dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 33 years (captivity) Observations: Normally, these animals do not live more than 20 years. In Chinese waters, however, they reach sexual maturity at later ages (4-10 years) and also live longer (Ronald Nowak 2003). One captive specimen lived for 28.8 years (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Sem título ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides appears to be very adaptable and is found in habitats which other species have abandoned. These include the Tung-Ting Lake in China, which is landlocked and extremely shallow. However, N. phocaenoides isn't as quick to adapt to human ways. They tend to eat objects off the river bottom, including things as detrimental to their health as bottle caps thrown in the water by humans; these appear to be a major cause of death (Bryden & Harrison 1986).

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Lindasy DuVall, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Although N. phocaenoides is not endangered, there are many threats to its survival as individuals if not as a species. Neophocaena phocaenoides is effected by pollution as well as bottom dredging. It is also killed by motor boat collisions, hunters, fish and shrimp nets, and its natural predator, the shark. (Bryden & Harrison 1986, Nowak 1991)

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: vulnerable

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides is hunted by humans for its meat, skin and oil (Nowak 1991).

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides feeds mainly in the euphotic zone. It eats benthic invertebrates, cephalopods such as squid, and small demersal fish. Neophocaena phocaenoides is a very aggresive hunter, and fish have been observed jumping out of the water when chased by it (Bryden & Harrison 1986). (Gaskin 1982)

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore )

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Distribution ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides is found in the coastal waters and rivers of Southeast Asia. It is concentrated in the eastern IndoPacific region. Neophocaena phocaenoides can be found from Pakistan to Korea, Japan, Borneo and Java. (Gaskin 1982, Nowak 1991)

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides lives in both fresh and salt water habitats. It is found in shallow coastal waters such as the Sea of Japan as well as fresh water rivers like the Yangtze river in China. Neophocaena phocaenoides is occasionaly found in inland lakes which have been cut off from the ocean but are still salt water. Neophocaena phocaenoides seems to prefer rocky promonotories and strong currents (Ganslosser 1988).

Aquatic Biomes: rivers and streams; coastal

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
23.0 years.

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides is sometimes called the Black Finless Porpoise because of the common misconception that its skin is black. In reality, the upper portions of N. phocaenoides are gray with touches of blue on the back and sides. The ventral parts are paler. Pale spots do however decrease with age, and the skin turns black immediately after death. Further, the skin coloring differs from pale in oceanic and brackish waters, to almost black in rivers. Neophocaena phocaenoides has no dorsal fin but has instead has a midline dorsal ridge. This ridge contains horny papillae. Neophocaena phocaenoides is the smallest cetacean and grows to only 150-190cm. It has a distinct eel-like shape due to its lack of dorsal fin and round, beakless head. The jaw of N. phocaenoides contains 15-21 spade shaped teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaw. (Ganslosser 1988, Herman 1980, Nowak 1991)

Range mass: 30 to 45 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides reaches sexual maturity by the age of 2. Reproductive cycles differ among geographic groups such as those located near Japan and those near China. The breeding cycle is 1-2 years and gestation lasts between 10 and 11 months. Births occur between February and August and there is usually 1 young per birth. Newborns are around 25kg and are weaned between September and June. Neophocaena phocaenoides has been found to live up to 23 years. (Bryden & Harrison 1986, Nowak 1991).

Breeding interval: The breeding cycle is 1-2 years

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 10 to 11 months.

Range weaning age: 7 to 10 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 (high) years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 (high) years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 7000 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Mothers carry their offspring on a patch of skin on the dorsal surface which is covered with horny papillae. This acts like a saddle on which the young can attach and be carried. Although obviously for carrying young, the horny papillae contain nerve endings and may be a means of auxillary orientation. This "extra" means of orientation could be very beneficial to N. phocaenoides since it often lives in murky waters.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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DuVall, L. 1999. "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Neophocaena_phocaenoides.html
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Biology ( Inglês )

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Finless porpoises are rather shy and elusive animals (4), which do not form large schools and are most often seen in pairs consisting of a mother and calf or an adult pair (2). They generally swim quietly, rarely leaping, splashing, or riding the bow waves of boats like other small cetaceans (2). They are opportunistic feeders, consuming a variety of schooling fishes, squids, octopuses, shrimps and prawns. The finless porpoise itself is known to be preyed on by the great white shark (2). Knowledge of reproduction in the finless porpoise currently comes only from individuals in Japanese and Chinese waters. Females are thought to calve every two years, with the peak calving season varying with location. For example, on the Pacific coast of Japan calving takes place in May and June, while it occurs in April and May in the Yangtze River (2). It is estimated that the gestation period in this species is around eleven months and that the mother feeds her calve for approximately seven months. Finless porpoises are known to reach sexual maturity at four to nine years of age and live for up to 25 years (2).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

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Currently, conservation measures appear to only exist for the Yangtze finless porpoise. Since the 1980s, conservation measures have been proposed and implemented for this Endangered subspecies (7). Preserving its natural habitat within the river has been the principal concern and so by 2008, six natural reserves had been created in areas of the river that contain high numbers of the porpoise (7) (8). In these reserves, the use of harmful fishing gear has been banned and these parts of the river are patrolled. However, these reserves are unable to eliminate all threats to the finless porpoise and thus ex-situ conservation has also been undertaken (7). The Baiji Dolphinarium was established in China in 1992, creating the opportunity to study endangered river animals in captivity. Yangtze finless porpoise have been reared here for several years, with one giving birth in 2005; the first freshwater cetacean to have ever been born in captivity (7). Another calf was born in 2008 (9). Another small group inhabit a 'semi-natural reserve', which was initially created for the baiji (10), comprising an oxbow lake and an 89 kilometre long section of river section (8). While such efforts should be commended, not all have had particularly promising outcomes and the future of the Yangtze finless porpoise remains uncertain (10). Hopefully the fate of the baiji will act as a poignant warning and lesson for the Yangtze finless porpoise (10), and that research is promptly undertaken on the other finless porpoise subspecies (2), to determine whether they may also be in need of rapid and intensive conservation efforts.
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Description ( Inglês )

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As its name suggests, this small marine mammal is the only porpoise that lacks a dorsal fin (4), and instead has a ridge that runs down the middle of the back (2). The finless porpoise can also be distinguished by its rounded head, lacking an apparent beak (2), and relatively slender body (4), which is dark to pale grey and lighter on the underside (2). A scattering of horny tubercles (small, raised bumps) are found on the ridge; this is thought to create an anti-slip surface when mothers carry their calves on their back or, more likely, used as sensory organs, as numerous nerve endings are found in the tubercles (2). Three subspecies of the finless porpoise are recognised. Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaorientalis (Yangtze finless porpoise) and Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri both have narrow and prominent ridges, while the ridge of Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides is wider, and almost flat towards the head. N. p. phocaenoides is also a lighter colour when born, and darkens with age, resulting in almost black adults (2).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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The finless porpoise inhabits tropical and warm temperate coastal waters (4), preferring areas over sandy or soft bottoms, including shallow bays, mangroves and estuaries, but it can also be found in some large rivers (2). The Yangtze finless porpoise is the only subspecies that occurs wholly in freshwater (4), and can be found up to 1,600 kilometres from the sea (2).
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Range ( Inglês )

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The finless porpoise occurs along the coasts of southern and eastern Asia, from the Persian Gulf, east to Japan and south to Java, Indonesia (5). N. p. phocaenoides occurs in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, N. p. sunameri occurs in the East China Sea, Yellow Sea and off the coast of Korea and Japan, and N. p. asiaorientalis is found only in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and adjoining lake systems (2) (5).
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Status ( Inglês )

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Classified as Data Deficient (DD) on the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3). Subspecies: Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Yangtze finless porpoise) is classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1).
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Threats ( Inglês )

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The finless porpoise's preference for coastal and riverine habitats makes it highly vulnerable to the impacts of human activities that take place in these regions (2). Although the finless porpoise is not directly targeted by fishermen, large numbers die when they become entangled in fishing nets, particularly gillnets (2) (5). Electric fishing also threatens the finless porpoise in the Yangtze River; despite being illegal, this destructive fishing method has become widespread in the river system during the last decade, not only killing some porpoises outright but also depleting their prey (5). Furthermore, high levels of toxic pollutants have been reported from Japanese finless porpoises, and while finless porpoises tend to avoid boats (2), mortalities caused by collisions with vessels may be a problem in busy shipping areas, such as Hong Kong (5). The deforestation of mangrove areas, rampant harbour expansion and the development of shrimp farms is taking place throughout Asia, degrading the porpoises' coastal habitat (2) (5). The Yangtze River finless porpoise is particularly vulnerable to habitat degradation, with the river not only being impacted by fishing and pollution, but also by the numerous dams that dot the Yangtze River basin (5). The impact that these threats may have on the Yangtze finless porpoise is illustrated only too well by the recent tragic demise of the baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), which was believed to have gone extinct from the Yangtze River in 2006 (6).
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Tüksüz dəniz donuzu ( Azerbaijano )

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Tüksüz dəniz donuzu[1] (lat. Neophocaena phocaenoides) — Dəniz donuzları (Phocoenidae) fəsiləsinə aid dəniz məməlisi

Əsasən isti sularda yaşayır. Onlara Yaponiya sahillərindən tutmuş Cənubi Afrika sahillərinə qədər ki ərazilərdə rast gəlmək olar. Sakit okean suları əsas arealı hesab edilir. Onları hətta Kuril adalarının cənub rayonlarınds belə görmək olur. Dayazlıqlarda, sahilə yaxın ərazilərdə üzürlər. Bəzən çayların axarının əksinə min km məsafə qət edirlər (Yanszı çayı ilə 1800 km). Qruplar halında hərəkət edirlər. Adətən hər qrupda 5-6 fərd olur. Ancaq onlarla sayı olan qruplara belə rast gəlinir. Asta şəkildə üzürlər. Süyün üzərindən nadir hallarda atılırlar.

Uzunluğu 160 sm təşkil edir. Bel nahiyyəsi nisbətən tünd olduğu halda qarın nahiyəsi açıqdır. Bel nahiyyəsindən boğaza qədər eni 0,5 mm olan zolaq uzanır. Xərçəngkimilər, moyusklar və balıqlarla qidalanırlar.

Coğrafi baxımından üç fərqli ərazilərdə yayıldığından bəzən onlar fərli yarımcinslərə aid edilir. Balalar payızda doğulurlar (oktyabr). Bəzən onlar analarının belində üzürlər[2].

 src=
Tüksüz dəniz donuzu və insan

İstinadlar

  1. (ing.)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status
  2. Морские свиньи // Царство животных / Перевод с англ. С. В. Чудова. — М.: ОНИКС, 2000. — С. 181. — ISBN 5-249-00214-5.

Mənbə

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Tüksüz dəniz donuzu: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Tüksüz dəniz donuzu (lat. Neophocaena phocaenoides) — Dəniz donuzları (Phocoenidae) fəsiləsinə aid dəniz məməlisi

Əsasən isti sularda yaşayır. Onlara Yaponiya sahillərindən tutmuş Cənubi Afrika sahillərinə qədər ki ərazilərdə rast gəlmək olar. Sakit okean suları əsas arealı hesab edilir. Onları hətta Kuril adalarının cənub rayonlarınds belə görmək olur. Dayazlıqlarda, sahilə yaxın ərazilərdə üzürlər. Bəzən çayların axarının əksinə min km məsafə qət edirlər (Yanszı çayı ilə 1800 km). Qruplar halında hərəkət edirlər. Adətən hər qrupda 5-6 fərd olur. Ancaq onlarla sayı olan qruplara belə rast gəlinir. Asta şəkildə üzürlər. Süyün üzərindən nadir hallarda atılırlar.

Uzunluğu 160 sm təşkil edir. Bel nahiyyəsi nisbətən tünd olduğu halda qarın nahiyəsi açıqdır. Bel nahiyyəsindən boğaza qədər eni 0,5 mm olan zolaq uzanır. Xərçəngkimilər, moyusklar və balıqlarla qidalanırlar.

Coğrafi baxımından üç fərqli ərazilərdə yayıldığından bəzən onlar fərli yarımcinslərə aid edilir. Balalar payızda doğulurlar (oktyabr). Bəzən onlar analarının belində üzürlər.

 src= Tüksüz dəniz donuzu və insan
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Marsopa sense aleta ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

La marsopa sense aleta (Neophocaena phocaenoides) és una de les sis espècies de marsopa. A les aigües de voltants del Japó, al límit septentrional de la seva distribució, és conegut com a sunameri. Una població d'aigua dolça que viu al riu Iang-tsé (Xina) hi és coneguda com a jiangzhu, o "porc de riu". S'alimenten principalment de peixos, gambes i cefalòpodes.

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Marsopa sense aleta: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

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Finneløst marsvin ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Det finneløse marsvin (Neophocaena phocaenoides) er et medlem af marsvin-familien under tandhvalerne. Arten er den eneste i slægten Neophocaena. Dyret er 1,2-1,9 m langt og vejer 30-45 kg og adskiller sig fra de øvrige marsvin ved ikke at have en rygfinne. Marsvinet findes langs sydøstasiatiske kyster og i de større floder, som f.eks. Yangtze.

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Referencer

  1. ^ Reeves, R.R., Collins, T., Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K. (2008). Neophocaena phocaenoides. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Hentet den 24 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.
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Glattschweinswal ( Alemão )

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Der Glattschweinswal (Neophocaena phocaenoides), auch Indischer Schweinswal oder Finnenloser Schweinswal genannt, ist eine Walart aus der Familie der Schweinswale (Phocoenidae), die vom Persischen/Arabischen Golf entlang der Nordküste des Indischen Ozeans bis zur Formosastraße im westlichen Pazifik vorkommt.

