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La Cotylorhiza tuberculata, també coneguda com a medusa ou ferrat, és una espècie de medusa de la família Cepheidae.[1] Es troba en el mar Mediterrani, el mar Egeu i el mar Adriàtic. Pot arribar a fer 35 cm de diàmetre. La seva picadura és molt lleu i no representa cap perill per les persones.[2]
Normalment, no arriba als 17 cm de diàmetre. L'ombrel·la és suau, rodejada per un anell de petits tentacles morats disposats en forma de cercle. Els lòbuls marginals són allargats i subrectangulars. Cada braç es bifurca de la boca fins a prop de la seva base.
Habitualment forma grans bancs que poden abastar àrees de diversos kilòmetres quadrats.[3] Freqüentment apareix juntament amb peixos de mida petita dels gèneres Boops, Trachurus i Seriola.[3]
Banc de Cotylorhiza tuberculata.
Exemplar fotografiat a la Costa Brava, amb petits peixos a sobre seu.
La Cotylorhiza tuberculata, també coneguda com a medusa ou ferrat, és una espècie de medusa de la família Cepheidae. Es troba en el mar Mediterrani, el mar Egeu i el mar Adriàtic. Pot arribar a fer 35 cm de diàmetre. La seva picadura és molt lleu i no representa cap perill per les persones.
Die Spiegeleiqualle (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) gehört zu den Wurzelmundquallen (Rhizostomeae). Sie lebt im Mittelmeer, hauptsächlich in der Hochsee (Pelagial), meist nur knapp unter der Wasseroberfläche. Sie kann sich aktiv fortbewegen und ist so relativ unabhängig von Meeresströmungen.
Die Spiegeleiqualle hat einen weißlichen Schirm, mit einem Durchmesser von bis zu 35 Zentimetern, und eine gelbe, an den Dotter eines Spiegeleis erinnernde, Erhebung in der Mitte. Sie hat acht zentrale und viele kleine Arme, die in violetten knopfartigen Verdickungen enden.
Die Qualle wird von vielen kleinen Fischen begleitet, die in den Nesselfäden Schutz finden. Sie hat nur ein schwaches Nesselgift und ist für den Menschen harmlos.
Weibliche Spiegeleiquallen lassen kurz vor ihrem Tod viele Planulalarven frei. Diese sinken zu Boden und werden zu Polypen. Die 5 bis 10 Millimeter großen, 16 Tentakel tragenden Polypen schnüren im Frühjahr durch Knospung Ephyralarven ab, die im Laufe ihres Wachstums zu Medusen werden.
Die Spiegeleiqualle (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) gehört zu den Wurzelmundquallen (Rhizostomeae). Sie lebt im Mittelmeer, hauptsächlich in der Hochsee (Pelagial), meist nur knapp unter der Wasseroberfläche. Sie kann sich aktiv fortbewegen und ist so relativ unabhängig von Meeresströmungen.
Cotylorhiza tuberculata is a species of jellyfish, of the phylum Cnidaria, also known as the Mediterranean jellyfish, Mediterranean jelly or fried egg jellyfish. It is commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Adriatic Sea.
The Cotylorhiza tuberculata can reach 40 cm (16 in) in diameter,[2] but is usually less than 17 cm (6.7 in) wide. This jellyfish's sting has very little or no effect on humans, however, it can cause allergies in more sensitive people. These allergies usually involve itching and scratching in the stung area. The cnidarian's smooth, elevated central dome is surrounded by a gutter-like ring. Its marginal lappets are elongated and subrectangular. Each mouth arm bifurcates near its base and branches several times. In addition to some larger appendages, there are many short, club-shaped ones that bear disk-like ends.[3]
C. tuberculata are the most common jellyfish of their entire order in the Mediterranean Sea. They experience an annual life cycle marked by summer population blooms,[4] which is likely an adaptive result of the strong seasonal changes in their Mediterranean environment.[2] Their phases of development are quite similar to that of their other jellyfish counterparts. C. tuberculata's four main stages of growth include the swimming larvae known as planulae, younger, sessile polyps called scyphistomae, the undeveloped young adult intermediates known as ephyrae, and the adult jellyfish forms, called medusas.[5] In a given year, planulae are present from August to November, scyphistomae are present perennially, ephyrae can be seen from May to August, and medusa are prominent from July to November.
