1388) respectivamente y se redujo drásticamente a 1.6% (427) y 1.0% (279) durante 1999 y 2000.

Categoria de edad, tamaño o estadio

En las costas mexicanas y en particular en las lagunas de reproducción, las categorías de sexo y edad en las que se pueden diferenciar a las ballenas grises vivas en el mar son en madres con cría y adultos sin cría (los cuales pueden ser machos o hembras) ya que no presentan dimorfismo sexual. En el caso de ballenas muertas el sexo se identifica como a cualquier mamífero, por la disposición de sus aberturas genitales, y de acuerdo a su tamaño se clasifican en: crías hasta de 8.0 m; jóvenes (un año) de 8.1 a 11.0 m; adultos de más de 11.0 m.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Comportamiento ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Las ballenas nadan en grupos de 1-3 ballenas, pero se pueden observar grupos de hasta 18 individuos. La velocidad normal de nado es de 7-9 km/hr.
Los individuos generalmente permanecen sumergidos de 3-5 min, luego salen a la superficie y respiran de 5 a 6 veces. El soplo puede alcanzar entre 3 y 4.5 m de altura y se puede escuchar, bajo ciertas circunstancias hasta a 0.8 km de distancia.
Cuando las ballenas nadan normalmente a menos de 11 km/hr lo hacen sin turbulencia en forma de eddies (marcas de ballenas), pero si nadan a una velocidad superior a ésta, aparecen remolinos en la superficie conforme la aleta caudal se mueve más fuertemente. Buceos someros a 15-50 m de profundidad son comunes (Tomilin, 1957), pero en las zonas de alimentación, bucean a profundidades de hasta 120 m para alcanzar organismos bentónicos.
Cuando hay orcas cerca de una ballena gris, ésta permanecerá inmóvil, apenas sacando los orificios nasales fuera del agua. Tiene esta especie el hábito de nadar cerca de la costa durante la migración y al ser seguidas por embarcaciones.
Un comportamiento característico de la especie son los saltos, así como el descansar sobre un lado de su cuerpo, mientras mueve la aleta pectoral en el aire. También tienden a atisbar.
Gilmore (1961) y Tomilin (1957) han observado apareamientos en zonas de alimentación, a lo largo de la ruta migratoria y en zonas de reproducción o crianza. Durante este proceso se ven involucrados tres individuos, en donde el tercero es un individuo inmaduro o un macho complementario buscando una hembra. El apareamiento consiste en realizar nados en línea y en círculos, nadar en posición latral mostrando una aleta fuera del agua, arqueos exagerados, constante contacto entre animales, copulación en donde el pene del macho es visible y buceos al finalizar la sesión, todo el proceso dura aproximadamente 30 min.
Interacciones con humanos también ocurren (Gilmore, 1976; Swartz y Jones, 1978) en Laguna San Ignacio y apareciendo en Laguna Ojo de Liebre en 1981 el cual consiste en el nado hacia las embarcaciones, sacar burbujas de aire bajo el agua, levantar embarcaciones con alguna parte del cuerpo y solicitar contacto físico a los pasajeros de las embarcaciones.
Se han registrado sonidos de ballenas migrando en el sur de California (Cummings et al., 1968), en las zonas de reproducción (Eberhardt y Evans, 1962) y han sido descritos como sonidos de baja frecuencia, tipo murmullos, gemidos y quejidos.

Ámbito hogareño

La mayoría de las ballenas grises pasan el verano en aguas costeras someras de las costas de Chukchi, Bering y el mar de Okhotsk y pasan el invierno en las lagunas de reproducción ubicadas en la costa occidental de la Península de Baja California, realizando así una migración de hasta 18,000 km.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Protección de la ballena gris en México
La recuperación de la población de ballena gris se debe en gran parte a las medidas internacionales tomadas en el seno de la Comisión Ballenera Internacional por los países asociados: México, Estados Unidos, Canadá y Rusia. Aunque esta ballena está protegida de la cacería comercial, las actividades humanas a lo largo de su rango de distribución se incrementan, y la degradación de su hábitat, así como la perturbación causada al comportamiento normal de los organismos en las diferentes etapas de su ciclo de vida probablemente son su mayor amenaza potencial. La continuación de su recuperación únicamente puede asegurarse con la coordinación de esfuerzos gubernamentales donde México lleva gran responsabilidad debido a que aquí se encuentran sus áreas de reproducción.

La ballena gris es la ballena más estudiada, conocida, y legalmente protegida en México. Actualmente es una especie sujeta a protección especial (D.O.F. del 6 mayo de 1994) Entre las medidas que el gobierno de México ha tomado para la protección de la ballena gris se pueden mencionar a los siguientes:

En 1949, México inicia su participación en los acuerdos internacionales para la regulación de la cacería de ballenas en La Comisión Ballenera Internacional, donde la ballena gris se considera en peligro de extinción.

En 1972 (14 de enero) se decreta como Refugio de Ballenas a la Laguna Ojo de Liebre; el sitio de congregación más importante debido al número de ballenas que se encuentran en ella, y donde las hembras dan a luz a sus crías, las adiestran y se fortalecen.

En 1979 (16 de julio) se decretó la Laguna de San Ignacio como Refugio de Ballenas y zona de atracción turística-marítima, especificando los requisitos para realizar una investigación científica y la zonificación para la realización de actividades turísticas. Esta laguna es la segunda en importancia después de la de Ojo de Liebre.

En 1980 (28 marzo se incluye Laguna Guerrero Negro y Laguna Manuela al complejo Laguna de Ojo de Liebre como zona de "refugio de ballenas", debido principalmente a la necesidad de establecer áreas limitadas reservadas para la especie.

En 1988 (30 de noviembre) se decreta la Reserva de la Biósfera El Vizcaíno como una disposición importante para proteger y manejar especies y ecosistemas frágiles. Dentro de los límites de esta reserva se encuentran las Lagunas de Ojo de Liebre y San Ignacio, además de una franja de cinco kilómetros de costa definida para incluir el corredor migratorio entre las lagunas.

En 1984, México se adhirió a la Convención sobre Comercio Internacional de Especies Amanazadas de Flora y Fauna Silvestre (CITES) en la que se incluye a la ballena gris como especie de protección especial.

Por su parte, la legislación relacionada con esta especie incluye:

La Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente de 1988 indica que es responsabilidad de la SEMARNAP la formulación de políticas e iniciativas de manejo y de implemento de acciones para la protección de los recursos naturales de la Nación.

La Ley de Pesca establece las medidas necesarias dirigidas a la protección de mamíferos marinos en el artículo 3 fracción V.

El Código Penal Mexicano en el artículo 254 bis prohibe la captura (sin autorización) o el daño a los mamíferos marinos.

La Ley Estatal de Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente de Baja California Sur faculta al gobierno del estado con autoridad legal para proteger la fauna silvestre y los recursos naturales en general. Esta ley incluye metas de conservación del ambiente y del uso racional de los recursos.

En diciembre de 1993, la Convención Sobre la Protección del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural de la UNESCO, inscribió a las lagunas de Ojo de Liebre y San Ignacio en la lista del patrimonio mundial, reconociendo el valor excepcional y universal de estas zonas donde se congregan las ballenas. Esto es un compromiso moral que adquirió el gobierno de México y que reafirma su interés tradicional en la conservación. En contraste con estas iniciativas de protección de Laguna Ojo de Liebre y San Ignacio, la Bahía Magdalena ha recibido poca atención a pesar de su importancia por la cantidad de ballenas que se congregan cada temporada y por la gran diversidad de especies de flora y fauna marinas y terrestres que la habitan.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Crecimiento ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Tasa de crecimiento

Las crías al nacer miden entre 4.0 y 4.5 m, se estima que durante los primeros cuatro meses crecen en promedio un metro mensual. Al año de edad su tamaño es de 9-11 m y a los dos años ya presentan su tamaño de adultos de 12 a 14 m.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Descripción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Los miembros de esta familia se conocen desde el Pleistoceno y Holoceno (Tinker, 1988).
El cuerpo en una vista dorsal tiene una forma ahusada, es más esbelto que el de las ballenas francas (Familia Balaenidae), y más robusto que el de la mayoría de los rorcuales (Familia Balaenopteridae). El tronco es corto, casi redondo en un corte transversal; su región más ancha es inmediatamente atrás de las aletas pectorales. El tamaño de la cabeza es pequeño, de aproximadamente 1/5 de la longitud total del cuerpo. Presenta de dos a cuatro surcos en la garganta de cerca de 1.5 m de largo; el vientre es liso, sin pliegues ventrales.
No tienen aleta dorsal, pero en su lugar se encuentra una joroba rudimentaria seguida por una serie de seis a doce pequeñas gibas, en ocasiones inconspicuas, a lo largo del último tercio del cuerpo (Tomilin, 1957). La coloración de la piel va del negro a gris claro con una cantidad variable de manchas blancas y esta colonizada por una especie de balanos (Cryptolepas rhachianecti) y tres especies de "piojos de ballena" (Cyamus scammoni, C. ceti y C. kessleri), que, cuando son abundantes, aparecen como manchas anaranjadas (Rice y Wolman, 1971), la piel de los ballenatos es generalmente de un color más uniformemente oscuro y libre de balanos. Presentan frecuentemente cicatrices producidas por dientes en ataques fallidos de orcas (Orcinus orca). La mandíbula superior tiene a cada lado de 140 a 180 barbas (placas de queratina) cortas (hasta 37 cm) y rígidas de color crema amarillento y filamentos gruesos; la hilera derecha e izquierda se encuentran separadas en su parte anterior, e invariablemente las barbas de la hilera derecha son más cortas que las de la izquierda debido a su manera "diestra" de alimentarse del fondo marino con el lado derecho del rostro (Leatherwood et al, 1982). Esta especie tiene de 60 a 120 pelos táctiles en el rostro, de 2 a 3 cm de largo, colocados individualmente en pequeñas concavidades o depresiones que cualquier otra ballena (Wolman, 1985). La ballena gris tiene características anatómicas intermedias entre las familias Balaenidae y Balaenopteridae. El cráneo tiene un rostro medianamente convexo, menos arqueado que en las ballenas francas, pero más que en los rorcuales (Nishiwaki, 1972). El proceso orbital del hueso frontal es más angosto que en los rorcuales y más ancho que en las ballenas francas (Tomilin, 1957). La cabeza es moderadamente larga y el rostro está más comprimido que en la mayoría de las otras especies de ballenas. El rostro es angosto y ligeramente curveado en un plano sagital. La boca se localiza en la parte media de la cabeza y su curvatura se incrementa conforme avanza hacia la parte posterior. Los huesos nasales son grandes y largos. La mandíbula inferior es muy pesada y corta, el proceso coronoides no está bien desarrollado. La bula timpánica esta comprimida lateralmente con el margen interno cóncavo (Tomilin, 1957). Su fórmula vertebral es C7, D14, L12, Ca23, con las siete vértebras cervicales libres durante toda la vida. Las terminaciones proximales de la tercera a la séptima vértebra tienen tubérculos, cabezas y cuellos bien desarrollados. La escápula es más densa que en los rorcuales y más ligera que en las ballenas francas (Andrews, 1914; Tomilin, 1957). El peso de los órganos de una ballena gris hembra de 13.35 m y 31,466 kg fue (en porcentaje del peso total): hipodermis, 29.0; lengua. 4.0; pulmones, 1.0; corazón, 0.6; intestinos, 4.1; hígado y riñones, 2.0; cerebro, 0.0139 (4.376 kg) (Tomilin, 1957). Pilleri y Gihr (1969) encontraron que el peso del cerebro de seis ballenas grises varió de 3.9 a 4.8 kg, promediando 4.317 kg.
La longitud máxima de la ballena gris hembra es de 15 m y para un macho de 14.3 m, y su peso de 33 ton.; las hembras son en promedio ligeramente más grandes que los machos. La madurez sexual de ambos sexos se alcanza en promedio a los 8 años a una tamaño de 11 a 12 m. La longitud promedio al nacer es de 4.5 m y un peso de 500 kg (Tomilin, 1957; Rice y Wolman, 1971) Las proporciones de su morfometría en relación con la longitud total del cuerpo son las siguientes: Mandíbula superior (extremo anterior) al ojo, 19.0; mandíbula superior al orificio nasal, 17.6; mandíbula superior a la axila, 32.0; escotadura caudal al ano, 30.4; escotadura caudal a la joroba dorsal, 34.7; envergadura caudal, 25.6; longitud de la aleta pectoral, 15.4; máxima anchura de la aleta pectoral, 7.1. La longitud total del cráneo (longitud cóndilo-premaxilar) es de aproximadamente 2.5 m y las proporciones de sus diferentes medidas craneométricas en relación con la longitud total son las siguientes: anchura zigomática, 42.3; longitud del rostro, 70.6; anchura del rostro en su base 23.7; longitud de los maxilares, 67; longitud de los premaxilares, 81.5; anchura de los nasales en su extremo anterior, 6.9; longitud del dentario, 97.3; altura del dentario, 14.6 (Tomilin, 1957).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Distribución ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Actual/Histórica

ESTADOS UNIDOS

Desde Alaska hasta California.

MEXICO

Las ballenas grises que se distribuyen en México pertenecen a la población Oriental, también llamada de California o Americana. En general la ballena gris se distribuye en México en las costas de los estados de Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa y Nayarit.

MEXICO / BAJA CALIFORNIA

Distribución actual con poblaciones aún presentes:
aguas circundantes a Isla Guadalupe, Isla Cedros, Islas San Benito, Isla Todos Santos, Bahía de San Quintín, Laguna Guerrero Negro (Gilmore, 1960); Golfo de Santa Clara (Henderson, 1984), Canal de Ballenas (Tershy y Breese, 1991).

MEXICO / BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR

Distribución actual con poblaciones aún presentes:
Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Punta Abreojos, Laguna San Ignacio, Bahía de Ballenas, Boca de las Animas, Bahía de San Juanico, Boca de la Soledad, Canal de San Carlos, Bahía Magdalena, Bahía Almejas (Scammon, 1874; Gilmore. 1960; Rice y Wolman 1971; Rice et al 1981; Norris et al 1983; Jones y Swartz 1984; Urbán et al 1997a); Cabo San Lucas, Canal de San Lorenzo, Bahía de La Paz, Bahía Concepción, Santa Rosalía (Gilmore, 1960; Vidal et al 1993; Urbán et al 1990; Urbán et al 1997b). ).

Como ejemplo de la localización geográfica de una localidad:
Boca de la Laguna Ojo de Liebre: 27º53'N/114º17'W.

MEXICO / NAYARIT

Bahía de Banderas (Salinas y Bourillón, 1988).

MEXICO / SONORA

Localización geográfica histórica:
Las zonas de concentración histórica que ya no utilizan las ballenas grises actualmente corresponden a la Bahía de Yavaros-Tohaui, Sonora en los 26º43'N/109º33'W, y la Bahía de Santa María (Reforma) en los 24º48'N/108º04'W.

Sin embargo, suelen haber registros esporádicos en Puerto Peñasco (Vidal et al., 1993), Guaymas (Vidal, 1989), Bahía de Yavaros (Gilmore, 1960; Gilmore et al., 1967).

Regiones Hidrológicas Prioritarias: Bahía Magdalena

Como ejemplo de la localización geográfica de la localidad:
Boca de la Bahía Magdalena: 24º32'N/112º02'W.

Regiones Marinas Prioritarias: San Ignacio

Como ejemplo de la localización geográfica de la localidad:
Boca de la Laguna San Ignacio: 26º44'N; 113º16'W.

Histórica

MEXICO / SINALOA

Una de las zonas de concentración histórica que ya no utilizan las ballenas grises corresponden a la Bahía de Santa María (Reforma), (Gilmore, 1960).
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Ecología ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Historia de vida

La ballena gris, como mamíferos es una especie vivípara y homeoterma, y es una especie que se caracteriza por su larga migración de más de 9,000 km desde las zonas de alimentación en altas latitudes en los Mares de Bering y Chukchi hasta sus áreas de reproducción y crianza en las costas mexicanas.
Durante la migración hacia las lagunas de reproducción primero viajan las hembras que están a punto de parir, después las que recientemente han ovulado, luego los machos adultos, hembras inmaduras y machos inmaduros. En la migración hacia las zonas de alimentación las primeras en dejar las lagunas de reproducción son las hembras que acaban de preñarse, luego las hembras en anestro, los machos adultos, las hembras inmaduras, los machos inmaduros y finalmente las hembras que parieron en esa temporada (Rice y Wolman, 1971).

Fenología

Las ballenas grises realizan una migración tan larga, es debido a la temperatura del agua, ya que al estar situadas sus áreas de alimentación tan al norte, implica que durante el invierno la temperatura en estas zonas sea muy baja, lo cual implicaría la muerte de sus ballenatos al no estar éstos aún bien acondicionados a tales condiciones (con una capa de grasa debajo de la piel completamente formada y un tamaño adecuado). Esto nos hace suponer que las lagunas mexicanas a las que llegan cada invierno, tienen una temperatura del agua adecuada para el nacimiento y el inicio del desarrollo de sus crías, además claro, de que estas zonas ofrecen protección contra depredadores que no se aventuran en estas zonas y de otras caracteríaticas importantes.

Considerando lo anterior, podemos decir que cambios importantes en la temperatura del agua como los que ocurren con los fenómenos de El Niño y La Niña, provocan cambios en la distribución de las ballenas, lo cual estará relacionado con la abundancia de éstas en sus zonas de distribución invernal. Con temperaturas más altas esperaríamos una distribución más norteña (con agua más fría) de las ballenas (tal como sucedió durante El Niño de 1998), y con temperaturas más bajas una distribución más sureña de las ballenas grises, como también ocurrió en 1999, año en el que muchas ballenas grises se vieron en zonas en donde normalmente no son vistas, tales como en la región norteña del Golfo de California y tan al sur como la Bahía de Banderas, en las costas de Jalisco y Nayarit.

También es conocido que eventos como El Niño y La Niña afectan la productividad primaria de las zonas que se ven influenciadas por estas masa de agua, lo que provoca cambios en la cantidad de alimento disponible y por lo mismo una alteración general de las cadenas alimenticias en el mar, que finalmente tienen efectos en la alimentación de organismos mayores y provocan situaciones de grandes mortalidades. En el caso de las ballenas grises, observamos que es posible que se haya dado un efecto de este tipo, pues como ya mencionamos, la mortalidad de ballenas en 1999 fue muy alto observándose un gran número de ballenas muertas a lo largo de la costa occidental de la Península de California, donde fueron registradas más de 70, de las cuales aproximadamente el 75% fueron hembras (Pérez- Cortés et al., 1999).

Con base en lo anterior, podemos suponer que los eventos de El Niño y La Niña, tuvieron efectos en la condición nutricional de las ballenas grises, y sobre todo en la condición de las hembras maduras (que tienen grandes gastes de energía durante la preñez y la lactancia), posiblemente debido a la reducción en la disponibilidad de alimento, por la influencia de las condiciones oceanógráficas que prevalecieron durante estos años en sus zonas de alimentación, de ahí un mayor número de hembras muertas. La mayor mortalidad de crías durante estos años, puede deberse a que esta diminución del alimento disponible, haya provocado una condición nutricional de las hembras no adecuada, y por lo mismo que las crías hayan nacido con una mala condición física, o bien que las reservas de las madres no hayan sido las adecuadas para proporcionar los elementos nutricionales mínimos durante la lactancia, provocando una mayor mortalidad de crías.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Estado de conservación ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2001

Pr sujeta a protección especial

NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010

Pr sujeta a protección especial
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Estrategia trófica ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
La ballena gris es el único misticeto que se alimenta dragando el fondo marino, y en general, sus áreas de alimentación son aguas someras menores a los 50 m de profundidad (Mitchell y Ware, 1989). Existen tres zonas de alimentación, la primaria que se encuentra del sur del Mar de Chukchi al norte del Mar de Bering, donde se alimenta de anfípodos (Ampelisca macrocephali); la secundaria, que se localiza al sur del Mar de Bering y al este de la Península de Alaska, donde sus principales presas son camarones y mysidáceos; y la terciaria, que va de las periferias de las primera y segunda, hasta la Península de Baja California, donde se puede alimentar de anfípodos, misidáceos y algunas formas de poliquetos (Kim y Oliver, 1989).
El gran desgaste que se observa en las barbas del lado derecho indica que se alimenta esta especie de ese lado (Leatherwood et al, 1982). Hay evidencia de alimentación pelágica durante la migración, lo cual indica que es una especie oportunista también (Swartz y Jones, 1981). Rice y Wolman (1971) estimaron que una ballena gris consume 1 ton/día de alimento.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Hábitat ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
El hábitat típico de las ballenas grises en México es la franja costera de la costa occidental de la Península de Baja California, a una distancia no mayor de 10 km de la costa y una profundidad no mayor de 100 m. La temperatura superficial del agua varía en promedio de 16° C en la bahía Sebastián Vizcaíno a 22° C en la región de Los Cabos. Las lagunas costeras, donde se concentran las hembras para parir y cuidar a sus crías, se caracterizan por ser muy someras, con un promedio de profundidad menor a 10 m y profundidades máximas de 20 a 30 m., están protegidas de las marejadas de mar abierto, de grandes depredadores, como tiburones y orcas, y la batometría esta compuesta de canales de diferentes profundidades, en su mayoría recubiertos por mantos de Zoostera marina.

Macroclima

La ballena gris es una especie costera que vive y se distribuye la mayor parte de su vida dentro de los 20 km de distancia a la costa siempre sobre la plataforma continental.

Tipo de ambiente

La distribución de la ballena gris abarca muy diversos ambientes considerando el gradiente de temperatura superficial del agua desde la zonas de reproducción en aguas subtropicales y templadas de 22 a 16 ° C hasta las aguas frias y polares en sus zonas de alimentación de 0 a - 4° C.

Uso de hábitat

En el caso de las lagunas de reproducción, las hembras preñadas son las primeras en llegar. Al igual que lo reportado por Jones y Swartz (1984), Urbán et al. (1997c; 1998b; informes anuales de 1996 a 2000) han encontrado que en sus 5 temporadas de estudio en Laguna San Ignacio, las madres con cría permanecen un mayor tiempo dentro de la laguna, de 20 a 23 días en promedio, utilizándola como zona de parto y crianza, ocupando principalmente la porción norte de ésta, mientras que las ballenas solitarias la visitan como zona de apareamiento, permaneciendo principalmente en la zona inferior de ésta en un promedio de 4 a 6 días.
Las ballenas grises tienden a presentar movimientos muy activos en toda esta laguna y largas estancias fuera de ella (Ludwig et al. 2000a, Ludwig y Culik 2000b). Es posible que la estancia fuera de la laguna, para el caso de las madres con cría, constituya un entrenamiento para la cría, enfocado en la primera larga migración hacia las zonas de alimentación en los Mares de Bering, Chucki y Beaufort.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Relevancia de la especie ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
Relevancia de la especie

Desde hace muchos años, la ballena gris ha sido importante para los seres humanos, y ha convivido con ellos, cumpliendo diferentes propósitos y adquiriendo diversos valores. Esta interacción, en ocasiones ha tenido consecuencias negativas para las ballenas, llevándolas al borde de la extinción. Recientemente el valor de la ballena gris para el hombre ha cambiado. Durante su paso migratorio y su reunión en las lagunas es muy común observarlas con binoculares o desde las embarcaciones. Ahora estas actividades están motivadas principalmente por el interés en su conservación, que toma parte de un nuevo movimiento ambientalista en el ámbito mundial que muestra y genera nuevos valores con respecto a los ecosistemas y las especies que los habitan.
Los diferentes valores que ha adquirido dicha especie cambian con el tiempo. En México existen decretos y leyes que protegen a la ballena de la cacería o posibles de daños; y también reglamentos y compromisos para conservar sus áreas de congregación. Se pronosticó desde hace años que la especie iba a adquirir un valor superior como atractivo turístico que como elemento de consumo, por lo que conocer su valor actual es fundamental para determinar las estrategias para su manejo. En este sentido podemos mencionar los siguientes valores:

Valor estético-recreativo. La migración de la ballena gris y su congregación en las lagunas de Baja California es uno de los espectáculos de la fauna silvestre más importantes del mundo. Por su hábito costero, la ballena gris es fácilmente observable y accesible para las comunidades cercanas a la playa o para quienes se trasladan para observarlas.

Valor educativo. Se relaciona con la concientización que logra el público que la visita al conocer algunos aspectos importantes de su biología o de su ambiente. Por otro lado, también se contribuye al cambio social que se enfoca hacia el uso racional de los recursos. La ballena gris es una ballena modelo, accesible a la observación humana, y a través de su estudio, las relaciones entre los humanos y los demás seres vivos, continuarán elevándose a un nivel de entendimiento.

Valor científico. Debido a su accesibilidad y movimientos predecibles, la ballena gris es la especie de ballena más estudiada. Durante varios años se han investigado diferentes aspectos de su biología, dinámica de su población y conservación. Sin embargo, grupos de expertos coinciden en que faltan conocimientos para su manejo. De manera prioritaria, se considera la investigación para la identificación y mitigación de los posibles efectos adversos de las actividades humanas sobre esta especie y su ambiente.

Valor económico. En los años 20 y hasta 1934, algunas compañías extranjeras tuvieron autorización del gobierno de México para capturar ballena gris en la costa de Baja California. Después se tomaron medidas para la protección de la especie y su hábitat sentando las bases para iniciar el uso de la ballena gris como recurso turístico, actividad inicialmente controlada por compañías extranjeras. Ahora, existen compañías locales que prestan sus servicios a quienes llegan a las lagunas. Esta actividad es relativamente nueva por lo que aún no se obtienen los beneficios económicos que se consiguen en otros lados del mundo por la observación de las ballenas; sin embargo, es un importante recurso para las familias y empresas en las Lagunas de San Ignacio, Ojo de Liebre y Bahía Magdalena en Baja California Sur.

Valor político. El papel destacado de México en proteger a la ballena gris permite al gobierno mexicano utilizarla como símbolo de los esfuerzos nacionales para la protección del medio ambiente. Esta importancia simbólica de esta ballena y el alto interés por parte del público y grupos ecologistas, da como resultado que cualquier proyecto a desarrollar en sus áreas de migración y congregación, tenga la capacidad de crear controversia a escala nacional e internacional. No hay otro mamífero que reciba tanta atención a escala mundial.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
direitos autorais
CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
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Conabio

Reproducción ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por Conabio
El ciclo reproductivo completo de la ballena gris dura 2 años. La edad de madurez sexual y física en ambos sexos se alcanza a los 8 y 40 años, respectivamente con una longitud de 11.1 y 13 m respectivamente para los machos y de 11.7 y 14.1 m para las hembras. Las hembras llegan al estro aproximadamente durante un período de tres semanas a finales de noviembre e inicios de diciembre. Generalmente conciben después de la primera ovulación, pero si fallan, pueden alcanzar otro ciclo estral después de 40 días. El período de gestación dura 13 meses, las crías nacen en un período de 5-6 semanas a finales de diciembre y principios de febrero, registrándose el máximo de nacimientos en las lagunas de reproducción entre enero y febrero. La cría al nacer mide 4.5 m y pesa 500 kg, es amamantada por un período de 7 meses y después del destete, las hembras empiezan el anestro por 3-4 meses hasta noviembre y diciembre. Algunas hembras no ovulan u ovulan pero no conciben y entran en anestro por otro año.
El ciclo reproductivo de la ballena gris se ve restringido a un calendario más estricto por la larga migración y la ubicación de las zonas de reproducción. La hembra debe acumular suficiente energía durante el verano para llegar ella y el feto bien a las zonas de reproducción y para mantenerse a ella y a la cría por un mes ó más en las lagunas de reproducción, permitiendo así el rápido crecimiento de la cría para lograr ambos el viaje de regreso a las zonas de alimentación. Bajo estas condiciones, la presión selectiva para suprimir la ovulación cuando la hembra no está fisiológicamente capacitada para soportar un nuevo embarazo puede darse.

En Laguna San Ignacio, tomando en cuenta únicamente las ballenas que han sido observadas en más de un año con cría (n = 18), se tiene que el intervalo promedio entre nacimientos de ballena gris es de 2.50 ± 0.29 años (I.C. 95%) durante el periodo 1996-2000, intervalo que es significativamente diferente al reportado por Jones (1990) de 2.25 ± 0.6 (I.C. 95%) entre 1977 y 1982.

Fecundidad

Tasa de embarazo en hembras adultas de 0.46/año y considerando que la proporción sexual es de 1:1, la tasa de nacimientos es de 0.23 del stock adulto, con esos datos se determinó que los adultos constituían no más del 56% de la población y por lo tanto la tasa total de nacimientos no excedía el 0.13.(Rice y Wolman, 1971).

Proporción sexual

Es esencialmente igual en cualquier clase de edad (fetos, animales inmaduros y adultos): 52% machos y 48% hembras, casi 1:1 (Rice y Wolman, 1971).
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cc-by-nc-sa-2.5
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CONABIO
citação bibliográfica
Urbán Ramírez, J. y Guerrero, M. 2002 . Ficha técnica de Eschrichtius robustus. En: Urbán Ramírez, J. (compilador). Conocimiento biológico de las especies de mamíferos marinos (Cetáceos, Sirenios y Carnívoros), incluidas en el Proyecto de Norma Oficial Mexicana PROY-NOM-059-ECOL-2000 . Departamento de Biología Marina, Área Interdisciplinaria de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur . Bases de datos SNIB-CONABIO. Proyecto No. W038 . México, D.F.
autor
Urbán Ramírez, J.
autor
Guerrero, M.
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Conabio

Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Gray whales are easy to identify. They are intermediate in robustness between right whales and rorquals. The upper jaw is moderately arched, and the head is acutely triangular in top view and slopes sharply downward in side view. The flippers are broad and paddle-shaped, with pointed tips. The flukes have smooth S-shaped trailing edges, with a deep median notch. There is a dorsal hump about two thirds of the way back from the snout tip, followed by a series of 6 to 12 smaller "knuckles" on the dorsal ridge of the tail stock. There may be several (generally 2 to 5) short, but deep, creases on the throat that allow compression of the throat during feeding. Although young calves are dark charcoal grey, all other gray whales are brownish grey to light grey. They are nearly covered with light blotches and white to orangish patches of whale lice and barnacles, especially on the head and tail. These patches of ectoparasites are very helpful in distinguishing this species. The mouth contains 130 to 180 pairs of yellowish baleen plates, with very coarse bristles. The blow is bushy, heart-shaped when viewed from ahead or behind, and rises less than 3 to 4 m. Can be confused with: Gray whales are unique in body shape and patterning, and there is usually little problem with identification. From a distance, however, they can sometimes be confused with right whale, bowhead whale, sperm whale or humpback whale.
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citação bibliográfica
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
autor
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
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FAO species catalogs

Size ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
At birth, gray whales are about 4.5 to 5 m long; adults are 11 to 15 m in length. Maximum body weight is over 35 t.
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citação bibliográfica
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
autor
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
original
visite a fonte
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FAO species catalogs

Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Most groups are small, often with no more than 3 individuals, but gray whales do sometimes migrate in pods of up to 16, and larger aggregations are common on the feeding and breeding grounds. Breaching, spy-hopping, and other aerial behaviours are common, especially during migration, and in and near the breeding lagoons of Baja California and mainland Mexico. The migration from winter breeding grounds in Mexico to summer feeding grounds in the Bering, Chukchi, and occasionally Beaufort, seas is witnessed by tens of thousands of people each year along the west coast of North America. Breeding occurs in winter, during migration, and in or near the Baja California breeding lagoons. Gray whales feed primarily on swarming mysids and tube-dwelling amphipods in the northern parts of their range, but are also known to take red crabs, baitfish, and other food opportunistically.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
citação bibliográfica
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
autor
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
FAO species catalogs

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por FAO species catalogs
Conservation Status : The North Atlantic stock was apparently wiped-out by whalers in the 18th century. A western North Pacific (Korean) stock may also have been extirpated in the mid 20th century; its continued existence as a small remnant is still debated. The eastern North Pacific (California-Chukotka) stock nearly suffered the same fate twice, once in the late 1800s and again in the early 1900s. Both times, a respite in commercial whaling allowed the population to recover. About 170 to 200 from this latter stock are killed annually under special permit by commercial whalers on behalf of Soviet aborigines, and one or a few are taken in some years by Alaskan Eskimos. Since receiving IWC protection in 1946 and the end of research harvests in the late 1960s this population has increased, and now apparently equals or exceeds pre-exploitation numbers. IUCN: Not listed.
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
citação bibliográfica
Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
autor
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
FAO species catalogs

Boz balinalar ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Boz balinalar (lat. Eschrichtiidae)xortumlular dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

Cinsləri

Mənbə

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Boz balinalar: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Boz balinalar (lat. Eschrichtiidae)xortumlular dəstəsinə aid heyvan fəsiləsi.

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Balum gris ( Bretã )

fornecido por wikipedia BR
lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar balum gris (Eschrichtius robustus) a zo ur morvil fanoliek. Ar spesad nemetañ eo er genad Eschrichtius hag er c'herentiad Eschrichtiidae.

Tiriad ar balum gris.
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Skrivagnerien ha kempennerien Wikipedia |
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Balena grisa ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La balena grisa (Eschrichtius robustus) és un cetaci que migra cada any entre les seves zones d'alimentació i de reproducció. Assoleix una longitud d'uns setze metres, un pes d'unes trenta-sis tones i una edat de 50-60 anys. La balena grisa és l'única espècie dins del gènere Eschrichtius, que al seu torn és l'únic gènere de la família dels escríctids.

Descripció

 src=
Percebes (Coronula sp.) sobre una balena grisa

La pell és de color gris, amb taques irregulars blanques que formen un disseny característic que permet diferenciar a cada individu. El cos dels exemplars adults apareix recobert de crustacis ectoparàsits, especialment de percebes de la família Coronulidae. Les balenes adultes tenen tantes rèmores i cicatrius blanquinises que sovint el color original pràcticament es perd. S'alimenta de cavallets de mar i a vegades, menja objectes de fusta i metall que són abocats per l'home.

Posseeixen diverses protuberàncies que acaben abans de la cua però no tenen una aleta dorsal veritable. El seu cap és relativament petit i s'inclina cap avall a partir d'un parell d'orificis nasals. La llarga boca sembla partir el cap en dos i es corba cap amunt. Les barbes tenen menys de 50 cm de llarg i són d'un color que va del grogós al blanc. La part inferior del coll es mostra arrugada a causa de la presència de cinc fenedures poc profundes. Aquesta espècie, concretament, fou la que es menjà el pare de Pinotxo i altres personatges de Disney i Cartoon Network.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Balena grisa Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
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Balena grisa: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La balena grisa (Eschrichtius robustus) és un cetaci que migra cada any entre les seves zones d'alimentació i de reproducció. Assoleix una longitud d'uns setze metres, un pes d'unes trenta-sis tones i una edat de 50-60 anys. La balena grisa és l'única espècie dins del gènere Eschrichtius, que al seu torn és l'únic gènere de la família dels escríctids.