Lange Zeit galt die Gattung Neophocaena als monotypisch, doch 2011 wurde die Gattung in die Arten Neophocaena phocaenoides und Neophocaena asiaeorientalis aufgespalten. Letztere hat zwei Unterarten: N. a. asiaeorientalis, die sehr selten im Jangtsekiang vorkommt, und die häufigere Unterart N. a. sunameri aus südkoreanischen und japanischen Gewässern.

Beschreibung

Der Glattschweinswal bleibt mit einer Länge von lediglich 1,70 Meter kleiner als Neophocaena asiaeorientalis, der eine Maximallänge von etwa 2,20 Meter erreicht. Der Kopf ist klein und durch die Melone deutlich gerundet. Die Schädellänge liegt bei 18 bis 24,5 cm (21 bis 29,5 cm bei N. asiaeorientalis). Die Schnauze ist breit, kurz und zwischen 6,2 und 9,2 cm lang (7,7 bis 9,7 cm bei N. asiaeorientalis). Pro Kieferhälfte zählt man 15 bis 22 Zähne im Oberkiefer und 16 bis 22 im Unterkiefer (16 bis 21 bzw. 15 bis 20 bei N. asiaeorientalis). Beiden Glattschweinswalarten fehlt die Finne, weshalb sie auch Finnenlose Schweinswale genannt werden. Dafür besitzen sie eine mit Tuberkelreihen versehene Zone auf dem Rücken und dahinter einen niedrigen und breiten (4,8 bis 12 cm) fleischigen Grat. Die Anzahl der Tuberkelreihen beträgt 10 bis 17, in Ausnahmefällen können es auch nur neun oder bis zu 25 Reihen sein. Bei N. asiaeorientalis beginnt der Rückengrat vor der Rückenmitte und ist mit einer Maximalhöhe von 5,5 cm relativ hoch. Die Tuberkeln stehen auf dem Grat in einer bis zehn Reihen, die mit Tuberkeln bestandene Zone ist nur 2 bis 12, in Ausnahmefällen auch 24 mm breit.

Ausgewachsene Glattschweinswale sind dunkelgrau, oft fast schwarz, Jungtiere dagegen hellgrau. N. asiaeorientalis ist dagegen cremefarben bis dunkelgrau, meistens mittelgrau gefärbt und hat dunkelgraue, mit zunehmendem Alter heller werdende Jungtiere.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Glattschweinswal: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Der Glattschweinswal (Neophocaena phocaenoides), auch Indischer Schweinswal oder Finnenloser Schweinswal genannt, ist eine Walart aus der Familie der Schweinswale (Phocoenidae), die vom Persischen/Arabischen Golf entlang der Nordküste des Indischen Ozeans bis zur Formosastraße im westlichen Pazifik vorkommt.

Lange Zeit galt die Gattung Neophocaena als monotypisch, doch 2011 wurde die Gattung in die Arten Neophocaena phocaenoides und Neophocaena asiaeorientalis aufgespalten. Letztere hat zwei Unterarten: N. a. asiaeorientalis, die sehr selten im Jangtsekiang vorkommt, und die häufigere Unterart N. a. sunameri aus südkoreanischen und japanischen Gewässern.

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Indo-Pacific finless porpoise ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is one of eight porpoise species. The species ranges throughout most of the Indian Ocean, as well as the tropical and subtropical Pacific from Indonesia north to the Taiwan Strait. Overlapping with this species in the Taiwan Strait and replacing it northwards is the East Asian finless porpoise (N. sunameri).

Distribution

The Indo-Pacific finless porpoise lives in the coastal waters of Asia, especially around Indonesia, Malaysia, India, and Bangladesh. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf. On the eastern edge of their range, they are found throughout the Indonesian archipelago and range north to the Taiwan Strait. Finless porpoises are also one of the species protected at Sundarbans National Park.

Description

Size compared to an average human

Finless porpoises can grow to as much as 2.27 m (7 ft 5 in) in length, and can weigh up to 72 kg (159 lb), although most are rather smaller.[3] The flippers are moderately large, reaching up to 20% of the total body length. Adults are typically a uniform, light grey colour, although some may have lighter patches of skin around the mouth or darker patches in front of the flippers. Newborn calves of the central and eastern subspecies are mostly black with grey around the dorsal ridge area, becoming fully grey after four to six months. However, newborn calves of the western subspecies are a light creamy grey, and become darker as they age.[3]

Adults grow more than 1.55 m (5 ft) in length and up to 30–45 kg (65–100 lb) in weight.

Internal anatomy

The anatomy of finless porpoises has been relatively well studied, compared with that of some other cetacean species. For example, the tubercles along the dorsal ridge are known to contain numerous nerve endings that may possess a sensory function. The auditory system also appears well-developed, with numerous large nerve fibres specialised for rapid communication between the ears and the brain. On the other hand, sight is relatively poor, with a reduced lens and a limited number of fibres in the optic nerve and to the muscles moving the eyes.[3]

The skeleton is unusually light, accounting for only 5% of the total weight of the animal. There are between 58 and 65 vertebrae, about half of them in the tail, and with the first three cervical vertebrae fused into a single structure. There are ten to fourteen pairs of ribs in the chest, and an additional set of vestigial ribs has sometimes been reported in the neck, in association with the seventh cervical vertebra.[3] There are 44 sets of spinal nerves.[4]

The nasal passage contains nine or ten air sacs, which have a complicated structure, and are capable of sealing off all air within the passage. Behind these are an additional set of vomeronasal sacs.[5] The trachea, however, is short, with only four cartilaginous rings.[3] The stomach has three chambers, there is no caecum, and no distinct difference between the small and large intestines.[6][7]

Diet

Finless porpoises are opportunistic feeders using various kinds of available food items available in their habitat, including fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods.[8] They are reported to eat fish, shrimp and squid off Pakistan. Seasonal changes in their diets have not been studied. They also apparently ingest some plant material when living in estuaries, mangroves, and rivers, including leaves, rice, and eggs deposited on vegetation.

Behaviour

Recent data suggest the basic unit of a finless porpoise pod is a mother/calf pair or two adults, and schools of three or more individuals are aggregations of these units or of solitary individuals. Social structure seems to be underdeveloped in the species, and the mother/calf pair is probably the only stable social unit.

Like other porpoises, their behaviour tends to be not as energetic and showy as that of dolphins. They do not ride bow waves, and in some areas appear to be shy of boats.[3]

Finless porpoises make both high frequency clicking sounds, and longer, low frequency tones, the latter perhaps being for communication, rather than echolocation.[9] The clicks are narrow-band, with peaks of over 100 kHz.[10]

A new study from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) study that was published in The Journal of Experimental Biology, "highlights the differences in dolphins' ability to hear across species, reshaping the previous 'one-size-fits-all' approach taken on the hearing ability of the cetaceans".[11]

Swimming style

Although they show no acrobatics in the water, finless porpoises are believed to be very active swimmers. They typically swim just beneath the surface of the water and roll to one side when surfacing to breathe. This rolling movement disturbs very little water on the surface, so they are often overlooked when rising to breathe. Surfacing generally lasts for one minute, as they take three to four quick successive breaths, then quickly submerge into the water. They often surface a great distance from the point where they dive beneath the water's surface. Dives lasting over four minutes have been recorded, and a common pattern of behaviour is to take one long dive, followed by two shorter ones.[3]

Reproduction

Breeding occurs in late spring and early summer.. The young are born in spring, summer, or winter, depending on the geographic locality, after a gestation period of ten to eleven months. Newborn finless porpoises are reported to 72 to 84 cm (28 to 33 in) in length.[3][12] Males reach sexual maturity at four to six years of age, and females at six to nine years.[12] Finless porpoises have lived up to 33 years.[3]

It has been claimed that young calves cling to the denticulated area of skin on their mother's back and are carried by her as she swims, but there is no clear evidence of this happening.[3] Calves are weaned at 6–15 months.

Conservation

The finless porpoise is listed on Appendix II[13] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II[13] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

Since this species remains in coastal waters, it has a high degree of interaction with humans, which often puts the finless porpoise at risk. Like other porpoises, large numbers of this species are killed by entanglement in gill nets. The primary danger to the species is environmental degradation. Unlike other members of this family, finless porpoises have lived in captivity for over 15 years.

There are no well-established estimates of the animals' abundance. However, a comparison of two surveys, one from the late 1970s and the other from 1999–2000, shows a decline in population and distribution. Scientists believe this decline has been ongoing for decades, and the current population is just a fraction of its historical levels. Along the southern coast of Pakistan in the Arabian Sea it is declared as an endangered species.

The WWF Website states that the finless porpoise is Critically endangered.[14] However, it is not the official 'IUCN Endangered Status'.

See also

References

  1. ^ Wang, J.Y.; Reeves, R. (2017). "Neophocaena phocaenoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T198920A50386795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T198920A50386795.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jefferson, T. A.; Hung, S. K. (2004). "Neophocaena phocaenoides". Mammalian Species. 746: 1–12. doi:10.1644/746. S2CID 198125391.
  4. ^ Wu, B. (1989). "The spinal cord of finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Theriological Sinica. 9 (1): 16–23. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
  5. ^ Gao, G. & Zhou, K. (1989). "Anatomy of the nasal passage and associated structures of Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 9 (4): 275–280. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
  6. ^ Li, Y.; et al. (1984). "The digestive organs of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). I. Tongue, oesophagus and stomach". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 4 (4): 257–264. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
  7. ^ Qian, W.; et al. (1985). "The digestive organs of the finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. II. Intestines, liver and pancreas". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 5 (1): 3–9. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013.
  8. ^ Shirakihara, M.; et al. (1992). "Records of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phoceanoides) in the waters adjacent to Kanmon Pass, Japan". Marine Mammal Science. 8 (1): 82–85. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00128.x.
  9. ^ Wang, D. (1996). "A preliminary study on sound and acoustic behavior of the Yangtze River finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 20 (2): 127–133. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014.
  10. ^ Kamminga, C.; et al. (1996). "Investigations on cetacean sonar XI: Intrinsic comparison of the wave shapes of some members of the Phocoenidae family" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 22 (1): 45–56.
  11. ^ Foley, James A. (21 October 2013). "Study of Yangtze Finless Porpoise Reveals Not All Cetaceans Hear Alike". Nature World News. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
  12. ^ a b Shirakihara, M.; et al. (1993). "Age, growth, and reproduction of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan". Marine Mammal Science. 9 (4): 392–406. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00472.x.
  13. ^ a b "Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)" (PDF). Convention on Migratory Species. 5 March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2011.
  14. ^ "Yangtze finless porpoise".

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Indo-Pacific finless porpoise: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is one of eight porpoise species. The species ranges throughout most of the Indian Ocean, as well as the tropical and subtropical Pacific from Indonesia north to the Taiwan Strait. Overlapping with this species in the Taiwan Strait and replacing it northwards is the East Asian finless porpoise (N. sunameri).

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Nigra foceno ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La Nigra foceno (Neophocaena phocaenoides) el la ordo de cetacoj kaj familio de fokenedoj vivas en la marbordoj de Ĉinio kaj ĝiaj riveroj Jangzi (Lago Dongting) kaj Ŝjangĝjang, kaj ankaŭ en la Bonespera Kabo de la suda parto de Afriko, en Hindia Oceano, Hindio, Pakistano, la Insularo de Indonezio, marbordoj de Japanio kaj Koreio. Ĝia korpo estas malhelgriza aŭ nigra. La kapo estas ronda, muzelo mallonga kaj larĝa, okuloj malgrandaj. Ĝi, sen dorsa naĝilo, tamen havas grandajn naĝilojn ventran kaj brustan, falĉil-formajn. Ambaŭ vostnaĝiloj sin tenas horizontale. Ĝia korpo estas é. 1,5 metrojn long;4, maksimume 1,9 metrojn kaj ĉ. 220 kg. peza.

La nigraj focenoj sin trovas en la tropika kaj subtropika maroj, ĉe la marbordaj havenoj kaj golfoj. Iam ili naĝas de riverbuŝo supren en la riveron. En Ĉinio ili povas kontraŭflue naĝi 1 600 km. supren en Jangzi-riveron. Ĝenerale ili moviĝas unuope, duope aŭ la bestino agas kune kun siaj idoj. Sed en printempo, t.e. en ilia fekundiga tempo, videblas granda grupo.el dekoj da ili. En la norda parto de Ĉinio ili ofte venas al la marbordoj kune kun tiŝaroj. Ili, malrapidmovaj, ŝatas naĝi ĉirkaŭ ŝipoj, tial ĉasi ilin estas facile. Ili manĝas ĉefe diversspecajn fiŝojn, salikokojn, sepiojn kaj ankaŭ krustulojn kaj aliajn akvajn bestojn. Ili povas resti sub akvo 8-9 minutojn, tamen ĝenerale post ĉiu minuto ili devas spiri.

La focenino naskas oktobre, ĉiufoje unu idon. La tavolo de subhaŭta graso de foceno estas dika. Ĝi konsistigas 23-36% de la tuta korpa pezo, kaj la oledona procento povas atingi 70-80. Ilia graso povas esti prilaborita en industrian oleon kaj altklasan ŝmirgrasort. Estas utiligeblaj iliaj graso, karno, haŭto kaj osto. En Ĉinio iii estas protektataj animaloj duaklasaj, tamen ili ankoraŭ ne estas listigitaj en la ruĝan libron de la mondaj protektataj animaloj.

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Neophocaena phocaenoides ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La marsopa sin aleta o marsopa negra (Neophocaena phocaenoides) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Phocoenidae, una de seis especies de marsopa. En las aguas alrededor de Japón, se la conoce como sunameri. Una población que habita en agua dulce, del río Yangtze en China es conocida localmente como cerdo del Yangtze.