Planulae use their small cilia to propel them through the water, eventually settling on a hard sediment on which they develop into their polyp form. The scyphistomae acquire their photosynthetic algae symbionts during their preliminary development phase, though the mechanism for this is still unclear. These microorganisms live primarily in the mesoglea and lining of the cnidarian's gastrovascular system, bolstering oxygen production, and remain with the jellyfish for the rest of their lifespans. The polyps also undergo asexual reproduction to create more polyps;[2] parts of each polyp will eventually metamorphose[5] into ephyrae, which range between 1.7 and 4.2 mm in diameter. Young medusa take 8–10 weeks to reach an initial diameter of 3 cm, and then will grow by approximately 3–4 cm per week until reaching their final adult size. Gradually, the medusa develop with an average final diameter of approximately 35 cm.
Sexual reproduction between adult medusa typically occurs between August and October. Female C. tuberculata are internally fertilized with sperm from the mouth arm appendages of their male counterparts, and after a gestation period, eventually release large numbers of planulae into the water.[2]
With age, the adult C. tuberculata become increasingly damaged, mainly in the central dome of their top umbrella area. While the leading cause of medusa damage is wave-driven and wind-driven abrasion, the next most prominent modes of injury are anthropogenic. Motor boats and fishing nets are prominent causes of injury for these cnidarians, often leading to severe damage. This harm is a mild setback for jellyfish that have not yet finished growing, and when they are able to regenerate the injured anatomy, it often grows back asymmetrically. Older fried egg jellyfish are distinguished by their physical deterioration; their mesoglea are often delicate with a visibly broken exumbrella, and their coloration fades significantly.[2]
The endosymbiotic, photosynthetic algae which C. tuberculata hosts in its body are paramount to the jellyfish's prosperity. These mutualistic microorganisms are also known as zooxanthellae, originating from the dinoflagellate phylum, and they commonly engage in symbiotic relationships with many types of jellyfish. While the cnidarian hosts provide shelter for these symbionts, the dinoflagellates in return use their photosynthetic abilities to provide the C. tuberculata with energy for usage and storage. Fatty acids, for example, are the primary macromolecules for energy storage in cnidarians, and mainly are obtained from their carbon-fixing symbionts. This mutualistic relationship is so crucial to the Mediterranean jellyfish's growth and survival that the preliminary step of premature medusa formation will not initiate without the presence of zooxanthellae.[4]
C. tuberculata primarily consume minuscule aquatic organisms, often a mixture of phytoplankton and zooplankton. They do not demonstrate a very high feeding diversity on the taxonomic level; it has been recorded that anywhere between 69% and 82% of their diet consists of organisms associated with the genus Spiroplasma. These prokaryotes have also been found in the diets of several other jellyfish species. Furthermore, the C. tuberculata's diet likely consists of only three to four main taxa of microplankton. The jellyfish takes in these tiny organisms through its mouth arms, from where they travel to its stomach. The interconnectedness of the Mediterranean jelly and its surrounding waters allows for an easy flow of plankton into its gastric cavity.[6]
One of the main issues created by annual blooms of C. tuberculata is an interference with human recreational and financial activities. The usual water-related activities of tourism, in addition to more commercial activities such as fishing, are often disrupted due to the sheer number of jellyfish in the waters. This often results in the removal of thousands of Mediterranean jellies from the waters by coastal officials in the summers by fishing boats or large nets.