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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
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wikipedia CA

Morfil Llwyd ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Morfil o deulu'r Eschrichtiidae yw'r Morfil Llwyd (Eschrichtius robustus). Ef yw'r unig aelod o'r teulu sy'n fyw heddiw. Gall y rhai mwyaf gyrraedd hyd o tua 15 medr a phwysau o tua 35 tunnell.

Ceir dwy boblogaeth yn y Cefnfor Tawel. Mae'r boblogaeth fwyaf yn mudo rhwng y dyfroedd o gwmpas Alaska, lle mae'n bwydo, a Gwlff Califfornia, ger penrhyn Baja California ar arfordir gorllewinol Mecsico, lle genir y lloi. Mae'r boblogaeth arall, sy'n llawer llai ac mewn perygl, yn mudo rhwng Môr Ockotsk a De Corea. Credir nad oes mwy na 101 o'r boblogaeth yma, tra amcangyfrifir fod y boblogaeth americanaidd rhwng 17,000 a 26,000.

 src=
Lledaeniad y Morfil Llwyd
Mae gan Wicirywogaeth wybodaeth sy'n berthnasol i: Eschrichtius robustus
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Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
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Plejtvákovec šedý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Plejtvákovec šedý (Eschrichtius robustus, další české názvy jsou velryba šedá a plejtvák šedý) je středně velká velryba z podřádu kosticovců a jediný zástupce čeledi plejtvákovcovitých.

Popis

Dosahuje délky 12-15 metrů, přičemž zaznamenané maximum je 15,5 metru. Hmotnost se pohybuje mezi 25 a 28 tunami, maximum je 35 tun. Samice bývají obvykle mírně větší než samci. Dožívá se 50-70 let. Zbarvení je šedočerné až šedohnědé s velkým množstvým světlých skvrn, což jsou stopy po kožních parazitech (korýši rodů Cryptolepas a Cyamus).

Rozšíření

Žije v Tichém oceánu ve dvou oddělených populacích, jedna u břehů Severní Ameriky, druhá u břehu severovýchodní Asie. Populace u severovýchodní Asie je ovšem kriticky ohrožena a je pravděpodobné, že vyhyne. V posledních letech je pro ni novým ohrožením narušení životního prostoru těžbou ropy a zemního plynu projektem Sachalin-1. Celková velikost populace není známa, ale podle různých odhadů jde o několik desítek tisíc jedinců (zřejmě okolo 26 000, nicméně maximální neověřené odhady na základě zkoumání DNA hovoří až o 118 000).

Ekologie

Potravu plejtvákovců tvoří plankton, kril, různí mořští červi, malí krabi a hejna tvořící malé ryby. V menší míře se živí i vodními rostlinami. Potravu sbírá většinou při mělkém oceánském dně, málokdy se živí při hladině.

Jde o jediný druh kosticovců, který se páří a rodí mláďata v mělkých pobřežních vodách. Březost trvá 12-13,5 měsíce, nově narozené mládě je 3,5-5 metrů dlouhé.

V Atlantském oceánu byl plejtvákovec šedý loven už před naším letopočtem, od začátku 18. století se zde vyskytoval pouze ojediněle a začátkem 20. století zde byl již zcela vyhuben. Plejtvákovec šedý pluje každý rok 18 000 km: v Arktidě se živí, ale rozmnožují se na východě v Tichém oceánu u pobřeží Kalifornie a na západě u korejských břehů. Cesta, kterou podnikají skupiny o dvou až třech zvířatech, trvá kytovcům kolem tří měsíců.

Predace

Hlavním predátorem plejtvákovce šedého (kromě člověka) je kosatka dravá. Bylo zaznamenáno mnoho případů útoků kosatek na plejtvákovce, především na mláďata.[2][3] Kosatky většinou postupují tak, že se snaží oddělit mládě od samice (či stáda) a utopit ho tím, že se střídají při tlačení na jeho hřbet a zabraňují mu se nadechnout. Čelisti obvykle používají až když je oběť mrtvá.

Zajímavosti

  • Velrybáři mu dříve říkali ďábelská ryba, neboť byl znám, že se dokáže zuřivě bránit tváří v tvář nebezpečí.
  • Dnes je naopak znám a oblíben pro svou zvědavost a přátelské chování vůči člunům.
  • Začal být oficiálně chráněn už ve 30. letech 20. století, nicméně omezený lov (cca 220 kusů ročně) pokračoval i nadále (vědecké účely, SSSR).

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. Killer Whales vs. Gray Whales. [s.l.]: [s.n.] Dostupné online.
  3. THEPRESSDEMOCRAT. Orcas attack grey whale off Sonoma Coast, video 1. [s.l.]: [s.n.] Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

Zdroje

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cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Plejtvákovec šedý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Plejtvákovec šedý (Eschrichtius robustus, další české názvy jsou velryba šedá a plejtvák šedý) je středně velká velryba z podřádu kosticovců a jediný zástupce čeledi plejtvákovcovitých.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Gråhval ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Gråhvalen (Eschrichtius robustus) er en bardehval. Det er den eneste art i slægten Eschrichtius, der tillige er den eneste slægt i familien af gråhvaler. Den rejser årligt over store afstande: 8.000-11.000 km, da dyrenes føde findes mod nord langs den amerikanske vestkyst, mens dyrene mødes og formerer sig i kystvandene omkring den Californiske Halvø. Turen tager omkring 2-3 måneder. Når kalvene er født nogle uger efter hvalernes ankomst, vender de alle tilbage til fødeområderne nordpå.

Gråhvalen bliver op til 15 meter lang og vejer omkring 36 tons. Den bliver omkring 50-60 år gammel. Hunhvalen får en unge ca. hvert andet år. Kalven bliver i modsætning til hos de fleste andre hvaler født med hovedet først. Man mener, at en af grundene til, at dyrene rejser så langt for at formere sig, er, at det lave kystnære vand beskytter de nyfødte kalve mod hajer.

Før i tiden blev gråhvalen jaget. Da blev den kaldt "devil fish", da den var kendt for at kæmpe for sit liv. Den nordatlantiske population blev derved for 300 år siden udslettet.

Gråhvalens føde består af bundlevende krebsdyr, som den fanger ved at svømme sidelæns langs bunden med munden åben. Under den årlige migration lever hvalen dog hovedsagelig af fedtreserver.

Gråhvalens udseende er meget karakteristisk. Dyrets hoved er fyldt med gråhvide plamager; det er ar fra parasitter.

Gråhvalens eneste fjender er mennesker og spækhuggere. Siden 1946 har hvalerne været beskyttet af internationale aftaler, der satte en stopper for gråhvalfangsten. Siden da er antallet af gråhvaler langsomt steget.

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Grauwal ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Grauwal (Eschrichtius robustus) ist ein Bartenwal, der im arktischen bis warm-gemäßigten Nordpazifik lebt. Der Grauwal ist der einzige Vertreter der monotypischen Gattung Eschrichtius.

Merkmale

 src=
Größenvergleich zwischen Grauwal und Mensch

Grauwale erreichen eine Länge von 13 bis 15 Metern, ein Gewicht von 25 bis 40 Tonnen und ein Alter von 50 bis 70 Jahren.[1] Die Hautfarbe ist schiefergrau bis dunkelgrau, erscheint aber wegen der massenhaften Besiedlung der Haut durch parasitische Krebstiere wie Seepocken und Walläuse aus der Entfernung oft weiß gefleckt. Besonders häufig lassen sich Entenmuscheln auf dem Kopf und der Schwanzflosse des Grauwales nieder.

Der Kopf mit dem stark gewölbten Rostrum (der Schnauze) läuft spitz zu. Die Finne fehlt, entlang des Rückens gibt es jedoch mehrere buckelartige Hervorwölbungen, während die Fluke relativ breit und eingekerbt ist. Die Kehle des Grauwals ist in der Regel von zwei, maximal von bis zu sieben Furchen durchzogen. Auf jeder Seite des Mauls befinden sich etwa 150 Barten von 40 Zentimeter Länge.

 src=
Grauwal

Der Grauwal hat zwei Atemlöcher und kann den Blas bis zu vier Meter hoch ausstoßen. Das ausgestoßene Wasser-Luftgemisch steigt senkrecht nach oben und erscheint als herzförmige Nebelsäule.

Merkmale eines Glattwals

Das recht stark gewölbte Rostrum des Grauwals weist auf einen Glattwal hin. Obwohl der spitze Kopf dem des Blauwals ähnelt, der zu den Furchenwalen gehört, hat der Grauwal ein im Verhältnis stärker gewölbtes Rostrum als die Furchenwale. Auch die beim Grauwal fehlende Finne ist ein Merkmal der Glattwale, ebenso ist die breite, eingekerbte Fluke typisch für Vertreter der Glattwal-Familie.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Grauwale leben heute nur noch im nördlichen Pazifik. Dabei wird eine westpazifische und eine ostpazifische Population unterschieden. Ihre Zahl wurde Ende der 1990er Jahre auf etwa 26.000 Exemplare im Nordpazifik geschätzt.[1] Im Nordatlantik dagegen wurden die Grauwale durch den küstennahen Walfang ausgerottet und sind um 1700 ausgestorben.[2] Diese atlantischen Grauwale lebten vor Spitzbergen, Grönland und Kanada sowie im Winter vermutlich vor Nordafrika. Sichtungen einzelner Tiere im Mittelmeer (2010 & 2021[3]) und im Südatlantik (2013) deuten darauf hin, dass die zunehmend schmelzende Eiskappe der Arktis eine Rückkehr der Grauwale in den Atlantik ermöglicht.[4][5]

Grauwale leben dauerhaft näher an den Küsten als jede andere Walart. Sie verbringen den Sommer in polaren Gewässern und ziehen im Winter südwärts. Die ostpazifische Population überwintert vor den Küsten von Kalifornien und Mexiko. Die Tiere des Westpazifik halten sich im Sommer vor Sibirien und um die Kamtschatka-Halbinsel auf und verbringen den Winter vor Korea und Japan.

Lebensweise

 src=
Springender Grauwal

Grauwale sind langsame Schwimmer und erreichen maximale Geschwindigkeiten von acht Kilometern pro Stunde. Gewöhnlich tauchen Grauwale vier bis fünf Minuten, bevor sie wieder auftauchen. Während sich die Wale an der Oberfläche aufhalten, vollführen sie oft Sprünge, bei denen sie mit Kopf und Oberkörper aus dem Wasser stoßen und sich dann wieder zurückfallen lassen. Oft halten sich die Grauwale dabei nur wenige Kilometer vor der Küste auf. Ein Jahr ist bei den Grauwalen in die drei Phasen Nahrungsaufnahme, Wanderung und Fortpflanzung gegliedert.

Wanderung

Die ostpazifische Population verbringt die Sommermonate in den nährstoffreichen Regionen des Beringmeers. Im Herbst erfolgt die Wanderung in den Süden, wo sich die Grauwale vor der kalifornischen Küste fortpflanzen. Nach einigen Monaten kehren sie in die nördlicheren Nahrungsgründe zurück. Die westpazifische Population verbringt die Sommermonate in den nördlichen Bereichen des vor Japan gelegenen Ochotskischen Meeres. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt im Winter nach einer Wanderung in südlichere Bereiche des Pazifik.

Grauwale legen bei ihren Wanderungen größere Strecken zurück als jede andere Walart. Die ostpazifische Population zieht jedes Jahr bis zu 10.000 Kilometer durch den Pazifik. Dies ist die längste bekannte Wanderung eines Säugetiers. Auf der Wanderung zwischen Nahrungs- und Fortpflanzungsgebieten bilden die Wale Gruppen von bis zu 16 Tieren. Üblich sind jedoch kleinere Gruppen von zwei oder drei Tieren. Trotzdem handelt es sich um äußerst soziale Tiere. So wurde beobachtet, wie kranke oder verletzte Artgenossen zum Atmen an die Wasseroberfläche gebracht wurden.[6]

Ernährung

Der Grauwal frisst fast ausschließlich während der Sommermonate. Die angefressenen Fettvorräte müssen dann für die lange Wanderung und die Fortpflanzungszeit genügen. Die Nahrung des Grauwals sind hauptsächlich Flohkrebse, aber auch Ruderfußkrebse und kleine Fische. Als einziger Wal geht der Grauwal auch am Meeresgrund auf Nahrungssuche. Die Filterung von Bodenbewohnern aus dem Schlamm des Meeresbodens ist eine einzigartige Ernährungsweise unter den Bartenwalen. Hierzu wirbelt er die Ablagerungen am Meeresgrund auf. Dieser Form der Nahrungsaufnahme sind die kurzen und robusten Barten des Grauwals angepasst. Die Grauwale rollen sich auf eine Seite und saugen langsam schwimmend das Bodensediment ein. Mit Hilfe der Barten werden anschließend die nahrungsrelevanten Meerestierchen aus dem Schlamm gefiltert. Normalerweise rollen sich die Wale hierbei vorn auf die rechte Seite, was eine schnellere Abnutzung der rechten Barten verursacht.[7]

Fortpflanzung

 src=
Grauwalkuh mit Kalb

Die Paarung der Grauwale findet in den Wintermonaten statt. Geschlechtsreife Weibchen werden häufig von zwei oder mehreren Männchen begleitet, entscheiden sich dann jedoch nur für einen Partner. Während der Paarungszeit kann man bei Männchen beobachten, dass sie sich von den Wellen in Richtung Küste treiben lassen. Es erinnert entfernt an Surfen.[8] Nach der Paarung kehren die Tiere für die Sommermonate in die nährstoffreichen nördlichen Gebiete zurück. Die Tragzeit beträgt elf bis zwölf Monate. Nach der Rückkehr der Muttertiere in die südlichen Wintergebiete werden die Kälber geboren. Jede Walkuh kann dabei nur ein Kalb gebären. Dies geschieht meist in geschützten Lagunen. Die Kälber sind bei der Geburt etwa fünf Meter lang und wiegen eine halbe Tonne. Sie begleiten ihre Mütter während der verbleibenden Zeit im Winterrevier und bei der folgenden Wanderung in die sommerlichen Nahrungsgründe. Im Spätsommer werden die Kälber schließlich entwöhnt und sind von nun an selbstständig.

 src=
Schädel und Wirbel von Eschrichtioides

Evolution und Systematik

Stammesgeschichte

Das älteste bekannte Fossil eines Grauwalverwandten wurde als Eschrichtioides beschrieben und stammt aus dem frühen Pliozän von Norditalien.[9] Jüngere Fossilien, aus dem späten Pliozän vor etwa 3 Millionen Jahren, wurden in Japan gefunden.[10]

Systematik

Vilhelm Lilljeborg benannte den Grauwal bei seiner Erstbeschreibung 1861 nach subfossilen Funden von der Küste Norwegens als Balaenoptera robusta. Die Einordnung des Grauwals in eine eigene Gattung Eschrichtius erfolgte 1864 durch John Edward Gray,[11] der sie nach Daniel Frederik Eschricht benannte, einem dänischen Arzt und Zoologen. 1869 beschrieb Edward Drinker Cope die pazifische Art Rhachianectes glaucus, die nach Vergleichen der Skelettmorphologie mit Eschrichtius robustus vereint wurde und heute lediglich als getrennte Population betrachtet wird. Der Grauwal wird aufgrund von morphologischen Merkmalen zu den Bartenwalen gestellt. Er vereint Merkmale der Familien Furchenwale (Balaenopteridae) und Glattwale (Balaenidae). 1951 wurde eine eigene Familie für den Grauwal eingeführt, die Eschrichtiidae, die nur aus einer rezenten Gattung mit nur einer rezenten Art besteht.[12] Durch molekularbiologische Studien wurde jedoch eine nahe Verwandtschaft zu den Furchenwalen festgestellt.[13][14] Der Grauwal ist die Schwestergruppe einer Klade aller Furchenwale mit Ausnahme der beiden Zwergwalarten. Die American Society of Mammalogists listet den Grauwal deshalb als Art der Furchenwale.[15]

Die systematische Stellung des Grauwals innerhalb der Furchenwale zeigt das folgende Kladogramm nach McGowen et al. (2020):[14]

Furchenwale





Seiwal (Balaenoptera borealis)


Brydewal (Balaenoptera edeni)



Omurawal (Balaenoptera omurai)



Blauwal (Balaenoptera musculus)




Finnwal (Balaenoptera physalus)


Buckelwal (Megaptera novaeangliae)




Grauwal (Eschrichtius robustus)




Nördlicher Zwergwal (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)


Südlicher Zwergwal (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Walfang und Schutz

 src=
Walbeobachtung

Als küstennah lebende Spezies wurde der Grauwal schon früh von Menschen gejagt. Ob dies der Grund für das sehr frühe Aussterben der europäischen Bestände (um 500 n. Chr.) ist, kann nicht mehr nachvollzogen werden. Die westatlantischen Grauwale starben um 1700 aus. Seitdem lebt der Grauwal nur noch im Pazifik. Die westpazifischen Populationen wurden im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert von japanischen Walfängern stark bejagt. Es ist heute sogar unklar, ob die Grauwale des Westpazifik noch existieren. Gelegentliche Sichtungen vor den koreanischen Küsten können auch verirrte Einzeltiere aus dem Ostpazifik sein. Walforscher gehen höchstens noch von einer Population von 200 Tieren aus.

Die Überwinterungsplätze der ostpazifischen Grauwale wurden 1846 entdeckt. Hiernach wurden Walfangstationen an den dortigen Küsten eingerichtet und binnen weniger Jahre Tausende Wale getötet. Erst 1946 wurde die Art unter Schutz gestellt und so vor dem Aussterben bewahrt. Seitdem sind die Bestände wieder gewachsen, so dass es heute etwa 22.000 Grauwale gibt. Doch selbst für diese im Vergleich zu früher geringe Zahl reichen die Nahrungsvorräte anscheinend nicht mehr aus, wie aufgrund der Sichtung von mageren und anscheinend hungernden Tieren angenommen wird.[16] Seit einigen Jahren werden von der indigenen Bevölkerung Russlands ca. 110 Grauwale jährlich kontrolliert gejagt.[17]

Walfänger gaben den Grauwalen im 19. Jahrhundert den Beinamen Teufelsfisch. Die Ursache hierfür waren wütende Angriffe von Walkühen, die ihre Kälber schützen wollten.[18]

An der nordamerikanischen Küste sind Grauwale wegen ihrer Küstennähe ein sehr beliebtes Ziel für den modernen Waltourismus. Touristen können mit Booten bis auf wenige Meter an die Grauwale herangebracht werden.

Literatur

  • M. Carwardine: Wale und Delfine. Delius Klasing, 2008, ISBN 978-3768824736 (hochwertiger Führer)
  • Ralf Kiefner: Wale und Delfine weltweit. Jahr Top Special Verlag, 2002 (Führer der Zeitschrift "tauchen", sehr detailliert)
  • R. R. Reeves, B. S. Stewart, P. J. Clapham, J. A. Powell: Sea Mammals of the World. A Complete Guide to Whales, Dolphins, Seals, Sea Lions and Sea Cows. Black, London 2002, ISBN 0-7136-6334-0 (Führer mit zahlreichen Bildern).

Belege

  1. a b Alter und Anzahl Publikation der Kanadischen Regierung zur Wiedereinführung der Grauwale im Nordatlantik: Recovery Strategy for the Grey Whale, Atlantic Population, in Canada (2007), abgerufen am 15. Juni 2019.
  2. P. J. Bryant Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic. Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 76, Issue 3, August 1995, S. 857–861, doi: 10.2307/1382754
  3. Verirrte Tiere: Rätsel um Grauwal vor Italien. Abgerufen am 22. April 2021.
  4. Grauwale kehren in Atlantik zurück Artikel in der Berliner Zeitung 9. März 2015, abgerufen am 15. Juni 2019.
  5. Schmelzen der Polkappen in der ZEIT ONLINE vom 13. Juni 2018, abgerufen am 18. Juli 2019.
  6. Detlef Singer: Faszination Tier & Natur, Gruppe 1 – Säugetiere, München ohne Jahresangabe.
  7. WCDS Walschutz; Lexikon der Meeres- und Süßwassertiere, S. 332;@1@2Vorlage:Toter Link/www.wdcs-de.org (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, Suche in Webarchiven)  src= Info: Der Link wurde automatisch als defekt markiert. Bitte prüfe den Link gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.
  8. NDR: Expeditionen ins Tierreich: Wale - Clevere Giganten. In: ARD Mediathek. NDR-Fernsehen, 28. Januar 2021, abgerufen am 28. Januar 2021.
  9. Michelangelo Bisconti: Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of a new eschrichtiid genus (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Early Pliocene of northern Italy. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 153, Issue 1, Mai 2008, S. 161–186, doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00374.x
  10. Hiroto Ichishima, Eri Sato, Tsumoru Sagayama, Masaichi Kimura: The oldest record of Eschrichtiidae (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the late pliocene, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Paleontology 80, 2006; S. 367–379 doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0367:TOROEC]2.0.CO;2
  11. John Edward Gray: On the Cetacea which have been observed in the seas surrounding the British Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1864: S. 195–248
  12. John Reeves Ellerman, Terence Morrison-Scott (1951): Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. British Museum (Natural History). S. 1–810.
  13. Úlfur Árnason, Fritjof Lammers, Vikas Kumar, Maria A. Nilsson and Axel Janke. Whole genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals find signatures for introgressive gene flow. Science Advances 04 Apr 2018, Vol. 4, no. 4, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap9873
  14. a b Michael R McGowen, Georgia Tsagkogeorga, Sandra Álvarez-Carretero, Mario dos Reis, Monika Struebig, Robert Deaville, Paul D Jepson, Simon Jarman, Andrea Polanowski, Phillip A Morin u. Stephen J Rossiter: Phylogenomic Resolution of the Cetacean Tree of Life Using Target Sequence Capture. Systematic Biology, Volume 69, Issue 3, Mai 2020, S. 479–501, doi: 10.1093/sysbio/syz068
  15. Eschrichtius robustus in der Mammal Diversity Database der American Society of Mammalogists
  16. Lt. DDP-Bericht in den Bremer Nachrichten vom 14. September 2007, Hinweis auf Elizabeth Alter in "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences".
  17. Tabelle über die jährlichen Jagdzahlen
  18. Informationen zum Grauwal

Weblinks

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– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Grauwal: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Grauwal (Eschrichtius robustus) ist ein Bartenwal, der im arktischen bis warm-gemäßigten Nordpazifik lebt. Der Grauwal ist der einzige Vertreter der monotypischen Gattung Eschrichtius.

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Balena e hirtë ( Albanês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Balena e hirtë (Eschrichtius robustus) është një balenë me mustaqe që shtegton çdo vit mes të ushqyerit dhe vendeve të mbarështimit. Arrin një gjatësi prej 14.9 metra, një peshë prej 36 tonë, dhe jeton në mes 55 dhe 70 vjetëve.[1] Emri i zakonshëm i kësaj balene vjen ngjyra e hirtë e me pulla të zbërdhulëta në lëkurën e saj të errët.[2] Balena e hirtë është lloji i vetëm i gjallë i gjinisë Eschrichtius, e cila është gjinia e vetme e gjallë e familjes Eschrichtiidae. Ky gjitar e ka origjinën nga balenat që u zhvilluan në fillim të Oligocenit, pra 30 milion vjetëve.

Shiko dhe

Referimet

  1. ^ Recovery Strategy for the Grey Whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Atlantic Population, in Canada. Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca (2012-07-31). Retrieved on 2012-12-20.
  2. ^ Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus. American Cetacean Society
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Balena e hirtë: Brief Summary ( Albanês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Balena e hirtë (Eschrichtius robustus) është një balenë me mustaqe që shtegton çdo vit mes të ushqyerit dhe vendeve të mbarështimit. Arrin një gjatësi prej 14.9 metra, një peshë prej 36 tonë, dhe jeton në mes 55 dhe 70 vjetëve. Emri i zakonshëm i kësaj balene vjen ngjyra e hirtë e me pulla të zbërdhulëta në lëkurën e saj të errët. Balena e hirtë është lloji i vetëm i gjallë i gjinisë Eschrichtius, e cila është gjinia e vetme e gjallë e familjes Eschrichtiidae. Ky gjitar e ka origjinën nga balenat që u zhvilluan në fillim të Oligocenit, pra 30 milion vjetëve.

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Balena grisa ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

La Balena grisa (Eschrichtius robustus) es una espècia de cetacèu, sola espècia del genre Eschrichtius e de la familha Eschrichtiidae. Desapareguèt de tot l'Ocean Atlantic en seguida de la caça balenièra mas una populacion demòra encara dins lo Pacific[1].

Referéncias=

  1. Bryant P.J (1995) Dating remains of gray whales from the eastern North Atlantic. Journal of Mammalogy, 76(3), 857-861. (résumé)
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Balena grisa: Brief Summary ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

La Balena grisa (Eschrichtius robustus) es una espècia de cetacèu, sola espècia del genre Eschrichtius e de la familha Eschrichtiidae. Desapareguèt de tot l'Ocean Atlantic en seguida de la caça balenièra mas una populacion demòra encara dins lo Pacific.

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Hahk kit ( Vepsiano )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Hahk kit (latin.: Eschrichtius robustus vai Eschrichtius gibbosus) om Kitanvuiččiden heimkundan levitadud meriživat. Eschrichtiidae-sugukundan üks'jäine erik.

Elädas Tünen valdmeren pohjoižpalan randištonno, tehtas sezonmigracijoid. Edel 17. voz'sadad eliba mugažo Pohjoižatlantikas i sen Baltijan meres.

Täuz'kaznuded oleskeldas kahesavoččes igäs. Vspäi 1949 oma kaičendan al. Piduz om 11..14,6 m ižoil i 12..15 m emil, mass — 15..35 tonnad.

Homaičendad

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Hahk kit: Brief Summary ( Vepsiano )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Hahk kit (latin.: Eschrichtius robustus vai Eschrichtius gibbosus) om Kitanvuiččiden heimkundan levitadud meriživat. Eschrichtiidae-sugukundan üks'jäine erik.

Elädas Tünen valdmeren pohjoižpalan randištonno, tehtas sezonmigracijoid. Edel 17. voz'sadad eliba mugažo Pohjoižatlantikas i sen Baltijan meres.

Täuz'kaznuded oleskeldas kahesavoččes igäs. Vspäi 1949 oma kaičendan al. Piduz om 11..14,6 m ižoil i 12..15 m emil, mass — 15..35 tonnad.

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Phú-sek Hái-ang ( Nan )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Phú-sek Hái-ang sī 1 chióng ta̍k nî ē tī chia̍h ê ūi kap seⁿ-kiáⁿ ê ūi 2 pêng lâi-khì ê ū chhiu ê hái-ang, sin-khu tn̂g 15 kong-chhioh, tāng 36 kong-tùn, ē-sái oa̍h kàu 50~60 hoè. Eschrichtius robustusEschrichtius-sio̍k î-it ê chéng, Eschrichtius mā sī Eschrichtiidae-kho î-it ê sio̍k. Phú-sek Hái-ang sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t tang-tiong le̍k-sú siōng kú-tn̂g ê 1 ê, iok-lio̍k ū 3-chheng-bān nî.

Hun-pò͘ kap î-soá

Hiān-tāi ū 2 tīn toà Thài-pêng-iûⁿ oa̍h-tōng ê Phú-sek Hái-ang: khah sè tīn--ê tī Okhotsk Hái kap lâm Hân-kok chi-kan lâi-khì, khah toā--ê oá tī Alaska kap Baja California chi-kan ê hái-hoāⁿ. Pún-chiâⁿ tī Tāi-se-iûⁿ ū tē 3 tīn, m̄-koh 300 nî chêng tō hō͘ lâng lia̍h khu̍t-chéng ah.

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Phú-sek Hái-ang: Brief Summary ( Nan )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Phú-sek Hái-ang sī 1 chióng ta̍k nî ē tī chia̍h ê ūi kap seⁿ-kiáⁿ ê ūi 2 pêng lâi-khì ê ū chhiu ê hái-ang, sin-khu tn̂g 15 kong-chhioh, tāng 36 kong-tùn, ē-sái oa̍h kàu 50~60 hoè. Eschrichtius robustus sī Eschrichtius-sio̍k î-it ê chéng, Eschrichtius mā sī Eschrichtiidae-kho î-it ê sio̍k. Phú-sek Hái-ang sī chhī-leng tōng-bu̍t tang-tiong le̍k-sú siōng kú-tn̂g ê 1 ê, iok-lio̍k ū 3-chheng-bān nî.

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Сив кит ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Сив кит (Eschrichtius robustus) е вид на кит, кој за разлика од другите китови усани (со рожни плочки во устата), тој се храни на морското дно, процедувајќи ги животните од седиментите. Тој има сива боја на телото со бели шари, а главата му е тесна со жолтеникави реси во должина од 40 цм. Често на неговото тело има корки од варовник и китови вошки. Иако сивите китови се задржуваат блиску до брегот, нивните селења се рекорд. На западниот брег на Северна Америка во големи групи се селат меѓу Беринговото Море и полуостровот Баја Калифорнија во Мексико, а тоа е кружно патување од 20,000 км. За жал, поради својата навика за задржување покрај брегот, тие се лесен плен за китоловците. До средината на 20 век тие беа речиси истребени, но законот за заштита овозможи зголемување на нивниот број.

Наводи

  1. Mead, James G.; Brownell, Robert L., Jr. (16 November 2005). „Order Cetacea (pp. 723-743)“. Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd издание). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300030.
  2. Reilly SB, Bannister JL, Best PB, Brown M, Brownell Jr. RL, Butterworth DS, Clapham PJ, Cooke J, Donovan GP, Urbán J & Zerbini AN (2008). Eschrichtius robustus. Црвен список на загрозени видови на МСЗП. Верзија 2008. Меѓународен сојуз за заштита на природата. конс. 2008-10-17. (англиски)

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Сив кит: Brief Summary ( Macedônio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Сив кит (Eschrichtius robustus) е вид на кит, кој за разлика од другите китови усани (со рожни плочки во устата), тој се храни на морското дно, процедувајќи ги животните од седиментите. Тој има сива боја на телото со бели шари, а главата му е тесна со жолтеникави реси во должина од 40 цм. Често на неговото тело има корки од варовник и китови вошки. Иако сивите китови се задржуваат блиску до брегот, нивните селења се рекорд. На западниот брег на Северна Америка во големи групи се селат меѓу Беринговото Море и полуостровот Баја Калифорнија во Мексико, а тоа е кружно патување од 20,000 км. За жал, поради својата навика за задржување покрај брегот, тие се лесен плен за китоловците. До средината на 20 век тие беа речиси истребени, но законот за заштита овозможи зголемување на нивниот број.

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Aġviġluaq ( Inupiaq )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
Aġviġluaq
 src=
Aġviġluaq
Cetacea range map Beluga.png

Aġviġluaq (Eschrichtius robustus)

سفارش کیک و شیرینی

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Gray whale ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus),[1] also known as the grey whale,[5] gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, Korean gray whale, or California gray whale,[6] is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of 14.9 meters (49 ft), a weight of up to 41 tonnes (90,000 lb) and lives between 55 and 70 years, although one female was estimated to be 75–80 years of age.[7][8] The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin.[9] Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted.[10] The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius. It is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae, however some recent studies classify it as a member of the family Balaenopteridae. This mammal is descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared during the Neogene.

The gray whale is distributed in a Northeast Pacific (North American), and an endangered Northwest Pacific (Asian), population. North Atlantic populations were extirpated (perhaps by whaling) on the European coast before 500 CE, and on the American coast around the late 17th to early 18th centuries.[11] However, in the 2010s there have been a number of sightings of gray whales in the Mediterranean Sea and even off Southern hemisphere Atlantic coasts.

Taxonomy

Skeleton

The gray whale is traditionally placed as the only living species in its genus and family, Eschrichtius and Eschrichtiidae,[12] but an extinct species was discovered and placed in the genus in 2017, the Akishima whale (E. akishimaensis).[13] Some recent studies place gray whales as being outside the rorqual clade, but as the closest relatives to the rorquals.[14] But other recent DNA analyses have suggested that certain rorquals of the family Balaenopteridae, such as the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae, and fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus, are more closely related to the gray whale than they are to some other rorquals, such as the minke whales.[15][16][17][18] The American Society of Mammalogists has followed this classification.[19]

John Edward Gray placed it in its own genus in 1865, naming it in honour of physician and zoologist Daniel Frederik Eschricht.[20] The common name of the whale comes from its coloration. The subfossil remains of now extinct gray whales from the Atlantic coasts of England and Sweden were used by Gray to make the first scientific description of a species then surviving only in Pacific waters.[21] The living Pacific species was described by Cope as Rhachianectes glaucus in 1869.[22] Skeletal comparisons showed the Pacific species to be identical to the Atlantic remains in the 1930s, and Gray's naming has been generally accepted since.[23][24] Although identity between the Atlantic and Pacific populations cannot be proven by anatomical data, its skeleton is distinctive and easy to distinguish from that of all other living whales.[25]

Many other names have been ascribed to the gray whale, including desert whale,[26] devilfish, gray back, mussel digger and rip sack.[27] The name Eschrichtius gibbosus is sometimes seen; this is dependent on the acceptance of a 1777 description by Erxleben.[28]

Taxonomic history

A number of 18th century authors[29] described the gray whale as Balaena gibbosa, the "whale with six bosses", apparently based on a brief note by Dudley 1725:[30]

The Scrag Whale is near a kin to the Fin-back, but instead of a Fin upon his Back, the Ridge of the Afterpart of his Back is cragged with half a Dozen Knobs or Nuckles; he is nearest the right Whale in Figure and for Quantity of Oil; his Bone is white, but won't split.[31]

The gray whale was first described as a distinct species by Lilljeborg 1861 based on a subfossil found in the brackish Baltic Sea, apparently a specimen from the now extinct north Atlantic population. Lilljeborg, however, identified it as "Balaenoptera robusta", a species of rorqual.[32] Gray 1864 realized that the rib and scapula of the specimen was different from those of any known rorquals, and therefore erected a new genus for it, Eschrichtius.[33] Van Beneden & Gervais 1868 were convinced that the bones described by Lilljeborg could not belong to a living species but that they were similar to fossils that Van Beneden had described from the harbour of Antwerp (most of his named species are now considered nomina dubia) and therefore named the gray whale Plesiocetus robustus, reducing Lilljeborg's and Gray's names to synonyms.[34]

Charles Melville Scammon produced one of the earliest descriptions of living Pacific gray whales,[35] and notwithstanding that he was among the whalers who nearly drove them to extinction in the lagoons of the Baja California Peninsula, they were and still are associated with him and his description of the species.[36] At this time, however, the extinct Atlantic population was considered a separate species (Eschrischtius robustus) from the living Pacific population (Rhachianectes glaucus).[37]

Things got increasingly confused as 19th century scientists introduced new species at an alarming rate (e.g. Eschrichtius pusillus, E. expansus, E. priscus, E. mysticetoides), often based on fragmentary specimens, and taxonomists started to use several generic and specific names interchangeably and not always correctly (e.g. Agalephus gobbosus, Balaenoptera robustus, Agalephus gibbosus). Things got even worse in the 1930s when it was finally realised that the extinct Atlantic population was the same species as the extant Pacific population, and the new combination Eschrichtius gibbosus was proposed.[30]

Description

Grauwal.png

The gray whale has a dark slate-gray color and is covered by characteristic gray-white patterns, scars left by parasites which drop off in its cold feeding grounds. Individual whales are typically identified using photographs of their dorsal surface and matching the scars and patches associated with parasites that have fallen off the whale or are still attached. They have two blowholes on top of their head, which can create a distinctive heart-shaped blow[38] at the surface in calm wind conditions.