Descripción

Carece de aleta dorsal. Los adultos son color gris claro uniforme, mientras que las crías son negras hasta los 4 o 6 meses de edad. Los adultos miden más de un metro y medio de longitud y pesan hasta 30-45 kg. Los machos son sexualmente maduros a partir de los 4 años y medio de edad y las hembras desde los 3 años. Se alimentan de una amplia gama de peces, crustáceos —sobre todo camarones— y cefalópodos.

Población y distribución

La marsopa sin aleta vive en las aguas costeras de Asia, especialmente en la India, China, Indonesia y Japón. Existe una población dulceacuícola en el río Yangtze.

Habitan aguas poco profundas (hasta los 50 m), cerca de las orillas, con fondos suaves o arenosos. En casos excepcionales han sido avistados hasta 160 km mar adentro frente a las costas chinas y el mar Amarillo, pero siempre en aguas relativamente someras.

Conservación

No existen suficientes datos para incluirlas en la lista de especies en peligro de extinción de la UICN, excepto en China. Su costumbre de permanecer cerca de las orillas las coloca en gran peligro. Muchas mueren cada año en redes o en líneas de pesca colocados a través de los ríos. Una expedición del año 2006 estimaba que menos de 400 animales sobrevivían en el río Yangtze.[cita requerida]

Referencias

  1. Wang, J.Y. , Reeves, R. (2017). «Neophocaena phocaenoides». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de mayo de 2018.

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Neophocaena phocaenoides: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

La marsopa sin aleta o marsopa negra (Neophocaena phocaenoides) es una especie de cetáceo odontoceto de la familia Phocoenidae, una de seis especies de marsopa. En las aguas alrededor de Japón, se la conoce como sunameri. Una población que habita en agua dulce, del río Yangtze en China es conocida localmente como cerdo del Yangtze.

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Silepringel ( Estônio )

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Silepringel (Neophocaena phocaenoides) on ainuke pringellaste sugukonna liik, kellel pole seljauime. Selle järgi on silepringel nimetuse saanudki.

Harilik silepringel (Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides) elab Indoneesias. Hiina silepringel (Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri) elab Hiina idarannikul ja Jaapanis. Yangtse silepringel (Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaorientalis) elab Ida-Hiina meres ja Jangtse jões.

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Neophocaena phocaenoides ( Basco )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides Neophocaena generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocoenidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. G. Cuvier (1829) 1 Règne Anim. 291. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Neophocaena phocaenoides: Brief Summary ( Basco )

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Neophocaena phocaenoides Neophocaena generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Phocoenidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Rosopyöriäinen ( Finlandês )

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Rosopyöriäinen (Neophocaena phocaenoides) on Etelä- ja Itä-Aasian rannikolla elävä 30–45 kilon painoinen pyöriäinen. Aikuiset yksilöt ovat noin 120–190 cm pitkä.[2] Rosopyöriäinen on luokiteltu uhanalaiseksi. Toisin kuin muilla pyöriäisillä, rosopyöriäiseltä puuttuu selkäevä kokonaan ja sen tilalla on pieniä rasvakyhmyjä.[2] Poikanen ratsastaa usein emonsa selässä näiden kohoumien varassa ja emon tullessa hengittämään nousee poikanen kokonaan pinnan yläpuolelle.[2] Rosopyöriäiset liikkuvat useimmiten 2-3 yksilön ryhmissä, mutta eivät laumoina.

Lähteet

Veli-Risto Cajander et. al.: Maailman luonto: nisäkkäät 1. Porvoo: WSOY, 1998. ISBN 951-35-6493-2.

Viitteet

  1. Wang, J.Y. & Reeves, R.: Neophocaena phocaenoides IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 1.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c Cajander s. 155
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Rosopyöriäinen: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

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Rosopyöriäinen (Neophocaena phocaenoides) on Etelä- ja Itä-Aasian rannikolla elävä 30–45 kilon painoinen pyöriäinen. Aikuiset yksilöt ovat noin 120–190 cm pitkä. Rosopyöriäinen on luokiteltu uhanalaiseksi. Toisin kuin muilla pyöriäisillä, rosopyöriäiseltä puuttuu selkäevä kokonaan ja sen tilalla on pieniä rasvakyhmyjä. Poikanen ratsastaa usein emonsa selässä näiden kohoumien varassa ja emon tullessa hengittämään nousee poikanen kokonaan pinnan yläpuolelle. Rosopyöriäiset liikkuvat useimmiten 2-3 yksilön ryhmissä, mutta eivät laumoina.

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Neophocaena phocaenoides ( Francês )

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Le marsouin aptère (Neophocaena phocaenides) est un cétacé de petite taille. C'est le seul représentant du genre Neophocaena. C'est le seul marsouin à ne pas avoir d'aileron dorsal[1]. Il est aussi nommé Princesse du Yangsté, ce nom lui est donné par une légende racontant que le dauphin est la réincarnation d’une princesse qui, refusant d’épouser un prince qu’elle n’aimait pas, s’est jetée dans la rivière pour s’y noyer.[2]

Autres noms : marsouin de l'Inde, marsouin de Cuvier ou marsouin noir[3].

Caractéristiques

 src=
Marsouins aptères, Institut d'hydrobiologie de Wuhan, Chine

Comme son nom l'indique, le marsouin aptère est dépourvu d'aileron dorsal mais possède une petite crête sur le dos. Ce marsouin de taille moyenne est difficile à identifier et à apercevoir au moment où il fait brièvement surface et roule doucement dans l'eau pour remplir ses poumons d'air. Il se distingue des autres espèces de marsouin par son front protubérant comme celui des dauphins et son museau légèrement pointu[3].

La taille de ses petits varie de 50 à 70 centimètres. les adultes peuvent peser jusqu'à 72 kg : les mâles peuvent atteindre 1,90 m pour un poids de 40 à 50 kg ; les femelles sont plus petites [3].

Sa peau est de couleur gris clair, sa tête est ronde et il a un petit bec. Sur le haut de son corps il possède de petits tubercules et sa nageoire caudale possède une encoche au milieu.[4]

Sa dentition comporte une trentaine de dents comprimées et aplaties à l'extrémité.

Le marsouin aptère a un aspect physique que l'on peut comparer à un béluga.

Son espérance de vie est d'environ 33 ans.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit seul ou en petits groupes composés de 3 à 5 individus, occasionnellement 10 ou plus[3].

Il a un régime alimentaire piscivore, il se nourrit exclusivement de petits poissons, céphalopodes, crustacés et mollusques au fond de l'eau[3] qu'il détecte par écholocation lors de courtes apnées en eaux peu profondes.

Il migre parfois pour de courts voyages saisonniers à la suite de ses proies.

Reproduction

Le mâle marsouin aptère atteint la maturité sexuelle entre 4 et 6 ans ; la femelle entre 6 et 9 ans. La gestation dure 11 mois. Le sevrage du petit survient vers 7 mois.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition du marsouin aptère

Il vit près des côtes, dans l'océan Indien et le Pacifique ouest où il fréquente les estuaires et remonte les fleuves[3] (Indus, Bramapoutre, Yangtze...). On trouve quelques spécimens de marsouins aptère dans le fleuve Yang-Tsé-Kiang (Chang Jiang en chinois) où sa population est réduite à cause de l'activité humaine aux abords du fleuve[5]. Le dauphin de Chine, lui, a peut être disparu complètement. La dernière expédition de recherche internationale de 2006 n'a pas trouvé ne serait-ce qu'un seul individu[6].

Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829) est localisé dans les eaux côtières, voire les embouchures des fleuves, de l'océan Indien, et de la mer de Chine méridionale, du golfe Persique jusqu'au détroit de Formose. C'est, parmi tous les marsouins, le groupe qui fréquente les eaux les plus tropicales, et ce, sur la plus grande distance[7],[8].

Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri Pilleri and Gihr, 1975, fréquente les eaux côtières et les embouchures de la mer de Chine orientale, de Taïwan jusqu'à la Corée et au Japon. Il présente des homologies biométriques et génétiques avec la sous-espèce asiaeorientalis, qui pourraient inciter à le regrouper avec cette dernière sous-espèce en une espèce séparée[9],[10],[11].

Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (Pilleri and Gihr, 1972) n'a été localisé que dans les cours moyen et inférieur du Yang Tsé, soit sur 1 600 km à partir de l’estuaire, ainsi que les lacs Poyang et Dongting et leurs affluents. Il semble que cette sous-espèce soit uniquement dulcicole[12]. Les comptages, très difficiles, semblent indiquer une diminution rapide des effectifs, en raison de la pollution des eaux[13],[14],[15],[16].
De plus, sur la base de la modélisation de protéines par homologie et des caractéristiques de leur protéine ACE2, il n'est pas exclu que cette espèce puisse être infectée par le coronavirus responsable de la pandémie de Covid-19 (voire qu'elle soit l'espèce intermédiaire dans laquelle le virus aurai pu émerger, comme l'humain, les bovidés ou les rongeurs du groupe des cricétidés), selon trois chercheurs de l'université de Shandong (Luan et al. ; 1er avril 2020)[17] qui suggèrent en 2020 de rechercher s'il est infecté par le SARS-CoV-2 (ou par un coronavirus apparenté)[17].

Population et menaces

Le marsouin aptère est sur la Liste rouge des espèces en danger critique d’extinction. La population de marsouin aptère a diminué avec 1 012 individus vivant encore à l’état sauvage en 2017. La Chine a enregistré depuis le début de l'année 2022 au moins 16 décès de marsouins aptères, une espèce très menacée qui pourrait bientôt s'éteindre dans son habitat du fleuve Yangtsé, a rapporté la presse officielle. Ce cétacé d'eau douce, qui comme son nom l'indique est dépourvu d'aileron dorsal, vit en Chine seulement dans le Yangtsé et dans deux lacs reliés à ce grand fleuve, mais ne sont pas épargnés par les pollution.[18]

Taxinomie

Le genre Neophocaena Phocaenoides ou marsouin aptère ne comprenait autrefois qu’une espèce reconnue, le marsouin aptère N. phocaenoides . Il a récemment été divisé en deux catégories: Le marsouin aptère N. phocaenoides et le marsouin aptère narrow-ridged N. asiaeorientalis de l’Inde et du Pacifique , autrefois considérées comme les sous-espèces de N. phocaenoides asiaeorientalis dans la liste rouge de l’UICN1 (Wang et al. 2008, Comité sur la Taxonomie 2009, Perrin 2009, Jefferson et Wang 2011). Les deux espèces sont morphologiquement distinctes, isolées sur le plan de la reproduction comme le montre les évidences génétiques et partiellement sympatriques dans le Pacifique occidental. La différence morphologique externe est suffisamment prononcée pour être évidente au niveau des animaux observés en mer dans leur milieu naturel (Wang et al. 2010). Les deux espèces diffèrent par leurs caractéristiques crâniennes ainsi que par leur morphologie externe.

Notes et références

  1. Alain Diringer (préf. Marc Taquet), Mammifères marins et reptiles marins de l'océan Indien et du Pacifique, Éditions Orphie, 2020, 272 p. (ISBN 979-10-298-0254-6), p. Marsouin aptère pages 111 et 112
  2. « Coup de pouce pour le marsouin du Yangtsé | WWF France », sur www.wwf.fr (consulté le 3 février 2022)
  3. a b c d e et f Le Règne Animal, David Burnie, 2002, (ISBN 2-07-055151-2)
  4. wikie, « la marsouin aptère : présentation », sur le blog des mammifères marins (consulté le 3 février 2022)
  5. AFP, « Chine. Le marsouin du Yangtsé vit ses derniers jours », 20 minutes.fr,‎ 19 avril 12 (lire en ligne).
  6. « Dauphin de Chine - Baiji ou dauphin du Yangzi Jiang », sur www.especes-menacees.fr, 2 mai 2016 (consulté le 12 février 2020).
  7. (fr) Référence Catalogue of Life : Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides .
  8. (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides.
  9. (fr) Référence Catalogue of Life : Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri .
  10. (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri.
  11. (en) Référence NCBI : Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri (taxons inclus).
  12. (en) Xuming Zhou, Xuanmin Guang, Di Sun et Shixia Xu, « Population genomics of finless porpoises reveal an incipient cetacean species adapted to freshwater », Nature Communications, vol. 9, no 1,‎ décembre 2018, p. 1276 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020).
  13. (en) Référence UICN : espèce Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (C2b).
  14. (fr) Référence Catalogue of Life : Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis .
  15. (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis.
  16. (en) Référence NCBI : Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis (taxons inclus).
  17. a et b (en) Junwen Luan, Xiaolu Jin, Yue Lu et Leiliang Zhang, « SARS-CoV-2 spike protein favors ACE2 from Bovidae and Cricetidae », Journal of Medical Virology,‎ 10 avril 2020 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020).
  18. « Le marsouin du Yangtsé menacé d'extinction », sur La Presse, 19 avril 2012 (consulté le 3 février 2022)

Annexes

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Neophocaena phocaenoides: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Le marsouin aptère (Neophocaena phocaenides) est un cétacé de petite taille. C'est le seul représentant du genre Neophocaena. C'est le seul marsouin à ne pas avoir d'aileron dorsal. Il est aussi nommé Princesse du Yangsté, ce nom lui est donné par une légende racontant que le dauphin est la réincarnation d’une princesse qui, refusant d’épouser un prince qu’elle n’aimait pas, s’est jetée dans la rivière pour s’y noyer.

Autres noms : marsouin de l'Inde, marsouin de Cuvier ou marsouin noir.