Gray whales measure from 4.9 m (16 ft) in length for newborns to 13–15 m (43–49 ft) for adults (females tend to be slightly larger than adult males). Newborns are a darker gray to black in color. A mature gray whale can reach 40 t (44 short tons), with a typical range of 15–33 t (17–36 short tons), making them the ninth largest sized species of cetacean.[39]

A close-up of a gray whale's double blow hole and some of its encrusted barnacles

Notable features that distinguish the gray whale from other mysticetes include its baleen that is variously described as cream, off-white, or blond in color and is unusually short. Small depressions on the upper jaw each contain a lone stiff hair, but are only visible on close inspection. Its head's ventral surface lacks the numerous prominent furrows of the related rorquals, instead bearing two to five shallow furrows on the throat's underside. The gray whale also lacks a dorsal fin, instead bearing 6 to 12 dorsal crenulations ("knuckles"), which are raised bumps on the midline of its rear quarter, leading to the flukes. This is known as the dorsal ridge. The tail itself is 3–3.5 m (10–11 ft) across and deeply notched at the center while its edges taper to a point.

Pacific groups

The two populations of Pacific gray whales (east and west) are morphologically and phylogenically different. Other than DNA structures, differences in proportions of several body parts and body colors including skeletal features, and length ratios of flippers and baleen plates have been confirmed between Eastern and Western populations, and some claims that the original eastern and western groups could have been much more distinct than previously thought, enough to be counted as subspecies.[40][41] Since the original Asian and Atlantic populations have become extinct, it is difficult to determine the unique features among whales in these stocks. However, there have been observations of some whales showing distinctive, blackish body colors in recent years.[42] This corresponds with the DNA analysis of last recorded stranding in China.[43] Differences were also observed between Korean and Chinese specimens.[41]

Populations

North Pacific

Gray whale breaching
Gray whale spouting along shores of Yachats

Two Pacific Ocean populations are known to exist: one population that is very low, whose migratory route is presumed to be between the Sea of Okhotsk and southern Korea, and a larger one with a population of about 27,000 individuals in the eastern Pacific traveling between the waters off northernmost Alaska and Baja California Sur.[44] Mothers make this journey accompanied by their calves, usually hugging the shore in shallow kelp beds, and fight viciously to protect their young if they are attacked, earning gray whales the moniker, devil fish.[45]

The western population has had a very slow growth rate despite heavy conservation action over the years, likely due to their very slow reproduction rate.[46] The state of the population hit an all-time low in 2010, when no new reproductive females were recorded, resulting in a minimum of 26 reproductive females being observed since 1995.[47] Even a very small number of additional annual female deaths will cause the subpopulation to decline.[48] However, as of 2018, evidence has indicated that the western population is markedly increasing in number, especially off Sakhalin Island. Following this, the IUCN downlisted the population's conservation status from critically endangered to endangered.[49][46]

North Atlantic

The gray whale became extinct in the North Atlantic in the 18th century.[50] Other than speculations, large portions of historical characteristic of migration and distribution are unclear such as locations of calving grounds and existences of resident groups.

They had been seasonal migrants to coastal waters of both sides of Atlantic, including the Baltic Sea,[51][52] Wadden Sea, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay (possibly),[53] and Pamlico Sound.[54] Radiocarbon dating of subfossil or fossil European (Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom) coastal remains confirms this, with whaling the possible cause.[25] Remains dating from the Roman epoch were found in the Mediterranean during excavation of the antique harbor of Lattara near Montpellier, France, in 1997, raising the question of whether Atlantic gray whales migrated up and down the coast of Europe from Wadden Sea to calve in the Mediterranean.[55][56] A 2018 study utilizing ancient DNA barcoding and collagen peptide matrix fingerprinting confirmed that Roman era whale bones east of the Strait of Gibraltar were gray whales (and North Atlantic right whales), confirming that gray whales once ranged into the Mediterranean.[57] Similarly, radiocarbon dating of American east coastal subfossil remains confirm that gray whales existed there at least through the 17th century. This population ranged at least from Southampton, New York, to Jupiter Island, Florida, the latest from 1675.[24] In his 1835 history of Nantucket Island, Obed Macy wrote that in the early pre-1672 colony a whale of the kind called "scragg" entered the harbor and was pursued and killed by the settlers.[58] A. B. Van Deinse points out that the "scrag whale", described by P. Dudley in 1725 as one of the species hunted by the early New England whalers, was almost certainly the gray whale.[59][60]

During the 2010s there have been rare sightings of gray whales in the North Atlantic Ocean or the connecting Mediterranean Sea, including one off the coast of Israel and one off the coast of Namibia.[61][62] These apparently were migrants from the North Pacific population through the Arctic Ocean.[61][62] A 2015 study of DNA from subfossil gray whales indicated that this may not be a historically unique event.[61][62][63] That study suggested that over the past 100,000 years there have been several migrations of gray whales between the Pacific and Atlantic, with the most recent large scale migration of this sort occurring about 5000 years ago.[61][62][63] These migrations corresponded to times of relatively high temperatures in the Arctic Ocean.[61][62][63] In 2021, one individual was seen at Rabat, Morocco,[64] followed by sightings at Algeria[65] and Italy.[66]

Prewhaling abundance

Researchers[67] used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007. NOAA has collected surveys of gray whale population since at least the 1960s.[68] They state that "the most recent population estimate [from 2007] was approximately 19,000 whales, with a high probability (88%) that the population is at 'optimum sustainable population' size, as defined by the Marine Mammal Protection Act. They speculate that the ocean ecosystem has likely changed since the prewhaling era, making a return to prewhaling numbers infeasible.[69] Factors limiting or threatening current population levels include ship strikes, entanglement in fishing gear, and changes in sea-ice coverage associated with climate change.[70]

Integration and recolonization

Calf with mouth open showing baleen, Alaska

Several whales seen off Sakhalin and on Kamchatka Peninsula are confirmed to migrate towards eastern side of Pacific and join the larger eastern population. In January 2011, a gray whale that had been tagged in the western population was tracked as far east as the eastern population range off the coast of British Columbia.[71] Recent findings from either stranded or entangled specimens indicate that the original western population have become functionally extinct and possibly all the whales appeared on Japanese and Chinese coasts in modern times are vagrants or re-colonizers from the eastern population.[40][43]

In mid-1980, there were three gray whale sightings in the eastern Beaufort Sea, placing them 585 kilometers (364 mi) further east than their known range at the time.[72] Recent increases in sightings are confirmed in Arctic areas of the historic range for Atlantic stocks, most notably on several locations in the Laptev Sea including the New Siberian Islands in the East Siberian Sea,[73] and around the marine mammal sanctuary[74] of the Franz Josef Land,[75] indicating possible earlier pioneers of re-colonizations. These whales were darker in body color than those whales seen in Sea of Okhotsk.[42] In May 2010, a gray whale was sighted off the Mediterranean shore of Israel.[76] It has been speculated that this whale crossed from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the Northwest Passage, since an alternative route around Cape Horn would not be contiguous to the whale's established territory. There has been gradual melting and recession of Arctic sea ice with extreme loss in 2007 rendering the Northwest Passage "fully navigable".[77] The same whale was sighted again on May 30, 2010, off the coast of Barcelona, Spain.[78]

In May 2013, a gray whale was sighted off Walvis Bay, Namibia. Scientists from the Namibian Dolphin Project confirmed the whale's identity and thus provides the only sighting of this species in the Southern Hemisphere. Photographic identification suggests that this is a different individual than the one spotted in the Mediterranean in 2010. As of July 2013, the Namibian whale was still being seen regularly.[79]

In March 2021, a gray whale was sighted near Rabat, the capital of Morocco.[64] In April, additional sightings were made off Algeria[65] and Italy.[66]

Genetic analysis of fossil and prefossil gray whale remains in the Atlantic Ocean suggests several waves of dispersal from the Pacific to the Atlantic related to successive periods of climactic warming – during the Pleistocene before the last glacial period and the early Holocene immediately following the opening of the Bering Strait. This information and the recent sightings of Pacific gray whales in the Atlantic, suggest that another range expansion to the Atlantic may be starting.[80]

Life history

A whale swims off the coast near the Santa Monica Mountains.

Reproduction

Embryos of gray whale (1874 illustration) and outline of head showing spouthole

Breeding behavior is complex and often involves three or more animals. Both male and female whales reach puberty between the ages of 6 and 12 with an average of eight to nine years.[81] Females show highly synchronized reproduction, undergoing oestrus in late November to early December.[82] During the breeding season, it is common for females to have several mates.[83] This single ovulation event is believed to coincide with the species' annual migration patterns, when births can occur in warmer waters.[83] Most females show biennial reproduction, although annual births have been reported.[82] Males also show seasonal changes, experiencing an increase in testes mass that correlates with the time females undergo oestrus.[83] Currently there are no accounts of twin births, although an instance of twins in utero has been reported.[82]

The gestation period for gray whales is approximately 13 12 months, with females giving birth every one to three years.[81][84] In the latter half of the pregnancy, the fetus experiences a rapid growth in length and mass. Similar to the narrow breeding season, most calves are born within a six-week time period in mid January.[81] The calf is born tail first, and measures about 14–16 ft in length, and a weight of 2,000 lbs.[8] Females lactate for approximately seven months following birth, at which point calves are weaned and maternal care begins to decrease.[81] The shallow lagoon waters in which gray whales reproduce are believed to protect the newborn from sharks and orcas.[85][45]

On 7 January 2014, a pair of newborn or aborted conjoined twin gray whale calves were found dead in the Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Scammon's Lagoon), off the west coast of Mexico. They were joined by their bellies.[86]

Feeding

Gray whale breaching off the coast of Santa Barbara, California

The whale feeds mainly on benthic crustaceans (such as amphipods and ghost shrimp),[87] which it eats by turning on its side and scooping up sediments from the sea floor. This unique feeding selection makes gray whales one of the most strongly reliant on coastal waters among baleen whales. It is classified as a baleen whale and has baleen, or whalebone, which acts like a sieve, to capture small sea animals, including amphipods taken in along with sand, water and other material. Off Vancouver Island, gray whales commonly feed on shrimp-like mysids. When mysids are abundant gray whales are present in fairly large numbers. Despite mysids being a prey of choice, gray whales are opportunistic feeders and can easily switch from feeding planktonically to benthically. When gray whales feed planktonically, they roll onto their right side while their fluke remains above the surface, or they apply the skimming method seen in other baleen whales (skimming the surface with their mouth open). This skimming behavior mainly seems to be used when gray whales are feeding on crab larvae. Other prey items include polychaete worms, herring eggs, various forms of larvae, and small fish.[87] Gray whales feed benthically, by diving to the ocean floor and rolling on to their side, (gray whales, like blue whales seem to favor rolling onto their right side) and suck up prey from the sea floor.[88] Gray whales seem to favor feeding planktonically in their feeding grounds, but benthically along their migration route in shallower water.[89] Mostly, the animal feeds in the northern waters during the summer; and opportunistically feeds during its migration, depending primarily on its extensive fat reserves. Another reason for this opportunistic feeding may be the result of population increases, resulting in the whales taking advantage of whatever prey is available, due to increased competition.[90] Feeding areas during migration seem to include the Gulf of California, Monterey Bay and Baja California Sur.[91] Calf gray whales drink 50–80 lb (23–36 kg) of their mothers' 53% fat milk per day.[92]

The main feeding habitat of the western Pacific subpopulation is the shallow (5–15 m (16–49 ft) depth) shelf off northeastern Sakhalin Island, particularly off the southern portion of Piltun Lagoon, where the main prey species appear to be amphipods and isopods.[93] In some years, the whales have also used an offshore feeding ground in 30–35 m (98–115 ft) depth southeast of Chayvo Bay, where benthic amphipods and cumaceans are the main prey species.[94] Some gray whales have also been seen off western Kamchatka, but to date all whales photographed there are also known from the Piltun area.[48][95]

Feeding mechanism of Eschrichtius robustus.svg

Diagram of the gray whale seafloor feeding strategy

A gray whale feeding near Yaquina Head, Oregon
A gray whale viewed from above

Migration

Predicted distribution models indicate that overall range in the last glacial period was broader or more southerly distributed, and inhabitations in waters where species presences lack in present situation, such as in southern hemisphere and south Asian waters and northern Indian Ocean were possible due to feasibility of the environment on those days.[80] Range expansions due to recoveries and re-colonization in the future is likely to be happen and the predicted range covers wider than that of today. The gray whale undergoes the longest migration of any mammal.[96]

Eastern Pacific population

A gray whale breaching in a lagoon on the coast of Mexico

Each October, as the northern ice pushes southward, small groups of eastern gray whales in the eastern Pacific start a two- to three-month, 8,000–11,000 km (5,000–6,800 mi) trip south. Beginning in the Bering and Chukchi seas and ending in the warm-water lagoons of Mexico's Baja California Peninsula and the southern Gulf of California, they travel along the west coast of Canada, the United States and Mexico.[97]

Traveling night and day, the gray whale averages approximately 120 km (75 mi) per day at an average speed of 8 km/h (5 mph). This round trip of 16,000–22,000 km (9,900–13,700 mi) is believed to be the longest annual migration of any mammal.[98] By mid-December to early January, the majority are usually found between Monterey and San Diego such as at Morro bay, often visible from shore.[96] The whale watching industry provides ecotourists and marine mammal enthusiasts the opportunity to see groups of gray whales as they migrate.

By late December to early January, eastern grays begin to arrive in the calving lagoons and bays on the west coast of Baja California Sur. The three most popular are San Ignacio, Magdalena Bay to the south, and, to the north, Laguna Ojo de Liebre (formerly known in English as Scammon's Lagoon after whaleman Charles Melville Scammon, who discovered the lagoons in the 1850s and hunted the grays).[99][100]

Gray whales once ranged into Sea of Cortez and Pacific coasts of continental Mexico south to the Islas Marías, Bahía de Banderas, and Nayarit/Jalisco, and there were two modern calving grounds in Sonora (Tojahui or Yavaros) and Sinaloa (Bahia Santa Maria, Bahia Navachiste, La Reforma, Bahia Altata) until being abandoned in 1980s.[101][102]

These first whales to arrive are usually pregnant mothers looking for the protection of the lagoons to bear their calves, along with single females seeking mates. By mid-February to mid-March, the bulk of the population has arrived in the lagoons, filling them with nursing, calving and mating gray whales.

Throughout February and March, the first to leave the lagoons are males and females without new calves. Pregnant females and nursing mothers with their newborns are the last to depart, leaving only when their calves are ready for the journey, which is usually from late March to mid-April. Often, a few mothers linger with their young calves well into May. Whale watching in Baja's lagoons is particularly popular because the whales often come close enough to boats for tourists to pet them.[103]

By late March or early April, the returning animals can be seen from Puget Sound to Canada.

Resident groups
A gray whale swims near surf on Nootka Island within residential range.

A population of about 200 gray whales stay along the eastern Pacific coast from Canada to California throughout the summer, not making the farther trip to Alaskan waters. This summer resident group is known as the Pacific Coast feeding group.[104]

Any historical or current presence of similar groups of residents among the western population is currently unknown, however, whalers' logbooks and scientific observations indicate that possible year-round occurrences in Chinese waters and Yellow and Bohai basins were likely to be summering grounds.[105][106] Some of the better documented historical catches show that it was common for whales to stay for months in enclosed waters elsewhere, with known records in the Seto Inland Sea[107] and the Gulf of Tosa. Former feeding areas were once spread over large portions on mid-Honshu to northern Hokkaido, and at least whales were recorded for majority of annual seasons including wintering periods at least along east coasts of Korean Peninsula and Yamaguchi Prefecture.[106] Some recent observations indicate that historic presences of resident whales are possible: a group of two or three were observed feeding in Izu Ōshima in 1994 for almost a month,[108] two single individuals stayed in Ise Bay for almost two months in the 1980s and in 2012, the first confirmed living individuals in Japanese EEZ in the Sea of Japan and the first of living cow-calf pairs since the end of whaling stayed for about three weeks on the coastline of Teradomari in 2014.[109][110] One of the pair returned to the same coasts at the same time of the year in 2015 again.[111] Reviewing on other cases on different locations among Japanese coasts and islands observed during 2015 indicate that spatial or seasonal residencies regardless of being temporal or permanental staying once occurred throughout many parts of Japan or on other coastal Asia.[112]

Western population

A gray whale in the water off Sakhalin Island.

The current western gray whale population summers in the Sea of Okhotsk, mainly off Piltun Bay region at the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island (Russian Federation). There are also occasional sightings off the eastern coast of Kamchatka (Russian Federation) and in other coastal waters of the northern Okhotsk Sea.[93][113] Its migration routes and wintering grounds are poorly known, the only recent information being from occasional records on both the eastern and western coasts of Japan[114] and along the Chinese coast.[115] Gray whale had not been observed on Commander Islands until 2016.[116] The northwestern pacific population consists of approximately 300 individuals, based on photo identification collected off of Sakhalin Island and Kamchatka.[8]

The Sea of Japan was once thought not to have been a migration route, until several entanglements were recorded.[117] Any records of the species had not been confirmed since after 1921 on Kyushu.[106] However, there were numerous records of whales along the Genkai Sea off Yamaguchi Prefecture,[118] in Ine Bay in the Gulf of Wakasa, and in Tsushima. Gray whales, along with other species such as right whales and Baird's beaked whales, were common features off the north eastern coast of Hokkaido near Teshio, Ishikari Bay near Otaru, the Shakotan Peninsula, and islands in the La Pérouse Strait such as Rebun Island and Rishiri Island. These areas may also have included feeding grounds.[106] There are shallow, muddy areas favorable for feeding whales off Shiretoko, such as at Shibetsu, the Notsuke Peninsula, Cape Ochiishi on Nemuro Peninsula, Mutsu Bay,[119] along the Tottori Sand Dunes, in the Suou-nada Sea, and Ōmura Bay.

The historical calving grounds were unknown but might have been along southern Chinese coasts from Zhejiang and Fujian Province to Guangdong, especially south of Hailing Island[105] and to near Hong Kong. Possibilities include Daya Bay, Wailou Harbour on Leizhou Peninsula, and possibly as far south as Hainan Province and Guangxi, particularly around Hainan Island. These areas are at the southwestern end of the known range.[48][120] It is unknown whether the whales' normal range once reached further south, to the Gulf of Tonkin. In addition, the existence of historical calving ground on Taiwan and Penghu Islands (with some fossil records[121] and captures[122]), and any presence in other areas outside of the known ranges off Babuyan Islands in Philippines and coastal Vietnamese waters in Gulf of Tonkin are unknown. There is only one confirmed record of accidentally killing of the species in Vietnam, at Ngoc Vung Island off Ha Long Bay in 1994 and the skeleton is on exhibition at the Quang Ninh Provincial Historical Museum.[123][124] Gray whales are known to occur in Taiwan Strait even in recent years.[125]

It is also unknown whether any winter breeding grounds ever existed beyond Chinese coasts. For example, it is not known if the whales visited the southern coasts of the Korean Peninsula, adjacent to the Island of Jeju), Haiyang Island, the Gulf of Shanghai, or the Zhoushan Archipelago.[126] There is no evidence of historical presence in Japan south of Ōsumi Peninsula;[127] only one skeleton has been discovered in Miyazaki Prefecture.[128] Hideo Omura once considered the Seto Inland Sea to be a historical breeding ground, but only a handful of capture records support this idea, although migrations into the sea have been confirmed. Recent studies using genetics and acoustics, suggest that there are several wintering sites for western gray whales such as Mexico and the East China sea. However, their wintering ground habits in the western North Pacific are still poorly understood and additional research is needed.[107]

Recent migration in Asian waters

Even though South Korea put the most effort into conservation of the species among the Asian nations, there are no confirmed sightings along the Korean Peninsula or even in the Sea of Japan in recent years.

The last confirmed record in Korean waters was the sighting of a pair off Bangeojin, Ulsan in 1977.[129] Prior to this, the last was of catches of 5 animals[130] off Ulsan in 1966.[105] There was a possible sighting of a whale within the port of Samcheok in 2015.[131]

There had been 24 records along Chinese coasts including sighting, stranding, intended hunts, and bycatches since 1933.[43] The last report of occurrence of the species in Chinese waters was of a stranded semi adult female in the Bohai Sea in 1996,[105] and the only record in Chinese waters in the 21st century was of a fully-grown female being killed by entanglement in Pingtan, China in November, 2007.[125] DNA studies indicated that this individual might have originated from the eastern population rather than the western.[43]

Most notable observations of living whales after the 1980s were of 17 or 18 whales along Primorsky Krai in late October, 1989 (prior to this, a pair was reported swimming in the area in 1987), followed by the record of 14 whales in La Pérouse Strait on 13th, June in 1982 (in this strait, there was another sighting of a pair in October, 1987).[106] In 2011, presences of gray whales were acoustically detected among pelagic waters in East China Sea between Chinese and Japanese waters.[132]

Since the mid-1990s, almost all the confirmed records of living animals in Asian waters were from Japanese coasts.[133] There have been eight to fifteen sightings and stray records including unconfirmed sightings and re-sightings of the same individual, and one later killed by net-entanglement. The most notable of these observations are listed below:

  • The feeding activities of a group of two or three whales that stayed around Izu Ōshima in 1994 for almost a month were recorded underwater[108] by several researchers and whale photographers.[134]
  • A pair of thin juveniles were sighted off Kuroshio, Kōchi, a renowned town for whale-watching tourism of resident and sub-resident populations of Bryde's whales, in 1997.[135] This sighting was unusual because of the location on mid-latitude in summer time.
  • Another pair of sub-adults were confirmed swimming near the mouth of Otani River in Suruga Bay in May, 2003.[119]
  • A sub-adult whale that stayed in the Ise and Mikawa Bay for nearly two months in 2012[136][137][138] was later confirmed to be the same individual as the small whale observed off Tahara near Cape Irago in 2010,[139] making it the first confirmed constant migration out of Russian waters. The juvenile observed off Owase in Kumanonada Sea in 2009 might or might not be the same individual. The Ise and Mikawa Bay region is the only location along Japanese coasts that has several records since the 1980s (a mortal entanglement in 1968, above mentioned short-stay in 1982, self-freeing entanglement in 2005),[107][135] and is also the location where the first commercial whaling started. Other areas with several sighting or stranding records in recent years are off the Kumanonada Sea in Wakayama, off Oshika Peninsula in Tōhoku, and on coastlines close to Tomakomai, Hokkaido.
  • Possibly the first confirmed record of living animals in Japanese waters in the Sea of Japan since the end of whaling occurred on 3 April 2014 at Nodumi Beach, Teradomari, Niigata.[140][141][142] Two individuals, measuring ten and five metres respectively, stayed near the mouth of Shinano River for three weeks.[40] It is unknown whether this was a cow-calf pair, which would have been a first record in Asia. All of the previous modern records in the Sea of Japan were of by-catches.[117]
  • One of the above pair returned on the same beaches at the same time of a year in 2015.[111][143]
  • A juvenile or possibly or not with another larger individual remained in Japanese waters between January or March and May 2015.[144] It was first confirmed occurrences of the species on remote, oceanic islands in Japan. One or more visited waters firstly on Kōzu-shima and Nii-Jima for weeks then adjacent to Miho no Matsubara and behind the Tokai University campus for several weeks.[145] Possibly the same individual was seen off Futo as well.[146] This later was identified as the same individual previously recorded on Sakhalin in 2014, the first re-recording one individual at different Asian locations.[112]
  • A young whale was observed by land-based fishermen at Cape Irago in March, 2015.[147]
  • One of the above pair appeared in 2015 off southeastern Japan and then reappeared off Tateyama in January, 2016.[148] The identity of this whale was confirmed by Nana Takanawa who photographed the same whale on Niijima in 2015.[149] Likely the same individual was sighted off Futo[146] and half an hour later off Akazawa beach in Itō, Shizuoka on the 14th.[150][151][152] The whale then stayed next to a pier on Miyake-jima and later at Habushi beach on Niijima, the same beach the same individual stayed near on the previous year.
  • One whale of 9 metres (30 ft) was beached nearby Wadaura on March 4, 2016.[153] Investigations on the corpse indicate that this was likely a different individual from the above animal.
  • A 7 metres (23 ft) carcass of young female was firstly reported floating along Atami on 4 April then was washed ashore on Ito on the 6th.[154]
  • As of April 20, 2017, one or more whale(s) have been staying within Tokyo Bay since February although at one point another whale if or if not the same individual sighted off Hayama, Kanagawa.[155][156] It is unclear the exact number of whales included in these sightings; two whales reported by fishermen and Japanese coastal guard reported three whales on 20th or 21st.[157]

Whaling

North Pacific

Charles Melville Scammon's 1874 illustration of a gray whale

Eastern population

Humans and orcas are the adult gray whale's only predators, although orcas are the more prominent predator.[158] Aboriginal hunters, including those on Vancouver Island and the Makah in Washington, have hunted gray whales.

Commercial whaling by Europeans of the species in the North Pacific began in the winter of 1845–46, when two United States ships, the Hibernia and the United States, under Captains Smith and Stevens, caught 32 in Magdalena Bay. More ships followed in the two following winters, after which gray whaling in the bay was nearly abandoned because "of the inferior quality and low price of the dark-colored gray whale oil, the low quality and quantity of whalebone from the gray, and the dangers of lagoon whaling."[159]

Gray whaling in Magdalena Bay was revived in the winter of 1855–56 by several vessels, mainly from San Francisco, including the ship Leonore, under Captain Charles Melville Scammon. This was the first of 11 winters from 1855 through 1865 known as the "bonanza period", during which gray whaling along the coast of Baja California reached its peak. Not only were the whales taken in Magdalena Bay, but also by ships anchored along the coast from San Diego south to Cabo San Lucas and from whaling stations from Crescent City in northern California south to San Ignacio Lagoon. During the same period, vessels targeting right and bowhead whales in the Gulf of Alaska, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Western Arctic would take the odd gray whale if neither of the more desirable two species were in sight.[159]

In December 1857, Charles Scammon, in the brig Boston, along with his schooner-tender Marin, entered Laguna Ojo de Liebre (Jack-Rabbit Spring Lagoon) or later known as Scammon's Lagoon (by 1860) and found one of the gray's last refuges. He caught 20 whales.[159] He returned the following winter (1858–59) with the bark Ocean Bird and schooner tenders A.M. Simpson and Kate. In three months, he caught 47 cows, yielding 1,700 barrels (270 m3) of oil.[160] In the winter of 1859–60, Scammon, again in the bark Ocean Bird, along with several other vessels, entered San Ignacio Lagoon to the south where he discovered the last breeding lagoon. Within only a couple of seasons, the lagoon was nearly devoid of whales.[159]

Between 1846 and 1874, an estimated 8,000 gray whales were killed by American and European whalemen, with over half having been killed in the Magdalena Bay complex (Estero Santo Domingo, Magdalena Bay itself, and Almejas Bay) and by shore whalemen in California and Baja California.[159]

Spyhopping off the Alaskan coast

A second, shorter, and less intensive hunt occurred for gray whales in the eastern North Pacific. Only a few were caught from two whaling stations on the coast of California from 1919 to 1926, and a single station in Washington (1911–21) accounted for the capture of another. For the entire west coast of North America for the years 1919 to 1929, 234 gray whales were caught. Only a dozen or so were taken by British Columbian stations, nearly all of them in 1953 at Coal Harbour.[161] A whaling station in Richmond, California, caught 311 gray whales for "scientific purposes" between 1964 and 1969. From 1961 to 1972, the Soviet Union caught 138 gray whales (they originally reported not having taken any). The only other significant catch was made in two seasons by the steam-schooner California off Malibu, California. In the winters of 1934–35 and 1935–36, the California anchored off Point Dume in Paradise Cove, processing gray whales. In 1936, gray whales became protected in the United States.[162]

Western population

The Japanese began to catch gray whales beginning in the 1570s. At Kawajiri, Nagato, 169 gray whales were caught between 1698 and 1889. At Tsuro, Shikoku, 201 were taken between 1849 and 1896.[163] Several hundred more were probably caught by American and European whalemen in the Sea of Okhotsk from the 1840s to the early 20th century.[164] Whalemen caught 44 with nets in Japan during the 1890s. The real damage was done between 1911 and 1933, when Japanese whalemen killed 1,449 after Japanese companies established several whaling stations on Korean Peninsula and on Chinese coast such as near the Daya bay and on Hainan Island. By 1934, the western gray whale was near extinction. From 1891 to 1966, an estimated 1,800–2,000 gray whales were caught, with peak catches of between 100 and 200 annually occurring in the 1910s.[164]

As of 2001, the Californian gray whale population had grown to about 26,000. As of 2016, the population of western Pacific (seas near Korea, Japan, and Kamchatka) gray whales was an estimated 200.[44]

North Atlantic

The North Atlantic population may have been hunted to extinction in the 18th century. Circumstantial evidence indicates whaling could have contributed to this population's decline, as the increase in whaling activity in the 17th and 18th centuries coincided with the population's disappearance.[24] A. B. Van Deinse points out the "scrag whale", described by P. Dudley in 1725, as one target of early New England whalers, was almost certainly the gray whale.[59][60] In his 1835 history of Nantucket Island, Obed Macy wrote that in the early pre-1672 colony, a whale of the kind called "scragg" entered the harbor and was pursued and killed by the settlers.[58] Gray whales (Icelandic sandlægja) were described in Iceland in the early 17th century.[165] Formations of commercial whaling among the Mediterranean basin(s) have been considered to be feasible as well.[56]

Conservation

Joint American-Russian freeing effort of whales entrapped by ice floe in Beaufort Sea.

Gray whales have been granted protection from commercial hunting by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) since 1949, and are no longer hunted on a large scale.

Limited hunting of gray whales has continued since that time, however, primarily in the Chukotka region of northeastern Russia, where large numbers of gray whales spend the summer months. This hunt has been allowed under an "aboriginal/subsistence whaling" exception to the commercial-hunting ban. Anti-whaling groups have protested the hunt, saying the meat from the whales is not for traditional native consumption, but is used instead to feed animals in government-run fur farms; they cite annual catch numbers that rose dramatically during the 1940s, at the time when state-run fur farms were being established in the region. Although the Soviet government denied these charges as recently as 1987, in recent years the Russian government has acknowledged the practice. The Russian IWC delegation has said that the hunt is justified under the aboriginal/subsistence exemption, since the fur farms provide a necessary economic base for the region's native population.[166]

Currently, the annual quota for the gray whale catch in the region is 140 per year. Pursuant to an agreement between the United States and Russia, the Makah tribe of Washington claimed four whales from the IWC quota established at the 1997 meeting. With the exception of a single gray whale killed in 1999, the Makah people have been prevented from hunting by a series of legal challenges, culminating in a United States federal appeals court decision in December 2002 that required the National Marine Fisheries Service to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. On September 8, 2007, five members of the Makah tribe shot a gray whale using high-powered rifles in spite of the decision. The whale died within 12 hours, sinking while heading out to sea.[167]

As of 2018, the IUCN regards the gray whale as being of least concern from a conservation perspective. However, the specific subpopulation in the northwest Pacific is regarded as being critically endangered.[3] The northwest Pacific population is also listed as endangered by the U.S. government's National Marine Fisheries Service under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. The IWC Bowhead, Right and Gray Whale subcommittee in 2011 reiterated the conservation risk to western gray whales is large because of the small size of the population and the potential anthropogenic impacts.[47]

Gray whale migrations off of the Pacific Coast were observed, initially, by Marineland of the Pacific in Palos Verdes, California. The Gray Whale Census, an official gray whale migration census that has been recording data on the migration of the Pacific gray whale has been keeping track of the population of the Pacific gray whale since 1985. This census is the longest running census of the Pacific gray whale. Census keepers volunteer from December 1 through May, from sun up to sun down, seven days a week, keeping track of the amount of gray whales migrating through the area off of Los Angeles. Information from this census is listed through the American Cetacean Society of Los Angeles (ACSLA).

South Korea and China list gray whales as protected species of high concern. In South Korea, the Gray Whale Migration Site[168] was registered as the 126th national monument in 1962,[169] although illegal hunts have taken place thereafter,[130] and there have been no recent sightings of the species in Korean waters.

Rewilding proposal

In 2005, two conservation biologists proposed a plan to airlift 50 gray whales from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. They reasoned that, as Californian gray whales had replenished to a suitable population, surplus whales could be transported to repopulate the extinct British population.[170][171] As of 2017 this plan has not been undertaken.[172]

Threats

According to the Government of Canada's Management Plan for gray whales, threats to the eastern North Pacific population of gray whales include:[173] increased human activities in their breeding lagoons in Mexico, climate change, acute noise, toxic spills, aboriginal whaling, entanglement with fishing gear, boat collisions, and possible impacts from fossil fuel exploration and extraction.

Western gray whales are facing, the large-scale offshore oil and gas development programs near their summer feeding ground, as well as fatal net entrapments off Japan during migration, which pose significant threats to the future survival of the population.[47] The substantial nearshore industrialization and shipping congestion throughout the migratory corridors of the western gray whale population represent potential threats by increasing the likelihood of exposure to ship strikes, chemical pollution, and general disturbance.[48][164]

Offshore gas and oil development in the Okhotsk Sea within 20 km (12 mi) of the primary feeding ground off northeast Sakhalin Island is of particular concern. Activities related to oil and gas exploration, including geophysical seismic surveying, pipelaying and drilling operations, increased vessel traffic, and oil spills, all pose potential threats to western gray whales. Disturbance from underwater industrial noise may displace whales from critical feeding habitat. Physical habitat damage from drilling and dredging operations, combined with possible impacts of oil and chemical spills on benthic prey communities also warrants concern. The western gray whale population is considered to be endangered according to IUCN standards.[48][95]

Along Japanese coasts, four females including a cow-calf pair were trapped and killed in nets in the 2000s. There had been a record of dead whale thought to be harpooned by dolphin-hunters found on Hokkaido in the 1990s.[48][174] Meats for sale were also discovered in Japanese markets as well.[175]

2019 has had a record number of gray whale strandings and deaths, with their being 122 strandings in United States waters and 214 in Canadian waters. The cause of death in some specimens appears to be related to poor nutritional condition.[176] It is hypothesized that some of these strandings are related to changes in prey abundance or quality in the Arctic feeding grounds, resulting in poor feeding. Some scientists suggest that the lack of sea ice has been preventing the fertilization of amphipods, a main source of food for gray whales, so that they have been hunting krill instead, which is far less nutritious. More research needs to be conducted to understand this issue.[177]

A recent study provides some evidence that solar activity is correlated to gray whale strandings. When there was a high prevalence of sunspots, gray whales were five times more likely to strand. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that solar storms release a large amount of electromagnetic radiation, which disrupts earth's magnetic field and/or the whale's ability to analyze it.[178] This may apply to the other species of cetaceans, such as sperm whales.[179] However, there is not enough evidence to suggest that whales navigate through the use of magnetoreception (an organisms' ability to sense a magnetic field).

Orcas are "a prime predator of gray whale calves."[45] Typically three to four orcas ram a calf from beneath in order to separate it from its mother, who defends it. Humpback whales have been observed defending gray whale calves from orcas.[45] Orcas will often arrive in Monterey Bay to intercept gray whales during their northbound migration, targeting females migrating with newborn calves. They will separate the calf from the mother and hold the calf under water to drown it. The tactic of holding whales under water to drown them is certainly used by orcas on adult gray whales as well.[180] It is roughly estimated that 33% of the gray whales born in a given year might be killed by predation.[181]

Captivity

A gray whale in captivity

Because of their size and need to migrate, gray whales have rarely been held in captivity, and then only for brief periods of time. The first captive gray whale, who was captured in Scammon's Lagoon, Baja California in 1965, was named Gigi and died two months later from an infection.[182] The second gray whale, who was captured in 1972 from the same lagoon, was named Gigi II and was released a year later after becoming too large for the facilities.[183] The third gray whale, J.J., first beached herself in Marina del Rey, California where she was rushed to SeaWorld San Diego. After 14 months, she was released because she also grew too large to be cared for in the existing facilities. At 19,200 pounds (8,700 kg) and 31 feet (9.4 m) when she was released, J.J. was the largest marine mammal ever to be kept in captivity.[184]

See also

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Gray whale: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus), also known as the grey whale, gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, Korean gray whale, or California gray whale, is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and breeding grounds yearly. It reaches a length of 14.9 meters (49 ft), a weight of up to 41 tonnes (90,000 lb) and lives between 55 and 70 years, although one female was estimated to be 75–80 years of age. The common name of the whale comes from the gray patches and white mottling on its dark skin. Gray whales were once called devil fish because of their fighting behavior when hunted. The gray whale is the sole living species in the genus Eschrichtius. It is the sole living genus in the family Eschrichtiidae, however some recent studies classify it as a member of the family Balaenopteridae. This mammal is descended from filter-feeding whales that appeared during the Neogene.

The gray whale is distributed in a Northeast Pacific (North American), and an endangered Northwest Pacific (Asian), population. North Atlantic populations were extirpated (perhaps by whaling) on the European coast before 500 CE, and on the American coast around the late 17th to early 18th centuries. However, in the 2010s there have been a number of sightings of gray whales in the Mediterranean Sea and even off Southern hemisphere Atlantic coasts.

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Griza baleno ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La griza baleno (Eschrichtius robustus) el la ordo de cetacoj kaj familio de grizbalenedoj havas du specojn, kiuj troviĝas en la orienta kaj okcidenta Pacifiko. Ĉe la okcidenta Pacifiko ili vivas en la akvoj de Oĥocka Maro ĝis la sudo de la Korea Duoninsulo, ĉe la orienta Pacifiko iliaj spuroj troviĝas en la maroj inter la Beringa Maro, Kalifornio kaj la okcidenta Meksiko. Forme ili similas kaj al la nigraj balenoj kaj al la balenopteroj. La supra makzelo ne estas tiel mallarĝa kaj longa kiel tiu de la nigra baleno, nek tiel plata kaj larĝa kiel tiu de la balenoptero. Sen dorsa naĝilo ili havas 7-15 ĝibajn elstaraĵojn ĉe la vosta dorso. Kun brusta naĝilo ĉ. 2 metrojn longa la matura griza baleno pezas 24-37 tunojn. La tuta korpo, 10-15 metrojn longa, estas nigra aŭ malhelgriza kun blankaj makuloj.

En la Norda Ameriko la grizaj balenoj plejparte migras suden preter San Diego inter la fino de decembro kaj la komenco de februaro, kaj plie, 95% el ili migras je 3–5 km. for de la marbordo. En marto ili komencas reveni norden. Nur malmultaj el ili la tutan someron restas ĉe la marbordoj de Oregon kaj Kalifornio. En Azio ili migras de Oĥocka-maro al la Japana Maro kaj daŭre laŭ la orienta marbordo de Koreio al la Suda Cina Maro, parto de ili migras tra Cuŝima-Markolo al la Flava Maro. Ili migras norden aprile kaj maje. Ili manĝas ĉefe grandajn planktonojn, precipe salikokojn, moluskojn kaj fiŝetojn. Dum migrado ili ĝenerale moviĝas unuope aŭ 2-3-ope, ĉiuhore 4-5 marmejlojn, maksimume 78 marmejlojn. Ili povas helpi unu alian. Kiam iu el ili vundiĝas, malsaniĝas aŭ akuŝas; la aliaj do levas ĝin al akva surfaco por ke ĝi facile spiru. La grizaj balenoj estas la unusola speco el sia familio, kiu produktas idojn ĉe malprofunda maro. Ili naskas januare kaj februare post 11-12-monata gravedeco. La novnaskito longas 4-5 metrojn kaj pezas 1,5 tunojn.

Greywhale845.jpg
Grauwal.jpg
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Eschrichtius robustus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La ballena gris (Eschrichtius robustus) es una especie de cetáceo misticeto de la familia Eschrichtiidae de tamaño medio que en la actualidad sólo habita la zona norte del océano Pacífico.

Pese a su nombre de “ballena”, los estudios moleculares y morfológicos demuestran que se encuentran más relacionadas con los rorcuales que con las ballenas.[2]

Es uno de los mamíferos que realizan una de las migraciones más largas, pues se desplaza desde las bahías del norte de México, donde la hembra pare a su cría en invierno, hasta el norte del mar de Bering, donde se alimenta en verano. Estaba presente también en el océano Atlántico norte y en las aguas situadas entre Japón y la península rusa de Kamchatka, pero se extinguió en el océano Atlántico norte y casi llegó también a desaparecer en el océano Pacífico occidental.

Distribución

Existen dos poblaciones del océano Pacífico:

Descripción

 src=
Ballena gris
 src=
Esqueleto de una ballena gris

Los adultos alcanzan casi 15 m de longitud y 20 t de peso. La piel es de color gris, con manchas irregulares blancas que forman un diseño característico que permite diferenciar a cada individuo. Presentan el cuerpo cubierto de percebes y otros crustáceos parásitos. Poseen varias protuberancias que terminan antes de la cola, pero carecen de una aleta dorsal verdadera. Las ballenas adultas tienen tantas rémoras y cicatrices blancuzcas que el color gris original casi se pierde. Su cabeza es relativamente pequeña y se inclina hacia abajo a partir de un par de orificios nasales. La larga boca parece partir de la cabeza en dos y se curva un poco hacia arriba. Las barbas tienen menos de 50 cm de largo y de un tono amarillentas a blancas con cerdas blanco-amarillentas. De dos a cinco hendiduras poco profundas arrugan la parte inferior de la garganta.

Alimentación

Se alimentan de crustáceos (krill) que viven en los fondos de fango del mar de Bering. Remueven el fango con su hocico y lo absorben junto con el alimento; a continuación expulsan el agua lodosa empujando la lengua contra las barbas o ballenas de la boca. Estas consisten en unas láminas cortas, erizadas y de color amarillo que cuelgan del borde de la mandíbula superior; están situadas en el lugar donde estarían emplazados los dientes en otros mamíferos y actúan como un colador. Tras una inmersión para atrapar alimento, las ballenas expulsan cantidades enormes de lodo y de partículas alimenticias, y de esta forma las aves marinas resultan beneficiadas, pues se alimentan de invertebrados del fondo llevados a la superficie por las ballenas.

Reproducción

Alcanzan su madurez sexual a los ocho o nueve años. El apareamiento se confina principalmente a las lagunas de crianza (laguna Ojo de Liebre, laguna San Ignacio y bahía Magdalena en el estado de Baja California Sur, México) aunque a veces ocurre durante el viaje de migración. La hembra da a luz una sola vez cada dos años, generalmente a una sola cría, después de un período de 12 a 13 meses de gestación. La mayoría de las ballenas grises crían en las lagunas de Baja California y, como todos los cetáceos, las crías nacen en el agua, son capaces de nadar inmediatamente. Los ballenatos dependen de una dieta de leche por lo menos durante seis meses. Se destetan al siguiente verano después de siete a ocho meses, aunque las ballenas juveniles a menudo se quedan con sus madres durante uno o dos años más. Los machos pueden aparearse con varias hembras y no parece que desempeñen ningún papel en el cuidado de las crías. En la cópula de las ballenas grises frecuentemente intervienen más de tres ballenas.

Poblaciones

Se sabe de la existencia de dos poblaciones en el Océano Pacífico: una de no más de 130 ejemplares[4]​cuya ruta migratoria se sitúa entre el mar de Ojotsk y Corea del Sur, y una más grande con una población de entre 20.000 y 22.000 individuos en el Pacífico oriental que viajan entre las aguas de Alaska y Baja California Sur. La población occidental está catalogado como en peligro crítico de extinción por la UICN. No se registraron hembras reproductoras nuevas en 2010, resultando en un mínimo de 26 hembras reproductoras observadas desde 1995.[5]​ Incluso un pequeño número de muertes femeninas anuales adicionales tiende a que la subpoblación decline.

La ballena gris se extinguió en el Atlántico Norte en el siglo XVIII, como se ha demostrado por datación por radiación de carbono de restos costeros fósiles o subfósiles en Bélgica, Países Bajos, Suecia y el Reino Unido, por causas no confirmadas aunque posiblemente la caza de que era objeto influiría en su desaparición.[6]​ Restos que datan de la época romana fueron encontrados en el Mediterráneo durante la excavación del antiguo puerto de Lattara cerca de Montpellier en 1997, planteando la cuestión de si las ballenas grises del Atlántico migraban de norte a sur desde la costa del norte de Europa para parir en el Mediterráneo. Del mismo modo, la datación por radiocarbono de subfósiles de la costa este americana confirma que las ballenas grises existían por lo menos hasta el siglo XVII.

A mediados de 1980, hubo tres avistamientos de ballenas grises en el este del mar de Beaufort, colocándoles 585 kilómetros más al este de su área de distribución conocida en la época.[7]​ En mayo de 2010, una ballena gris fue vista por primera vez en siglos en el Mediterráneo, cerca de las costas de Israel.[8]​ Se ha especulado que esta ballena hubiese cruzado desde el Pacífico al Atlántico a través del Paso del Noroeste, ya que las rutas alternativas a través del Canal de Panamá o el Cabo de Hornos no son contiguas al área establecido a esta ballena. La fusión gradual y la recesión de hielo marino del Ártico con pérdida extrema en el año 2007 hizo que el Paso del Noroeste fuese "completamente navegable".[9]​ La misma ballena fue avistada de nuevo el 30 de mayo de 2010, frente a la costa de Barcelona, España.[10]​ El 4 de noviembre de ese mismo año fue avistada en las costas de Castellón (también en España).[11]

La ballena gris y los humanos

Las ballenas grises son lentas cuando se desplazan y viven cerca de la costa en casi toda su área de distribución. Ésta fue la razón que permitió que fueran sobreexplotadas hasta el punto de que la especie llegó a ser considerada extinta entre finales del s. XIX y principios del s. XX, siendo redescubierta en 1911. En 1947, la Comisión Ballenera Internacional declaró a la ballena gris especie protegida —excepto una cuota de caza anual para los aborígenes de la costa pacífica de la antigua Unión Soviética. Desde aquella fecha, las poblaciones de ballena gris han experimentado gran recuperación debido a su protección, hasta alcanzar una cifra que oscila entre los 21 000 a 23 000 individuos en la década de 1990; sin embargo, la población del océano Pacífico occidental sigue estando muy reducida y esta especie sigue estando considerada como una especie amenazada por la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza y los Recursos Naturales (UICN).

Las ballenas grises constituyen en la actualidad una atracción turística desde el mes de noviembre a abril o mayo en las costas de los estados de California, Oregón y Washington (Estados Unidos) y los complejos lagunares de laguna Manuela, Guerrero Negro, Ojo de Liebre (o para los estadounidenses Scammon´s Lagoon), laguna San Ignacio y bahía Magdalena en la península de Baja California Sur, México, época en que las madres y las crías recién nacidas migran hacia el norte.

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Eschrichtius robustus (Gray Whale, Grey Whale) (en inglés)
  2. Berta, Annalisa (2006). Marine Mammals: Evolutionary biology. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-088552-2.
  3. Kimura, T.; Hasegawa, Y.; Kohno, N. (2017). «A new species of the genus Eschrichtius (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Early Pleistocene of Japan». Paleontological Research 22 (1): 1-19. doi:10.2517/2017PR007.
  4. (de acuerdo con la evaluación de la población más reciente en 2008)
  5. Report of the Scientific Committee, Tromsø, Norway, 30 May to 11 June 2011 Annex F: Sub-Committee on Bowhead, Right and Gray Whale". IWC Office.
  6. Bryant, PJ (August 1995). "Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic". Journal of Mammalogy 76 (3): 857–861. doi:10.2307/1382754. JSTOR 1382754.
  7. David J. Rugh and Mark A. Fraker (June, 1981). "Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Sightings in Eastern Beaufort Sea". Arctic. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  8. לווייתן אפור נצפה בפעם הראשונה מול (en hebreo)
  9. "Satellites witness lowest Arctic ice coverage in history". Retrieved 2007-09-14.
  10. El misterio de la ballena gris en costas españolas BBC Earth News (en inglés)
  11. http://www.vistaalmar.es/especies-marinas/ballenas/1556-ballena-gris-vista-mediterraneo-migro-desde-norte-pacifico.html

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Eschrichtius robustus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La ballena gris (Eschrichtius robustus) es una especie de cetáceo misticeto de la familia Eschrichtiidae de tamaño medio que en la actualidad sólo habita la zona norte del océano Pacífico.

Pese a su nombre de “ballena”, los estudios moleculares y morfológicos demuestran que se encuentran más relacionadas con los rorcuales que con las ballenas.​

Es uno de los mamíferos que realizan una de las migraciones más largas, pues se desplaza desde las bahías del norte de México, donde la hembra pare a su cría en invierno, hasta el norte del mar de Bering, donde se alimenta en verano. Estaba presente también en el océano Atlántico norte y en las aguas situadas entre Japón y la península rusa de Kamchatka, pero se extinguió en el océano Atlántico norte y casi llegó también a desaparecer en el océano Pacífico occidental.

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Hallvaal ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Hallvaal (Eschrichtius robustus) on hallvaallaste sugukonda kuuluv vaalaline.

Hallvaalad elavad Vaikse ookeani põhjaosas ja Tšuktši meres. Hallvaalad jagunevad kaheks suureks populatsiooniks: üks populatsioon elab Ameerika ranniku lähedal ja teine Aasia ranniku lähedal. Kunagi oli ka kolmas populatsioon Atlandi ookeani põhjaosas, kuid see hävis 17. sajandil vaalapüügi tõttu.

Hallvaalade keha on pruunikashall ning sel leidub parasiitide tekitatud arme.

Hallvaalad võivad kasvada 16 meetri pikkuseks ja kaaluda kuni 36 tonni. Eluiga küündib 50–60 aastani.

Nad toituvad valdavalt bentose vähkidest.

Hallvaalade ainukesed looduslikud vaenlased on mõõkvaalad.

Tänu vaalapüügikeelule on Ameerika populatsioon kasvanud ligi 30 000 isendini, samas kui Aasia populatsioonis on hinnanguliselt 100 isendit.

Välislingid

 src= Hallvaal – pildid, videod ja helifailid Wikimedia Commonsis
  • Hallvaal saidil ARKive (inglise keeles)
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wikipedia ET

Hallvaal: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Hallvaal (Eschrichtius robustus) on hallvaallaste sugukonda kuuluv vaalaline.

Hallvaalad elavad Vaikse ookeani põhjaosas ja Tšuktši meres. Hallvaalad jagunevad kaheks suureks populatsiooniks: üks populatsioon elab Ameerika ranniku lähedal ja teine Aasia ranniku lähedal. Kunagi oli ka kolmas populatsioon Atlandi ookeani põhjaosas, kuid see hävis 17. sajandil vaalapüügi tõttu.

Hallvaalade keha on pruunikashall ning sel leidub parasiitide tekitatud arme.

Hallvaalad võivad kasvada 16 meetri pikkuseks ja kaaluda kuni 36 tonni. Eluiga küündib 50–60 aastani.

Nad toituvad valdavalt bentose vähkidest.

Hallvaalade ainukesed looduslikud vaenlased on mõõkvaalad.

Tänu vaalapüügikeelule on Ameerika populatsioon kasvanud ligi 30 000 isendini, samas kui Aasia populatsioonis on hinnanguliselt 100 isendit.

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wikipedia ET

Balea gris ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Balea grisa (Eschrichtius robustus edo Eschrichtius gibbosus) zetazeo espezie bat da. 16 metrorainoko luzera izan dezakete eta 40 tona pisa ditzakete. Ugaztun hau luzeena migrazio du (12.500 km).

Erreferentziak

Kanpo estekak


(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Balea gris: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Balea grisa (Eschrichtius robustus edo Eschrichtius gibbosus) zetazeo espezie bat da. 16 metrorainoko luzera izan dezakete eta 40 tona pisa ditzakete. Ugaztun hau luzeena migrazio du (12.500 km).

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Harmaavalas ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Harmaavalas (Eschrichtius robustus) on valaiden lahkoon kuuluva laji. Harmaavalaiden heimoon Eschrichtiidae kuuluu vain yksi suku Eschrichtius ja siihen yksi valaslaji, harmaavalas. Harmaavalaat vaeltavat vuosittain pitkiä matkoja päästäkseen lisääntymisalueilleen.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Täysikasvuisena uros on noin 15 metriä pitkä ja naaras 13. Harmaavalas painaa noin 20–37 tonnia ja voi elää jopa 77-vuotiaaksi. Lajille tyypillinen harmaa-valkoinen laikukas väri johtuu loiseläinten jättämistä arvista.

Harmaavalaan täplikäs ulkonäkö johtuu sadoista valaan päähän ja selkään tarttuneista valasrokoista. Kyseessä ovat pienet ja kovakuoriset merieliöt. Muita ilmeistä ärsytystä aiheuttavia loisia ovat runsaslukuiset valastäit, jotka nekin ovat äyriäisiä. Ne elävät ja lisääntyvät valaan paksun ihon poimuissa.

Levinneisyys

Tyynellä valtamerellä elää kaksi populaatiota. Pienempi vaeltaa Ohotan meren ja eteläisen Korean välillä ja suurempi Alaskan edustalta Kalifornian niemimaan rannikolle Baja Californiaan. Pohjois-Atlantin populaatio pyydettiin sukupuuttoon noin 300 vuotta sitten.


Ravinto

Valaat jakautuvat ravinnonhankinnan ja rakenteensa mukaan kahteen alalahkoon, hetulavalaat ja hammasvalaat. Harmaavalas kuuluu hetulavalaiden alalahkoon. Hetulavalailla on hampaiden paikalla hetulat eli sarveisaineesta rakentuneet levyt, joista riippuvien ripsien avulla ne siivilöivät vedestä ravinnokseen pieneliöitä.

Toisin kuin monet muut valaat, harmaavalas etsii ravintonsa merenpohjasta. Se imaisee syötävää pohjalta sen sijaan, että haalisi sitä suuhunsa uidessaan. Valas pyörähtää kyljelleen ja kyntää kuonollaan mutaa ja hiekkaa. Pohjan kerrostumat pöllähtävät veteen, ja valas imaisee ne suunnattoman vesimäärän mukana suuhunsa. Pohjasta noustessaan harmaavalas purskauttaa veden suustaan kielellään, jolloin syötävä aines jää hetuloihin. Se syö äyriäisiä, nilviäisiä, matoja ja pikkukaloja.

Toimet pohjassa ovat sen verran rajuja, että valaalle jää usein muistoksi päähänsä arpia. Harmaavalas aterioi kesällä miltei kaiken aikaa, sillä sen on koottava rasvavarastoja talven pitkää paastokautta varten.

Lähteet

  1. Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N.: Eschrichtius robustus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.8.2014. (englanniksi)
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Harmaavalas: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Harmaavalas (Eschrichtius robustus) on valaiden lahkoon kuuluva laji. Harmaavalaiden heimoon Eschrichtiidae kuuluu vain yksi suku Eschrichtius ja siihen yksi valaslaji, harmaavalas. Harmaavalaat vaeltavat vuosittain pitkiä matkoja päästäkseen lisääntymisalueilleen.

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wikipedia FI

Baleine grise ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La Baleine grise (Eschrichtius robustus) est une espèce de cétacé, seule espèce du genre Eschrichtius et de la famille Eschrichtiidae. Elle a disparu de tout l'Océan Atlantique à la suite de la chasse baleinière mais une population existe encore dans le Pacifique[1].

Description

 src=
les évents forment un V.

La peau est souvent argentée, parsemée de taches blanchâtres et d'éraflures. Elle est souvent recouverte de balanes, bernacles et poux de baleines, notamment au niveau de la tête et de la queue[4].

La tête de la baleine grise est relativement petite comparée à celles des autres espèces. Elle ne fait qu'un sixième à un cinquième de la longueur totale de son corps. La largeur de sa tête est situé entre celle des baleines franches (Right whales en anglais) et des rorquals. Ses évents sont en V sur la partie reculée de sa tête. Très visibles sur le dessus de la tête, les deux narines qui forment l'évent se ferment hermétiquement lors des plongées[5].

Comme tous les mysticètes, la baleine grise est dépourvue de dents. Les fanons sont faits de kératine. Rangés en 160 paires de petits balais[6] (130 à 180), longs d'une soixantaine de centimètres, ils lui servent à filtrer les coquillages et les crustacés qu'elle trouve en aspirant la vase au fond de la mer. Les fanons auraient évolué à partir des plis transversaux qui rident la voûte du palais de la plupart des mammifères.

Sa nageoire caudale est son principal organe de natation : actionnée par une puissante musculature abdominale, elle la propulse à la manière d'une godille dont le va-et-vient ne serait pas latéral, mais horizontal. Ses nageoires latérales, assez réduites, ne servent qu'aux manœuvres d'équilibrage et d'orientation.

Reproduction

À l'époque des amours, plusieurs prétendants peuvent courtiser la même femelle en se roulant et se frottant sur elle. Après ces fiévreux ballets, l'accouplement proprement dit se pratique souvent à trois partenaires : les deux mâles qui s'efforcent de posséder la même femelle l'aident, en fait, alternativement, à maintenir son équilibre dans l'eau.

À sa naissance, un bébé baleine mesure de quatre mètre cinquante à cinq mètres et pèse cinq cents kilogrammes. En quelques mois, le baleineau double son poids.

Taxonomie

Le premier qui fit part d'une observation d'une baleine grise fut Paul Dudley (1675–1751) en 1725. Dans le document retrouvé, il la nommait « scrag whale ». L'endroit où il l'avait observée se situait au large de la Nouvelle Angleterre (de la côte Est des États-Unis). En 1777, Erxlenben désigne cette baleine par le binôme « Balaena gibbosa », mais c'est le suédois Vilhelm Lilljeborg qui donne à l'espèce sa première description scientifique valide, sous le nom de Balaenoptera robusta en 1861. John Edward Gray déplace le taxon dans un genre à part entière, Eschrichtius, en 1864.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Répartition contemporaine de la baleine grise.
  • Habitat : eaux côtières et eaux océaniques profondes.
  • Aire de répartition : région côtière du Pacifique nord.

Autrefois, cette espèce était commune dans l'Atlantique, mais elle en a été éradiquée par la pêche.

Population

La population est actuellement limitée au Pacifique. Les baleines se déplacent annuellement entre l'océan Arctique où elles se nourrissent de crustacés benthiques, situé entre la mer de Barents et la mer d'Okhotsk — entre l'Alaska et la Sibérie orientale — et des lieux de reproduction, situés autour du golfe de Californie et la mer de Chine orientale (mer de Corée).

 src=
Vertèbres

Une population aujourd'hui éteinte existait dans l'Atlantique. Elle a persisté jusqu'au XIXe siècle sur les côtes américaines et, peut-être, jusqu'au XVIIe dans les eaux européennes. Sa première description sur la côte Est des États-Unis est due à Paul Dudley, ancien gouverneur de la Nouvelle-Angleterre (1725) : « The Scrag Whale is near a-kin to the Fin-back, buts inftead of a Fin upon his Back, the Ridge of the Afterpart of his Back is scragged with half a Dozen Knobs or Nuckles ; he is nearest the right Whale in Figure and for Quantity of Oil ; his Bone is white but won't split ». Comme on le voit, cette « baleine rugueuse » n'est pas très clairement décrite. Elle fut ensuite ignorée par les grands zoologistes (Carl von Linné (1707-1778), Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), etc.) dont certains ne virent dans cette description qu'une baleine franche malade. Son existence scientifique a d'ailleurs d'abord été attestée à partir de restes de l'âge du fer trouvés sur une plage de l'île de Gräso, dans la mer Baltique[7]. Depuis, beaucoup de restes ont été trouvés, principalement aux Pays-Bas — lors des travaux de poldérisation entre 1879 et 1935, le plus récent étant daté du Ve siècle —, sur une plage en Grande-Bretagne en 1861 (Babbicombe Bay : ces restes, conservés au Natural History Museum de Londres, étaient vraisemblablement ceux des tout derniers individus ayant roulé depuis les fonds marins pendant deux siècles : ils ont été datés comme étant anciens de 340 ans[8]), ainsi que dans une carrière de Cornwall. Enfin, une série de restes ont été découverts en 1997 dans la cité antique de Lattara (Languedoc oriental, France) près de Montpellier[9]. Cette cité était le principal port de la zone et il est possible que les lagunes des côtes méditerranéennes (au moins occidentales en Espagne et France mais peut-être aussi au Maghreb et en Italie) aient hébergé des baleines grises lors de leurs séjours hivernaux comme lieu de reproduction.

Une étude génétique est en cours sur ces restes afin de caractériser cette population. Un projet de réintroduction dirigé par le Dr Owen Nevin de l'University of Central Lancashire à partir de la population est-pacifique est à l'étude depuis juillet 2005 (BBC News).

Par ailleurs, un spécimen a été observé en mai 2010 dans les eaux d'Israël [1]. L'individu selon toute vraisemblance a dû profiter de l'ouverture récurrente ces dernières années du passage du Nord-Ouest. Il a dû parcourir pour cela près de 20 000 km et la probabilité qu'il retrouve son chemin est assez mince en raison de la topographie en cul-de-sac latitudinal de la Méditerranée. Le même phénomène s'est répété au printemps 2021[10], un jeune animal étant observé en Méditerranée occidentale lors d'un passage très remarqué par les réseaux sociaux italiens et français[11].

Entre 2019 et 2020, plus de 300 baleines grises ont été retrouvées mortes sur la côté Pacifique. Si certains décès sont liés à des collisions, les scientifiques cherchent les causes associées à cette vague de mortalité (maladies, changements climatiques, migrations)[12].

Annexes

Références externes

Notes et références
  1. Bryant P.J (1995) Dating remains of gray whales from the eastern North Atlantic. Journal of Mammalogy, 76(3), 857-861. (résumé)
  2. Alain Diringer (préf. Marc Taquet), Mammifères marins et reptiles marins de l'océan Indien et du Pacifique, Éditions Orphie, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 979-10-298-0254-6), Baleine grise pages 23-24
  3. (en) William Henry Burt, Richard Philip Grossenheider, A Field Guide to the Mammals, Houghton Mifflin, 1964, p. 242.
  4. Jean-Pierre Sylvestre, Cétacés du monde. Systématique, éthologie, biologie, écologie, statut, Quae, 2014, p. 38.
  5. Jean-Pierre Sylvestre, Cétacés du monde. Systématique, éthologie, biologie, écologie, statut, Quae, 2014, p. 37.
  6. (en) Robert Busch, Gray Whales : Wandering Giants, Heritage House Publishing Co, 1998, p. 44.
  7. (en) W. Lilljeborg, « On two subfossil whales discovered in Sweden », Nova Acta regiæ Societeit Scient. Upsaliensis, ser. III, vol. IV, no 3,‎ 1867, p. 1-48 (lire en ligne)
  8. (en) P. J. Bryant, « Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic », Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 76, no 3,‎ 1995, p. 857-861 (lire en ligne)
  9. (en) M. Macé, « Did the Gray Whale calve in the Mediterranean ? », Lattara, vol. 16,‎ 2003, p. 153-164 (lire en ligne)
  10. « Une baleine grise égarée observée pour la première fois en Méditerranée française », Le Point,‎ 2 mai 2021 (lire en ligne).
  11. « Du Maroc à Naples, Antibes et Bormes-les-Mimosas l'incroyable périple d'une jeune baleine grise perdue en Méditerranée », France TV Info,‎ 2 mai 2021 (lire en ligne).
  12. « Du Mexique à l’Alaska, une mystérieuse hécatombe chez les baleines grises », Le Monde,‎ 15 septembre 2020 (lire en ligne, consulté le 17 septembre 2020).

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Baleine grise: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

La Baleine grise (Eschrichtius robustus) est une espèce de cétacé, seule espèce du genre Eschrichtius et de la famille Eschrichtiidae. Elle a disparu de tout l'Océan Atlantique à la suite de la chasse baleinière mais une population existe encore dans le Pacifique.

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Míol mór glas ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Ainmhí mór is ea an míol mór glas.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Balea cincenta ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician
 src=
Balea cincenta vista desde o aire.
 src=
Esqueleto dunha balea cincenta.

A balea cincenta,[3] tamén coñecida como balea cinsenta do Pacífico,[4] científicamente Eschrichtius robustus, é unha especie de mamífero da orde dos cetáceos, suborde dos misticetos, a única representante da familia dos escrictíidos (Eschrichtiidae).

Taxonomía

Descrición

Familia

A familia foi descrita en 1951 polos zoólogos J. R. Ellerman e T. C. S. Morrison-Scott.[5][6][7], en Checklist of Palearctic Indian Mammals: 713.[6]

Xénero

O xénero describírao en 1864 o naturalista británico John Edward Gray,[8][9] en Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, 14: 350.[8]

Especie

A especie fora descrita en 1861 polo zoólogo sueco Wilhelm Lilljeborg,[10], baixo o nome de Balaenoptera robusta.

Etimoloxías

Xénero

O nome actual do xénero, Eschrichtius é unha homenaxe ao zoólogo danés Daniel Frederik Eschricht, que se lle fixo un ano dspois da súa morte, acontecida en 1863. E o nome da familia fomouse, como é norma, engadíndolle á raíz do seu xénero tipo (e neste caso único), Eschrichti-, o sufixo do latín científico -ĭdae, empregado para construír os nomes das familias de animais. (De aí que este nome sexa proparoxitono).

Especie

O epíteto específico, robustus, é a primeira persoa do singular do adxectivo latino rōbustus, -a, -um, 'robusto', 'vigoroso', 'forte'.

Sinónimos

Familia

  • Rhachianectidae Weber, 1904.[6]

Xénero

  • Cyphonotus Rafinesque, 1815
  • Cyphonotus Gray, 1850
  • Rhachianectes Cope, 1869.[8]

Especie

  • Eschrichtius gibbosus (Erxleben, 1777)
  • Eschrichtius glaucus (Cope, 1868).[10]
  • Balaenoptera robusta Lilljeborg, 1861 (epónimo)

Nomes vulgares

Ademias do nome balea cincenta coa que adoita denominarse en galego (e en portugués), noutros idiomas europeos coñécese como balea gris (cos adaptacións pertientes de cada lingua), de acordo co seu nome inglés, gray whale.

Clasificación

Como quedou dito, esta especie é a única do seu xénero, e da súa familia:

Familia Eschrichtiidae Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951

  • Xénero Eschrichtius Gray, 1864
    • Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)

Características

Ao igual que Caperea marginata, a balea anana, trátase dunha especie de características intermedias entre as das familias dos balénidos (as baleas verdadeiras) e dos balenoptéridos (os rorcuais).

É ben coñecida polos seus hábitos migratorios que a levaban a reproducirse no inverno nas costas de California para desprazarse logo ás áreas de verán, no estreito de Bering, nunha longa viaxe de até 20 000 km ao longo da costa norteamericana.

Carece de aleta dorsal e, no seu lugar, mostra unha corcova baixa, situada moi posteriormente, seguida de 6 a 12 vultos ou nós lineais até a aleta caudal.

A cabeza está arqueada, entre os espiráculos e o fociño, e mostra numerosas calosidades formadas por colonias de crustáceos que se fixan á pel. Baixo a boca posúe dous sucos curtos, paralelos ou en forma de V, ocasionalmente entre 3 e 7.

As súas barbas son máis curtas, anchas e en menor número que no resto dos misticetos, característica relacionada cos seus hábitos alimenticios: come moi preto do fondo e inxire lama, area e pedras coa auga.

Bioloxía e ecoloxía

 src=
Balea cincenta saltando.