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Muc mhara neamheiteach ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí í an mhuc mhara neamheiteach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Neophocaena phocaenoides ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La neofocena (Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829)), chiamata anche come neofocena dell'Indo-Pacifico per distinguerla dalle altre due specie del genere,[2] è un cetaceo appartenente alla famiglia dei Focenidi (Phocoenidae) presente dal golfo Persico, lungo la costa settentrionale dell'oceano Indiano, fino allo stretto di Formosa nel Pacifico occidentale.[3]

Per molto tempo il genere Neophocaena è stato considerato monotipico, ma nel 2011 è stato suddiviso nelle specie Neophocaena phocaenoides e Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. Quest'ultima specie è stata in seguito suddivisa a sua volta nelle due specie N. asiaeorientalis, estremamente rara e diffusa nello Yangtze, e nella più comune N. sunameri delle acque sudcoreane e giapponesi.[4]

Descrizione

Le neofocena misura 1,6-1,7 metri di lunghezza e pesa 40-70 chilogrammi. Il corpo è snello e flessibile, con forma arrotondata (a bulbo) della testa, senza becco, e un peduncolo che si restringe drasticamente verso i lobi caudali. Ci sono 15-22 coppie di piccoli denti a forma di spatola sulla mascella e sulla mandibola. Alle neofocene indopacifiche manca la pinna dorsale, hanno invece una cresta dorsale molto più arretrata, posta a circa il 75-90% del dorso a partire dalla testa. Piccole prominenze cornee, chiamate tubercoli, sono presenti su un'area appiattita o leggermente concava dalla parte anteriore del dorso alla cresta dorsale. La funzione dei tubercoli è sconosciuta.[2]

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie vive nelle acque tropicali e subtropicali poco profonde dell'oceano Indiano e dell'oceano Pacifico, in una fascia costiera che si estende dall'Iran e dal golfo Persico verso est per gran parte del Sud-est asiatico e verso nord almeno fino allo stretto di Formosa. È presente nelle baie soggette a forti escursioni di marea, negli estuari e nei canali tra le isole. Anche se la maggior parte del loro habitat è profondo meno di 50 m e prossimo alla costa, questi cetacei sono stati osservati anche a 240 km dalle coste del mar Giallo e nel mar Cinese Orientale.

Biologia

Le neofocene non sono particolarmente gregarie e di solito si presentano in piccoli gruppi composti da 2 a 5 esemplari. Aggregazioni più numerose possono formarsi in aree ricche di cibo. Non cavalcano le onde di prua delle barche e non compiono evoluzioni aeree, e tendono a essere difficili da avvicinare, anche se a volte può accadere che seguano una barca in rapido movimento per giocare nella sua scia. Quando inseguono le prede e quando socializzano, a volte le focene percorrono tratti nuotando e saltando, ma normalmente nuotano inarcando lentamente il dorso, che compare in superficie.[5]

Alimentazione

Le neofocene sono predatori opportunisti che consumano una grande varietà di piccoli organismi, compresi quelli che vivono sul fondo, pesci e crostacei, pesci che vivono in banchi e cefalopodi come calamari, seppie e polpi. Non compiono immersioni profonde e di solito rimangono immerse per meno di un minuto, e mai per più di qualche minuto.[5]

Riproduzione

Queste focene vivono probabilmente circa 20 anni e raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 4-6 anni. Le femmine partoriscono ogni 2 anni, dopo 11 mesi di gestazione. La stagione del parto è prolungata e va da giugno a marzo. I cuccioli, che alla nascita misurano 60-80 cm e pesano 5-10 kg, vengono allattati per circa 6-7 mesi.[5]

Conservazione

Vivendo in acque poco profonde e a latitudini moderate, le neofocene si trovano spesso in prossimità delle attività umane e quindi risentono della perdita e del degrado dell'habitat, dell'inquinamento e del traffico navale. L'aggrovigliamento negli attrezzi da pesca, in particolare nelle reti da posta, è probabilmente la minaccia più grave, anche se le collisioni con le imbarcazioni e i disturbi da inquinamento acustico sono anch'essi fonte di potenziali problemi.[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Wang, J.Y. & Reeves, R., Neophocaena phocaenoides, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Hadoram Shirihai e Brett Jarrett, Balene, delfini e foche, Roma, Ricca editore, 2014, pp. 248-250, ISBN 978-88-6694-018-0.
  3. ^ Neophocaena phocaenoides, su Mammal Diversity.
  4. ^ T. A. Jefferson e J. Y. Wang, Revision of the taxonomy of finless porpoises (genus Neophocaena): the existence of two species (PDF), in Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, vol. 4, 2011, pp. 3-16. URL consultato il 2 novembre 2021 (archiviato dall'url originale il 3 gennaio 2015).
  5. ^ a b c Annalisa Berta (a cura di), Whales, Dolphins & Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide, University of Chicago Press, 2015.

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Neophocaena phocaenoides: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La neofocena (Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829)), chiamata anche come neofocena dell'Indo-Pacifico per distinguerla dalle altre due specie del genere, è un cetaceo appartenente alla famiglia dei Focenidi (Phocoenidae) presente dal golfo Persico, lungo la costa settentrionale dell'oceano Indiano, fino allo stretto di Formosa nel Pacifico occidentale.

Per molto tempo il genere Neophocaena è stato considerato monotipico, ma nel 2011 è stato suddiviso nelle specie Neophocaena phocaenoides e Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. Quest'ultima specie è stata in seguito suddivisa a sua volta nelle due specie N. asiaeorientalis, estremamente rara e diffusa nello Yangtze, e nella più comune N. sunameri delle acque sudcoreane e giapponesi.

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Bepelekė jūrų kiaulė ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Bepelekės jūrų kiaulės palitimas

Bepelekė jūrų kiaulė (Neophocaena phocaeniodes) – viena iš šešių jūrų kiaulių rūšių. Vandenyse aplink Japoniją, šiauriniame jos dalies pusėje, dar vadinamas sunameri. Pirmą kartą surastos Jangdzės upėje Kinijoje, todėl kartais dar pavadinami jiangzhu ar „upės kiaulė“.

Gyvenimo vieta

Bepelekė jūros kiaulė gyvena Azijos pakrantės vandenyse, ypač aplink Indiją, Kiniją, Indoneziją ir Japoniją. Unikalūs gėlo vandens gyventojai yra surasti Jangdzės upėje. Vakarų pusėje paplitusios nuo Indijos iki pat Persų įlankos. Gyvena sekliuose vandenyse (iki 50 m), šalia kranto, vandenyse su minkštu ar smėlėtu jūros dugnu. Retais atvejais jas aptikdavo iki 160 kilometrų nuo kranto, atviroje jūroje Rytinėse Kinijos jūrose ir Geltonojoje jūroje, nors ir vis dar sekliame vandenyje.

Apibūdinimas

Bepelekės jūros kiaulės beveik visiškai neturi viršutinio peleko, vietoj to yra žema ketera. Tai rodo, kad kūno forma, kurią turi rykliai, delfinai ir jūros kiaulė nėra vienintelė galima forma jūros gyventojams. Suaugusios bepelekės jūros kiaulės oda yra šviesiai pilkos spalvos. Tik gimę naujagimiai yra beveik visiškai juodi išskyrus keterą, kuri yra tamsiai pilka, visiškai pilki tampa po 4–6 mėnesių. Užauga daugiau kaip 1,55 m ilgio ir sveria iki 30-45 kg. Patinai lytiškai subręsta apie 4–6 gyvenimo metus, patelės apie 6–9 metus .


Vikiteka

Wikispecies-logo.svg
Vikirūšių projekte yra informacijos, susijusios su straipsniu
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Bepelekė jūrų kiaulė: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Bepelekė jūrų kiaulė (Neophocaena phocaeniodes) – viena iš šešių jūrų kiaulių rūšių. Vandenyse aplink Japoniją, šiauriniame jos dalies pusėje, dar vadinamas sunameri. Pirmą kartą surastos Jangdzės upėje Kinijoje, todėl kartais dar pavadinami jiangzhu ar „upės kiaulė“.

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Lumba-lumba Ambu ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS


Lumba-lumba Ambu (bahasa Inggeris: Finless Porpoise) ialah salah satu daripada enam spesies lumba-lumba. Di bahagian utara Jepun, haiwan ini dikenali sebagai sunameri. Jenis air tawar yang didapati di Sungai Yangtze di China digelarkan oleh orang-orang tempatan sebagai jiangzhu atau "babi sungai". Nama sainsnya Neophocaena phocaenides. [1]

Taburan

Lumba-lumba Ambu hidup di perairan pinggir laut Asia, khususnya di sekitar India, China, Indonesia, dan Jepun. Jenis air tawar yang unik terdapat di Sungai Yangtze. Taburannya yang paling barat termasuk sepanjang pantai barat India sehingga Teluk Parsi.

Lumba-lumba Ambu hidup berhampiran dengan pantai di dalam perairan cetek sehingga 50 meter dalam. Perairan tersebut sering mempunyai dasar laut yang lembut atau berpasir. Dalam kes-kes kekecualian, haiwan ini terdapat sehingga 100 batu dari pantai di China Timur dan Laut Kuning, walaupun masih dalam air cetek.


Huraian fizikal

Lumba-lumba Ambu hampir langsung tidak mempunyai ridip. Sebaliknya, haiwan ini mempunyai satu rabung rendah yang dilitupi dengan kulit tebal yang mempunyai dentikal seolah-olah gigi kecil. Ini membuktikan bahawa bentuk badan yang dipilih oleh evolusi untuk Yu, dolfin, dan lumba-lumba bukannya bentuk badan tunggal yang mungkin bagi haiwan laut.

Lumba-lumba Ambu dewasa mempunyai warna kelabu muda yang seragam. Kebanyakan bayi haiwan ini berwarna hitam dengan warna kelabu di sekeliling kawasan rabung dorsal. Bagaimanapun, warna haiwan ini menjadi kelabu selepas 4-6 bulan. Haiwan dewasa ini boleh mencapai 1.55 meter panjang. Haiwan jantan menjadi matang tentang seks antara 4.5 - 9 tahun, berbanding dengan haiwan betina yang mencapai kematangan antara 3 - 7 tahun. Lumba-lumba Ambu makan berbagai-bagai ikan, udang, serta sefalopod, atau apa-apa sahaja yang ada.

Pemuliharaan

Tidak terdapat data yang mencukupi untuk memasukkan Lumba-lumba Ambu dalam senarai spesies terancam, kecuali di China di mana haiwan ini benar-benar terancam. Kecendurungan haiwan ini untuk hidup berhampiran dengan pantai mendedahkannya kepada bahaya kegiatan menangkap ikan. Banyak Lumba-lumba Ambu dibunuh setiap tahun oleh jala-jala atau mata-mata kail yang ditempatkan di seberang sungai-sungai.

Tidak terdapat juga anggaran-anggaran yang baik untuk bilangan Lumba-lumba Ambu yang masih hidup. Bagaimanapun, perbandingan antara dua tinjauan, satu pada lewat 1970-an dan yang lain itu pada tahun 1999/2000, menunjukkan kemerosotan bilangan dan taburan haiwan ini. Ahli-ahli sains mempercayai bahawa kemerosotan ini telah berlangsung selama berdekad-dekad dan bilangannya yang terkini hanya merupakan sebahagian kecil daripada bilangan sejarahnya.

Rujukan


Senarai mamalia A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
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Lumba-lumba Ambu: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS


Lumba-lumba Ambu (bahasa Inggeris: Finless Porpoise) ialah salah satu daripada enam spesies lumba-lumba. Di bahagian utara Jepun, haiwan ini dikenali sebagai sunameri. Jenis air tawar yang didapati di Sungai Yangtze di China digelarkan oleh orang-orang tempatan sebagai jiangzhu atau "babi sungai". Nama sainsnya Neophocaena phocaenides.

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Indische bruinvis ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Indische bruinvis (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is een walvis uit de familie der bruinvissen (Phocoenidae). Hij komt voor in de Aziatische kustwateren en in verscheidene grotere rivieren. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Neophocaena.

Beschrijving

De Indische bruinvis verschilt van de andere bruinvissen door het bolle, sterk gewelfde voorhoofd en het ontbreken van de rugvin. In plaats daarvan heeft hij een lage, bobbelige kiel in het midden van de rug met enkele wratachtige uitsteeksels. De flippers zijn slank en licht gebogen, en de staart is sikkelvormig. De bek is kort en ietwat toegespitst. Zowel de boven- als de onderkaak heeft 13 tot 22 paar schopvormige tanden. De huid is lichtgrijs gekleurd, met een lichter gekleurde buik. Hij kan een donkere kinriem hebben. Veel dieren, ongeveer de helft, heeft lichtroze ogen.

Hij wordt 140 tot 200 cm lang en 30 tot 80 kg zwaar. Mannetjes zijn meestal groter dan vrouwtjes: mannetjes worden meestal 150 tot 190 cm, vrouwtjes 140 tot 170 cm.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De Indische bruinvis leeft in de tropische en gematigd warme wateren van de Indische en Westelijke Stille Oceaan, van de Perzische Golf tot Java en Borneo en meer noordelijk via de Zuid-Chinese Zee tot Japan en Korea. Hij leeft over het algemeen in de ondiepe kustwateren, en wordt geregeld waargenomen in estuaria en mangroves. Ook zwemt hij geregeld grotere, troebele rivieren op. Een populatie leeft permanent in de Jangtsekiang, waar ze tot 1600 km landinwaarts kunnen worden aangetroffen. Soms zwemt hij ook de open zee op, maar ze blijven altijd binnen vijf kilometer van de kust.

Leefwijze

De Indische bruinvis leeft meestal in paartjes, maar ook alleen of in kleine groepjes, meestal bestaande uit drie tot vijf dieren. Soms worden groepen van rond de tien dieren waargenomen, een enkele keer zelfs meer dan vijftig dieren. Het gaat hier altijd om zeer voedselrijke gebieden. Onder water beweegt hij zich snel en behendig voort. Tijdens de jacht blijft hij meestal minder dan een minuut onder water. Soms richt de Indische bruinvis op uit het water, net als verscheidene soorten baardwalvissen, om de omgeving in de gaten te houden ("spyhoppen").