Hábitat e distribución

As baleas cincentas son pouco frecuentes en relación ás outras baleas grandes. Aliméntanse principalmente no fondo e, polo tanto, a súa diustribución está restrinxida ás augas pouco profundas da plataforma continental para a súa alimentación. Son, por tanto, en gran parte costeiras, aínda que se encontran tamén a maiores distancias da costa na plataforma continental pouco profunda dos mares de Bering e de Chukchi.[11]

Distribúense polas rexións costeiras de Canadá, China, Estados Unidos, Federación Rusa, México e Xapón. Están probabelmente extinguidas en ambas as Coreas e Islandia, a súa presenza é incerta en Vietnam, e están extinguidas no Reino Unido.[2]

Nutrición

Aliméntanse principalmente de cardumes de mísidos (crustáceos da superclase dos peracáridos), anfípodos que habitan en tubos e vermes poliquetos tubícolas, nas partes máis norteñas da súa área de distribución, pero se sabe que tamén toman cangrexos, carnada e outros alimentos (larvas de cangrexos, anfípodos móbiles, ovos e larvas de arenques, e de cefalópodos, larvas de Megalops (peixes osteíctios da orde dos elopiformes) de maneira oportunista ou fóra das principais áreas de alimentación.[12] Nunha das súas áreas de alimentación principais no mar de Chukchi, as densidades de balenas cincentas son maiores en zons con alta abundancia de anfípodos bentónicos.[13] A alimentación das baleas cincentas pode ter un efecto negativo considerábel nas comunidades de invertebrados bentónicos.[14]

Depredadores

As baleas cincentas moitas veces son cazadas polas candorcas.[15][16]

Ameazas

As baleas cincentas foron obxecto de caza desde tempos prehistóricos, e eran particularmente vulnerábeis aos baleeiros modernos debido á súa escasa velocidade de natación e á súa distribución costeira. A poboación do Atlántico Norte extinguiuse a principios do século XVIII, aínda que no está claro se isto se debeu principalmente á caza.[17] Estas baleas foron cazadas en tempos prehistóricos en ambos os lados do Pacífico Norte, pero as capturas dos aborixes diminuíeron a nivies relativamente baixos a principios do século XX debido en gran parte ao esgotamento das poboacións pola caza comercial.[18]

Pensábase que a sobreexplotación provocara a extinción da poboación reprodutora do Pacífico noroccidental na década de 1970,[19] pero a súa probábel existencia continuada de alguna forma sinala que medra. A poboación reprodutora do Pacífico nororiental alcanzara un número tan baixo ao final do século XIX que cesou a caza comercial de baleas, pero agora recuperou case a súa capacidade de carga, e a súa abundancia mostra certa flutuación en resposta ás condicións ambientais.

Pero ademais, as baleas cincentas están suxeitas a ameazas antropoxénicas, como os enredos nos aparellos de pesca e as folgas de barcos. Scordino et al. (2017) estimaron aproximadamente 10 mortes por ano no Pacífico nororiental oriental e no mar de Bering como resultado de incidentes coñecidos durante 2010-2015, dos cales aproximadamente o 80 % involucraron enredos en artes de pesca e aproximadamente o 20 % das folgas de barcos.[20] A ameaza parece pequena en relación co tamaño da poboación, estimda entre os 25 000 e os 30 000 espécimes, pero existen pescarías con pouca cobertura de observadores, como as pescerías con redes de enmalle de Alasca, de modo que as taxas de mortalidade total poden seren máis altas.[21]

Encontráronse restos de plástico nos estómagos de baleas cincentas mortas, pero non parece ser isto un factor significativo na morte dos individuos afectados.[2]

Status

O tamaño estimado da poboación da balea cincenta está por riba do limiar para calquera categoría de ameazada da Lista vermella da UICN, e esta poboación aumentou nas últimas tres xeracións, con algunhas flutuacións. A única poboación reprodutora definitivamente sobrevivente está no leste do Pacífico Norte. A poboación reprodutora do Atlántico Norte está extinta, e a poboación reprodutora do Pacífico noroccidental posibelmente estea extinta. Por estas razóns, a Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (UICN), cualifica o status da especie como LC (pouco preocupante).[2]

Notas

  1. Boessenecker, Robert (2007). "New records of fossil fur seals and walruses (Carnivora : Pinnipedia) from the late Neogene of Northern California". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 50A.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Cooke, J. G. (2018): Eschrichtius robustus na Lista vermella da UICN.
  3. "Eubalaena. Publicación da Sección Científica da Coordinadora para o Estudo dos Mamíferos Mariños. Historia ambiental antiga das baleas do Atlántico Norte. Alfredo López Fernández. 2014." (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 23 de febreiro de 2017. Consultado o 9 de novembro de 2017.
  4. Lahuerta e Vázquez (2000), p. 309.
  5. Ellerman, J. R. & Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951): "Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946". British Museum (Natural History), pp. 1–810.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Eschrichtiidae Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 en MSW
  7. Eschrichtiidae Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951 no ITIS.
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 en MSW.
  9. Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 no ITIS.
  10. 10,0 10,1 Eschrichtius robustus Lilljeborg, 1861 en MSW].
  11. Rice, D. W. and Wolman, A. A. (1971): "The life history and ecology of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)". American Society of Mammalogists, Special Publication '3: 142 pp.
  12. Nerini, M. (1984): "A review of gray whale feeding ecology". En: M. L. Jones, S. L. Swartz and S. Leatherwood (eds), The gray whale Eschrichtius robustus. San Diego, California: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-0809-2372-7, pp.423-450.
  13. Brower, A. A., Ferguson, M. C., Schonberg, S. V., Jewett, S. C. and Clarke, J. T. (2016): "Gray whale distribution relative to benthic invertebrate biomass and abundance: Northeastern Chukchi Sea 2009–2012". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 144: 156-174.
  14. Oliver, J. S. and Slattery, P. N. (1985): "Destruction and opportunity on the sea floor: effects of gray whale feeding!. Ecology, 66 (6): 1965-1975.
  15. Lowry, L. F., Nelson, R. R. and Frost, K. J. (1987): "Observations of killer whales, Orcinus orca, in western Alaska: sightings, strandings, and predation on other marine mammals". Canadian Field-Naturalist 101: 6-12.
  16. Matkin, C. O., Barrett-Lennard, L. G., Yurk, H., Ellifrit, D. and Trites, A. W. (2007): "Ecotypic variation and predatory behavior among killer whales (Orcinus orca) off the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska". Fishery Bulletin 105 (1): 74-88.
  17. Mead, J. G. and Mitchell, E. D. (1984): "Atlantic gray whales". En: M. L. Jones, S. L. Swartz, and S. Leatherwood (eds), The Gray Whale Eschrichtius robustus. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, pp. 33–53.
  18. Mitchell, E. (1979): "Comments on the magnitude of the early catch of east Pacific gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)". Report of the International Whaling Commission. 29: 307-314.
  19. Bowen, S. L. (1974): "Probable extinction of the Korean stock of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus)". Journal of Mammalogy 55: 208-209.
  20. Scordino, J.; Carretta, J.; Cottrell, P.; Greenman J.; Savage, K. & Wilkinson K. (2017): "Ship strikes and entanglements of gray whales in the North Pacific Ocean, 1924-2015". International Whaling Commission Scientific Committee doc. SC/67a/HIM06.
  21. Carretta, J. V., Forney, K. A., Oleson, E. M., Weller, D. W., Lang, A. R., Baker, J., Muto, M. M., Hanson B., Orr, A. J., Huber, H., Lowry, M. S., Barlow, J., Moore, J. E., Lynch, D., Carswell, L. and Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2017): "U.S. Pacific Marine Mammal Stock Assessments: 2016". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-577.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

Outros artigos

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Balea cincenta: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician
 src= Balea cincenta vista desde o aire.  src= Esqueleto dunha balea cincenta.

A balea cincenta, tamén coñecida como balea cinsenta do Pacífico, científicamente Eschrichtius robustus, é unha especie de mamífero da orde dos cetáceos, suborde dos misticetos, a única representante da familia dos escrictíidos (Eschrichtiidae).

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wikipedia gl Galician

Sivi kitovi ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Sivi kitovi (lat. Eschrichtiidae) su porodica iz podreda kitova usana koja ima samo jednu vrstu, (Eschrichtius robustus). Zbog niza osobina koje su jedinstvene, smatra ih se porodicom koja kao da posreduje između glatkih kitova i usana.

Osobine

Odrasli sivi kit može biti dugačak između 13 i 14 m a težak oko 30 tona. Boja mu je škriljasto siva. Na tijelu se već izdaleka vide bijele mrlje, koje su ustvari cijele kolonije parazita koji upravo masovno naseljavaju kožu ovih kitova. Nemaju leđnu peraju, ali duž leđa imaju više izbočina koje podsjećaju na grbe. Sa svake strane usta imaju po 150 usi dugih oko 40 cm.

Rasprostranjenost

Sivi kitovi trajno žive bliže obalama od svih drugih kitova. Ova vrsta kitova se seli. Ljeto provode u polarnim vodama, dok se pred zimu sele na jug. Populacija koja živi u Beringovom moru zimu provodi dijelom pred obalom Kalifornije i u kalifornijskom zaljevu, dok drugi dio odlazi prema obalama Koreje i Japana. Populacija atlantskih sivih kitova je izumrla. Nekada su živjeli između Spitsbergena, Grenlanda i Kanade, a zimi su se, verojatno, spuštali do obala južnih država SADa, Portugala i sjeverne Afrike.

Način života

 src=
Skok sivog kita

Sivi su kitovi spori plivači, dosižu brzinu do 8 km/h. Pod površinom provode četiri do pet minuta prije nego ponovo izrone. Kad su na površini, često iskaču iz vode gornjim dijelom tijela da bi se zatim ponovo spustili u vodu. Hrane se malim organizmima koji se upletu u usi, najčešće raznim račićima, ali i ponekom malom ribom. Jedino oni među kitovima usanima zahvaćaju i filtriraju i mulj s morskog dna. Kao prilagodbu tom načinu lova, usi sivih kitova su kraće i robustnije nego kod drugih usana.

Kitolov i zaštita

Kako su sivi kitovi vrsta koja živi u blizini obale, ljudi su ga počeli vrlo rano loviti. Danas više nije moguće utvrditi da li je to bilo razlog izumiranja europske populacije sivih kitova (oko 500. godine). Populacija koja je živjela u zapadnom Atlantiku izumrla je oko 1.700-te. Od tada sivi kitovi žive još samo u Pacifiku. Zapadnopacifičku populaciju su u 18. i 19. stoljeću desetkovali japanski kitolovci. Danas je nejasno da li je ta populacija također istrijebljena, jer se pred obalama Koreje povremeno viđaju sivi kitovi. Postoji mogućnost da su to samo zalutale jedinke iz populacije istočnog Pacifika.

1846. su otkrivena zimovališta sivih kitova istočnog Pacifika. Odmah su osnovane kitolovne "stanice" na tamošnjim obalama i u roku od par godina ubijene su tisuće ovih kitova. Tek 1946. je vrsta stavljena pod zaštitu i sačuvana od istrijebljenja. Od tada se populacija oporavila tako, da danas broji oko 20.000 jedinki. Zadnjih godina su indigeni narodi Rusije ubijali oko 110 sivih kitova godišnje [1].

Na zapadnoj obali SADa su sivi kitovi zbog prolaska blizinom obale postali omiljeni cilj turizma poznatog pod nazivom "promatranje kitova".

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke na temu: Sivi kitovi.
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Sivi kitovi: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Sivi kitovi (lat. Eschrichtiidae) su porodica iz podreda kitova usana koja ima samo jednu vrstu, (Eschrichtius robustus). Zbog niza osobina koje su jedinstvene, smatra ih se porodicom koja kao da posreduje između glatkih kitova i usana.

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Paus kelabu ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Paus kelabu, (Eschrichtius robustus) adalah paus balin yang setiap tahunnya bermigrasi antara tempat berbiak dan tempat pakan. Panjang tubuh dapat mencapai kira-kira 15,2 m (50 ft), beratnya 36 ton, dan usia maksimal 50–70 tahun.[1] Nama paus kelabu berasal dari kulitnya yang berwarna gelap dengan pola kelabu ditambah bercak-bercak putih.[2] Pola kelabu-putih berasal dari bekas luka yang ditinggalkan oleh parasit yang menempel di atas kulit di lokasi pakan mereka yang dingin. Paus kelabu pernah disebut ikan iblis karena perilaku daya juangnya saat diburu.[3] Paus kelabu adalah satu-satunya spesies yang masih hidup dari genus Eschrichtius yang juga adalah satu-satunya genus yang masih ada dari familia Eschrichtiidae. Mamalia ini keturunan dari paus penyaring pakan yang berkembang pada awal zaman Oligosen, lebih dari 30 juta tahun lampau.

Mamalia laut ini memakan plankton yang berasal dari dasar laut. Balin berfungsi sebagai saringan untuk menangkap amfipoda yang terambil bersama pasir, air, dan bahan lain.

Paus kelabu terdiri dari dua populasi besar, populasi Pasifik Utara bagian timur (Amerika Utara) dan populasi Pasifik Utara bagian barat (Asia) yang berstatus kritis. Populasi Atlantik Utara sudah punah lokal (kemungkinan akibat perburuan paus) dari pesisir Eropa sebelum tahun 500 dan punah dari pesisir Eropa sekitar akhir abad ke-17 hingga awal abad ke-18.[4] Meskipun demikian, pada 8 Mei 2010, penampakan paus kelabu dilaporkan di lepas pantai Laut Tengah di Israel,[5] sehingga menyebabkan beberapa ilmuwan berpendapat mereka mungkin menempati kembali lokasi pembiakan lama yang sebelumnya tidak dipakai mereka selama berabad-abad.[5]

Referensi

  1. ^ Recovery Strategy for the Grey Whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Atlantic Population, in Canada. Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca (2012-07-31). Retrieved on 2012-12-20.
  2. ^ American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet on Gray Whale.
  3. ^ Gray Whale. Worldwildlife.org. Diakses pada 2012-12-20.
  4. ^ Perrin, William F.; Würsig, Bernd G. and Thewissen, J. G. M. (2009). Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press. hlm. 404. ISBN 978-0-12-373553-9.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Thomas, Pete (2010-05-10). "Gray whale off Israel called 'most amazing sighting in history of whales'". GrindTV.com. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2010.
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Paus kelabu: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Paus kelabu, (Eschrichtius robustus) adalah paus balin yang setiap tahunnya bermigrasi antara tempat berbiak dan tempat pakan. Panjang tubuh dapat mencapai kira-kira 15,2 m (50 ft), beratnya 36 ton, dan usia maksimal 50–70 tahun. Nama paus kelabu berasal dari kulitnya yang berwarna gelap dengan pola kelabu ditambah bercak-bercak putih. Pola kelabu-putih berasal dari bekas luka yang ditinggalkan oleh parasit yang menempel di atas kulit di lokasi pakan mereka yang dingin. Paus kelabu pernah disebut ikan iblis karena perilaku daya juangnya saat diburu. Paus kelabu adalah satu-satunya spesies yang masih hidup dari genus Eschrichtius yang juga adalah satu-satunya genus yang masih ada dari familia Eschrichtiidae. Mamalia ini keturunan dari paus penyaring pakan yang berkembang pada awal zaman Oligosen, lebih dari 30 juta tahun lampau.

Mamalia laut ini memakan plankton yang berasal dari dasar laut. Balin berfungsi sebagai saringan untuk menangkap amfipoda yang terambil bersama pasir, air, dan bahan lain.

Paus kelabu terdiri dari dua populasi besar, populasi Pasifik Utara bagian timur (Amerika Utara) dan populasi Pasifik Utara bagian barat (Asia) yang berstatus kritis. Populasi Atlantik Utara sudah punah lokal (kemungkinan akibat perburuan paus) dari pesisir Eropa sebelum tahun 500 dan punah dari pesisir Eropa sekitar akhir abad ke-17 hingga awal abad ke-18. Meskipun demikian, pada 8 Mei 2010, penampakan paus kelabu dilaporkan di lepas pantai Laut Tengah di Israel, sehingga menyebabkan beberapa ilmuwan berpendapat mereka mungkin menempati kembali lokasi pembiakan lama yang sebelumnya tidak dipakai mereka selama berabad-abad.

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wikipedia ID

Sandlægja ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Sandlægja (einnig nefndur gráhvalur eða klakkur) (fræðiheiti: Eschrichtius robustus) er stór skíðishvalur og er eina tegundin í sinni ættkvísl. Fannst áður á öllu norðurhveli jarðar, en er nú útdauður í Norður-Atlantshafi.

Lýsing

Sandlægja er gildvaxinn og hausinn fremur stuttur og mjór. Séður að ofan er hann þríhyrningslaga og neðan á höfði eru 2 til 5 húðfellingar. Kjafturinn er niðursveigður rétt framan við augun. Hvalurinn er dökkflikróttur eða ljósgrár á litinn og oft vaxinn hrúðurkörlum. Hvalurinn hefur ekkert eiginlegt horn en 6 til 12 lága hnúða á afturhluta baksins. Bægslin eru breið og fremur stutt og sporðurinn breiður. Blástursholan er hjartalaga séð að aftan og blástur fremur lágur (3 til 4,5 metrar). Í hvorum skolthelmingi eru 130 til 180 skíði.

Kynin eru svipuð að stærð, um 15 metrar á lengd og allt að 45 tonn á þyngd.

Útbreiðsla og hegðun

Sandlægju er nú einungis að finna í Kyrrahafi og eru einungis til tveir stofnar af honum , annar undan ströndum Kaliforníu en hinn undan ströndum Kóreu. Strandlægjan er sá stórhvalur sem heldur sig mest að ströndum á grunnsævi ólíkt flestum hinna skíðishvalanna og ferðast í allt að 8 þúsund kílómetra og er það lengsta sem þekkist meðal spendýra. [2].

Sandlægjan er einstök meðal skíðishvala vegna þess að hann lifir mest á botndýrum. Hann syndir þá eftir botninum, rótar honum upp með neðri kjálkanum og síar þá úr marflær, burstaorma, kuðunga, samlokur og sæbjúgu. Auk þess síli og síldartegundir í minna mæli. Sandlægjan étur nánast eingöngu á um fimm mánaða tímabili frá maí fram í október. Hann étur um 170 tonn þá 130-140 daga sem hann aflar sér fæðu en það er um 1089 kg á dag að meðaltali.[3]

Sandlægjan er einræn að sumarlagi, sjást þá helst einstaklingar eða smá hópar, 3 til 5 dýr. En þeir safnast saman í stóra hópa í seinni hluta nóvember og sérlega í desember og er þá fengitími í hámarki. Meðgöngutími er um 11 til 13 mánuðir og virðast kýrnar eignast afkvæmi annað hvert ár.

Veiðar og fjöldi

Frá 1846, þegar amerískir og evrópskir hvalveiðimenn uppgötvuðu æxlunarstöðvar sandlægjunnar í Kyrrahafi, og fram að aldamótum 1900 fóru fram gífurlega miklar veiðar á þessum hvölum og var þeim því sem næst útrýmt. Tegundin var þó ekki friðuð fyrr en 1946 en hefur fjölgað mikið síðan og er stofninn nú talinn vera um 27,000 dýr.[4]

Sandlægja var á öldum áður algeng í Norður-Atlantshafi og var útbreidd við bæði strendur Evrópu og Ameríku auk þess sem hún fannst við Ísland.[5][6] Ekki er vitað hvers vegna tegundin dó út í Atlantshafi á seinni hluta 17. aldar en sennilega hafa veiðar átt hlut í því.

Neðanmálsgreinar

  1. Hammond o.fl. 2008
  2. Johns & Swarts, 2002
  3. Nerini, 1984
  4. Johns & Swartz, 2002
  5. Jón Guðmundsson, 1966
  6. Fraser, 1970

Heimildir

  • Ásbjörn Björgvinsson og Helmut Lugmayr, Hvalaskoðun við Ísland (Reykjavík: JPV Útgáfan, 2002).
  • Hammond, P.S., G. Bearzi, A. Bjørge, K. Forney, L. Karczmarski, T. Kasuya, W.F. Perrin, M.D. Scott, J.Y. Wang, R.S. Wells og B. Wilson, „Delphinus delphis“, 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2008).
  • Jones, M.L. og S.L Swartz, „Gray Wahle - Eschrichtus robustus“ hjá W.F. Perrin, B. Würsig og J.G.M. Thewissen (ritstj.), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (London: Academic Press, 2002).
  • Nerini, M., „A review of gray whale feeding ecology“ hjá M.L. Jones, S.L. Swartz og S. Leatherwood (ritstj.), The Gray Whale (Academic Press, 1984).
  • Jón Guðmundsson lærði, Ein stutt underrietting um Íslands adskilianlegar náttúrur. Halldór Hermannsson bjó til prenturnar. (New York: Cornell University Library, 1966).
  • Fraser, F.C. „An Early 17th Century Record of the Californina Grey Whale in Icelandic Waters“, Investigations on Cetacea II (1970).
  • Páll Hersteinsson (ritsj.), Íslensk spendýr (Vaka-Helgafell 2005). ISBN 9979-2-1721-9
  • W. Perrin, B. Wursig og J. Thewissen (ritstj.), Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (Academic Press, 2002). ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
  • Reeves, R., B. Stewart, P. Clapham og J. Powell, National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World (New York: A.A. Knopf, 2002). ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  • Sigurður Ægisson, Jón Ásgeir í Aðaldal, Jón Baldur Hlíðberg, Íslenskir hvalir fyrr og nú (Forlagið, 1997).
  • Stefán Aðalsteinsson, Villtu spendýrin okkar (Reykjavík: Bjallan, 1987).

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Sandlægja: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Sandlægja (einnig nefndur gráhvalur eða klakkur) (fræðiheiti: Eschrichtius robustus) er stór skíðishvalur og er eina tegundin í sinni ættkvísl. Fannst áður á öllu norðurhveli jarðar, en er nú útdauður í Norður-Atlantshafi.

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Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IS

Eschrichtius robustus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861), o balena grigia, è un cetaceo misticeto, dotato cioè di fanoni (grandi lamine cornee che pendono dal palato al posto dei denti) di medie dimensioni.

Specie protetta già dal 1946, la balena grigia è uno dei cetacei più conosciuti.

Caratteristiche e abitudini

Dotata di caratteristiche proprie che la contraddistinguono dalle balene propriamente dette e dalle balenottere, è l'unica specie della famiglia Eschrichtiidae, potendo raggiungere una lunghezza totale di 15 metri. Le classificazioni tradizionali hanno sempre considerato questa famiglia come la meno evoluta tra i Misticeti, in quanto conserva entrambi i caratteri ancestrali, cioè le 5 dita nelle natatoie e le 7 vertebre cervicali tutte separate tra loro, che caratterizzano rispettivamente i Balenidi e i Balenotteridi.

Tale ipotesi sarebbe confermata anche dall'abitudine, assente nelle altre specie, di avvicinarsi notevolmente alle coste, fino a penetrare nelle insenature e nelle baie anche di bassa profondità: tale comportamento viene appunto interpretato da alcuni etologi come una sorta di "legame" ancora esistente con la terraferma. Da notare che questi Cetacei possiedono sul mento due file di peli radi, seppure invisibili ad occhio nudo: altra caratteristica che denota come l'adattamento alla vita acquatica in questo gruppo non sia completo.

Verso la metà del XIX secolo era uno spettacolo comune vedere durante l'inverno decine e decine, forse anche centinaia, di balene grigie nuotare ogni giorno lungo le coste occidentali dell'America Settentrionale dirette verso sud fino in California.

L'imponente migrazione della balena grigia inizia a dicembre per finire verso febbraio, quando le balene invertono la rotta e tornano verso le fredde acque del Pacifico settentrionale e del Mare Artico. Qui la balena grigia soggiorna durante la primavera, nutrendosi prevalentemente di piccoli crostacei marini, particolarmente abbondanti nelle acque fredde. La balena grigia, come tutti i misticeti, inghiotte grandi quantità di acqua insieme ai piccoli organismi che in essa vivono, poi la spinge fuori dalla bocca filtrandola attraverso i fanoni, tra le cui frange rimangono intrappolati i piccoli crostacei che costituiscono il suo alimento.

Struttura dei fanoni e delle frange

La struttura dei fanoni e le dimensioni delle frange sono diverse nelle varie specie di balene e balenottere, consentendo così diete diversificate. A differenza della balena grigia, ad esempio, la balenottera di Bryde, che possiede frange dei fanoni larghe e taglienti, si nutre prevalentemente di piccoli pesci. La balena grigia, inoltre, presenta da 2 a 4 solchi golari della lunghezza di circa un metro e mezzo che consentono la dilatazione della gola e quindi l'ingestione di una quantità notevole di acqua. Questo meccanismo è particolarmente perfezionato nelle balenottere, che hanno solchi golari più numerosi e più lunghi.

Le grandi migrazioni riproduttive

 src=
Balena grigia in una laguna del Messico

Per la balena grigia, la necessità di una migrazione tanto estesa è dettata principalmente da esigenze riproduttive. Queste balene, infatti, si accoppiano e mettono alla luce i propri piccoli, dopo circa un anno di gestazione, nelle acque più calde e tranquille della California. Qui le gigantesche madri, in genere più grandi dei maschi come spesso avviene tra i cetacei, allattano i loro piccoli, che alla nascita misurano circa 4 m di lunghezza.

In queste acque calde e poco profonde la dieta delle balene grigie risulta un po' diversa da quella che hanno nelle fredde acque dell'Artico; possono infatti nutrirsi, oltre che di invertebrati, anche di alghe e di piccoli pesci. Quando è in mare aperto, la balena grigia può compiere immersioni di 7-8 minuti, ma non si spinge mai a profondità notevoli.

Per compiere tali immersioni si serve, come gli altri cetacei, delle ricche riserve di ossigeno immagazzinate soprattutto nel sangue e nella muscolatura; qui, infatti, l'ossigeno si lega a una particolare proteina, la mioglobina, che conferisce un colore molto scuro alle carni dei cetacei.

La caccia e il ripopolamento

Durante il XIX secolo, le balene grigie erano comuni anche lungo le coste occidentali del Pacifico dal Giappone fino alla Corea. Questa popolazione è stata praticamente sterminata all'inizio del secolo scorso dall'intensa caccia operata dall'uomo, anche se qualche rarissimo avvistamento è stato effettuato nel Mare di Ochotsk.

Alcune testimonianze storiche dimostrano che la balena grigia era un tempo distribuita anche nel nord Atlantico, ma questa popolazione si è definitivamente estinta all'inizio del XVIII secolo.

Attualmente l'unica popolazione consistente di questo meraviglioso gigante del mare è quella del Pacifico orientale, anche se la sua storia ha conosciuto momenti molto critici.

Quando infatti alle piccole barche da pesca si sono sostituite le grandi navi attrezzate e quando all'arpione tirato a mano si è sostituita l'asta munita di carica esplosiva tirata da un cannone, l'equilibrio di caccia tra uomo e balena si è rotto, con conseguenze naturalmente disastrose per quest'ultima. Dalle migliaia di balene grigie che frequentavano le baie della California intorno al 1850 si è passati a poche decine osservate dopo una ventina d'anni. Si è dovuto aspettare il 1946 per ottenere un'efficiente protezione di questo cetaceo sull'orlo dell'estinzione. La popolazione del Pacifico orientale ha potuto quindi lentamente cominciare ad aumentare per raggiungere un livello più o meno stabile di circa 10.000 individui censiti. Così ai giorni nostri è possibile ancora osservare questi straordinari mammiferi marini, anche detti balene della California, che vengono a svernare e a partorire soprattutto nelle baie di Scammon e di S. Ignazio. Nel giugno del 2011 alcuni ricercatori Israeliani dell'IMMRAC hanno confermato la presenza di un esemplare di balena grigia al largo di Herzliya, nel Mar Mediterraneo, dopo più di 300 anni dall'ultimo avvistamento[1].

Nell'aprile 2021, un secondo esemplare è stato avvistato ripetutamente nel Golfo di Napoli [2].

Oltre alle baleniere, le balene grigie hanno da temere solo l'orca, che preda i loro piccoli durante le migrazioni delle balene.

Parentele

Si suppone che i più stretti parenti della balena grigia siano da ricercare nella famiglia dei cetoteriidi (Cetotheriidae), un gruppo di balene estinte di piccola taglia dalle caratteristiche particolarmente primitive. Nel 2008 è stato inoltre descritto Eschrichtioides gastaldii, una specie di balena fossile ritrovata in Italia in strati del Pliocene inferiore (circa 5 milioni di anni fa), che rappresenterebbe il più antico rappresentante della famiglia Eschrichtiidae.

Note

Bibliografia

 title=
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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
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wikipedia IT

Eschrichtius robustus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861), o balena grigia, è un cetaceo misticeto, dotato cioè di fanoni (grandi lamine cornee che pendono dal palato al posto dei denti) di medie dimensioni.

Specie protetta già dal 1946, la balena grigia è uno dei cetacei più conosciuti.

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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Eschrichtius robustus ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Eschrichtius robustus (binomen a Gulielmo Lilljeborg anno 1861 statutum) est species magnorum mammalium marinorum quae in oceano Pacifico habitant. Aquas Atlanticas olim frequentabant.

Notae


Bibliographia

Nexus externi

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Eschrichtius robustus spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Eschrichtius robustus" apud Vicispecies. Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici:ITISNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifeIUCN Red ListWoRMS: Marine SpeciesFossilworks
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Et auctores varius id editors
original
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Eschrichtius robustus: Brief Summary ( Latin )

fornecido por wikipedia LA

Eschrichtius robustus (binomen a Gulielmo Lilljeborg anno 1861 statutum) est species magnorum mammalium marinorum quae in oceano Pacifico habitant. Aquas Atlanticas olim frequentabant.

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Et auctores varius id editors
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wikipedia LA

Pilkieji banginiai ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Pilkojo banginio paplitimo arealas

Pilkieji banginiai (lot. Eschrichtiidae) – banginių (Cetacea) šeima, kurioje vienintelė rūšis – pilkasis banginis (lot. Eschrichtius robustus). Ilgis iki 15 m, svoris – 14-35 tonos. Galva nedidelė, raginės plokštelės trumpos, pelekas skeltas. Ant krūtinės yra 2-4 išilginės vagos. Maitinasi filtruodami maistą iš vandens. Skleidžia kriuksinčius, tarškančius, aimanuojančius ir vaitojančius garsus, kurių paskirtis neaiški. Būdinga „šnipinėjimo“ poza: atsistoja vertikaliai vandenyje ir iškiša galvą. Taip jie dairosi kitų banginių, tikrina vandens sroves migracijai, žvalgosi kranto.

Paplitęs Ramiajame vandenyne, laikosi arti pakrančių. Maitinasi toli šiaurėje, veisiasi prie Kalifornijos ir Korėjos. Migruoja grupėmis. Nukeliauja labai didelius atstumus – kasmet iki 20 tūkst. km (toliausiai už bet kokį kitą žinduolį). Buvo labai išnaikintas. Uždraudus medžioklę pagausėjo.


Vikiteka

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Grijze walvis ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De grijze walvis (Eschrichtius robustus) is een baleinwalvis uit de familie grijze walvissen (Eschrichtiidae), waarvan hij de enige levende soort is. De grijze walvis trekt jaarlijks tussen het voedselgebied en het gebied waar de jongen ter wereld komen. De walvis kan een lengte bereiken van 13 tot 15 meter, een gewicht van 14 tot 35 ton en een leeftijd tussen de 50 en 60 jaar.

De grijze walvis werd door walvisjagers ook wel duivelsvis genoemd omdat hij zich, in tegenstelling tot andere walvissoorten, niet zonder gevecht liet vangen.

Er bestaan twee Pacifische populaties van de grijze walvis: een kleine, sterk bedreigde, die tussen de Ochotskzee en zuidelijk Korea trekt, en een grote, die tussen de wateren voor de kusten van Alaska en Neder-Californië pendelt. Een derde populatie, de Noord-Atlantische, werd in het begin van de 18e eeuw door overbejaging tot uitsterven gebracht. In het begin van de 21ste eeuw werd er echter een grijze walvis waargenomen in de Middellandse Zee en in de Atlantische Oceaan ten zuiden van de evenaar.[2]

Migratie

In de herfst begint de Californische grijze walvis aan een 2 tot 3 maanden durende en 8000 tot 9000 kilometer lange reis naar het zuiden langs de kust van Canada, de Verenigde Staten en Mexico. De dieren trekken hierbij in kleine groepjes.

Hun reisdoel zijn de kustwateren van Neder-Californië en de Golf van Californië waar de jongen worden geboren en de paring plaatsvindt. Hun paringsgedrag is complex en er zijn vaak drie of meer dieren bij betrokken. De draagtijd is ongeveer een jaar en vrouwtjes krijgen om de twee jaar een enkel jong. Het jong wordt met het hoofd eerst geboren. Vermoed wordt dat ze de ondiepe lagunes opzoeken om hun jonggeborene te beschermen tegen haaien. Enkele weken na de geboorte begint de reis noordwaarts.

De totale reis is 15.000 tot 22.000 kilometer lang en daarmee de langste jaarlijkse trek van alle zoogdieren. De grootste gemeten afstand is 22.511 km, meteen ook de grootste bekende trekafstand van alle zoogdieren.[3] Rond het kijken naar deze walvistrek is een toeristenindustrie ontstaan, in het Engels whale watching genoemd.

Voedsel

De grijze walvis voedt zich voornamelijk met bodembewonende schaaldieren, wormen, zeesterren en andere kleine dieren, die het zijdelings van de zeebodem opvist. De soort wordt gerekend tot de baleinwalvissen, want in de bek bevinden zich baleinen, die worden gebruikt als een soort zeef en waarmee de prooidieren worden uitgezeefd. In elke bovenkaakhelft bevinden zich 130 tot 180 korte baleinplaten met een lengte van ongeveer 40 cm. Het dier foerageert voornamelijk tijdens de zomermaanden in de noordelijke wateren. Tijdens de trek leeft het vooral van opgebouwde vetreserves.

Uiterlijk

Het lichaam van de walvis is bedekt met kenmerkende grijs-witte patronen, littekens die achterbleven na het afvallen van de vele parasieten waardoor ze worden geplaagd.[4]

Status

De enige waar een grijze walvis iets van heeft te duchten zijn orka's, de mens en mogelijk haaien. Vermoed wordt dat haaien jonge grijze walvissen aanvallen. Nadat de voortplantingsgebieden in de Californische kustwateren in 1857 waren ontdekt, werd de populatie in korte tijd nagenoeg tot uitsterven gebracht. Toen de jacht onrendabel werd (door de afnemende aantallen) nam het aantal dieren langzaam weer toe. Met de komst van de fabrieksschepen in de 20e eeuw nam het aantal echter weer snel af. Sinds 1946 wordt de soort beschermd door internationale afspraken en wordt er niet meer op gejaagd. Volgens recente tellingen bestaat de populatie uit 17.000 tot 26.000 dieren. De Aziatische populatie bestaat volgens de laatste telling uit slechts 101 dieren.

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Grijze walvis: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De grijze walvis (Eschrichtius robustus) is een baleinwalvis uit de familie grijze walvissen (Eschrichtiidae), waarvan hij de enige levende soort is. De grijze walvis trekt jaarlijks tussen het voedselgebied en het gebied waar de jongen ter wereld komen. De walvis kan een lengte bereiken van 13 tot 15 meter, een gewicht van 14 tot 35 ton en een leeftijd tussen de 50 en 60 jaar.

De grijze walvis werd door walvisjagers ook wel duivelsvis genoemd omdat hij zich, in tegenstelling tot andere walvissoorten, niet zonder gevecht liet vangen.

Er bestaan twee Pacifische populaties van de grijze walvis: een kleine, sterk bedreigde, die tussen de Ochotskzee en zuidelijk Korea trekt, en een grote, die tussen de wateren voor de kusten van Alaska en Neder-Californië pendelt. Een derde populatie, de Noord-Atlantische, werd in het begin van de 18e eeuw door overbejaging tot uitsterven gebracht. In het begin van de 21ste eeuw werd er echter een grijze walvis waargenomen in de Middellandse Zee en in de Atlantische Oceaan ten zuiden van de evenaar.

licença
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia NL

Gråhval ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Gråhval (Eschrichtius robustus) er en bardehval og eneste art i slekten Eschrichtius som er monotypisk i gråhvalfamilien (Eschrichtiidae). Nyere forskning indikerer imidlertid at sørlig vågehval trolig er nærmere beslektet med gråhval enn andre finnhvaler, noe som reiser spørsmål om inndelingen. Gråhvalen har blitt spesielt kjent for sin komplekse sang, kalt hvalsang.

Beskrivelse

Gråhvalen er flekkete mørkt grå til lysere grå i fargen og sterkt begrodd med andeskjell og hvallus. Arten mangler regulær ryggfinne, men har en serie med pukler langs den bakre tredjedelen av ryggraden. Den har to dype furer på halsen, som gjør at kjeften kan åpnes maksimalt når den beiter på byttedyr. Gråhvalen bruker bardene (som er hvite) til å filtrere mat fra havbunnen (eneste hvalart som finner primærføden i sedimentene på havbunnen), og som alle bardehvaler har den to blåsehull, som sitter på toppen av bakhodet/øverst i nakkeregionen.

Hunnene er generelt noe større enn hannene. Hunnene blir gjerne 12,8–15,2 meter lange og kan veie opp mot 31–34 metriske tonn når de er gravide. Hannene blir gjerne 11,9–14,3 meter lange og veier gjerne omkring 16 tonn.

Utbredelse og habitat

Det finnes to populasjoner av gråhval; østlig gråhval og vestlig gråhval, som begge er endemiske for det nordlige Stillehavet. Gråhvalen finnes typisk i kystnære farvann, med en maksimaldybde på ca. 100 meter. Østlig gråhval holder til langs vestkysten av Nord-Amerika, fra Baja California i sør til Beringstredet i nord. Vestlig gråhval til langs østkysten av Nordvest-Asia, fra kysten av Sør-Korea i sør til Okhotskhavet i nord.

Tidligere fantes det også en stamme av gråhval i Atlanterhavet. Det er ikke nøyaktig kjent når den ble utryddet, men det kan ha skjedd tidlig på 1700-tallet, og skyldtes sannsynligvis hvalfangst.

Det har i nyere tid vært flere tvilsomme rapporter fra Atlanterhavet. Den 9. mai 2010 ble det derimot gjort en sikker observasjon i det østre Middelhavet, utenfor kysten av Israel. Den samme hvalen ble sett utenfor Barcelona i Spania 30. mai 2010.[1] I 2013 ble det sett en gråhval utenfor kysten av Namibia, den første observasjonen på den sørlige halvkule.[2] Disse hvalene kan ha svømt gjennom Nordvestpassasjen, som nå er enklere å passere på grunn av klimaendringer.[3]

Atferd

Gråhvalen er kjent for sine lange migreringer (opp mot 20 000 km eller mer tur/retur) mellom vinterbeite og parings- og kalveplassene sommerstid. Den er også kjent for hvalsangen sin, som er den mest komplekse blant alle hvalarter.

Gråhvalen filtrer mat fra sedimentene på havbunnen, gjennom å legge seg på siden og gulpe i seg mudderet, som så filtreres gjennom bardene når hvalen stiger til overflaten. De bygger opp fettreservene i vinterhalvåret (i nord) og lever av disse i paringstiden og kalvingen ( i sør).

Klassifisering

En større ny studie av hvalens fylogeni og evolusjon, gjort av Laura May-Collados og Ingi Agnarssons og publisert i 2005, der hele 64 (63 anerkjente) hvalarter inngikk, antyder at endringer i tidligere klassifisering av noe hvalarter, slekter og familier kan være nødvendig. May-Collados og Agnarssons studie viser blant annet at sørlig vågehval (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) er nærmere beslektet med gråhval (Eschrichtius robustus), enn med seihval (Balaenoptera borealis) og dvergbrydehval (Balaenoptera edeni).[4]

Referanser

Kilder

Eksterne lenker


zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Gråhval: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Gråhval (Eschrichtius robustus) er en bardehval og eneste art i slekten Eschrichtius som er monotypisk i gråhvalfamilien (Eschrichtiidae). Nyere forskning indikerer imidlertid at sørlig vågehval trolig er nærmere beslektet med gråhval enn andre finnhvaler, noe som reiser spørsmål om inndelingen. Gråhvalen har blitt spesielt kjent for sin komplekse sang, kalt hvalsang.

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Pływacz szary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy gatunku walenia. Zobacz też: pływacz (roślina). Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Pływacz szary[2], wal szary[5] (Eschrichtius robustus) – gatunek ssaka, jedyny żyjący współcześnie gatunek z rodziny pływaczowatych (Eschrichtiidae).

Systematyka

Takson po raz pierwszy opisany przez W. Lilljeborga w 1861 roku[6]. Jako miejsce typowe autor wskazał Szwecję („på Gräsön i Roslagen”; „Benen lägo 840 fot frän hafsstranden, ungefär 12 à 15 fot öfver hafvets yta” (= Uppland, wyspa Gräsö))[6]. Jedyny żyjący przedstawiciel rodzaju pływacz[2] (Eschrichtius) utworzonego przez J. E. Graya w 1864 roku[7][8].

Charakterystyka

Jego skóra jest szara, często pokryta pąklami. Zamiast płetwy grzbietowej pływacz ma serię zgrubień zaczynającą się od 1/3 długości ciała. Płetwa ogonowa jest wcięta i mierzy od czubka do czubka 3 m. Pływacz ma charakterystyczny, krótki i żółty fiszbin. Żywi się obunogami, wieloszczetami i mięczakami. przewracając się na boki i wykonując ruchy głową w mule dla wypłoszenia skorupiaków i niewielkich ryb. Wsysa wodę do pyska, a następnie wypycha ją zachowując pokarm na fiszbinach. Występuje w płytkich wodach przybrzeżnych Morza Arktycznego, Oceanu Spokojnego, od Morza Czukockiego, Beauforta, Beringa i Ochockiego na południe do Półwyspu Kalifornijskiego i Korei Południowej. Lato spędza żerując w Arktyce, następnie migruje na południe do zatok i lagun przybrzeżnych w celu rozrodu.

Od połowy jesieni aż do początków zimy przebywają odcinek dziewięciu tysięcy sześciuset kilometrów, który jest najdłuższym odcinkiem migracji tych ssaków. Przebywają około 160 kilometrów dziennie, a w podróży zawsze płyną w odległości kilku mil od wybrzeży. Samice docierają do Kalifornii Dolnej pod koniec grudnia aby po dwunastu, trzynastu miesiącach, w ciepłych i słonych wodach Lagun Ojo de Liebre, San Ignacio i w Zatoce Magdaleny, urodzić potomstwo[9].

Po ciąży trwającej około roku, w zimie, rodzi się jedno młode mające 4,6 m długości[10]. Walenie te żyją około 70 lat. Jest to waleń fiszbinowy; odżywia się przez przecedzanie wody przez duże płaty fiszbinu długości do 45 cm, zwisające z górnej szczęki. Waleń zagrożony wyginięciem. Jego liczebność została obniżona drastycznie przez polowania w przeszłości, tak że populacja z zachodniej części Oceanu Spokojnego bliska jest obecnie wymarcia.

Osiąga długość do 14 m i masę od 15–35 ton.

Przypisy

  1. a b c d Eschrichtius robustus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c d e f Nazwa polska za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 187. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  3. a b Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Eschrichtius robustus. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 16 grudnia 2009]
  4. Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. 2008, Eschrichtius robustus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-09-08] (ang.).
  5. Nazwa polska za: K. Kowalski (redaktor naukowy), A. Krzanowski, H. Kubiak, G. Rzebik-Kowalska, L. Sych: Ssaki. Wyd. IV. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991, s. 268, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny. ISBN 83-214-0637-8.
  6. a b W. Lilljeborg: Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske naturforskeres ottende møde, i Kiøbenhavn fra den 8de til den 14de juli 1860. Kopenhaga: Den Gyldendalske Boghandel, 1860, s. 602. (szw.)
  7. J. E. Gray. Notes on the Whalebone-Whales; with a synopsis of the species. „The Annals and Magazine of Natural History”. Thirth Series. 14, s. 350, 1864 (ang.).
  8. Rodzaj obejmuje także wymarły, plejstoceński gatunek Eschrichtius akishimaensis. Patrz: Toshiyuki Kimura, Yoshikazu Hasegawa i Naoki Kohno. A new species of the genus Eschrichtius (Cetacea: Mysticeti) from the Early Pleistocene of Japan. „Paleontological Research”. 22 (1), s. 1–19, 2018. DOI: 10.2517/2017PR007 (ang.).
  9. Wieloryby w Baja Kalifornia - Jagatour. [dostęp 2011-05-15].
  10. Peter Gill, Linda Gibson: Wieloryby, delfiny i morświny. Warszawa: "Cibet" PNT, 1998, seria: Poznawaj z Nami. ISBN 83-85749-15-2.
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Pływacz szary: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Pływacz szary, wal szary (Eschrichtius robustus) – gatunek ssaka, jedyny żyjący współcześnie gatunek z rodziny pływaczowatych (Eschrichtiidae).

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Baleia-cinzenta ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A baleia-cinzenta (Eschrichtius robustus) é um mamífero cetáceo da família dos escrictídeos.

Descrição

 src=
Uma baleia-cinzenta saltando.

Seu tamanho pode atingir cerca de 15 m de comprimento e pesar cerca de 35 toneladas. Sua alimentação é a base de anfípodos (pequenos crustáceos que vivem na água ou próximo, incluindo pulgas de areia e piolhos de baleia), krill, plâncton e moluscos. Ao contrário de outros cetáceos, a baleia-cinzenta tende a alimentar-se junto ao fundo do mar, onde agita a água para levantar material do fundo de onde consegue filtrar os seus alimentos. A distribuição atual e contida ao Oceano pacífico. A baleia-cinzenta também ocorre em águas litorais desde o mar de Okhotsk até a Coreia do Sul e Japão e desde os mares de Chukchi e de Beaufort no golfo do México.

Habitat

As baleias cinzentas são as mais litorais das baleias-de-barba e são encontradas frequentemente a um quilômetro da costa litoral, embora um aumento no tráfego de barcos possa forçar as baleias a permanecer em zonas mais distantes. Por causa de preferirem águas perto da costa, as baleias cinzentas são alguns dos cetáceos mais bem conhecidos.

Reprodução

Não se conhece o processo de acasalamento. A gestação dura cerca de 13 meses e o filhote ingere quase 600 litros de leite por dia, podendo dobrar seu peso em 1 semana. O desmame ocorre aos 7 meses de idade.

Descrição geral

A pele da baleia-cinzenta é sarapintada de cinzento escuro e de cinzento claro, embora já tenham sido observados alguns indivíduos esbranquiçados. Existe um dimorfismo sexual no tamanho. As fêmeas tendem a ser maiores do que os machos, talvez devido ao fato de serem estas que cuidam e protegem as suas crias. O único predador da baleia-cinzenta é a orca. As orcas preferem atacar especificamente os lábios, a língua e a cauda das baleias-cinzentas por serem as partes mais macias, ao contrário do resto do corpo.

Uma baleia-cinzenta nadou a maior distância percorrida por um vertebrado marinho já registrada cerca de 26,8 mil quilômetros, o que é mais da metade da distância equivalente à volta ao mundo.[2]

Referências

  1. Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. (2012). Eschrichtius robustus (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 3 de Dezembro de 2012..
  2. «Baleia-cinzenta estabelece novo recorde ao atravessar meio mundo». National Geographic. 14 de junho de 2021. Consultado em 28 de maio de 2022
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Baleia-cinzenta: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

A baleia-cinzenta (Eschrichtius robustus) é um mamífero cetáceo da família dos escrictídeos.

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Veľrybovec sivý ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Veľrybovec sivý[1] (staršie vráskavec sivý; lat. Eschrichtius robustus) je druh veľryby čeľade Eschrichtiidae.

Veľrybovec sivý je jediný recentný druh rodu Eschrichtius a jediný recentný druh v čeľadi Eschrichtiidae.

Podobne ako iné kosticovce, prijíma potravu filtrovaním. Jeho zvláštnosťou je to, že sa za ňou ponára k usadeninám v plytčinách, naberá plnú papuľu bahna a krátkymi a hrubými kosticami z neho filtruje červy, hviezdice, kôrovce a iné malé živočíchy. Tento druh vydáva chrochtavé, kvílivé stonavé a cvakavé zvuky. Funkcia týchto zvukových signálov je málo preskúmaná.

Veľrybovec sivý je štíhlejší ako pravé veľryby, ale zato robustnejší ako vráskavce. Jeho kostice dosahujú len 40 cm. Na každej strane čeľuste má po 130 – 180 kostíc. Veľrybovce sivé sa kŕmia v blízkosti pobreží, a tak sú na očiach zvedavcov, zvlášť vo východnom Pacifiku. Tieto veľryby migrujú v skupinách do 10 jedincov na sever na letné krmoviská a na juh do lagún s teplou vodou, kde odpočívajú a rodia mláďatá. Uskutočňujú najdlhšie sťahovanie spomedzi cicavcov – každý rok do 20 000 km.

Populácie vo východnom Pacifiku začali po vyhlásení ochrany roku 1946 narastať. Naproti tomu počty v západnom Pacifiku zostávajú stále nízke. Mnoho kosticovcov, nevnímajúc veľrybovce sivé, „špiónuje“ vo vertikálnej polohe s vynorenou hlavou. Možno takto hľadajú iné veľryby, sledujú vzdialenosť od pobrežia alebo kontrolujú vodné prúdy, ktorými migrujú. Veľrybovce sivé plávajú koordinovane, zoradené za sebou alebo v oblúkovom útvare.

Súhrnné informácie

  • Dĺžka: 13 – 15 m
  • Hmotnosť: 14 – 35 ton
  • Výskyt: Severný Pacifik
  • Sociabilita: Skupina
  • Status: Ohrozený
  • Biotopy výskytu: Otvorené more a oceán

Galéria

Referencie

  1. CARWARDINE, Mark. Veľryby, delfíny a sviňuchy. [s.l.] : Ikar, 2007. ISBN 9788055114477.

Iné projekty

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Veľrybovec sivý: Brief Summary ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Veľrybovec sivý (staršie vráskavec sivý; lat. Eschrichtius robustus) je druh veľryby čeľade Eschrichtiidae.

Veľrybovec sivý je jediný recentný druh rodu Eschrichtius a jediný recentný druh v čeľadi Eschrichtiidae.

Podobne ako iné kosticovce, prijíma potravu filtrovaním. Jeho zvláštnosťou je to, že sa za ňou ponára k usadeninám v plytčinách, naberá plnú papuľu bahna a krátkymi a hrubými kosticami z neho filtruje červy, hviezdice, kôrovce a iné malé živočíchy. Tento druh vydáva chrochtavé, kvílivé stonavé a cvakavé zvuky. Funkcia týchto zvukových signálov je málo preskúmaná.

Veľrybovec sivý je štíhlejší ako pravé veľryby, ale zato robustnejší ako vráskavce. Jeho kostice dosahujú len 40 cm. Na každej strane čeľuste má po 130 – 180 kostíc. Veľrybovce sivé sa kŕmia v blízkosti pobreží, a tak sú na očiach zvedavcov, zvlášť vo východnom Pacifiku. Tieto veľryby migrujú v skupinách do 10 jedincov na sever na letné krmoviská a na juh do lagún s teplou vodou, kde odpočívajú a rodia mláďatá. Uskutočňujú najdlhšie sťahovanie spomedzi cicavcov – každý rok do 20 000 km.

Populácie vo východnom Pacifiku začali po vyhlásení ochrany roku 1946 narastať. Naproti tomu počty v západnom Pacifiku zostávajú stále nízke. Mnoho kosticovcov, nevnímajúc veľrybovce sivé, „špiónuje“ vo vertikálnej polohe s vynorenou hlavou. Možno takto hľadajú iné veľryby, sledujú vzdialenosť od pobrežia alebo kontrolujú vodné prúdy, ktorými migrujú. Veľrybovce sivé plávajú koordinovane, zoradené za sebou alebo v oblúkovom útvare.

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Gråval ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Gråvalen (Eschrichtius robustus) är enda arten i familjen gråvalar (Eschrichtiidae). Den förekommer i arktiska och tempererade havsområden av Stilla havet.

Kännetecken

Kroppsfärgen är skiffer- eller mörkgrå. Gråvalen saknar ryggfena men har på ryggen flera knölar. Vid ansiktets undersida förekommer två till sju rännor. I varje käke finns cirka 150 barder som är ungefär 40 centimeter långa.

Gråvalen har två näsöppningar och andningsångan skjuter ibland 2 meter upp. Djuret blir cirka 16 meter, väger omkring 36 ton och blir 50–60 år gammal. Huden är vanligen täckt av vita ärr efter parasiter som rankfotingar eller vallöss. Särskilt ofta finns långhals (Pollicipes pollicipes) på valens huvud och stjärtfena.

Utbredning och habitat

Det finns två bestånd av gråvalar i Stilla havet; ett mindre bestånd som vandrar mellan Ochotska havet och södra Korea och ett större bestånd som vandrar mellan vattnen utanför Alaska och Baja California. Tidigare fanns ett bestånd i norra Atlanten, men detta utrotades av alltför högt jakttryck för cirka 300 år sedan. 2010 uppmärksammades dock en gråval i Medelhavet utanför Israels kust, men det är osäkert om arten är på väg tillbaka eller om det rör sig om en val som hamnat fel.

Levnadssätt

Gråvalen simmar långsamt med en maximal hastighet på åtta kilometer per timme. Den dyker vanligen fyra till fem minuter innan den kommer upp till vattenytan. Vid vattenytan utför de ofta hopp så att huvudet och främre delen av kroppen kommer upp i luften.

Föda

Bägge populationer av gråval tillbringar sommaren i näringsrika havsområden. Den amerikanska populationen vistas i Berings hav och den asiatiska i Ochotska havet. Artens föda utgörs huvudsakligen av märlor (Amphipoda), men även av hoppkräftor och fiskar. Som enda art i gruppen bardvalar filtrar den även havets bottensediment för att komma åt födan.[2] Vanligtvis simmar valen med sin högra kroppssida nedåt när den äter vid havets botten. Därför är barderna på denna sida mer slitna än på vänstra sida.

Fortplantning

Den kaliforniska gråvalen påbörjar en två till tre månaders vandring på hösten och färdas 8-11 000 km söderut längs Nordamerikas västkust. Djuren färdas i små grupper och målet är kustvattnen utanför Baja California och Californiaviken. Väl framme parar sig djuren och ungarna föds. Parningsbeteendet är komplext och omfattar ofta tre eller flera djur. Honan är dräktig cirka ett år och hon föder en unge vartannat år. Ungen föds med stjärten först och är cirka 4 meter lång. Det antas att gråvalarna föredrar att föda ungarna i grunt vatten i laguner då det där är lättare att skydda ungarna mot hajar.

Efter flera veckor börjar så återresan. Gråvalens årliga tur och returresa på 16-22 000 km med en genomsnittlig hastighet av 10 km/h anses vara den längsta vandringen något däggdjur genomför. En turistnäring runt valvandringarna har vuxit upp.

Hot

Den amerikanska beståndet är relativt välmående, men det asiatiska beståndet är närmast utrotat. Det asiatiska beståndet har jagats intensivt, och har inte visat några tecken på återhämtning. Det innehåller troligen färre än 50 individer som kan reproducera sig, vilket är gränsen för IUCN:s klassifikation som CR - Critically endangered/Akut hotad. Det amerikanska beståndet har på senare år haft ett ovanligt stort antal individer som dukat under under vandringen och det har fötts färre ungar än vanligt.

Källor

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 19 november 2008.

Noter

  1. ^ Reilly, S.B., Bannister, J.L., Best, P.B., Brown, M., Brownell Jr., R.L., Butterworth, D.S., Clapham, P.J., Cooke, J., Donovan, G.P., Urbán, J. & Zerbini, A.N. 2008 Eschrichtius robustus (på engelska). Från: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. Läst 7 april 2018.
  2. ^ ”Grauwal” (på tyska). Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society. Arkiverad från originalet den 25 maj 2012. https://archive.today/20120525092102/http://www.wdcs-de.org/general/ueber_wud/story_details.php?select=382.

Externa länkar

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Gråval: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Gråvalen (Eschrichtius robustus) är enda arten i familjen gråvalar (Eschrichtiidae). Den förekommer i arktiska och tempererade havsområden av Stilla havet.

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Gri balina ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Gri balina (Eschrichtius robustus), Eschrichtiidae familyasından boyu 16 metre, ağırlığı 36 ton olan balina türü. Ortalama 50-60 yıl yaşarlar.

Düşmanlar

Gri balinalar genellikle 2-3 mille yüzerler fakat korktuklarında bu hızı 6-7 mile çıkarırlar. Yüzgeçli bir balina ise 20 mil hızla yüzebilir. Bu düşük hız da gri balinaların kıyıya fazla yaklaşmalarından dolayı avcılardan kaçışını çok zor bir hale getirir.

1840 yılında 25.000 gri balina sayıldı fakat 1875 yılında 50 balinayı bir arada görmek olağanüstü bir durum sayılıyordu. Bu balinalar okyanusun kuzeyindeyken Eskimolar, Kraliçe Charlotte ve Vancouver körfezinde Kızılderililer, güneydeyken ise Amerikalı balinacılar tarafından avlandılar. Fakat gri balinanın insandan başka düşmanları da vardır. Katil balinalar onları en çok öldüren hayvanların başında gelir.

Beslenme

Gri balina da daha ender bulunan gök balina gibi, besini ağzındaki balena denilen levhalar yardımıyla toplar. Denizdeki yumuşakça ve kabuklu hayvanlarla beslenir. Ağzını açarak besinini suyla birlikte ağzına alır. Sonra suyu balenalardan dışarı vererek içeride sadece besinlerin kalmasını sağlar.

Stub icon Balina ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Gri balina: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Gri balina (Eschrichtius robustus), Eschrichtiidae familyasından boyu 16 metre, ağırlığı 36 ton olan balina türü. Ortalama 50-60 yıl yaşarlar.

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original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia TR

Кит сірий ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Поширення

Країни поширення: Канада, Мексика, Російська Федерація, Сполучені Штати Америки. Є дві основні території проживання сірого кита; одна — уздовж східного узбережжя Тихого океану від Каліфорнії до Берингового і Чукотського морів, а інша — в західній частині Тихого океану від Південної Кореї до Охотського моря. Сірий кит колись жив також в Атлантичному океані, але вимер тут в кінці 17-го — на початку 18-го століття.

Опис

Довжина самців: 11,9–14,3 м, самиць: 12,8–15,2 м; вага самців: 16 тонн, вага вагітних самиць: 31–34 тонн. Забарвлення темно-сіре й тіло покрита характерними сіро-білими візерунками, шрамами від паразитів. Спинний плавник відсутній. Є дві глибокі борозенки на горлі, які дозволяють розширити рот при годуванні, і китові вуса кремово-білого кольору, які використовуються для фільтрації їжі. Самиці, як правило, більші, ніж самці, але в іншому обидві статі подібні за зовнішнім виглядом.

Спосіб життя і живлення

Цей кит, як правило, живе в прибережних водах не глибше, ніж на 100 метрів. На жаль, через його звичку триматися уздовж берега, він є легкою здобиччю для китобоїв. Живиться переважно донними ракоподібними. У Східній частині Тихого океану тварини щорічно мігрують від арктичних місць годівлі до місць розмноження в мексиканських водах, долаючи до 20400 кілометрів. Так само мігрують тварини у західній частині Тихого океану. Косатка є єдиним крім людини хижаком для сірого кита.

Відтворення

Сексуальна активність може статися в будь-який час року, але, як правило, зосереджена на півдні міграції. Після вагітності тривалістю близько 13 місяців народжується одне дитинча до 4,6 м в довжину. Маля вигодовується протягом семи місяців. Тривалість життя 50–70 років.

Загрози

Основною загрозою цьому виду було полювання. Діяльність перших китобоїв було принаймні фактором, що сприяв зникненню сірих китів у Атлантичному океані, а масштабна надмірна експлуатація в 19-м і 20-м століттях майже знищили цілий вид. Хоча полювання тепер заборонене невелика квота дозволяється корінним мисливцям. Доставка і промислова діяльність в прибережних міграційних шляхах збільшує ризик зіткнень з судами, заплутування в рибальських мережах і забруднення довкілля. Крім того є проблема деградації довкілля в результаті буріння і драгування.

Охорона

У 1946 році Міжнародна китобійна комісія (IWC) захистила законом сірих китів від комерційного полювання. У східній частині Тихого океану це вилилось у помітне збільшення чисельності населення від межі вимирання до приблизно 21 000 особин сьогодні (2002 р.). Проте, в західній частині Тихого океану населення, що мігрує уздовж східного узбережжя Росії залишається дуже малим, і знаходиться в критичному стані. Спостереження за китами, особливо в південній частині Каліфорнії і в Мексиці, перетворилося на надзвичайно популярний туристичний атракціон, забезпечуючи додаткову цінність для збереження цих тварин.

Примітки

Джерела


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Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
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wikipedia UK

Cá voi xám ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá voi xám (danh pháp hai phần: Eschrichtius robustus), là một con cá voi tấm sừng hàm hàng năm di chuyển giữa khu vực kiếm thức ăn và sinh sản. Nó đạt tới chiều dài khoảng 16 mét, trọng lượng 36 tấn, và tuổi thọ 50-70 năm[3]. Tên gọi phổ biến của cá voi đến từ các đốm xám và đường văn màu trắng trên da đen của nó[4]. Cá voi xám từng được gọi là cá quỷ vì hành vi phản kháng của chúng khi bị săn bắn[5]. Cá voi xám là loài còn sống duy nhất trong chi Eschrichtius, chi này lại là chi sống sót duy nhất trong họ Eschrichtiidae. Loài động vật có vú này có nguồn gốc từ cá voi ăn bằng hàm răng lọc đồ ăn đã phát triển ở đầu thế Oligocen, hơn 30 triệu năm trước.

Những con cá voi xám phân bố trong vùng Đông Bắc Thái Bình Dương (Bắc Mỹ) dân số và một cực kỳ nguy cấp dân Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương (châu Á). Số lượng ở Bắc Đại Tây Dương đã bị tuyệt diệt (có thể do nạn săn bắt cá voi) trên bờ biển châu Âu trước năm 500 và bờ biển Mỹ khoảng cuối những năm 17 đến thế kỷ đầu tiên 18[6]. Tuy nhiên, ngày 08 tháng 5 năm 2010, việc xuất hiện một con cá voi xám đã được xác nhận ngoài khơi bờ biển Israel ở biển Địa Trung Hải[7], dẫn một số nhà khoa học nghĩ rằng họ có thể phục hồi số lượng ở khu vực sinh sản cũ mà không được sử dụng trong nhiều thế kỷ[7].

Phân loại học

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Skeleton

Theo cách hiểu thông thường, cá voi xám được xem là loài duy nhất còn sinh tồn trong chi và họ của nó.[8] Phân tích DNA gần đây chỉ ra các loài trong họ Balaenopteridae, như cá voi lưng gù (Megaptera novaeangliaecá voi vây (Balaenoptera physalus), có quan hệ gần gũi hơn với cá voi xám hơn là các loài khác trong họ Balaenopteridae như cá voi Minke.[9][10] John Edward Gray đã xếp nó vào chi Eschrichtius năm 1865, và đặt tên chi này theo tên của nhà động vật học Daniel Eschricht.[11] Tên gọi phổ biến của nó xuất phát từ màu xám của nó. Các mẫu bán hóa thạch của loài cá voi xám đã tuyệt chủng được Gray thu thập từ các bờ biển Đại Tây Dương thuộc AnhThụy Điển, theo đó ông Gray đã miêu tả khoa học loài này đầu tiên mà sau này chỉ tìm thấy được loài còn sinh tồn sống trong các vùng nước thuộc Thái Bình Dương.[12] Các loài đang sinh sống trong Thái Bình Dương đã được Cope miêu tả và đặt tên là Rhachianectes glaucus năm 1869.[13] So sánh khung xương cho thấy các loài ở Thái Bình Dương giống hệt các hóa thạch ở Đại Tây Dương trong thập niên 1930, và cách đặt tên của Gray sau đó đã được công nhận.[14][15] Mặc dù sự giống nhau giữa các cá thể trong Thái Bình Dương và Đại Tây Dương không thể được chứng minh bằng các dữ liệu giải phẫu, khung xương của nó có nét đặc trưng và dễ dàng phân biệt với tất cả các cá thể cá voi còn sống khác.[16]

Có nhiều tên gọi đã được sử dụng để chỉ cá voi xám, bao gồm cá voi sa mạc,[17] cá voi lưng xám, devil fish, mussel digger và rip sack.[18] Tên khoa học Eschrichtius gibbosus đôi khi cũng có một số tài liệu sử dụng; tên gọi này đã được chấp nhận theo miêu tả của Erxleben năm 1777.[19]

Số cá thể

Có hai nhóm phân bố trên Thái Bình Dương: một nhóm với số lượng ít hơn 130 con (theo đánh giá năm 2008[20]) tuyến đường di cư của chúng giữa biển Okhotsk và Hàn Quốc, và một nhóm lớn hơn với số cá thể khoảng 20.000 đến 22.000 con sống ở phía đông Thái Bình Dương và di chuyển giữa các vùng nước ngoài khơi AlaskaBaja California Sur. Nhóm phía tây được IUCN xếp vào nhóm cực kỳ nguy cấp. Không có cá thể cái mới sinh được ghi nhận năm 2010, nên có ít nhất 26 con cái có khả năng sinh theo quan sát từ năm 1995.[20] Ngay cả một số rất nhỏ các con cái chết hàng năm sẽ làm số lượng cá thể của phân nhóm này suy giảm.[21]

Năm 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter sử dụng cá tiếp cận gen để ước tính sự phong phú của thời kỳ trước khi cá voi bị đánh bắt dựa trên các mẫu lấy từ 42 con cá voi xám ở California, và công bố sự biến đổi DNA ở hợp phần di truyền loci với số cá thể 76.000–118.000 con, lớn hơn từ 3 đến 5 lần so với số cá thể trung bình bằng phương pháp thống kê năm 2007.[22] NOAA đã tiến hành nghiên cứu số cá thể mới trong giai đoạn 2010–2011; dữ liệu này đã được công bố năm 2012.[23] Hệ sinh thái biển có thể đã thay đổi kể từ thời kỳ trước khi đánh bắt cá voi, làm cho sự hồi phục của số lượng cá voi trước thời gian bị đánh bắt là không khả thi; nhiều nhà sinh thái biển đã cho rằng số cá thể cá voi xám ở đông Thái Bình Dương xấp xỉ khả năng tiếp nhận số cá thể trong môi trường đó.[24]

Cá voi xám đã tuyệt chủng ở bắc Đại Tây Dương trong thế kỷ 18.[25] Phân tích đồng vị phóng xạ cacbon của các hóa thạch được lấy ở các bờ biển châu Âu (Bỉ, Hà Lan, Thụy Điển, Vương quốc Anh) đã xác nhận điều đó, có thể nguyên nhân do đánh bắt cá voi.[16] Xác định tuổi của các mẫu khác ở thời kỳ La Mã cũng đã đực tìm thấy ở Địa Trung Hải trong khi đào bến cảng cổ Lattara gần Montpellier năm 1997, đã dấy lên câu hỏi liệu các cá thể cá voi xám Đại Tây Dương đã di chuyển lên và xuống bờ biển châu Âu để vào sinh đẻ trong Địa Trung Hải hay không.[26] Tương tự, việc định tuổi cacbon của các mẫu bán hóa thạch bờ biển đông châu Mỹ đã xác nhận cá voi xám đã sinh sống ở đây ít nhất từ thế kỷ 17. Số cá thể này phân bố ít nhất là từ Southampton, New York, đến Jupiter Island, Florida, từ 1675.[15] Trong quyển lịch sử đảo Nantucket từ 1835, Obed Macy đã viết rằng trong các khu vực sinh sống của cá heo 1672 được gọi là "scragg", chúng đã vào cảng và bị giết bởi những người định cư.[27] A. B. Van Deinse chỉ ra rằng "scrag whale", được P. Dudley miêu tả năm 1725 là một trong những loài bị săn bắt ở những người săn cá voi New England trước đây, hầu hết là cá voi xám.[28][29]

Giữa năm 1980, 3 cá thể cá voi xám được nhìn thấy ở phía đông biển Beaufort, nên người ta cho rằng sự phân bố của chúng cách phía đông dãi phân bố hiện hữu lúc đó là 585 kilômét (364 mi).[30] Tháng 5 năm 2010, một con cá voi xám được nhìn thấy ngoài khơi Địa Trung Hải thuộc Israel.[31] Người ta cho rằng con cá voi này có nguồn gốc từ Thái Bình Dương vào Đại Tây Dương qua hành lang Tây Bắc, vì các tuyến hàng hải thay thế qua kênh đào Panama hoặc Mũi Hảo Vọng không tiếp giáp với lãnh thổ sinh sống của cá voi. Khi băng tan từ từ và sự thu hẹp biển băng Bắc Cực đạt đến đỉnh điểm năm 2007 làm cho tuyến đường Tây-Bắc trở nên thông thoáng hơn[32] Cùng con cá đó đã được thấy lần nữa ngày 30 tháng 5 năm 2010 ngoài khơi bờ biển Barcelona.[33]

Tháng 1 năm 2011, một con cá voi xám được đánh dấu thuộc nhóm phía tây đã được theo dõi là đã di chuyển về phía đông đến dải phân bố của nhóm phía đông ngoài khơi bờ biển British Columbia.[34]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Mead, James G.; Brownell, Robert L., Jr. (16 tháng 11 năm 2005). “Order Cetacea (pp. 723-743)”. Trong Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. [http://google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA723 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (ấn bản 3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 tập (2 142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Reilly SB, Bannister JL, Best PB, Brown M, Brownell Jr. RL, Butterworth DS, Clapham PJ, Cooke J, Donovan GP, Urbán J & Zerbini AN (2008). Eschrichtius robustus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 17 tháng 10 năm 2008.
  3. ^ Recovery Strategy for the Grey Whale (Eschrichtius robustus), Atlantic Population, in Canada
  4. ^ American Cetacean Society Fact Sheet on Gray Whale
  5. ^ WWF Gray Whale Information Page
  6. ^ William F. Perrin, Bernd G. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen (2009). [Encyclopedia of marine mammals By William F. Perrin, Bernd G. Würsig, J. G. M. Thewissen Encyclopedia of marine mammals] Kiểm tra giao thức |url= (trợ giúp). Academic Press. tr. 404. ISBN 9780123735539. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 7 năm 2010.
  7. ^ a ă Thomas, Pete (10 tháng 5 năm 2010). “’Gray whale off Israel called 'most amazing sighting in history of whales'‘”. GrindTV.com. Truy cập 12 tháng 5 năm 2010.
  8. ^ The Paleobiology Database Eschrichtiidae entry accessed on ngày 26 tháng 12 năm 2010
  9. ^ Arnason, U., Gullberg A. & Widegren, B. (1993). “Cetacean mitochondrial DNA control region: sequences of all extant baleen whales and two sperm whale species”. Molecular Biology and Evolution 10 (5): 960–970. PMID 8412655.
  10. ^ Sasaki, T. và đồng nghiệp (2005). “Mitochondrial Phylogenetics and Evolution of Mysticete Whales”. Systematic Biology 54 (1): 77–90. PMID 15805012. doi:10.1080/10635150590905939. Bảo trì CS1: Định rõ "và đồng nghiệp" (link)
  11. ^ Gray (1864). “Eschrichtius”. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 3 (14): 350.
  12. ^ Pyenson, Nicholas D.; Lindberg, David R. (2011). Goswami, Anjali, biên tập. “What Happened to Gray Whales during the Pleistocene? The Ecological Impact of Sea-Level Change on Benthic Feeding Areas in the North Pacific Ocean”. PLoS ONE 6 (7): e21295. PMC 3130736. PMID 21754984. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021295.
  13. ^ Cope (1869). “Rhachianectes”. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 21: 15.
  14. ^ Cederlund, BA (1938). “A subfossil gray whale discovered in Sweden in 1859”. Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala 18: 269–286.
  15. ^ a ă Mead JG, Mitchell ED (1984). “Atlantic gray whales”. Trong Jones ML, Swartz SL, Leatherwood S. The Gray Whale. London: Academic Press. tr. 33–53.
  16. ^ a ă Bryant, PJ (1995). “Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic”. Journal of Mammalogy 76 (3): 857–861. JSTOR 1382754. doi:10.2307/1382754.
  17. ^ Waser, Katherine (1998). “Ecotourism and the desert whale: An interview with Dr. Emily Young”. Arid Lands Newsletter.
  18. ^ Eschrichtius robustus (TSN 180521) tại Hệ thống Thông tin Phân loại Tích hợp (ITIS).
  19. ^ Erxleben (1777). “Balaena gibbosa”. Systema regni animalis: 610.
  20. ^ a ă “Report of the Scientific Committee, Tromsø, Norway, 30 May to ngày 11 tháng 6 năm 2011 Annex F: Sub-Committee on Bowhead, Right and Gray Whale” (PDF). IWC Office.
  21. ^ “Eschrichtius robustus (western subpopulation)”. IUCN Red List.
  22. ^ Alter, SE; Rynes, E.; Palumbi, S. R. (tháng 9 năm 2007). “DNA evidence for historic population size and past ecosystem impacts of gray whales”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (38): 15162–15167. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706056104. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |month= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  23. ^ “California Group Seeks Protections For Gray Whale”. Santa Cruz Sentinel. Tháng 11 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2011.
  24. ^ “Gray Whale Population Studies”. NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Protected Resource Division. 2010. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2011.
  25. ^ Rice DW (1998). Marine Mammals of the World. Systematics and Distribution. Special Publication Number 4. Lawrence, Kansas: The Society for Marine Mamalogy.
  26. ^ Macé M. (2003). “Did the Gray Whale calve in the Mediterranean?”. Lattara 16: 153–164.
  27. ^ Macy O (1835). The History of Nantucket:being a compendious account of the first settlement of the island by the English:together with the rise and progress of the whale fishery, and other historical facts relative to said island and its inhabitants:in two parts. Boston: Hilliard, Gray & Co. ISBN 1-4374-0223-2.
  28. ^ Van Deinse, AB (1937). “Recent and older finds of the gray whale in the Atlantic”. Temminckia 2: 161–188.
  29. ^ Dudley, P (1725). “An essay upon the natural history of whales”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 33 (381–391): 256–259. JSTOR 103782. doi:10.1098/rstl.1724.0053.
  30. ^ Rugh, David J. and Fraker, Mark A. (tháng 6 năm 1981). “Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Sightings in Eastern Beaufort Sea” (PDF). Arctic. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 7 năm 2010.
  31. ^ צפריר רינת 08.05.2010 16:47 עודכן ב: 16:50. “לווייתן אפור נצפה בפעם הראשונה מול חופי ישראל – מדע וסביבה – הארץ”. Haaretz.co.il. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 6 năm 2012.
  32. ^ “Satellites witness lowest Arctic ice coverage in history”. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2007.
  33. ^ Walker, Matt (ngày 30 tháng 5 năm 2010). “Mystery gray whale sighted again off Spain coast”. BBC News. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 6 năm 2010.
  34. ^ “Western Pacific Gray Whale, Sakhalin Island 2010”. Oregon State University, Marine Mammal Institute. Tháng 2 năm 2011. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 2 năm 2011.