Hij voedt zich met vissen, weekdieren als inktvissen en zeekatten en kreeftachtigen als garnalen. Tijdens de jacht maakt hij gebruik van echolocatie. Hij jaagt meestal op bodemdieren, maar ook op scholenvissen. Door het volgen van deze scholen ontstaan korte seizoensgebonden trekbewegingen.

Een jong wordt in het begin van de zomer geboren, na een draagtijd van elf maanden. Het is bij de geboorte zo'n zestig cm lang. Het jong houdt zich soms vast aan de kiel op de rug van de moeder. De zoogtijd duurt zes tot vijftien maanden. De levensverwachting wordt geschat op 23 jaar.

Ondersoorten

Er zijn drie ondersoorten:

Relatie met de mens

Er is te weinig informatie bekend over de aantallen Indische bruinvissen om te kunnen zeggen of de soort al dan niet bedreigd is. De soort leeft in de dichtbevolkte kustgebieden van Azië, en dat zal waarschijnlijk invloed hebben op de aantallen dieren. De soort raakt soms verstrikt in visnetten en komt in botsing met schepen. Dat laatste is waarschijnlijk een groot probleem in de wateren rond Hongkong. De Indische bruinvis wordt slechts in enkele gebieden bejaagd, en zelden in grote aantallen.

De ondersoort uit de Jangtsekiang (N.p. asiaeorientalis) is een bedreigde soort. Door overbevissing, onder andere door het (illegaal) elektrisch vissen, waarbij waarschijnlijk ook Indische bruinvissen direct worden gedood, en de aanleg van verscheidene dammen in de rivier is het aantal teruggelopen tot circa 1000[2] dieren. Hij deelt de rivier met de Chinese vlagdolfijn (Lipotes vexillifer), die over het algemeen wordt beschouwd als de meest bedreigde walvisachtige. De populatie in de Zuid-Chinese Zee heeft te lijden onder habitatvernietiging door landwinning, baggeren en vervuiling.

In Japan wordt de soort in gevangenschap gehouden. Hij heeft zich hier ook voortgeplant.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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Indische bruinvis: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Indische bruinvis (Neophocaena phocaenoides) is een walvis uit de familie der bruinvissen (Phocoenidae). Hij komt voor in de Aziatische kustwateren en in verscheidene grotere rivieren. Het is de enige soort uit het geslacht Neophocaena.

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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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Morświnek bezpłetwy ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Morświnek bezpłetwy[3], morświn bezpłetwy[4], morświn bezpióry[5], morświn azjatycki[6] (Neophocaena phocaenoides) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny morświnowatych (Phocaenidae).

Występowanie i biotop

Ciepłe wody słodkie i morskie wzdłuż południowych wybrzeży Azji od Zatoki Perskiej do Morza Wschodniochińskiego i wybrzeży Japonii oraz na południe od Półwyspu Malajskiego po Sumatrę i Jawę. Preferuje obszary mieszania się wody słodkiej ze słoną. Wpływa do rzek – w Jangcy stwierdzono jego obecność w odległości 1600 km od ujścia rzeki.

Charakterystyka ogólna

Wygląd

Niewielki waleń z zaokrągloną głową bez wyraźnego dzioba. Osiąga długość do 170 cm przy wadze ok. 70 kg. Nie posiada płetwy grzbietowej. Ciało ciemne – czarne lub szare – spodem nieco jaśniejsze.

Tryb życia

Pływają samotnie, w parach (matka-dziecko lub samiec-samica) lub małych zgrupowaniach, o prawdopodobnie luźnych więziach socjalnych. Żywią się rybami, krewetkami i kałamarnicami. Wśród morświnów bezpłetwych z Kiusiu zanotowano osobniki żyjące 25 lat.

Rozród

Biologia rozrodu tego gatunku nie została dobrze poznana. Dojrzałość płciową osiągają pomiędzy 4-9 rokiem życia. Ciąża trwa 11 miesięcy.

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Gatunek jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES (załącznik I)[7]. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii VU (narażony)[2].

Przypisy

  1. Neophocaena phocaenoides, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Wang, J.Y. & Reeves, R. 2012, Neophocaena phocaenoides [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015-3 [dostęp 2015-09-17] (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 190. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Praca zbiorowa: Zwierzęta: encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005, s. 210. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
  5. Polskie i łacińskie nazwy waleni. Stacja Morska Instytutu Oceanografii Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. [dostęp 2015-09-16].
  6. Konwencja o międzynarodowym handlu dzikimi zwierzętami i roślinami gatunków zagrożonych wyginięciem. Eur-Lex. [dostęp 2015-09-17].
  7. Appendices I, II and III of CITES (ang.). cites.org, 12 czerwca 2013. [dostęp 2013-06-26].

Bibliografia

  1. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Neophocaena phocaenoides. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 12 grudnia 2007]
  2. CMS: Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829) (ang.). [dostęp 12 grudnia 2007].
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Morświnek bezpłetwy: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Morświnek bezpłetwy, morświn bezpłetwy, morświn bezpióry, morświn azjatycki (Neophocaena phocaenoides) – gatunek ssaka z rodziny morświnowatych (Phocaenidae).

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Boto-do-índico ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O boto-do-índico (Neophocaena phocaenoides) é um cetáceo da família Phocoenidae, encontrado em águas tropicais e temperados do Indopacífico.

Referências

  • MEAD, J. G.; BROWNELL, R. L. (2005). Order Cetacea. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª edição. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 723-743.
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Boto-do-índico: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O boto-do-índico (Neophocaena phocaenoides) é um cetáceo da família Phocoenidae, encontrado em águas tropicais e temperados do Indopacífico.

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Asiatisk tumlare ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Asiatisk tumlare (Neophocaena phocaenoides) lever i kustvattnen i Asien, speciellt i Indien, Kina, Malaysia och Japan. Den förekommer även i den kinesiska floden Yangtze.[2] Arten föredrar grunt vatten men har vid sällsynta tillfällen observerats 135 respektive 240 km ute till havs. Dessa områden tillhör fortfarande kontinentalsockeln.[3]

Utseende

Den asiatiska tumlaren har nästan ingen ryggfena, utan istället en låg ås täckt med skinn. Som vuxen är den ljusgrå och mäter 1,50 till 1,90 meter och väger runt 35-45 kilogram. Nyfödda kalvar är svarta med en grå fläck kring åsen på ryggen.

Ekologi

Den asiatiska tumlaren lever främst av fisk, blötdjur och kräftdjur.[2]

Status och hot

Kunskapen om artens hotstatus är inte fullt utredd men den globala populationen minskar och den kategoriseras som sårbar (VU) av IUCN.[1]

Noter

Delar är översatt från engelskspråkiga Wikipedias artikel Finless Porpoise
  1. ^ [a b] Wang, J.Y. & Reeves, R. 2017 Neophocaena phocaenoides . Från: IUCN 2017. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018.1. Läst 2019-03-12.
  2. ^ [a b] DuVall, L. 1999 Neophocaena phocaenoides på Animal Diversity Web (engelska), besökt 6 oktober 2011.
  3. ^ Jefferson & Hung (13 juli 2004). Neophocaena phocaenoides (på engelska). Mammalian Species #746. American Society of Mammalogists. https://academic.oup.com/mspecies/article/doi/10.1644/746/2600819. Läst 12 mars 2019.
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original
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wikipedia SV

Asiatisk tumlare: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Asiatisk tumlare (Neophocaena phocaenoides) lever i kustvattnen i Asien, speciellt i Indien, Kina, Malaysia och Japan. Den förekommer även i den kinesiska floden Yangtze. Arten föredrar grunt vatten men har vid sällsynta tillfällen observerats 135 respektive 240 km ute till havs. Dessa områden tillhör fortfarande kontinentalsockeln.

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original
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site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu (Neophocaena phocaenoides) yedi liman yunusu türünden biridir. Popülasyonun çoğu Kore Yarımadası'nda Sarıdeniz ile Doğu Çin Denizi'nde yaşar ancak Şanghay yakınlarında Jiuduansha'da Çin'in Yangtze Nehrinin ağzında yaşayan tatlısu popülasyonu da bulunmaktadır. Genetik araştırmalar bu liman yunusu türünün musurgillerin yaşayan türleri arasında en bazal üyesi olduğunu göstermektedir.[3]

Tür içinde taksonomik olarak bir belirsizlik bulunmaktadır. N. p. asiaeorientalis alt türü Neophocaena asiaeorientalis adıyla ayrı bir tür olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca N. p. sunameri alt türünün de ayrı bir tür olması muhtemeldir.

Adı

Yunusun Kore'de yaşayan topluluğu sanggwaengi (Korece: 상괭이); Çin'de yaşayanları, ve özellikle N. p. asiaorientalis alt türü jiangtun (Çince: 江豚, p jiāngtún ve Japonya'da yaşayanları ve özellikle N. p. sunameri alt türü sunameri (Japonca: 砂滑) olarak adlandırılır.

Dağılımı

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu özellikle Japonya, Kore, Çin, Endonezya, Malezya, Hindistan ve Bangladeş olmak üzere Asya'nın sahillerinde yaşar. Yaşadıkları yerlerde genellikle kıyıya yakın 50 m. derinliğe kadar sığ kumluk kıyılarda ya da haliçlerle mangrov bataklıklarında bulunurlar. İstisnai durumlarda Doğu Çin Denizi ve Sarıdeniz'de kıyıdan 135 km. kadar uzakta ama yine sığ sularda görülmüşlerdir.[4]

İki alt türü tanınmaktadır:[4]

Batıda Hindistan'ın batı kıyılarından Basra Körfezi'ne kadar olan kıyılarda yaşarlar. N. p. phocaenoides alt türünün sırtında geniş bir kambur vardır ve Pakistan'dan Tayvan boğazına kadar olan alanda yaşar. Daha dar bir kamburu olan N. p. sunameri Tayvan'dan Japon Denizi'nin kuzeyine kadar olan bölgede yaşar. Japonya kıyılarında yaşayan popülasyon coğrafi olarak Asya kıtası ile Japonya arasındaki derin sularla tecrit edilmişlerdir. Nadiren bazılarının Ryukyu Adaları'na ulaştığı görülmüştür. Bu yunus türü Sundarbans National Park'ta koruma altına alınmış hayvanlarda biridir.

Fiziksel özelikleri

Gerçek bir sırt yüzgeci olmayan tek musur türüdür. Sırt yüzgeci yerine üzeri küçük yumrularla kaplı birkaç çizgiden oluşan küçük bir kamburu vardır. Ayrıca diğer musurlarla kıyaslandığında alnı daha diktir. Her iki çenesinde on beş ila yirmibir arasında dişi ile diğer musurlardan ortalama olarak daha az dişe sahiptir. Ancak diş sayısı ayırt edici bir özelik değildir.[4]

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusları 2,27 m boya ve 72 kg ağırlığa ulaşabilseler de çoğu bundan daha küçük boyutludurlar.[4] Yan yüzgeçleri orta büyüklüktedir ve gövde boyunun %20'sine ulaşırlar. Erişkinler tipik olarak açık gri olarak tek renklidir ancak bazılarının ağız çevresi daha açık ve yan yüzgeçlerin önü daha koyu olabilir. Dağılımının merkezinde ve doğusunda, yenidoğan yavrular genellikle sırt kamburları gri olmak üzere kara renklidir ve ancak dört ila altı aylık olduktan sonra tamamen grileşirler. Ancak batıda yaşayanların yenidoğanları açık krem rengindedir ve yaşlandıkça derileri koyulaşır.[4]

İç anatomisi

Diğer balina ya da yunus türlerine nazaran sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu anatomisi oldukça iyi araştırılmıştır. Örneğin sırt yüzgeçlerinin yerinde yer alan yumruların çok sayıda sinir ucu içerdiği ve dolayısıyla algısal bir işlevi olduğu düşünülmektedir. Kulaklar ile beyin arasında hızlı iletişim üzerine uzmanlaşmış çok sayıda büyük sinir lifleri içeren işitsel sistemin de çok gelişmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Öte yandan küçülmüş lensi, optik sinir ile gözleri oynatan kaslar arasında sınırlı sayıda sinir lifi ile görüşü görece zayıftır.[4]

Hayvanın toplam ağırlığının yalnızca %5'ini oluşturan iskelet sıradışı bir şekilde oldukça hafiftir. Yarısı kuyrukta olmak üzere 58 ila 65 arasında omuru vardır ve ilk üç boyun omuru kaynaşmıştır. Göğüste on ila on dört çift arasında kaburga vardır ve bazen yedinci omur ile bağlantılı fazladan bir kaburga çifti olduğu bildirilmiştir.[4] 44 çift spinal siniri vardır.[5]

Burun boşluğunda karmaşık yapısı olan ve boşluğu hava geçişine tamamen kapatabilen dokuz ila on hava kesesi içeririr. Bunların ardında fazladan bir vomeronazal kese vardır.[6] Yalnızca dört kıkırdak halkadan oluşan soluk borusu ise kısadır.[4] Midede üç bölüm bulunur; çekum yoktur ve ince bağırsak ile kalın bağırsak arasında belirgin bir fark yoktur.[7][8]

Beslenme

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusları aralarında balık, kabuklular ve kafadan bacaklılar da olmak üzere, yaşadıkları alanlarda bulunan çeşitli besinlerle beslenen fırsatçı beslenen hayvanlardır.[9] Diyetlerinde oluşan mevsimsel değişiklikler araştırılmamıştır.

Davranış

Çin kıyı sularında ve Yangtze Nehri'nde bu yunuslar genellikle üç ila altı bireyden oluşan gruplar hâlinde bulunurlar[10] ancak elli yunusa kadar büyük topluluklar da görüldüğü bildirilmiştir.[4] Tipik olarak çiftler hâlinde dolaştıkları Japon sularında gruplar daha küçüktür ve nadir görülen büyük yunus topluluklarında sayı on üç bireyi geçmez.[4]

Diğer musurlar gibi davranışları normal yunuslar gibi enerjik görünmez. Teknelerin yanında yüzmezler hatta bazı bölgelerde teknelerden kaçtıkları da görülür. Yangtze Nehri'nde suyun dışına sıçradıkları ve kuyrukları üzerinde dik durdukları bilinmektedir.[4]

Hem yüksek frekanslı tıkırtı sesleri ile muhtemelen ekolokasyondan çok iletişim için kullanılan alçak frekanslı daha uzun süren tonlarda ses çıkarırlar.[11] Tıkırtı sesleri tepe noktaları 100 kHz üzerinde olan dar bantlı seslerdir.[12]

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) tarafından yeni yayımlanan bir makalede yunusların türler arasında işitme yeteneklerinin farklılıkları üzerine yapılan araştırma günümüze kadar gelen tüm balina ve yunusların hepsi için kabul gören işitme yeteneği görüşünü yeniden şekillendirmiştir.[13]

Yüzme tarzı

Her ne kadar suda akrobasi yapmasalar da sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunuslarının etkin yüzücüler olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Tipik olarak su yüzünün heme altında yüzerler ve nefes almak üçün yüzeye çıkarken yana doğru yuvarlanarak dönerler. Bu dönme hareketi su yüzünde çok fazla karışıklık yaratmadığı için su yüzüne çıktıkları genellikle fark edilmez. Arka arkaya üç ila dört nefes alarak bir dakika kadar su yüzünde kalır ve ardından hemen dalış yaparlar. Genellikle suya daldıkları noktadan çok uzak bir yerde tekrar su yüzüne çıkarlar. Dört dakikadan uzun süren dalışlar kaydedilmiştir ve yaygın rastlanan düzen uzun bir dalışın ardından iki kısa dalıştır.[4]

Üreme

Çiftleşme baharın sonları ve yazın başlarında olur. Yavrular coğrafi bölgeye göre bahar, yaz ya da kış aylarında on ila on iki aylık gebelik döneminden sonra doğarlar. Yenidoğan sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu yavrularının 72 ila 84 cm arasında olduğu bildirilmiştir.[4][14] Erkekler cinsel olgunluğa dört ila altı yaşında, dişiler ise altı ila dokuz yaşında erişirler.[14] 33 yaşına kadar yaşarlar.[4]

Korunma

Bu yunus türü Vahşi Hayvanların Göçmen Türlerinin Korunmasına ilişkin Bonn Sözleşmesi'nin (CMS) EK-II listesinde yer alır.[15] Olumsuz korunma statüsü olması ve uluslararası anlaşmalar ile düzenlenecek işbirliğinden önemli ölçüde yaralanbileceği için EK-II'de listelenmiştir.[15]

Bu yunus türü kıyılara yakın yaşadığı için insanlarla yüksek ölçüde etkileşim içindedirler ve bu nedenle de yüksek risk altındadırlar. Çok sayıda liman yunusu sık gözlü ağlara takılarak ölmüştür. Açık deniz avcılığı yapacak teknelerin eksikliği nedeniyle II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra bir süre avlanmış olsalar da Japonya'da yaygın olarak hiçbir zaman avlanmamışlardır. Takehara'da Awajima Adası çevresinde 1930'dan beri korunan bir türdür ve o zamandan beri bu koruma tüm Japon karasularına yayılmıştır. Bu tür için en büyük tehike çevre şartlarının kötüleşmesidir.

Hayvanın popülasyonu hakkında yapılmış çok iyi bir araştırma yoktur ancak biri 1970'lerin sonundan diğeri 1999-2000 yıllarından iki incelemenin karşılaştırması sonucu sayılarının azaldığı görülmektedir. Bilim insanları bu azalmanın onlarca yıldır sürdüğüne ve günümüzdeki popülasyonun eski sayılarının çok küçük bir kısmı olduğuna inanmaktadırlar.

Kore'de Yeosu gibi yerel koruma grupları yerel popülasyonun korunması için kampanya yapmaya başlamıştır.[16]

Ayrıca bakınız

Notlar

  1. ^ Cuvier, G.; Latreille, P.A. (1829). Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée, par M. le cher, Cuvier ... Avec figures, dessinées d'après nature. Paris: Chez Déterville.
  2. ^ a b {{Web kaynağı | author = {{#if:William Perrin | William Perrin = WoRMS = {{#if:William Perrin | year = 2015 | title = Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier, 1829) | accessdate = 21 Ekim 2016 | url = http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p = taxdetails&id=254985 = taxdetails&id=254985 | publisher = World Register of Marine Species | work = {{#switch:Cetacea | Algae = {{#switch:Cetacea | algae = {{#switch:Cetacea | AlgaeBase =
  3. ^ Rosel, P. E.; ve diğerleri. (1995). "Phylogenetic relationships among the true porpoises (Cetacea: Phocoenidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 4 (4), s. 463–474. doi:10.1006/mpev.1995.1043.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Jefferson, T. A.; Hung, S. K. (2004). "Neophocaena phocaenoides" (PDF). Mammalian Species. Cilt 746, s. 1–12. doi:10.1644/746.
  5. ^ Wu, B. (1989). "The spinal cord of finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Theriological Sinica. 9 (1), s. 16–23.
  6. ^ Gao, G.; Zhou, K. (1989). "Anatomy of the nasal passage and associated structures of Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 9 (4), s. 275–280.
  7. ^ Li, Y. (1984). "The digestive organs of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis). I. Tongue, oesophagus and stomach". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 4 (4), s. 257–264.
  8. ^ Qian, W. (1985). "The digestive organs of the finless porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis. II. Intestines, liver and pancreas". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 5 (1), s. 3–9.
  9. ^ Shirakihara, M. (1992). "Records of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phoceanoides) in the waters adjacent to Kanmon Pass, Japan". Marine Mammal Science. 8 (1). doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1992.tb00128.x. Bilinmeyen parametre |sayılar= görmezden gelindi (yardım)
  10. ^ Parsons, E. C. M. (1998). "The behaviour of Hong Kong's resident cetaceans: the Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphin and the finless porpoise" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 24 (3), s. 91–110.
  11. ^ Wang, D. (1996). "A preliminary study on sound and acoustic behavior of the Yangtze River finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides". Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. 20 (2), s. 127–133.
  12. ^ Kamminga, C. (1996). "Investigations on cetacean sonar XI: Intrinsic comparison of the wave shapes of some members of the Phocoenidae family" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 22 (1), s. 45–56.
  13. ^ Foley, James A. (21 October 2013). "Study of Yangtze Finless Porpoise Reveals Not All Cetaceans Hear Alike". Nature World News. 23 Ekim 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 22 Ekim 2013.
  14. ^ a b Shirakihara, M. (1993). "Age, growth, and reproduction of the finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides, in the coastal waters of western Kyushu, Japan". Marine Mammal Science. 9 (4), s. 392–406. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1993.tb00472.x.
  15. ^ a b "Appendix II Archived Haziran 11, 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
  16. ^ 황주찬 (2014). "낚시꾼들에겐 찬밥이지만 '귀하신' 몸입니다". Erişim tarihi: 2015-01-11.

Dış bağlantılar

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Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Sırt yüzgeçsiz liman yunusu (Neophocaena phocaenoides) yedi liman yunusu türünden biridir. Popülasyonun çoğu Kore Yarımadası'nda Sarıdeniz ile Doğu Çin Denizi'nde yaşar ancak Şanghay yakınlarında Jiuduansha'da Çin'in Yangtze Nehrinin ağzında yaşayan tatlısu popülasyonu da bulunmaktadır. Genetik araştırmalar bu liman yunusu türünün musurgillerin yaşayan türleri arasında en bazal üyesi olduğunu göstermektedir.

Tür içinde taksonomik olarak bir belirsizlik bulunmaktadır. N. p. asiaeorientalis alt türü Neophocaena asiaeorientalis adıyla ayrı bir tür olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Ayrıca N. p. sunameri alt türünün de ayrı bir tür olması muhtemeldir.

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Cá heo không vây ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá heo không vây (danh pháp hai phần: Neophocaena phocaenoides) là một trong bảy loài thuộc họ Cá heo chuột. Trong các vùng biển quanh Nhật Bản, ở cuối phía bắc của phạm vi của nó, nó được biết đến với tên gọi sunameri (砂 滑). Một số cá thể nước ngọt được tìm thấy ở sông Dương Tử ở Trung Quốc, chúng có tên địa phương là jiangzhu (江猪) hay "lợn sông". Có một mức độ không chắc chắn xung quanh phân loại các loài, với phân loài N. p. phocaenoides có lẽ đại diện một loài khác từ N. p. sunameri và N. p. asiaeorientalis.

Phân bố

Cá heo không vây sống trong các vùng nước ven biển của châu Á, đặc biệt là xung quanh Triều Tiên, Ấn Độ, Trung Quốc, Indonesia, BangladeshNhật Bản. Quần thể sống ở nước ngọt duy nhất (N. p. Asiaeorientalis) được tìm thấy trong sông Dương Tử. Tại phía tây, phạm vi phân bố của chúng bao gồm chiều dài của bờ biển phía Tây của Ấn Độ và tiếp tục vào vịnh Ba Tư. Trong suốt phạm vi phân bố, các cá heo ở vùng nước nông (lên đến 50 m), gần bờ, vùng biển với đáy biển hoặc cát mềm. Trong trường hợp đặc biệt, người ta đã thấy chúng ở cách bờ 160 km ngoài Biển Hoa ĐôngHoàng Hải, mặc dù vẫn còn trong vùng nước nông.[2]

Có hai phân loài được công nhận:[2]

N. p. phocaenoides có chóp trên lưng rộng phạm vi phân bố từ Pakistan tới eo biển Đài Loan. N. p. sunameri có một chóp hẹp hơn, và được tìm thấy từ Đài Loan, phía bắc biển của Nhật Bản. Dân số trong vùng nước ven biển xung quanh Nhật Bản đang bị cô lập về mặt địa lý của vùng nước sâu giữa Nhật Bản và lục địa châu Á.

Bảo tồn

Cá heo không vây được liệt kê trong Phụ lục II[3] của Công ước về các loài di trú (CMS).

Năm 2007 các e ngại cho rằng cá heo không vây, loài bản địa của hồ Bà Dương, có thể nối đuôi theo cá heo sông Dương Tử (Lipotes vexillifer) đi vào con đường tuyệt chủng. Người ta kêu gọi phải có hành động để bảo vệ loài cá heo này, trong đó chỉ còn khoảng 1.400 con còn sống, với 700-900 con trong sông Dương Tử và khoảng 500 con trong hồ Bà Dương và hồ Động Đình. Quần thể cá heo này năm 2007 chỉ chưa bằng một nửa quần thể năm 1997 và tốc độ suy giảm đạt 7,3% mỗi năm.

Năm 2012, người ta phát hiện loài cá heo này chết hàng loạt ở hồ Động Đình[4].

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Neophocaena phocaenoides. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2011.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. 2011. Truy cập ngày 18 tháng 1 năm 2012.
  2. ^ a ă Jefferson, T. A.; Hung, S. K. (2004). Neophocaena phocaenoides (PDF). Mammalian Species 746: 1–12. doi:10.1644/746.
  3. ^ “Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)” (PDF). Convention on Migratory Species. 5 tháng 3 năm 2009. Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 11 tháng 6 năm 2011. Đã bỏ qua tham số không rõ |df= (trợ giúp)
  4. ^ Cá heo không vây chết hàng loạt

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá heo không vây  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Cá heo không vây
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wikipedia VI

Cá heo không vây: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cá heo không vây (danh pháp hai phần: Neophocaena phocaenoides) là một trong bảy loài thuộc họ Cá heo chuột. Trong các vùng biển quanh Nhật Bản, ở cuối phía bắc của phạm vi của nó, nó được biết đến với tên gọi sunameri (砂 滑). Một số cá thể nước ngọt được tìm thấy ở sông Dương Tử ở Trung Quốc, chúng có tên địa phương là jiangzhu (江猪) hay "lợn sông". Có một mức độ không chắc chắn xung quanh phân loại các loài, với phân loài N. p. phocaenoides có lẽ đại diện một loài khác từ N. p. sunameri và N. p. asiaeorientalis.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Беспёрая морская свинья ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Зубатые киты
Семейство: Морские свиньи
Род: Беспёрые морские свиньи (Neophocaena Palmer, 1899)
Вид: Беспёрая морская свинья
Международное научное название

Neophocaena phocaenoides
G. Cuvier, 1829

Синонимы
Delphinus phocaenoides G. Cuvier, 1829
Подвиды
  • N. p. asiaeorientalis Pilleri et Gihr, 1972
  • N. p. phocaenoides G. Cuvier, 1829
  • N. p. sunameri Pilleri et Gihr, 1975
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 180478NCBI 34892EOL 328539FW 64883

Беспёрая морская свинья[1][2] (лат. Neophocaena phocaenoides) — животное семейства морские свиньи (Phocoenidae).

Прибрежный вид. Обитает в тёплых водах от Японии до Южной Африки. Иногда встречается в некоторых реках, например Янцзы. Населяет тёплые прибрежные воды Тихого (западное побережье) и Индийского океанов, воды Южных Курильских островов, южные районы Охотского и северные районы Японского морей. Водится на мелководьях, держится, как правило, вблизи берегов, в эстуариях, часто заходит в реки, поднимаясь по ним на сотни километров (по Янцзы на 1800 км). У Курильских островов их наблюдали и в открытом море, в основном поодиночке или группами по 5—6 особей. Вдали от берегов иногда встречали группы до нескольких десятков голов. Плавает сравнительно медленно, из воды выпрыгивает редко.

Длина тела до 160 см. Свинцово-чёрная окраска верхней части тела постепенно сменяется к брюху более светлой. На груди и брюхе серое пятно. Светлые пятна бывают на грудных и хвостовом плавниках. Вдоль середины спины от шейного до тазового отдела тянется полоска роговых бугорков высотой до 0,5 мм, диаметром 2—2,5 мм и шириной 3—6 см, причём спереди она немного шире.