Tham khảo

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Cá voi xám: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá voi xám (danh pháp hai phần: Eschrichtius robustus), là một con cá voi tấm sừng hàm hàng năm di chuyển giữa khu vực kiếm thức ăn và sinh sản. Nó đạt tới chiều dài khoảng 16 mét, trọng lượng 36 tấn, và tuổi thọ 50-70 năm. Tên gọi phổ biến của cá voi đến từ các đốm xám và đường văn màu trắng trên da đen của nó. Cá voi xám từng được gọi là cá quỷ vì hành vi phản kháng của chúng khi bị săn bắn. Cá voi xám là loài còn sống duy nhất trong chi Eschrichtius, chi này lại là chi sống sót duy nhất trong họ Eschrichtiidae. Loài động vật có vú này có nguồn gốc từ cá voi ăn bằng hàm răng lọc đồ ăn đã phát triển ở đầu thế Oligocen, hơn 30 triệu năm trước.

Những con cá voi xám phân bố trong vùng Đông Bắc Thái Bình Dương (Bắc Mỹ) dân số và một cực kỳ nguy cấp dân Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương (châu Á). Số lượng ở Bắc Đại Tây Dương đã bị tuyệt diệt (có thể do nạn săn bắt cá voi) trên bờ biển châu Âu trước năm 500 và bờ biển Mỹ khoảng cuối những năm 17 đến thế kỷ đầu tiên 18. Tuy nhiên, ngày 08 tháng 5 năm 2010, việc xuất hiện một con cá voi xám đã được xác nhận ngoài khơi bờ biển Israel ở biển Địa Trung Hải, dẫn một số nhà khoa học nghĩ rằng họ có thể phục hồi số lượng ở khu vực sinh sản cũ mà không được sử dụng trong nhiều thế kỷ.

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Серый кит ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Серые киты, выглядывающие из воды

Серый кит обычно сильно заражён эктопаразитами: китовыми вшами (Cyamus scammonli) и усоногими рачками (Cryptolepas rhachianactei), раковины которых глубоко проникают в кожу. Чтобы избавиться от них киты трутся телом о дно или заходят в пресноводные лагуны, вода в которых убивает наружных паразитов. Не раз наблюдали, как серые киты буквально перекатываются в зоне прибоя, счищая с себя паразитов. Нередко некоторые виды морских птиц, например ипатка (Fratercula corniculata), чайка-бургомистр (Larus hyperboreus) и полярная крачка (Sterna paradisaea), склёвывают паразитов с кожи китов, всплывших на поверхность.

Миграции и размножение

Сезон спаривания длится с декабря по март с пиком в январе-феврале. С октября серые киты начинают мигрировать на юг вдоль побережья, проходя около 120 км в день. К концу декабря — началу января киты достигают тёплых мелководных заливов, где приступают к размножению. Первыми в лагуны прибывают беременные самки, готовые к родам; основная масса китов скапливается здесь к февралю. Одинокие самцы и самки как правило держатся в устье залива; самки с новорожденными — на мелководье, куда не могут заплыть косатки и крупные акулы. Через три недели брачного сезона серые киты начинают возвращаться обратно на север. Последними заливы покидают беременные самки с молодняком, которые отправляются в путь лишь в конце марта — начале апреля, изредка задерживаясь до мая.

Беременность у серых китов длится около года. Новорождённые имеют длину тела 3,6—5,5 м при массе 650—800 кг. Вскоре после родов самки снова спариваются. Лактация продолжается 6—7 месяцев. К концу молочного вскармливания китёнок вырастет до 7 м, после чего его рост замедляется, и к году он достигает 8,5 м, а к 2 годам — 9 м. Окончательно самостоятельным молодой кит становится после миграции на север. Половая зрелость наступает в 8—9 лет. Родительский инстинкт развит сильно: защищая детёныша, самка способна броситься на лодку с людьми. Смертность молодых китов довольна высока.

Статус популяции и охрана

 src=
Общение молодого серого кита с людьми, 1972 г.

Серый кит занесен в Красную книгу Российской Федерации, однако его добыча в ограниченном режиме ведется на Чукотке. Для добычи разрешается применять только ручные гарпуны и моторные лодки. Запрещается применять даже огнестрел. Добытое мясо, а также другой материал запрещается продавать.

В прошлом серый кит был одним из основных промысловых видов китов из-за его доступности. В 18531856 гг. его численность в водах Калифорнии оценивалось в 30 тысяч особей. Однако усиленный промысел привёл к почти полному истреблению вида. К 1930 г. серых китов оставалось всего несколько сотен. В 1938 г. было введено ограничение промысла, а с 1947 г. полное запрещение. К 1955 г. численность чукотско-калифорнийского стада китов возросла до 3—4 тысяч голов, к 1960 — до 6000, к 2001 г. достиг 26 000 голов. В настоящее время серых китов разрешено промышлять только коренным народностям Чукотки для своих нужд.

Численность охотско-корейской популяции в начале XX века составляла 2,5—3 тысяч особей. К середине XX века считалась полностью истребленной. В 1983 г. обнаружено 20 особей у берегов о. Сахалина, его современная численность составляет всего 125—150 особей. Эта популяция занесена в Красный список Международного союза охраны природы (МСОП, IUCN) со статусом «находящаяся под угрозой исчезновения» (Critically Endangered)[6].

Так же существует проект переселения части серых китов в Северную Атлантику, в Ирландское море.

Серый кит — первый из беззубых китов, который побывал в океанариуме: в 1966 г. самка-сосунок длиной 5 м и массой 1,5 т была загарпунена в море. Её подняли на борт судна, поместили в купальный бассейн и через 5 дней доставили в океанариум г. Сан-Диего (Калифорния). Кит переносил неволю, однако погиб через 45 дней от инфекции.

В 1972 году был проведен уникальный эксперимент: для научно-исследовательских целей был пойман детеныш серого кита, выращен в неволе до года и выпущен в родную стихию с радиопередатчиком на спине. Этот рискованный, дорогостоящий и трудный опыт вполне оправдал себя. Китенок позволил ученым узнать многое о серых китах, понять некоторые проблемы экологии и физиологии этих гигантов, живущих в океане довольно скрытно от человека.[7]

В 2008 году при поддержке Председателя Правительства России В. В. Путина[8], в рамках Постоянно действующей экспедиции РАН по изучению животных Красной Книги РФ и других особо важных животных фауны России, начата Программа изучения ареала охотско-корейской популяции серого кита[6].

Подвиды

Включает два подвида:[9]

  • Eschrichtius robustus gibbosus (= Eschrichtius gibbosus) был уничтожен в результате неконтролируемого промысла. Последнее сообщение было о мёртвом ките, выброшенном на берег Англии в 1864 году[10].
  • Eschrichtius robustus robustus

Примечания

  1. Вид Серый кит (англ.) в Мировом реестре морских видов (World Register of Marine Species).
  2. Томилин А. Г. Отряд Китообразные (Cetacea) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 359—360. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  3. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 469. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  4. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 119. — 10 000 экз.
  5. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. — P. 129. — 574 p. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  6. 1 2 Серый кит | О программе (неопр.). kit.sevin-expedition.ru. Проверено 28 апреля 2017.
  7. Корр Э. и Эванс У. К 66 Кит в океанариуме. История Гиги / Пер. с англ. — М.: Знание, 1988. — 128 с., 34 ил. — ISBN 5-07-000048-9
  8. Экспедиция РАН | Проекты (неопр.). sevin-expedition.ru. Проверено 28 апреля 2017.
  9. BioLib Profil — taxonu druh plejtvákovec šedý Eschrichtius robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861)
  10. Соколов В. Е. Редкие и исчезающие животные. Млекопитающие : Справ. пособие. — М. : Высшая школа, 1986. — 519 с., [24] л. ил. — 100 000 экз.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Серый кит: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Серые киты, выглядывающие из воды

Серый кит обычно сильно заражён эктопаразитами: китовыми вшами (Cyamus scammonli) и усоногими рачками (Cryptolepas rhachianactei), раковины которых глубоко проникают в кожу. Чтобы избавиться от них киты трутся телом о дно или заходят в пресноводные лагуны, вода в которых убивает наружных паразитов. Не раз наблюдали, как серые киты буквально перекатываются в зоне прибоя, счищая с себя паразитов. Нередко некоторые виды морских птиц, например ипатка (Fratercula corniculata), чайка-бургомистр (Larus hyperboreus) и полярная крачка (Sterna paradisaea), склёвывают паразитов с кожи китов, всплывших на поверхность.

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灰鯨 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Eschrichtius robustus
Lilljeborg, 1861 灰鯨分佈圖
灰鯨分佈圖

灰鯨Eschrichtius robustus),現又稱東太平洋灰鯨,其他称呼有加州灰鲸魔鬼鱼掘贝者弱鲸,是一種每年來往攝食區和繁殖區的。为灰鲸科灰鲸属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于黄海、东海等海域,多栖息于热带及暖温带海域。该物种的模式产地在瑞典。牠們約有16 長,36公頓重,一般可活到50–60歲。灰鯨曾一度被稱為「魔鬼魚」,因為當牠們被追獵時會奮力搏鬥。灰鯨是灰鲸屬中唯一的物種,亦是灰鯨科中唯一的物種。這種動物是最古老的物種之一,在地球上已有約3000萬年的歷史。在很久之前牠們一度是巨牙鯊的捕食對象(巨牙鯊現已滅絕)。

族群、分佈和遷徙

目前灰鯨在太平洋有兩族群:其中一個不多於300隻灰鯨的小族群的遷徙路線沒有人知道,但一般推測是在鄂霍次克海和南南韓之間,而另一大族群(東太平洋族群)的遷徙路線則是在阿拉斯加下加利福尼亞州之間。而北大西洋從前亦曾有第3個族群,不過在300年前已因被大量獵殺而滅絕。

在秋天,灰鯨在東太平洋或加州開始牠們為期2–3個月,長達8,000–11,000 公里,沿著美國墨西哥西岸往南的遷徙旅程。牠們以小組的形式遷徙,其目的地是下加利福尼亞州和南加利福尼亞灣的海岸,牠們會在那裡繁殖,而牠們通常都是3隻或以上的灰鯨一起生殖。懷孕期約為1年,懷孕的母鯨會回到繁殖地生下單胎的小灰鯨,相信那裡深水的繁殖區可以保護新生的小灰鯨免受鯊魚的襲擊。 小灰鯨出生時尾巴會先出母體,並長約4米。 數個星期之後,牠們開始歸程。牠們以時速10 公里的速度前進,這樣來回共長16,000–22,000 公里,被認為是任何哺乳動物中每年遷徙最長的距離。賞鯨的行業給生態旅遊和水生動物的愛好者提供了在灰鯨遷徙時看灰鯨的好機會。

攝食

這種鯨主要的食物是水中的甲殼綱動物。按照生物學上的分類,牠們是屬於鬚鯨,有鯨鬚,可以當作篩子用,捕獲海中的小動物包括片腳類動物等,也順帶把沙、水和其他東西吃掉。通常灰鯨會在牠們遷徙途中進食。

特徵

 src=
在加州聖巴巴拉的灰鯨。圖攝於3-29-07。
 src=
一隻灰鯨

成年的灰鲸肤色是棕灰或浅灰,全身覆盖着淡色中夹杂白色或橘色的斑点,腹部的颜色较淺。身体后部的皮肤上凹凸不平。它的眼睛是圆形的,位于口角的后面,比其他须鲸类的眼睛的位置靠上,上眼睑略长。耳孔较大,位于眼睛与鳍肢的基部之间。鲸须是淡黄色的。鳍肢上有4指,沒有第一指。

遷徙

灰鲸在東太平洋或加州的遷徙路線一般被認為是目前所知哺乳動物中最長的遷徙距離。牠們從白令海楚科奇海出發,在墨西哥下加利福尼亞半島繁殖區結束,牠們來回的遷徙令牠們從海岸線遷到了12,500米以外。

當北面的冰開始向南推進時,這旅程就會開始。灰鯨日夜趕路,每天平均可前進120 公里。在12月中旬到1月上旬,大部分的灰鯨都已到達了加州蒙特瑞聖地牙哥

12月下旬到1月上旬,首批灰鯨開始陸續抵達下加利福尼亞半島的繁殖區。這批灰鯨通常都是懷孕的母鯨,希望在繁殖區找個好地點生下小灰鯨,以及有一些單獨的雌鯨,希望找到適合的雄性配偶。在2月中旬到3月中旬,其他大部分的灰鯨都到達繁殖區。這時繁殖區充滿了照料小鯨的母鯨及正在找尋配偶的雌鯨。

2月和3月詔後,首批離開繁殖區的是雄鯨及一些單獨的雌鯨。當牠們找到配偶後,會北移到牠們在白令海和楚科奇海的攝食區。懷孕的母鯨和牠們新生的小鯨是離開繁殖區的最後一批。當牠們的小鯨準備好長途的遷徙後,牠們才會離開繁殖區,因為牠們通常都在3月下旬到4月中旬才離開。有時也會有一些母鯨和牠們的小鯨繼續逗留下去,到5月才離開。

對灰鯨的保護及人類的影響

成年灰鯨的天敵為人類虎鯨。加州灰鯨的繁殖區在1857年被人類發現之後,那裡的灰鯨被過度獵殺,幾乎要絕種。因為鯨數量減少而導致魚穫不好後,鯨的數量又慢慢的恢復過來,但在20世紀工廠的船隻出現之後,鯨的數量再度減少。灰鯨於1949年開始被国際捕鯨委員会(IWC)立法保護後,就再沒有遇上大規模的獵殺行動。

小規模的獵殺灰鯨行動從那時開始,可是原來俄羅斯東北部楚科奇半島一帶有大量灰鯨在那裡度過夏天。獵鯨的行為逐漸嚴重,世界亦逐漸關注灰鯨,反獵鯨的人士紛紛阻止對灰鯨的獵殺行為。

到2001年,加州灰鯨的族群數量又回到約26,000隻。到2004年,西太平洋(近韓國日本堪察加半島的海)灰鯨族群的數量估計有101隻。

灰鯨的大西洋族群在17世紀被大量獵殺至幾乎絕種。可是在2005年7月,在蘭開夏郡中部大學工作的科學家提議把一部分灰鯨遷至大西洋愛爾蘭海。並沒有人知道這計劃是否能實現。[1]

被捉

1972年,一隻名為「Gigi」的3歲小灰鯨被捉去作短暫的研究,並在聖地牙哥附近獲釋放。

1997年1月,新生的小灰鯨「J.J.」被發現於洛杉磯海岸,極為無助,當時為4.2 米長,800 公斤重。當時牠被送往聖地牙哥海洋世界照料,1998年3月31日,牠獲得釋放,並被釋放於太平洋,那時已是9 米長,8500 公斤重。

新聞

一條灰鯨,在2007年1月25日被發現於加拿大英屬哥倫比亞菲沙河,疑是在遷徙途中與同伴失散。之後牠們慢慢地回到海中。

一隻單獨的灰鯨於2005年春天在日本東部海岸線,東京灣附近被發現。那時是4月,吸引了一大班的賞鯨人來觀看,但之後卻被漁民的網纏住,在5月上旬被發現已淹死。[2]

參考來源

一般參考來源

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:灰鯨  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:灰鯨
Marine Mammal Hunting. Marine mammal hunting is part of the traditional lifestyle of the indigenous population in coastal Chukotkan communities. Native peoples are provided with an annual quota to procure 169 whales, 10,000 ringed seals, and 3,000 walruses. Marine mammal by-products are used as food in fox ranches.
 title=
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original
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

灰鯨: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

灰鯨(Eschrichtius robustus),現又稱東太平洋灰鯨,其他称呼有加州灰鲸、魔鬼鱼、掘贝者和弱鲸,是一種每年來往攝食區和繁殖區的。为灰鲸科灰鲸属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于黄海、东海等海域,多栖息于热带及暖温带海域。该物种的模式产地在瑞典。牠們約有16 長,36公頓重,一般可活到50–60歲。灰鯨曾一度被稱為「魔鬼魚」,因為當牠們被追獵時會奮力搏鬥。灰鯨是灰鲸屬中唯一的物種,亦是灰鯨科中唯一的物種。這種動物是最古老的物種之一,在地球上已有約3000萬年的歷史。在很久之前牠們一度是巨牙鯊的捕食對象(巨牙鯊現已滅絕)。

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コククジラ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
コククジラ コククジラ 保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 階級なし : クジラ目 Cetacea 亜目 : ヒゲクジラ亜目 Mysticeti 上科 : ナガスクジラ上科 : ?コククジラ科 Eschrichtiidae : コククジラ属 Eschrichtius : コククジラ E. robustus 学名 Eschrichtius robustus
(Lilljeborg, 1861) 和名 コククジラ 英名 Gray Whale コククジラ生息域
コククジラ生息域

コククジラ(克鯨、児童鯨、学名:Eschrichtius robustus)は、ヒゲクジラ亜目 コククジラ科に属する水棲哺乳類。コククジラ科は、コククジラ1属1種のみで構成される。体長 12-14 m と、ヒゲクジラのなかでは比較的小型で、和名においてもコクジラコクチゴクジラなどと、小柄であることに由来する名称である。

形態と生態[編集]

コククジラの体表は灰色だが、ある程度年を経た個体は、全身にフジツボエボシガイクジラジラミなどの寄生生物を付着させているため、白のまだら模様になっている。尾部の背面には数個の小さな瘤(こぶ)が連なっており、背びれはない。

コククジラは外洋に出ることなく、沿岸部を南北に往復し、2万kmを回遊する。これは、現生哺乳類の年間の回遊距離としては、おそらく最長のものである。現在生存している北太平洋のコククジラは、アジア側の沿岸を回遊する西の系統と、北米側の沿岸を回遊する東の系統とに分かれる。西の系統は、夏はオホーツク海で過ごし、冬に中国広東地方の沖で繁殖する。春と秋の回遊時には、朝鮮近海から日本の太平洋沿岸を通過する。東の系統はカリフォルニア州メキシコの沿岸を繁殖場とするが、ホエールウォッチングの人々がボートで訪れると、寄ってきて体をさわらせてくれることもある。

また、前述の通り沿岸棲であり、その食性も他のヒゲクジラ類がプランクトンを捕食するのに対し、コククジラは海底の泥や砂をヒゲで漉し取ることによってカニなどのベントス(底生動物)を捕食する。そのため、クジラヒゲは短く硬いものとなっている。

寿命は50-60年と考えられている。

  •  src=

    ヒトとの大きさ比較

  •  src=

  •  src=

    背面

分類[編集]

コククジラの系統については長らく議論されてきた。上方へと湾曲した吻の形状からセミクジラ科と近縁であるとする意見も出される一方、祖先的な形態を留める事からケトテリウム科と近縁であるとする説もある[1]。しかしSINEを使用した遺伝子解析においては、ナガスクジラ内の3系統と挿入パターンの矛盾が見られる。これは、祖先多系[2]を保った状態のまま、急激に四つの系統に分化した事を示している[3][4]これらのことから、コククジラの分類は見直される可能性もある。

個体数[編集]

かつては北半球全域に生息していた。沿岸性であり、クジラとしてはさほど巨大でなかったことから、古くから捕鯨の対象とされてきたが、特に近世になってからは乱獲により急速に個体数が減少させられた。北大西洋の個体群は18世紀ごろまでに絶滅し、北太平洋においても激減した。その後の捕鯨禁止が功を奏し、北太平洋のうち北アメリカ沿岸の個体群はかなり回復してきているが、他方、東アジア沿岸の個体群は一時は絶滅と判断されたほどで残存数わずか100-150頭と危機的な状況にある。数値統計上、アジア系個体群は実質的に日本の捕鯨業によって壊滅した[5](中国沿岸のザトウクジラやアジア系のシロナガスクジラナガスクジラセミクジラなど数多くの種類に共通)。コククジラは沿岸棲で東アジア(日本を含む)の沿岸の開発の影響を受けるのだが、更に現在樺太島北部で行われているロシア油田開発(サハリン2)によって生存を脅かされている。また、現存するアジア系個体群の何割が元来のアジア系なのかも不明である。

北米個体群は一時期は二万頭前後まで回復したが、人間活動の影響による環境収容力の低下から餓死する個体が増え、その後減少したが現在では安定しつつあると思われる。遺伝子調査の結果、捕鯨以前は現在の10倍以上もの鯨が棲息していたと推測されている。

アジア系個体群の動向[編集]

朝鮮半島で日本の捕鯨業者によって捕獲された個体を測定した結果、胸ビレやヒゲ板、頭部のプロポーション等に北米系とは異なる特徴が見られたとされる。アジア系の個体数は、捕鯨以前の規模ですら北米系統よりは遥かに少なかったとする説が存在する。

かつては東アジア圏沿岸のほぼ全土が生息域であった。済州島黄海(大連市沖の海洋島等)、中国南部(福建省香港大亜湾など)・マカオ海南島および雷州半島に繁殖海域が存在したと思われる。琉球諸島台湾に越冬海域が存在したかは未確認であり、トンキン湾バブヤン諸島などのフィリピン国内等、既知の分布外の地域に到達した可能性もある。過去、アジア系に現在のバンクーバー島のような定住群が存在したか否かに関しても不明である。

捕鯨以前は日本列島の沿岸にも数多く、北海道ではセミクジラやツチクジラなどと同様に一種の風物詩とされるほどよく見られ、とくに採餌海域が到達していた可能性がある北海道北西部(礼文島利尻島宗谷岬天塩町石狩湾積丹半島など)[6]や九州北部(対馬海峡山口県沖の玄界灘若狭湾周辺の地域(伊根湾丹後半島)など)、土佐湾などは捕獲上の統計的に見ても数が多かったとされる[7]知床半島周辺(標津町野付半島など)と根室海峡周辺(根室半島落石など)、陸奥湾伊豆半島周辺[8]三浦半島小田原など)、丹後半島周防灘鳥取砂丘沿い、大村湾有明海などにも本種にとっては理想的とも言える自然環境が整っている。かつて、日本列島の日本海沿岸は本種の分布には当てはまらないとされてきたが、混獲等の記録が存在する事から覆された[9]大村秀雄瀬戸内海が本種の繁殖海域であったとする説を発表したが[10]、それを証明する資料は捕獲記録以外は存在しない。これまで日本では、大隅半島以南および南西諸島など東シナ海での確認は考古学的検証や記録からも発見された事はなかった[11]日向灘沿岸で白骨化個体の発見が一例ある[12])。近年、未確認の目撃例がトカラ列島および宮古島であったが、過去、このような記録が一切存在しなかった理由は謎である。

近年の確認[編集]

現在生存する130頭前後のニシコククジラの何割が、純粋なアジア系の生き残りか北米個体群由来なのかは不明である。韓国および中国では、国家指定の保護動物に指定されてきたが、少なくとも韓国での近年の同種の確認はない。中国国内の場合、2007年に、台湾海峡平潭県での混獲記録が存在する。

日本はおろか、現代のアジアでは同種の確認は他の多くの大型種同様、非常に稀である。日本では近年になるまで保護対象となることもなく、積極的な保護対策は取られずにきた。結果、2000年代に東京湾に迷入した個体や親子を含む雌4頭が定置網で混獲され犠牲になった。90年代には 北海道寿都郡で密猟されたと思われる死体が発見された[13]。市場から同種の肉が発見された事もある。

絶滅していたと思われていたが、アジア系では初の水中撮影が1993年に伊豆大島で行われた(およびロシア国内外での、一度の出現数では最多の3頭)[14]。この時の撮影を行ったのは、望月昭伸(初のセミクジラの水中撮影も小笠原で成功した)や中村宏治、小笠原ホエールウォッチング協会会長を務めた森恭一らである[15]。この時の撮影は、同種の採餌行動を鮮明に捉えたものでも世界初であった。 伊勢湾三河湾では80年代より3度生存個体が確認されており、数ヶ月にわたる定着行動も見られた(同地域は国内での商業捕鯨業の発祥地でもある)。また、2010年に伊良湖岬近くの田原市赤羽根町沖で確認された若年個体が2012年に湾内に定着していた事も証明され[16]、アジア圏では初の定期的な回遊の記録となった。2009年に尾鷲沖で観察された幼鯨も同一の可能性がある[17]

日本海では、2014年に新潟県長岡市の沿岸で確認され[18]、捕鯨時代以降、生存個体では日本初の記録である。

ホエールウォッチングも参照。

その他[編集]

大西洋では絶滅したとされている。2000年代に東太平洋個体群から50頭を空輸して再導入する計画が持ち上がったが、2014年1月現在の時点で実行される予定はない。

2010年地中海イスラエルとバルセロナ沖で一個体が観察されたが、大西洋個体群の残存ではなく温暖化によって開けた北極海を通ってきた太平洋個体群からの迷入と思われる。

2013年には、ナミビアでも確認され、同種が南半球で発見されたのは歴史上初めてであった[19]

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ 『鯨類学』 42 - 43頁
  2. ^ 一つの種内で異なるサイン配列を持ったグループが存在する事。この状態は長続きせず、いずれ一つの配列パターンに落ち着く。
  3. ^ こうした現象は真獣類の三大系統北方真獣類アフリカ獣上目異節上目の間にも見られる。
  4. ^ 雑記 - 進化・分類学 ヒゲクジラの系統も SINE 法で〆(2006.08.01)
  5. ^ 朝鮮半島大亜湾など様々な地区に日本の捕鯨基地を林立
  6. ^ http://hkd.a.la9.jp/jc/JC2005.pdf
  7. ^ 宇仁義和, 2004, 西部系群コククジラ Eschrictius robustus の記録集成と通過海峡, http://www.h6.dion.ne.jp/~unisan/data/graywhale/cetaken15.html, 2014年5月9日閲覧
  8. ^ http://www.geocities.jp/kayak_surfing/note/9.html
  9. ^ http://hkd.a.la9.jp/jc/JC2402.pdf
  10. ^ http://www.shikoku-np.co.jp/feature/rensa/3/2/
  11. ^ 宇仁義和, 2010, 『コククジラは大隅海峡を通るのか?』, 日本セトロジー研究会ニューズレター25号, 2014年5月11日
  12. ^ http://svrsh1.kahaku.go.jp/marmam/?p=6
  13. ^ http://svrsh2.kahaku.go.jp/drift/FMPro?-db=rec2000web.fp5&-format=%2fdrift%2fresults.htm&-lay=hp&-sortfield=%90%bc%97%ef%94%4e%8c%8e%93%fa&sp%5fid=3&-format=/drift/detail.htm&-skip=11&-max=1&-find
  14. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrUcUmQSufE
  15. ^ http://www.scc.u-tokai.ac.jp/sectu/kaihaku/umihaku/vol23/v23n6p2.html
  16. ^ http://www.beachland.jp/beach_blog/post/e2809ce38395e383aae383b3e5b195e2809de3818be38289e2809ce382b3e382afe382afe382b7e383a9e5b195e2809de381b8.aspx
  17. ^ https://events.iwc.int/index.php/scientific/SC65a/paper/view/305/278/SC-65a-BRG20
  18. ^ http://www.niigata-nippo.co.jp/news/national/20140409105475.html
  19. ^ 絶滅した動物一覧「野生個体群の絶滅(野生絶滅)」より抜粋

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、コククジラに関連するメディアがあります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 村山司 『鯨類学』 東海大学出版会〈東海大学自然科学叢書〉、ISBN 978-4-486-01733-2。
 title=
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original
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wikipedia 日本語

コククジラ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

コククジラ(克鯨、児童鯨、学名:Eschrichtius robustus)は、ヒゲクジラ亜目 コククジラ科に属する水棲哺乳類。コククジラ科は、コククジラ1属1種のみで構成される。体長 12-14 m と、ヒゲクジラのなかでは比較的小型で、和名においてもコクジラ、コク、チゴクジラなどと、小柄であることに由来する名称である。

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

귀신고래 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

귀신고래(영어: gray whale / gray back whale, Pacific gray whale / California gray whale, 학명: Eschrichtius robustus)는 고래목 귀신고랫과에 속한 유일한 고래이다.[2] 쇠고래, 회색고래라고 부르기도 한다. 이 고래는 몸길이 15미터, 몸무게 36톤까지 자라며, 평균 수명은 50 ~ 60년이다. 현재는 북태평양에만 분포하며, 북아메리카 태평양 해안을 따라 이동하는 군(‘북동태평양 개체군’)과 동북아시아 연안을 따라 이동하는 군(‘북서태평양 개체군’)이 있지만, 이 두 개체군이 서로 아종으로 구분되지는 않는다. 즉, 이 두 개체군은 하나의 단일한 종으로 분류된다. 이동 거리는 혹등고래와 함께 고래 중에서 매우 긴 편에 속한다.[3]

한때는 두 군의 개체 수 모두 적었으나, 19세기부터 남획이 시작되어 개체수가 많이 줄어들었다. 북아메리카 연안을 따라 회유하는 북동태평양 개체군은 20세기에 들어 보호되기 시작해 현재는 2만 마리 이상으로 늘어났지만 동북아시아 연안을 회유하는 북서태평양 개체군의 경우, 과거에는 거의 한국과, 일본의 남획으로 인해, 한국이 포경산업을 공식적으로 포기한 현재는 일본의 남획으로 인해 개체수가 훨씬 적으며, 상태도 위태롭다. 대서양에도 귀신고래군이 있었으나, 17세기에 멸종되고 말았다.[4]

한편, 연오랑과 세오녀 설화에 나오는 움직이는 바위가 귀신고래의 등이라는 주장이 있다.[5]

분류

 src=
귀신고래와 다른 동물과의 관계를 나타내는 그림- 유전자 분석으로 나타난 결과

귀신고래는 현재 1과, 1속, 1종으로 분류되고 있지만, 최근 DNA 염기체 분석에 따르면 혹등고래대왕고래와 같은 수염고랫과의 종과 가깝게 나타난다.[3] 현재 북동태평양과 북서태평양에 두 가지의 개체군이 있지만, 유전적으로나 외관상으로 큰 차이가 없기 때문에 현재 아종으로 분류되지 않는다. 이들이 유전적으로 유사한 것에 대해서는 아직도 연구가 진행 중이다.