Питается придонными животными: ракообразными (длиннохвостые раки), головоногими моллюсками, рыбой.

Есть три географические расы, которые иногда рассматриваются как отдельные виды.

Роды, по-видимому, происходит осенью (октябрь). Молодые особи иногда «ездят верхом» на спинах матерей, придерживаясь плавниками[3].

 src=
Беспёрая морская свинья и человек

Примечания

  1. Томилин А. Г. Отряд Китообразные (Cetacea) // Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 391. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  2. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 114. — 10 000 экз.
  3. Морские свиньи // Царство животных / Перевод с англ. С. В. Чудова. — М.: ОНИКС, 2000. — С. 181. — ISBN 5-249-00214-5.
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Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Беспёрая морская свинья: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Беспёрая морская свинья (лат. Neophocaena phocaenoides) — животное семейства морские свиньи (Phocoenidae).

Прибрежный вид. Обитает в тёплых водах от Японии до Южной Африки. Иногда встречается в некоторых реках, например Янцзы. Населяет тёплые прибрежные воды Тихого (западное побережье) и Индийского океанов, воды Южных Курильских островов, южные районы Охотского и северные районы Японского морей. Водится на мелководьях, держится, как правило, вблизи берегов, в эстуариях, часто заходит в реки, поднимаясь по ним на сотни километров (по Янцзы на 1800 км). У Курильских островов их наблюдали и в открытом море, в основном поодиночке или группами по 5—6 особей. Вдали от берегов иногда встречали группы до нескольких десятков голов. Плавает сравнительно медленно, из воды выпрыгивает редко.

Длина тела до 160 см. Свинцово-чёрная окраска верхней части тела постепенно сменяется к брюху более светлой. На груди и брюхе серое пятно. Светлые пятна бывают на грудных и хвостовом плавниках. Вдоль середины спины от шейного до тазового отдела тянется полоска роговых бугорков высотой до 0,5 мм, диаметром 2—2,5 мм и шириной 3—6 см, причём спереди она немного шире.

Питается придонными животными: ракообразными (длиннохвостые раки), головоногими моллюсками, рыбой.

Есть три географические расы, которые иногда рассматриваются как отдельные виды.

Роды, по-видимому, происходит осенью (октябрь). Молодые особи иногда «ездят верхом» на спинах матерей, придерживаясь плавниками.

 src= Беспёрая морская свинья и человек
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江豚 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
江豚的分佈地(藍色部分)
江豚的分佈地(藍色部分)
窄脊江豚以其亞種的分佈地(藍色部分)
窄脊江豚以其亞種的分佈地(藍色部分)

江豚学名Neophocaena phocaenoides)又稱江豬烏忌鯆䱐(bu1fu1)、(音同“菊”)、露脊鼠海豚[2],是一种小型齿鲸哺乳动物,学术上分为“宽脊江豚”(N. phocaenoides)和“窄脊江豚”(N. asiaeorientalis)两种,均属于鼠海豚科江豚属。江豚与海豚的最大区别的特徵是它沒有背鰭。也有学者认为,生活在长江流域的窄脊江豚(长江江豚)与生活在中国、朝鲜半岛和日本南部沿岸水域的窄脊江豚出现了大量的基因差异,同时两者之间也存在着生殖隔离,因此可以将长江江豚认定为独立物种[3]。 窄脊江豚于2013年被列入《国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN)“极度濒危”物种和濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录I濒危物种[4]。长江江豚于2017年5月9日升级为中国国家一级保护动物[5],据中华人民共和国农业农村部2018年7月发布的数据仅剩约1012头[6]


名称

在漢語中,「」、「」皆指「」,「江豚」意即「江豬」之意。东汉许慎在《说文解字》中记载“鱼出九江,有两乳”,是中国古代关于江豚最早的记载。江豚一词最早出现于郭璞(公元276-324)的《江赋》中,"魚則江豚海猶",至今已有1700多年的历史[7]。在威海当地俗称“港(jiang)猪”[8]

特征

 src=
江豚跟人類在身型上作出的比較
 src=
江豚骨骼

江豚体型似鱼,跟其他的小一樣,用肺呼吸。出生時的體長只有約70厘米,成年后长1.2~1.6米,一般不超过1.8米。江豚的身體顏色在一生中沒有太大變化。初出生時呈淺灰色,隨著年紀增長,顏色會漸漸加深,成年时呈全身灰黑色。江豚头短,额部微突出,沒有突出的嘴喙。眼睛小,牙齒十分細小,牙冠呈匙形(spade-shaped teeth)。[9]

江豚尾部扁平,无背鳍,背部只有一行行的小粒,延伸至尾鰭前端,像是車子裡的防滑墊。有研究者指出,背部的顆粒在皮膚內層連結著神經末梢跟神經纖維,可能是感覺結構(sensory structures)。[10]

習性

雄性江豚通常在4~5歲便會達性成熟,而雌性江豚則在約5~6歲。江豚的妊娠期是11个月,牠們多會在晚春至早夏繁殖,在冬天產子。當小江豚生下來後,牠們會黏著江豚媽媽的背部,跟隨著母親暢泳,而小江豚會在六至十五個月內断奶。江豚的壽命約在20~30歲之间,目前紀錄到年紀最大的江豚則為33歲。[9]

江豚的群體一般由3~6名成員组成,但偶尔也会观察到20隻江豚组成的大群體。江豚主要食物是,包括鯷魚和梳羅魚,但亦會進食魷魚[11]

不同地區的江豚性格會有點不同,有些地方的江豚會主動跟著隻一起游泳,但是大部分的江豚害怕船隻,而不会靠近,例如在香港生活的就比較害怕人類,生性怕羞,很少躍出水面,僅背脊露出,看上去就像是有一個車輪在水面滾動。牠們的習性比海豚較傾向不太有活力,不太容易見到。在风雨天气之前,由于气压变低,它们需要频繁的露出水面“透透气”。而长江江豚则性情活泼,常在水中上游下窜,还有有趣的吐水行为。[12]

分类及分佈

分类

主条目:江豚属
 src=
韩国南海水域中的宽脊江豚

江豚属鼠海豚科的一个属,其下过去只有江豚一个种,分為三個亞種,包括两个海洋亚种和一个淡水亚种[13]。但根据最新研究显示可分为两个独立的种,分别为江豚及窄脊江豚[14]。研究认为,两者早在末次冰盛期已经开始分离出来至今,它们不能互相交配以繁殖下一代[15]。另外从顱骨測量的証據,也可看到兩者之間的明顯分別。[16]

其中江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides印度洋沿岸及香港,最大的特行徵是背部有多達十數行小粒,故之前被稱為寬脊型江豚。而窄脊江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)背部只有數行小粒,形成突起的縱脊,过去被称为窄脊型江豚。分佈于長江湘江赣江的窄脊江豚称为长江江豚Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis[17];分佈于南韓日本的窄脊江豚在威海当地俗称“港(jiang)猪”,学名为Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri

分布

江豚分布於亞洲印度洋太平洋熱帶、亞熱帶和溫帶的沿岸海域,又或者是一些大河流,西阿拉伯海波斯灣巴基斯坦孟加拉灣;南至新加坡印尼馬來西亞中国南海。 在中国,江豚常分布於中國沿海與河口交界地區,金門、馬祖地區於春季時常可見其於岸際出沒。香港石鼓洲附近31公頃的海域是江豚的棲息地,据2011年统计,共有148頭江豚生活。他們跟中華白海豚一樣,都是香港的原住民[18]

长江江豚是全球唯一的江豚淡水亚种,它们的近亲早在2000多万年前的中新世就在长江中生存繁衍,被称为长江生态的活化石和水中大熊猫,仅分布于长江中下游干流及洞庭湖鄱阳湖等区域。[19]

保護現狀

铜陵淡水豚 国家级自然保护区
中华人民共和国国务院公布所在 安徽省铜陵市铜官区郊区义安区枞阳县池州市贵池区芜湖市无为县分类 野生动物自然保护区建立时间 1986-02-04面积 33400 hm2

由于各地有关江豚记录的数据太少,不足以评估该物种的保护级别,在世界保育聯盟的红色名录中被列为“数据缺乏”。另外,瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約把江豚列作為附錄一的動物,表示有關江豚的商業貿易在國際上是禁止的。江豚在许多地區亦是受保護動物,包括香港日本瀨戶內海部分水域及台灣等。

在中国大陆,江豚曾为国家二级保护动物。安徽省铜陵淡水豚自然保护区建于在1990年代,是中国第一个长江江豚保护区。但是,這些地區的保護法例執法不嚴,故對江豚的保護效果未見顯著[20]。在江豚的主要分佈地長江,由于流域性污染严重,江豚数量处于不斷下降的趋势。世界自然基金会的资料显示,1993年长江至少还有2700头江豚,十五年间,数量下降了近一半,约1400~1800头[21]。而人类活动是造成江豚灭绝危机的重要原因。2006年考察時估算有1225頭,2012年到2017年間,長江江豚從505頭降為445頭。[22]2017年5月9日,在农业部长江流域渔政监督管理办公室组织的会议上,长江江豚正式从国家二级升级为国家一级保护动物[11]

在臺灣,露脊鼠海豚屬於一級保育類動物。可前往連江縣南竿鄉的津沙島鐵板之間的鐵堡、五三據點和五五據點,和北竿鄉的螺蚌山賞豚,若想進一步認識江豚生態,還可前往連江縣南竿鄉的四維漁業展示館,這裡除了有江豚的生態介紹,還展示一隻江豚骨骼標本。

死亡事件

2004年,湖南省岳阳市为迎接全国血吸虫病防治工作会议,在洞庭湖区投放约5000吨杀钉螺药剂,导致一个月内6头江豚死亡。[21]

2012年3月初至4月中旬的44天之内,洞庭湖区域发生了12头江豚死亡的事件[23]。同年5月21日,江苏省南京市下关区金陵船厂附近江面,发现一头已经死亡的幼年江豚,死亡原因不明[19]。专家指中国境内的江豚濒临灭绝的状态。

2016年,馬祖岸巡隊發現在馬祖的白沙港浮動碼頭及塘岐后沃岸邊有兩隻江豚擱淺而死,其中一只疑似因尾部纏繞漁網而死。[2]

2018年3月,山东威海一饭店员工捕捞并宰杀江豚,被网友举报后,被警方刑事拘留。此前,威海市南海新区管理委员会的官方微博“威海南海发布”曾私信回复网友称,“经鉴定,此动物为当地人俗称的港(jiang)猪,不是江豚”,引发争议。 [24]

2018年12月,上海市崇明区长江大桥护堤附近发现了两具成年长江江豚遗体,经上海海洋大学的科研人员现场勘察,初步判断可能是因为遭到船只螺旋桨撞击或渔网等物品伤害所致[25]

參考文献

引用

  1. ^ Wang, J. Y., & Reeves, R. (2011). Neophocaena phocaenoides. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 撷取於2012年1月18日.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 胡依北. 瀕臨絕種江豚現身馬祖 一日兩死. 苹果日报. 2016-04-24 [2018-03-09].
  3. ^ Population genomics of finless porpoises reveal an incipient cetacean species adapted to freshwater. Nature Communication. 2018-04-10.
  4. ^ 长江江豚被认定独立物种:比大熊猫濒危. 2018-04-15.
  5. ^ 长江江豚升级国家一级保护动物. 新浪网. 2018-05-10.
  6. ^ 农业农村部:长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头. 新华网. 2018-07-25.
  7. ^ 華夫. 中國古代名物大典. 濟南出版社. 1993.
  8. ^ 山东威海大排档当街宰杀江豚?官方这样回复引质疑. 现代快报 (北青网). 2018-03-08 [2018-03-09].
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 香港海豚保育學會. 江豚. 香港海豚保育學會. (原始内容存档于2009-03-06) (中文(香港)‎).
  10. ^ 洪巧芸; 姚秋如. 揭開江豚神秘的面紗. 中華鯨豚協會. 2017-05-25 [2018-03-09].
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 李阳阳. 长江江豚为何升级为一级保护动物?. 科普中国网. 蝌蚪五线谱. 2017-06-13 [2018-03-09].
  12. ^ 江豚的特征和习性. 央视网. 2017-03-16 [2018-03-09].
  13. ^ CITES. Appendices I, II and III. CITES. 2008-07-01 [2009-02-23]. (原始内容存档于2007-02-03) (英语).
  14. ^ Jefferson, T. A. and Wang, J. Y. 2011. Revision of the taxonomy of finless porpoises (genus Neophocaena): the existence of two species. J. Mar. An. Ecol. 4:3—16.
  15. ^ Wang, J. Y., Frasier, T. R., Yang, S. C. and White, B. N. 2008. Detecting recent speciation events: the case of the finless porpoise (genus Neophocaena). Heredity 101:145—155.
  16. ^ Jefferson, T. A. 2002. Preliminary analysis of geographic variation in cranial morphometrics of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology (Supplement) 10:3-14.
  17. ^ Neophocaena phocaenoides ssp. asiaeorientalis - IUCN Redlist
  18. ^ 瀕危珍貴江豚恐遭滅絕. 蘋果日报. 2011-02-18 [2018-03-09].
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 潘秀英. 躲藏的新物种. 安徽美术出版社. 2014-06. ISBN 9787539847634.
  20. ^ 娟芷. 鯨魚的兇殘與可愛. 右灰文化傳播有限公司. 2006.
  21. ^ 21.0 21.1 汤寿根; 沙锦飞; 郭耕. 天人和谐:生态文明与绿色行动. 2015. ISBN 9787532866021. 引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
  22. ^ 互动-直播访谈-农业农村部就长江江豚科学考察及长江珍稀物种拯救行动实施情况举行发布会. www.moa.gov.cn. [2018-08-24].
  23. ^ 李明皙. 洞庭湖江豚44天12头死亡 专家称进入快速灭绝期. 中国网. 2012-04-18. (原始内容存档于2015-01-05).
  24. ^ 山东威海回应“大排档宰杀江豚”:嫌疑人已被刑拘. 环球网. 澎湃新闻. 2018-03-09 [2018-03-09].
  25. ^ 夏韵; 郜阳. 痛心!长江江豚每年减少超过13%,上海海边本周又现两只死亡江豚. 新民晚报 (新民报社). 2018-12-07 [2019-01-09].