서방에서의 이 종에 대한 설명은 스웨덴잉글랜드에서 발견된 이들의 유골을 통해 진행되었다. 빌헬름 릴리에보리는 이들의 학명을 Balaenoptera robusta라고 지었으며,[6] 존 그레이가 1속 1종으로 분류하며 덴마크의 동물학자 다니엘 프레데리크 에스크리크트(Daniel Frederik Eschricht)를 기념하는 의미로 이명법 중 첫 부분을 Eschricht라고 바꾸었다.[7] 이명법(二名法)의 뒷부분인 robusta라틴어로 강함을 뜻한다.[3][8] 1869년에 코프(Cope)가 태평양에 분포하는 개체군을 Ranchianectes glaucus라고 설명하였다.[9] 대서양 개체군의 유골과 태평양 개체군과 비교한 결과 이 두 개체군은 같은 종으로 나타나 현재는 존 그레이가 붙인 이명법이 더 잘 쓰인다.[10][11] Eschrichtius gibbosus라는 이명법도 쓰이기도 한다.[12]

다음은 거테시 등(Gatesy et al..)의 계통 분류이다.[13]

고래하목 수염고래

Janjucetus

     

참고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

     

꼬마긴수염고래과

     

귀신고래과Eschrichtius robustus NOAA.jpg

   

수염고래과Megaptera novaeangliae NOAA.jpg

          이빨고래    

꼬마향고래과

   

향고래과Physeter macrocephalus NOAA.jpg

       

인도강돌고래과Lipotes vexillifer.png

     

부리고래과Ziphius cavirostris NOAA.jpg

       

아마존강돌고래과

   

라플라타돌고래과Pontoporia blainvillei.jpg

    참돌고래상과

참돌고래과Orcinus orca NOAA 2.jpg

     

쇠돌고래과

   

외뿔고래과Delphinapterus leucas NOAA.jpg

               

일반명

한국어로는 쇠고래라고도 한다. 얼럭덜럭한 몸을 지니며, 전체적으로는 회색빛을 띠기 때문에 영어권에서는 주로 회색고래(Gray Whale)라고 불리지만, 악마의 물고기(Devil Fish)라고 불리기도 하는데,[3] 예전에 포경업자에게 보였던 사나운 반응 때문이다.[3][14] 이는 19세기 중반에 미국의 포경업자들이 캘리포니아 이남에서 새끼를 기르는 개체를 자극함으로써 일어난 일로 여겨진다.[15] 일본의 포경업자가 그 뜻을 일본어로 그대로 옮겨,[15] 현재까지도 고쿠쿠지라(일본어: 極鯨(コククジラ) 코쿠쿠지라[*])라는 명칭이 일본에서는 쓰이고 있다. 일본 한자를 그대로 옮겨 ‘극경’(極鯨)이라고 불리기도 하며,[16] 귀신고래라는 이름은 해안에서 머리를 세우고 있다가 감쪽같이 사라진다고 해서 붙은 이름이다.[17]

외관과 행동 방식

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해수면에서 엿보기를 하는 귀신고래

귀신고래는 겉으로 보기에 수염고래참고래의 중간 정도의 모습을 취하고 있다.[18] 위에서 보면 머리는 가늘며 삼각꼴이다.[3] 입의 모양은 약간 아치 모양으로 생겼으며, 양쪽에는 130에서 180개의 누런 빛의 고래수염판이 나 있다.[3]

귀신고래의 피부에는 긁힌 자국, 흩어져 붙어 있는 흰 따개비, 바다벼룩 등이 있으며, 기생체는 특히 머리 부분에 많이 나 있다. 하지만 우측에는 기생체가 거의 없는데,[19] 해저면에서 먹이를 뒤질 때 우측으로 기울기 때문이다. 갓 태어난 새끼는 회색에서 검은색이지만, 어떠한 개체는 구별되는 하얀 점 등을 지닐 수 있다.[19]

다른 수염고래와는 달리 귀신고래는 등지느러미가 없다. 하지만 몸의 뒷 부분에는 두드러지는 6에서 12개의 쐐기와 같은 것이 이어져 꼬리까지 나 있다. 가슴지느러미는 노처럼 생겼으며 끝은 뾰족하다. 꼬리의 길이는 가로로 3.7미터 정도이며, 중앙은 깊게 들어가 있다.[19]

다 자란 수컷의 몸길이는 13.7에서 14미터이며, 다 자란 암컷의 길이는 15m로 수컷보다 약간 크다. 성체의 몸무게는 27.2톤에서 36.3톤이다.[19]

귀신고래는 종종 머리를 드러내 수면 위를 엿보기를 한다. 머리의 윗부분에 있는 2개의 숨구멍을 이용해 공기를 들어 마신다. 쉴 때는 분당 2~3번씩 호흡을 하며, 깊게 잠수할 때는 3에서 5분 동안 숨을 마시기도 한다.[19] 이들이 뿜는 고래 분수의 높이는 3에서 4미터 정도이며, 소리는 1킬로미터 정도의 반경에서 들을 수 있다.[19] 분수에는 종종 냄새가 배어 있기도 하는데, 귀신고래가 질병에 걸렸을 때, 다쳤을 때, 먹고난 후 등에 냄새가 난다.[20]

생애

귀신고래는 5~11살이면 성적으로 성숙하며 이 때 몸길이는 11~12미터 정도이다.[21] 암컷은 2년 또는 3년에 한 번씩 출산한다.[3] 임신 기간은 12~13개월이고[3][21], 갓 태어난 새끼의 몸길이는 4.5미터이며, 몸무게는 500~680킬로그램 정도이다.[21] 보통 암컷은 한 마리씩만 출산하지만 드물게 2마리 이상 낳을 때도 있다.[19] 새끼는 다른 고래와는 달리 머리부터 태어나며 태어나자마자 본능적으로 수면 위로 올라가는데, 어미가 이것을 도와준다.[22] 젖은 지방질의 비중이 상당히 높아 농도가 인간은 2퍼센트에 불과한데 비해 귀신고래는 53퍼센트에 달한다.[19][21] 새끼는 보통 7~8개월이면 어미로부터 떨어진다.[3][21] 짝짓기 과정은 상당히 복잡하여 3마리 이상의 개체가 연루된다.[21] 암컷 한 마리를 두고 수컷 여러 마리가 경쟁하는 모습이 자주 보이는데, 이는 짝짓기에서 중요한 과정으로 여겨진다.[3] 짝짓기와 출산은 주로 회유지의 남한계에서 이루어지지만, 회유 도중에 일어난 경우도 있다.[21] 이들의 최고 수명은 75년으로 추정한다.[23]

먹이

다른 수염고래와는 아주 다르게, 이들은 주로 바닥에서 먹이를 먹는 데 특화되어 있으며,[18] 주식은 주로 해저면에 서식하는 무척추동물이다. 귀신고래의 고래수염은 30센티미터로 수염고래 중 가장 짧고, 목주름이 적어 팽창이 많이 되지 않기 때문에 이런 독특한 식습관에 의존할 수밖에 없다. 다른 수염고래같이 목을 팽창시킬 수 있으며, 많은 양의 먹이를 담아 걸러낼 수 있다. 양쪽 상반부 턱에 130에서 180개의 판이 있으며, 이 판은 손톱과 같은 케라틴질로 이루어져 있으며, 점차 고운 고래수염으로 자라난다.[21] 각 판의 길이는 5에서 25센티미터 정도이다.[21] 바다벼룩이나 잎새우같은 이각류를 주로 먹으며,[24] 얕은 해저면의 침전물을 뒤지면서 먹이를 걸러낸다.[3] 침전물을 뒤질 때는 몸을 옆으로 기울으며,[8] 주로 오른쪽으로 기우는 경향이 있다.[18] 귀신고래는 수면에 떠오른 뒤 수염을 통해 바닷물, 침전물 등을 걸러내며, 입에 남은 먹이를 통째로 삼킨다.[21] 미각이 있지만, 미신경이 작아 거의 못 느낀다고 여겨진다.[25]

이들이 해저면의 먹이 외에도 물에 떠다니는 작은 물고기 등을 먹는 것 또한 목격되었다.[3]

먹이가 이들의 주요 서식처를 결정하는 주요 요소이다. 5미터에서 24미터의 수심에서 먹이를 찾으며, 최소 3미터의 수심에서 발견된 적도 있다.[24] 이들이 먹이를 섭취하기 적합한 장소는 북쪽 지방이며, 두 가지 군 사이에 식성 차이는 없는 것으로 보인다.[24] 북쪽 지역에서 하루 동안 섭취량은 1,360에서 2,000킬로그램에 달한다.[26]

행동

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고래뛰기 하는 귀신고래

고래 중에서는 이동 속도가 느린 편에 속한다. 헤엄치는 속도는 시속 6.4에서 8킬로미터 정도이며, 회유시 하루 최대 이동 거리는 100킬로미터 가까이 된다.[8] 개체 간의 유대감은 깊지 않으며, 보통 혼자 또는 작고 불완전한 무리를 이루어 이동한다.[3] 하지만 번식지와 거주지인 북방 한계에서 모두 수많은 개체가 군집하는 경우는 있다.[3] 다른 고래처럼 귀신고래도 고래뛰기를 하며, 외부 기생충이나 따개비를 떼어내려고 하거나 의사소통을 위해 사용되는 것으로 생각된다.

이들이 주로 해안가나 얕은 바다에 사는 이유는 이들이 오랫동안 잠수할 수가 없고,[27] 암초 사이에서 범고래와 같은 포식자들을 피하기 위해서라고 여겨진다.[28]

다 자란 귀신고래의 천적은 범고래인간뿐이다. 하지만 이들에게도 순순히 지지는 않는다. 포경업자들에게 보인 사나운 반응은 이들을 악마의 고기라 불리게 하였으며, 범고래에게도 반격을 가한다. 1966년 1월에 3마리의 귀신고래가 공격해오는 범고래에 저항하는 모습이 관찰된 바가 있는데, 귀신고래는 혼란에 빠지지 않고 꼬리로 쳐서 반격을 하였으며, 결국에 범고래들은 물러날 수밖에 없었다.[29] 물러난 원인으로는 귀신고래가 반격한 탓도 있지만, 현장을 관찰하던 배의 소음이 범고래의 의사소통을 방해하여 효과적인 사냥이 이루어질 수가 없었다.[29] 따라서 몸 군데군데에 범고래에게 물린 자국이 남아 있기도 한다.[30] 동태평양에서 관찰된 바로는 수심이 얕은 곳으로 도망가는 것으로 범고래의 협동공격을 피할 수도 있다.

노래

다른 많은 고래와 마찬가지로, 귀신고래 또한 노래를 이용한다. 노래라기보다는 꿀꿀거리는 소리에 가깝다.[31] 주로 번식지인 남한계에서 많이 이용되는 것으로 나타났으며, 북한계 지점에서는 그만큼 일어나지는 않는 것으로 나타났다.[32] 주파수는 1,500Hz 이하이며,[31] 아직까지 이들의 노래에 대해 자세히 조사된 적은 없다. 남한계에서는 번식에, 평상시에는 서로 간의 의사소통 중에 사용되며, 공기주머니를 쥐어짜서 소리를 내는 것으로 여겨진다.[33] 노래뿐만 아니라 고래뛰기를 함으로써 의사소통을 할 수도 있다.[19]

기생체

귀신고래에 기생하는 수많은 생물은 이들을 구분할 수 있는 척도가 된다. 이들의 피부에 기생하는 생물로는 따개비나 바닷니 등이며, 이들에만 사는 고유종 또한 있을 정도이다.[23][34] 따개비는 주로 귀신고래의 머리에 있으며, 반지름은 3.8센티미터 정도이다.[23] 바닷니는 주로 죽은 피부를 먹고 살지만, 생살을 먹기도 하며, 기생 부위는 숨구멍, 목주름, 눈, 귀, 생식기 등으로 다양하다.[23] 기생체의 무게를 합하면 무려 100킬로그램이나 된다.[23]

귀신고래는 기생체를 제거하기 위해 여러 가지 방법을 동원한다. 보통은 해저면이나 해안 가까이의 바위를 문질러 기생체를 떼어냄과 동시에 죽은 때를 밀어내기도 한다.[23] 심지어 어떤 경우는 민물에 접근하는 방법을 쓰기도 한다.[23]

분포와 이동

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북미의 귀신고래 무리를 그린 그림. 유빙에 고립된 무리를 표현하고 있다.

현재 귀신고래는 다른 대다수 고래류와는 달리 북태평양에서 2곳의 회유 경로를 따라 분포하며, 적도 이남에서 이들이 목격된 적은 없다.[3] 주로 먹이 등을 위해 얕은 바다의 해안가를 따라 서식하지만, 짝짓기와 번식을 위해서는 회유 경로의 최남단 지역으로 이동하며, 연간 회유거리는 2만 킬로미터를 넘는다. 회유 경로의 남한계는 두 개체군 모두 북회귀선에서 약간 낮은 지방이다. 이들이 회유 경로를 따라가는 방법을 설명하는 데는 여러 가설이 있는데, 지구자기장을 이용한다는 설, 태양을 이용한다는 설, 단순히 해안선을 따라 이동한다는 설, 해양 지형을 보고 이동한다는 설 등이 있다.[28] 임신한 암컷이 가을에 가장 먼저 이동하며, 그 뒤를 어른 수컷, 그리고 어린 무리가 따른다.[8] 이동 중에는 잠을 취하지 않는다고 여겨지며, 회유에 걸리는 기간은 2.5에서 3개월에 이른다.[8] 회유 중에는 먹이를 거의 먹지 않고,[35] 축적한 지방에 의존한다.

오호츠크해동해를 오가는 작은 개체군은 북서태평양 개체군이라고 불리며 한국에서는 한국계 귀신고래라고도 불린다. 1912년 미국인 탐험가 로이 앤드류스가 ‘Korean stock of gray whales’ 라는 명칭을 붙였으나 현재는 학계에서 쓰지 않는 비공식 명칭이다. 앤드류스는 일본에서 한국의 동남해안에서 많이 잡히는 고래의 묘사가 그당시 멸종 위기에 놓여 잘 발견되지 않았던 동태평양 귀신고래와 비슷하다는 데에 착안해서 울산의 고래잡이 어장에서 2개월을 보내면서 귀신고래에 대해 연구하였다.[36] 여름에는 오호츠크해 부근에서 보낸 후, 겨울에는 짝짓기와 출산을 위해 한국, 일본, 동중국해를 통해 남하하는 것으로 보인다. 추적과 현지 조사에 따르면 하이난의 얕은 바다에서 새끼를 낳는다.[37] 이 지역의 환경은 태평양 건너와 비슷하다.[37]

태평양 북동부에 있는 다른 개체군은 북동태평양 개체군 이라고 명칭되며 알래스카주, 캐나다 서안, 캘리포니아, 멕시코를 오간다. 이들은 작은 그룹으로 이동하며, 목적지는 멕시코바하칼리포르니아주캘리포니아만이다. 서태평양군처럼 회유 최남단 지역에서 짝짓기 및 번식을 한다. 바하칼리포르니아석호에서 새끼를 기르는데, 잔잔하고 얕은 물이 대형 상어나 범고래로부터 보호해 주기 때문으로 여겨진다.[35]

대서양에도 두 가지 개체군이 있었다고 추정되며, 한 가지의 군은 유럽 해안을 따라, 다른 개체군은 북미 연안을 따라 분포했으리라 여겨진다.[38] 하지만 이들의 회유 경로는 정확히 알려져 있지 않다.[38]

유전적으로 차이가 없다는 점과 북서태평양 개체군이 겨울에 어디로 가는지를 알 수 없다는 점을 들어 태평양의 두 개체군이 서로 섞일 수도 있다는 가능성도 제기되었다. 심지어 어떤 학자들은 현재 사할린에 있는 귀신고래들이 동태평양 개체에서 일시적으로 빠져나온 개체군이라고 설명한다.[39] 로이 앤드류스 또한 포경업자들을 조사한 결과 두 개체가 서로 북방 지역에서 만날 수도 있다고 추정했지만, 두 개체군 사이에서 번식은 일어나지 않을 것이라고도 하였다.[40] 하지만 이 가능성을 부정하는 의견은 귀신고래가 쉽게 길을 잃을 정도로 우매한 동물이 아니라는 점을 지적한다.[39] 또한 오호츠크해쿠릴 제도캄차카반도에 둘러싸이는 등 접근성이 떨어진다는 것 또한 언급한다.[39]

보존 상태와 전망

북태평양에 존재하는 개체군은 19세기에서 20세기까지는 포경업에 의해 개체 수가 직접적으로 영향을 받았다. 현재는 두 개체군 모두 포경 외의 요소에도 영향을 받고 있다. 북대서양의 개체군은 멸종되었으며, 이에 대해 잘 알려진 바는 없다. 20세기에 들어서 남획으로 개체 수가 줄어들었다가 효과적인 포경법이 개발된 후에는 다시 수난이 시작되었다.[35]

북서태평양

북서태평양에는 한때 많은 개체 수가 있었으나 오랜 기간 무분별하게 포획하여 그 수가 급감하였다. 한국의 귀신고래는 일제강점기 일본에 의해 남획되어 사라지게 되었다. 대한민국 정부는 1962년 울산 장생포 앞바다인 귀신고래 회유해면(廻遊海面)[42]을 천연기념물 126호로 지정하고 보호에 나섰으나, 1977년 이후로 대한민국에서는 발견되지 않고 있다.[43] 한때 북서태평양 귀신고래 개체군은 절멸했다고 여겨졌으나, 소련의 영향으로 인해 불가능했던[44] 북서태평양 개체군 귀신고래에 대한 조사가 시작되었고, 그 결과 사할린섬 연안에 생존해 있는 북서태평양 개체군 귀신고래 무리를 발견하였다. 현재 북서태평양 개체군 귀신고래는 약 130마리 정도가 남은 것으로 추정되며,[45] 연간 3퍼센트 수준으로 개체 수가 증가하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.[46]

이들이 북동태평양 개체군보다 훨씬 큰 수준의 위협에 놓인 이유로는 계속된 포획 때문이다. 한국에서는 천연기념물로 지정된 2년 뒤인 1964년까지도 포경이 이루어졌다는 기록이 있으며(1911년과 1964년 사이에 1338마리가 잡힌 기록이 있다.[46]), 일제 강점기에는 감소세에도 불구하고 남획이 계속되었다(북동태평양 개체군은 1940년대에 보호 조치가 내려졌다.). 현재는 이들이 서식하는 나라들이 이 종을 보호하기로 결의했지만, 현재는 포경 외의 요인에 위협을 받고 있다. 선박과 충돌하는 경우도 있으며, 현재 이들의 주요 서식지인 사할린 지역의 유전 개발은 그들의 서식지인 해저면을 변화시켜 생존에 영향을 끼칠 수가 있다. 유전은 이들의 먹이를 고갈시켜 생존에 영향을 미치고, 유전 발견을 위한 지질 조사는 이들을 자극함으로써 행동에 악영향을 끼칠 수 있다.[47] 북서태평양 개체군 귀신고래의 생존을 위해서는 사할린 지역의 무분별한 개발을 제한하고, 특히 암컷이 어망에 걸려 죽는 것을 막는 것이 중요한 것이다는 의견이 있다.[48][49]

북동태평양

북동태평양 개체군은 한때 남획으로 멸종 위기에 놓여 있어서 2천 마리 이하로 극감해 멸종했다고 여겨졌을 정도였다. 1937년에 미국에서 준보호 조치가 내려졌으며, 1947년부터 완전히 보호되기 시작한 이후 개체 수가 증가했다.[21] 이는 종족의 성공적인 회복의 전례로 종종 보고된다. 현재 개체 수는 26,635마리로 추산되며,[35] 남획 전 수치에 근접하는 것으로 보인다. 1994년 미국의 멸종 위기 종에서 해제되었으며,[50] 북방 회유지에서 원주민들이 이들을 정해진 만큼 포획이 허용되고 있다. 2003년에서 2007년까지 연당 최대 140마리를 잡도록 정해졌다.[51]

1999년에서 2000년 사이에 귀신고래가 좌초되어 죽는 개체 수가 해마다 수백 마리에 달한다고 조사되었다. 사망 요인으로 먹이 부족, 해양 오염, 전염병, 엘니뇨 등이 제기되고 있지만, 확실시 되는 것은 없다.[35] 개체 수가 증가해 이미 포화 상태에 도달했다는 의견도 있다.

이들도 한때 포경 이외의 활동에 위협을 받았다. 1994년 일본의 재벌인 미츠비시가 번식지인 바하칼리포르니아 근처에 소금 공장을 세우려는 계획을 내놓았으며, 멕시코 통상부가 이에 동조함에 따라 이 지역 및 전 세계적으로 이를 반대하는 움직임이 일어났다.[52] 결국에는 이 계획은 백지화되었지만,[52] 멕시코 정부는 이 지역에 관광업을 확대하려고 계획하고 있으며, 이는 귀신고래의 생존에 영향을 끼칠 수 있다.

대서양

대서양과 유럽에 있는 귀신고래군은 이미 14세기에 절멸되었으며,[23] 북미 연안에 있던 개체군은 18세기에 완전히 절멸당했다.[4] 멸종 원인으로는 남획이 제1순위로 꼽히는데, 반화석의 방사성 탄소 연대 측정법이 이 지역에 귀신고래군이 있었음을 증명한다.[53] 바스크인이 이르면 1372년부터 북미에서 귀신고래를 잡기 시작했다.[23] 17세기에서 18세기 동안에 이 지역에서 고래잡이가 증가했으며, 멸종 시기와도 맞아떨어진다.[53] 2005년 7월에는 센트럴랭크셔 대학의 과학자들이 동태평양의 개체들을 옮겨 아일랜드 해에 방사해 복원하려는 계획을 제안했지만, 그 계획이 실현될 수 있을지는 아직까지는 의문이다.[54]

인간과의 관계

 src=
울산 대곡리 반구대 암각화 (복제품)

귀신고래는 오랜 옛날부터 서식지 인근의 문화의 표현 대상이 되어 왔다. 상업적 포경업이 금지된 현재에도 인간과 여러 면으로 떼어낼 수 없는 관계를 맺고 있다.

문화

귀신고래는 회유 인근 지역의 사람들에게 빠짐없이 묘사되었다.

축치인의 전설에는 다음과 같은 이야기가 전해온다.

먼 옛날에 바닷가에는 젊고 아름다운 처녀가 살았다. 처녀에 반한 고래가 바닷가에 접근하더니 잘생긴 청년으로 변했다. 결국에 그들은 바닷가에서 터전을 마련하며 함께 살았다. 처음 낳은 자식들은 고래였으며, 작을 때는 키워줬으나, 성장한 뒤에는 바다에 돌아갔다. 그 뒤에 낳은 자식은 모두 인간이었다. 아버지가 일을 못하게 되자, 자식들이 바다로 가서 식량을 구할 수밖에 없었다. 자식들이 바다로 가기 전에 아버지는 “바다는 너희 형제인 고래들의 고향이다. 잘 보호하도록 하여라.”라고 하였다. 자식들은 세월이 지나서 그 자신만의 가족을 형성하게 되었고, 아버지는 죽었다. 식량이 부족해지면서, 형제들은 왜 그렇게 많은 고래를 잡지 않았느냐고 불평을 하였다. 그래서 그들을 잡으러 나섰고, 고래는 아주 쉽게 잡혔다. 형제들은 잡은 고래를 어머니에게 보여주었지만, 어머니는 “너희는 단지 자신들과 닮지 않았다는 이유로 형제를 죽였다. 당장 내일은 무엇을 할 것이냐?”라는 말을 남기고는 죽었다.

— Eyes of the Whale(고래의 눈)의 478~479쪽

밴쿠버섬 인근에 살던 원주민은 귀신고래를 토템, 상, 조각 등에서 수많이 표현했으며, 이는 현재까지도 지속되고 있다.[55]

한국에서는 울산 대곡리 반구대 암각화에서 귀신고래를 비롯한 여러 고래 등이 상세히 묘사되어 있으며, 이는 7천여 년 정도 된 것이다.[56] 한국의 유일한 태양신 신화인 연오랑과 세오녀에서 주인공 부부가 바위를 타서 일본에 건너 갔다고 하는데, 그 바위가 귀신고래였다는 설이 있을 정도로 예부터 동해안에 귀신고래가 많았다는 것을 말해준다.[17]

고래 관광

상당 부분 복구된 동태평양 개체군을 중심으로 이들의 회유지 경로인 브리티시 컬럼비아, 워싱턴주, 캘리포니아에 범고래 등을 묶어 함께 관찰하는 관광 사업이 많이 발달되어 있다. 회유 기간에는 고래 관광에 가장 적합한 고래 중의 하나로 꼽힌다. 과거에 포경업자에게 보인 사나운 태도와는 달리 관찰자에게는 호기심 깊게 접근하며, 심지어 머리를 쓰다듬게 놔두기도 한다. 이러한 귀신고래가 인간에게 보이는 친근감은 1970년대부터 높아지고 있으며, 관찰선에 몸을 비비는 것 또한 관찰되었다.[57] 이들을 관찰하기에 좋은 달은 1월에서 3월 사이에 남하할 때이며, 북상할 때는 해안에 거리를 두고 이동하기 때문에 최적기로 여겨지지 않는다.[58]

귀신고래를 비롯한 고래의 관찰은 관광객에게 즐거움을 줄 뿐만 아니라 지역 경제에 이바지하고 생물 교육의 좋은 현장으로 평가받고 있다.[57] 하지만 과도한 고래 관광업에 대한 우려도 제기되었는데, 이에 따라 선박은 고래와 인접시 엔진을 꺼야 하며, 최근에는 관찰 지역도 제한되고 있다.[57]

사육되는 귀신고래

귀신고래를 키우는 일은 쉽지 않으며, 지금까지 시도된 3건은 모두 씨월드가 주도한 것이다. 1965년에 부상당한 새끼를 잡아 기르려고 했지만, 2개월 만에 죽었다.[59] 이후에도 씨월드는 포기하지 않았고, 어미가 거세게 저항했지만 새끼를 어미로부터 떼어내는 데 성공했다.[59] 2개월 동안 먹지 않아 68킬로그램이나 체중이 줄었지만, 강제로 먹이는 것을 시작으로 먹이를 먹기 시작한 이후로 빠르게 성장하였다. 이름은 ‘Gigi’라고 명명되었으며, 체중을 재는 등 과학적으로 조사가 이루어졌다.[59] 조련사와 반려를 위한 돌고래에게 친근한 태도를 보여주었으며, 지나치게 성장하자 1972년 바다에 방사하기로 결정이 내려졌으며, 이때 몸길이는 8미터였으며 몸무게는 60톤이었다.[59] 세 번째 시도는 버려진 새끼를 1997년에 허락을 받아 잡아온 것이며, 1998년에 방사되었다. 이 개체의 성장률은 0.5킬로그램/시 로 상당히 빠른 편이었다.[59]

같이 보기

각주

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  7. 그레이(Gray) (1864). “Eschrichtius”. 《Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.》 3 (14): p.350.
  8. Adrian Forsyth (1999). 《Gray Whale(귀신고래)》. 버팔로, 뉴욕주. pp.260-263쪽.
  9. Cope (1869). “Rhachianectes”. 《Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia》 21: p.15.
  10. Cederlund, BA (1938). “A subfossil gray whale discovered in Sweden in 1859”. 《Zoologiska Bidrag Fran Uppsala》 18: pp.269-286.
  11. Mead JG, Mitchell ED (1984). 〈Atlantic gray whales〉. Jones ML, Swartz SL, Leatherwood S. 《귀신고래(The Gray Whale)》 (영어). 런던: Academic Press. pp.33-53쪽.
  12. Erxleben (1777). “Balaena gibbosa”. 《Systema regni animalis》: p.610.
  13. John Gatesy, Jonathan H. Geisler, Joseph Chang, Carl Buell, Annalisa Berta, Robert W. Meredith, Mark S. Springer, Michael R. McGowen: A phylogenetic blueprint for a modern whale. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 66, Issue 2, Februar 2013, S. 479–506. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.012
  14. “ITIS (Eschrichtius robustus)”. 2008년 6월 26일에 확인함.
  15. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.20쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  16. 천연기념물 126호로 지정될 당시에 ‘귀신고래 회유해면’이 아닌 ‘극경 회유해면’이라는 이름이 붙었다. 문화재청은 울산시의 요청을 받아들여 ‘귀신고래 회유해면’으로 명칭 개정을 공고하였다. [1]
  17. 정성희 (2008년 1월 10일). “[횡설수설/정성희]귀신고래”. 동아일보. 2008년 7월 21일에 확인함.
  18. Mark Simmon (2004). Sue Viccars, 편집. 《Whales and Dolphins of the world》. 케임브리지, 매사추세츠: MIT 출판. pp.55-57쪽. 0-262-19519-4.
  19. “GRAY WHALE Eschrichtius robustus”. EnchantedLearning.com. 2008년 7월 22일에 확인함.
  20. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.36-38쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  21. “귀신고래 (Eschrichtius robustus)”. American Cetacean Society. 2010년 6월 13일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  22. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.17-22쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  23. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.56-65쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  24. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.442쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  25. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.34-35쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  26. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.44-49쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  27. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.464쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  28. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.239쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  29. “Three gray whales fight off killers in ocean battle (3마리의 귀신고래가 바다의 싸움에서 범고래를 물리치다”. San Diego Union. 1996.
  30. Kathy Frost (1994). “Gray Whale”. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 2008년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  31. “Gray whale vocalization”. 2008년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  32. Ollervides, Francisco (2002). “Past and present research on gray whale vocalizations”. 《Acoustical Society of America Journal》 (American Institute of Physics). 2008년 6월 23일에 확인함.
  33. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.456쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  34. 학명 Cryptolepas rhachignecti인 따개비가 있다.
  35. Doreen Moser; Frances Gulland. “Gray Whales-Current Status and Strandings (귀신고래 - 현황)” (PDF). San Francisco Bay National Refuge Complex. 2006년 10월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 27일에 확인함.
  36. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.437쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  37. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.450쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  38. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. p.82쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  39. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. pp.447-449쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  40. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. pp.438-439쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  41. “울산 귀신고래 회유해면으로 불러주세요”. SBS. 2008년 9월 25일. 2008년 10월 4일에 확인함.
  42. 지정당시에는 울산 극경 회유해면이었다
  43. 김한태 (2005년 1월 4일). “돌아오지 않는 귀신고래”. 경향신문. 2008년 7월 21일에 확인함.
  44. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.430쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  45. “북서태평양에 한국계 귀신고래 130마리 생존”. 연합뉴스. 2008년 10월 2일.
  46. “한국계 귀신고래 연 3% 증가”. 대한민국 해양수산부. 2006년 10월 9일. 2008년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  47. Dick Russel (2001). 《Eye of the Whale (고래의 눈)》. 뉴욕: Simon & Schuster. p.453쪽. 0-684-86608-0.
  48. 비슷한 예로 암컷이 상대적으로 적은 북대서양참고래의 생존에도 매년 암컷 2마리가 죽는 것을 방지하는 것이 중요한 것이라는 의견이 있다. 자세한 내용은 참고래속#보전상태의 마지막 문장의 주를 참고
  49. 김태훈 (2008년 10월 6일). “귀신고래 몸엔 따개비와 이가 산다”. 세계일보. 2008년 10월 29일에 확인함.
  50. “ETWP; Final Rule to Remove the Eastern North Pacific Population of the Gray Whale From the List of Endangered Wildlife” (PDF). Department of the Interior- Fish and Wildlife Service. 1994년 6월 16일. 2007년 1월 27일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 27일에 확인함.
  51. “CATCH LIMITS FOR ABORIGINAL SUBSISTENCE WHALING”. 국제포경위원회. 2004. 2008년 7월 5일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 27일에 확인함.
  52. Doug Thompson (2006). 《Whales-Touching the Mystery》. Oregon: NewSage Press. 0-939165-55-4.
  53. Bryant, PJ (1995년 8월). “Dating Remains of Gray Whales from the Eastern North Atlantic”. 《Journal of Mammalogy》 76 (3): pp.857~861. doi:10.2307/1382754.
  54. (BBC News)
  55. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. 1-55143-114-9.
  56. 이성원 (2008년 5월 24일). “길에서 띄우는 편지 7,000년을 고래와 함께한 울산”. 한국일보. 2014년 3월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 7월 28일에 확인함.
  57. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.104-108쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
  58. “Gray Whale Migration: witness the annual winter journey...”. 2008년 7월 23일에 확인함.
  59. Robert H Bosch (1998). 《Gray whales- Wandering Giants》. Orca Book Publishers. pp.109-111쪽. 1-55143-114-9.
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귀신고래: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

귀신고래(영어: gray whale / gray back whale, Pacific gray whale / California gray whale, 학명: Eschrichtius robustus)는 고래목 귀신고랫과에 속한 유일한 고래이다. 쇠고래, 회색고래라고 부르기도 한다. 이 고래는 몸길이 15미터, 몸무게 36톤까지 자라며, 평균 수명은 50 ~ 60년이다. 현재는 북태평양에만 분포하며, 북아메리카 태평양 해안을 따라 이동하는 군(‘북동태평양 개체군’)과 동북아시아 연안을 따라 이동하는 군(‘북서태평양 개체군’)이 있지만, 이 두 개체군이 서로 아종으로 구분되지는 않는다. 즉, 이 두 개체군은 하나의 단일한 종으로 분류된다. 이동 거리는 혹등고래와 함께 고래 중에서 매우 긴 편에 속한다.

한때는 두 군의 개체 수 모두 적었으나, 19세기부터 남획이 시작되어 개체수가 많이 줄어들었다. 북아메리카 연안을 따라 회유하는 북동태평양 개체군은 20세기에 들어 보호되기 시작해 현재는 2만 마리 이상으로 늘어났지만 동북아시아 연안을 회유하는 북서태평양 개체군의 경우, 과거에는 거의 한국과, 일본의 남획으로 인해, 한국이 포경산업을 공식적으로 포기한 현재는 일본의 남획으로 인해 개체수가 훨씬 적으며, 상태도 위태롭다. 대서양에도 귀신고래군이 있었으나, 17세기에 멸종되고 말았다.

한편, 연오랑과 세오녀 설화에 나오는 움직이는 바위가 귀신고래의 등이라는 주장이 있다.

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Diet ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Bottom-dwelling amphipods, isopods, polychaete worms, mollusks, and other invertebrates and in some places at some times, various invertebrates at the surface or in the water column.The gammarid amphipod, Ampelisca macrocephala, is most likely the most commonly eaten prey in its main summer feeding grounds in the Bering Sea.

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
East Pacific, Indo-West Pacific

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
strongly coastal

Referência

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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Jacob van der Land [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
often found within a kilometre of the coastal shore

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

IUCN Red List Category ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Least Concern (LC)

Referência

IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Perrin, William [email]

IUCN Red List Category ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
subpopulation Northwest Pacific gray whale : Critically Endangered (CR)

Referência

IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Perrin, William [email]