书籍

  • 王丕烈. 《中国鲸类》. 香港: 海洋企业公司. : 14. ISBN 9789628627813 (中文(香港)‎).

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:江豚  src= 维基物种中的分类信息:江豚

参见

物種識別信息
 title=
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江豚: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

江豚(学名:Neophocaena phocaenoides)又稱江豬、烏忌、鯆䱐(bu1fu1)、䱡(音同“菊”)、露脊鼠海豚,是一种小型齿鲸哺乳动物,学术上分为“宽脊江豚”(N. phocaenoides)和“窄脊江豚”(N. asiaeorientalis)两种,均属于鼠海豚科江豚属。江豚与海豚的最大区别的特徵是它沒有背鰭。也有学者认为,生活在长江流域的窄脊江豚(长江江豚)与生活在中国、朝鲜半岛和日本南部沿岸水域的窄脊江豚出现了大量的基因差异,同时两者之间也存在着生殖隔离,因此可以将长江江豚认定为独立物种。 窄脊江豚于2013年被列入《国际自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录》(IUCN)“极度濒危”物种和濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录I濒危物种。长江江豚于2017年5月9日升级为中国国家一级保护动物,据中华人民共和国农业农村部2018年7月发布的数据仅剩约1012头。


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スナメリ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
スナメリ スナメリ 保全状況評価 VULNERABLE
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 VU.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 鯨偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla 階級なし : クジラ目 Cetacea 亜目 : ハクジラ亜目 Odontoceti 上科 : マイルカ上科 Delphinoidea : ネズミイルカ科 Phocoenidae : スナメリ属 Neophocaena : スナメリ N. phocaenoides 学名 Neophocaena phocaenoides
(G. Cuvier, 1829) 和名 スナメリ 英名 Finless Porpoise

スナメリ(砂滑、Neophocaena phocaenoides)は、ネズミイルカ科スナメリ属に属する小型のイルカである。主に海水域に生息するが、淡水である中国長江(揚子江)に生息する個体群も見られ、中国では江豚(jiangtun、長江の豚の意)と呼ばれている。

スナメリ属(Neophocaena)はスナメリ(N. phocaenoides)1種のみからなり、ネズミイルカ科の現生群の中では比較的早期に分岐した群である[要出典]。日本でも地域によってさまざまな名称があり、仙台湾から東京湾ではスナメリ、伊勢湾や三河湾ではスザメ・スンコザメ、瀬戸内海から響灘ではゼゴ・ゼゴンドウ・ナメクジラ・ナミソ・デゴンドウ・デングイ、大村湾有明海橘湾ではナミノウ・ナミウオ・ボウズウオなどと呼ばれている。

分布[編集]

スナメリはアジアの沿岸海域、特にインド中国インドネシア日本の沿岸に生息する。長江では淡水に生息する特異的な個体群が見られる。生息域の北端は日本沿岸海域で、西端はインドの西岸からペルシア湾内まで続いている。日本沿岸では、銚子沖、瀬戸内海などでの生息が確認されている。2015年須磨水族館と朝日新聞の共同調査では、大阪湾関西空港周辺にて20頭以上の群れや体長1mの子供含むスナメリが140回以上確認され、大阪湾、関空周辺がスナメリの子育て海域になっている可能性の高いことも判明。大都市近郊の伊勢湾三河湾などでも生息が知られるが、個体数は少ない。生息域は海岸に近い水深50m以内の浅い海域で、海底が滑らか、もしくは砂地になっている場所を好む。東シナ海黄海において、例外的に海岸から150km以上離れた海域での目撃例があるが、これも水深の浅い海域である。

形態[編集]

 src=
スナメリの子供
 src=
スナメリの骨格

口吻の突出はほとんどなく、噴気孔の後ろに僅かな陥没が見られる[1]背びれはほとんどなく、背面正中線上の皮膚が盛り上がった隆起が尾びれ間際まで続く。尾びれの両端は尖り、中央にはっきりとした切れ込みがある。頸椎の前方3個が癒合しているが[2]後頭顆のRが大きく平面に近い形状であり、頭部のすぐ背後に長い棘突起も無いため、頭骨の可動範囲が大きい。マイルカなどが上下に5°程度しか動かないのに対し、スナメリは40°前後まで動かす事が可能である。とは言えあくまでもクジラとしてで有り、他の哺乳類と比較すると頭部の可動範囲は狭小である[3]

成体は全身が明るい灰色である。生まれた直後は背の隆起付近は灰色で大部分は黒いが、4ヶ月から6ヶ月で全身灰色になる。

成体の体長は1.5-2m[4]、体重は50-60kgであり、クジラ類では最も小型の種の一つ。雄は4歳半から9歳で、雌は3歳から7歳で、それぞれ性成熟する。

魚類甲殻類頭足類など食べられるものは何でも食べる。

生息数と保護[編集]

 src=
生息域

スナメリは、中国長江流域では絶滅が危惧されているが[5]、その他の生息域では絶滅危惧種のリストに載せるための十分なデータがない。大河に棲息したり、河口や海岸近くに留まるという性質のため、毎年多数のスナメリが魚網などによって混獲される。

生息数に関する良い推計は無い。しかし、1970年代後半に行われた調査結果と、1999年から2000年にかけて行われた調査結果を比較すると、生息数も生息域も減少していることがわかる。多くの専門家は、生息数は数十年に渡って減少し続けており、現在の生息数は昔に比べるとわずかなものにすぎないだろうと考察している。

日本においては、スナメリはシロナガスクジラホッキョククジラ等とともに、水産資源保護法施行規則(昭和二十七年六月十六日農林省令第四十四号)第一条に基づき保護され、特別の事由があり農林大臣の許可を得た場合を除き、採捕することは禁止されている。また、1930年広島県竹原市高崎町阿波島周辺の『スナメリクジラ回遊海面』が天然記念物指定された。これはスナメリを目印にスズキなどを釣る伝統漁法が行われていたことから指定されたものである。鯨類に関連する天然記念物の指定としては唯一のものであり、海洋哺乳類全般においても、他にはジュゴンが指定されているのみである。現在ではスナメリの減少の為に伝統漁法は行われていない。

綺麗な海でしか確認できないことから、東京湾[6][7]周防灘、大村湾など閉鎖的海域の再生の目標とされている種である。なお、大阪湾においては南東部、関西国際空港周辺で生息が確認されている[8]。このほか、藤前干潟への定期的な出現も確認されており、現代日本において、鯨類が干潟域にまで進出するという意味では珍しい生態である[9][10]

亜種[編集]

 src=
南海 (韓国)にて餌を捕るスナメリ

現在スナメリは3亜種が認められている[11]

  • N. phocaenoides ssp. phocaenoides G. Cuvier, 1829 - インド洋沿岸から香港に分布
  • N. phocaenoides ssp. asiaeorientalis Pilleri and Gihr, 1972 - 長江の淡水性スナメリ、絶滅危惧IB類 (Endangered (EN))[5]
  • N. phocaenoides ssp. sunameri Pilleri and Gihr, 1975 - 日本近海に分布

人間との関係[編集]

日本では、幾つかの水族館に展示される。また、九州の有明フェリー船上から見られることがある。近畿の南海淡路ライン(フェリー)船上からも見られた。スナメリをモチーフにしたキャラクターもさまざまな分野に存在する。

日本での捕獲は2004年11月に伊勢湾で、水族館での学術研究及び教育展示を目的に、鳥羽、のとじま、宮島の各水族館が共同で、9頭の特別採捕が行われた[12][13]

韓国では食用とされ、他のイルカ類と同様に漁港での競売などにより販売される[14]。韓国では鯨類が混獲により水揚げされるが、捕獲数の半分以上が本種である。韓国でのスナメリの食用としての価値(値段)はあまり高くないとされる[15]。 2008年には韓国での混獲の故意性を疑い、韓国の環境保護団体が国際的な調査を要請したりしている。理由は、スナメリは群れを作らないが、一日に30頭以上も捕まるのは不自然だというものであった[16]

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ ジュリエット・クラットン・ブロック 『世界哺乳類図鑑』 渡辺健太郎訳、新樹社〈ネイチャー・ハンドブック〉、ISBN 4-7875-8533-9。
  2. ^ 『鯨類学』 103頁
  3. ^ 『鯨類学』 100 - 101頁
  4. ^ 『鯨類学』 図鑑 / 世界の鯨類53
  5. ^ a b Cetacean Specialist Group 1996. Neophocaena phocaenoides ssp. asiaeorientalis. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
  6. ^ http://www.yumekuzira.com/club.asp?div=tokyo
  7. ^ http://www.yumekuzira.com/club.asp?div=tokyo
  8. ^ 神戸新聞|社会|大阪湾東部でスナメリ繁殖か 専門家が本格調査
  9. ^ イベント情報 : Green Gift プロジェクト 早春の生きもの観察 & クリーンアップ”. NPO法人 藤前干潟を守る会 (2015年10月27日閲覧。
  10. ^ スナメリを目撃!”. NPO法人 藤前干潟を守る会 (2015年10月27日閲覧。
  11. ^ Reeves, R.R., Collins, T., Jefferson, T.A., Karczmarski, L., Laidre, K., O’Corry-Crowe, G., Rojas-Bracho, L., Secchi, E.R., Slooten, E., Smith, B.D., Wang, J.Y. & Zhou, K. 2008. Neophocaena phocaenoides. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ スナメリ20年ぶり捕獲・農水省許可で9頭 鳥羽水族館, 中日新聞, 2004年11月13日
  14. ^ 통영서 이틀간 상괭이 35마리 그물에 잡혀 : 네이버 뉴스2008-10-31 10:39
  15. ^ 仁川海域でクジラ類混獲が急増 今年1377頭 2012/10/25 14:19 KST聯合ニュース
  16. ^ 환경운동연합 "상괭이 혼획 국제진상조사 요청" : 네이버 뉴스2008-11-04 15:54

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、スナメリに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにスナメリに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia 日本語

スナメリ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

スナメリ(砂滑、Neophocaena phocaenoides)は、ネズミイルカ科スナメリ属に属する小型のイルカである。主に海水域に生息するが、淡水である中国長江(揚子江)に生息する個体群も見られ、中国では江豚(jiangtun、長江の豚の意)と呼ばれている。

スナメリ属(Neophocaena)はスナメリ(N. phocaenoides)1種のみからなり、ネズミイルカ科の現生群の中では比較的早期に分岐した群である[要出典]。日本でも地域によってさまざまな名称があり、仙台湾から東京湾ではスナメリ、伊勢湾や三河湾ではスザメ・スンコザメ、瀬戸内海から響灘ではゼゴ・ゼゴンドウ・ナメクジラ・ナミソ・デゴンドウ・デングイ、大村湾有明海橘湾ではナミノウ・ナミウオ・ボウズウオなどと呼ばれている。

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wikipedia 日本語

상괭이 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

상괭이(Neophocaena phocaenoides)는 쇠돌고랫과에 속하는 여섯 종의 고래 중 하나이다.[2] 쇠물돼지 혹은 무라치라 부르기도 한다. 몸빛은 회백색이며, 몸길이는 1.5-1.9 미터 정도까지 자란다. 등지느러미가 없는 대신에 높이 약 1 센티미터의 융기가 나있다.

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상괭이

황해에서 비교적 흔히 나타나는 종이다.[3]

바다와 민물에서 모두 목격 가능하다. 2006년에는 한강 반포지구에서, 2015년에는 선유도공원에서 사체가 발견되었다. 김현우 국립수산과학원 박사에 따르면 상괭이는 염분농도가 낮은 수역에서도 자주 발견되며, 특히 중국양쯔강 상류에서도 발견된다고 말했다.[4] 또 상괭이는 모습이 웃는 얼굴 같아서 웃는고래 라고도 불림.

분포

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남해에서 숭어를 사냥하는 상괭이.

상괭이는 주로 아시아의 일본, 한국, 중국, 인도네시아, 방글라데시의 주변 해역에 수중 50m 연안의 얕은 바다에서 서식한다. 예외적으로 중국과 한국에서 멀리 떨어진 황해에서 멀리 떨어진 바다에서도 서식하는데, 여전히 바닷물의 깊이가 얕은 곳에서만 서식한다.

기록

조선시대에 '큰 고기 여섯 마리가 바다에서 조수를 타고 양천포로 들어왔다. 비늘이 없고, 색깔이 까맣고, 입은 눈가에 있고, 코는 목 위에 있었다.'라는 기록이 있다.

각주

  1. 국제자연보호연맹. “Cetacean Update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species” (PDF). 2013년 5월 16일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2008년 8월 21일에 확인함.
  2. Mead, J.G.; Brownell, R.L., Jr. (2005). 〈Order Cetacea〉 [고래목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 723–743쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. “인천 앞바다서 상괭이 죽은채 발견”. 2010년 4월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2010년 4월 20일에 확인함.
  4. 바다동물 돌고래, 한강에서 발견되는 이유는? - YTN
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
coastal marine, also in rivers

Referência

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Jacob van der Land [email]

IUCN Red List Category ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Vulnerable (VU)

Referência

IUCN (2008) Cetacean update of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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cc-by-4.0
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WoRMS Editorial Board
contribuidor
Perrin, William [email]