Another possibility raised by the prevalence of jellyfish, however, is their usefulness to humankind. C. tuberculata have been studied due to their specified cytotoxicity in regards to certain breast cancer cells, which is made possible due to the organism's efficient intercellular gap junction communication. While further studies have been proposed to further research jellies' cytotoxicity in targeting breast cancer, there still is not much investigation on the topic. Since a main objective in cancer research is to create treatments that selectively kill malignant cells while leaving healthy ones intact, Cotylhoriza tuberculata may become a model organism for the treatment of those human ailments.[4]
Cotylorhiza tuberculata is a species of jellyfish, of the phylum Cnidaria, also known as the Mediterranean jellyfish, Mediterranean jelly or fried egg jellyfish. It is commonly found in the Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Adriatic Sea.
La medusa huevo frito (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) es una especie de medusa de la familia Cepheidae.[1] Se encuentra en el mar Mediterráneo. Su nombre proviene de su forma, que asemeja a un huevo frito.
Alcanza hasta 15 cm de diámetro, siendo el máximo registrado de 25 cm.[2] La umbrela es suave, rodeada por un anillo de pequeños tentáculos morados dispuestos en forma de círculo. Los lóbulos marginales son alargados y subrectangulares. Cada brazo se bifurca de la boca hasta cerca de su base. Además de algunos apéndices más grandes que hay muchos cortos, en forma de maza que llevan los extremos en forma de discos.
Habitualmente forma grandes enjambres de kilómetros de ancho y largo.[3] Frecuentemente aparece junto a peces de pequeño tamaño de los géneros Boops, Trachurus y Seriola.[3]
Dependiendo de la estación puede ser abundante en el Mediterráneo oriental, por lo que suele ser una molestia para los bañistas, sin embargo la picadura de esta medusa tiene muy poco efecto o ninguno en el ser humano.[4][2][5]
La medusa huevo frito (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) es una especie de medusa de la familia Cepheidae. Se encuentra en el mar Mediterráneo. Su nombre proviene de su forma, que asemeja a un huevo frito.
La méduse Cotylorhiza tuberculata, souvent appelée méduse œuf au plat[2], est une méduse de la classe des Scyphozoaires, de l'ordre des Rhizostomae et de la famille des Cepheidae, que l'on trouve en Méditerranée. Elle est parfois classée dans le genre Cassiopea sous le nom de Cassiopea mediterranea.
Son ombrelle est beige jaunâtre, atteignant jusqu'à 40 centimètres, avec en son milieu un dôme orange beige, qui la fait ressembler à un œuf au plat vu du dessus[2]. Son manubrium possède huit bras, garnis de centaines de tentacules aux extrémités violettes, bleues ou blanchâtres[2].
Vue supérieure
Vue inférieure
Vue de côté (spécimen clair)
Juvénile
Depuis la surface
C'est une méduse endémique de la Méditerranée[2], très commune en mer Adriatique. Elle vit près de la surface[2], souvent en pleine eau, formant parfois de grands bancs de la même espèce. Elle dérive au gré du courant.
Elle est très peu urticante, sans danger pour l'homme. Des petits poissons viennent souvent s'abriter sous son ombrelle, entre ses tentacules, ou la suivent de près. On peut parfois compter jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de poissons suivant la méduse. Ce sont la plupart du temps des alevins de trachurus (chinchards), de boops et de seriolas[2].
Cette méduse se nourrit passivement de microplancton. À l'instar des méduses du genre cassiopea où elle était classée, du corail des mers tropicales et de beaucoup d'autres organismes marins, dont de nombreuses méduses, Cotylorhiza tuberculata vit en association avec une algue symbiotique, la zooxanthelle, qui en échange de logement et de luminosité lui offre les excès de nourriture qu'elle produit. Mais, à la différence des coraux, la méduse œuf au plat ne dépend pas de l'algue symbiotique pour survivre ; la Méditerranée n'est pas trop chaude et la production de plancton est largement suffisante pour compenser les apports nutritionnels produite par l'algue. Il ne s'agit ici que d'apports complémentaires, et la méduse ne dépend pas de l'algue pour vivre. Les algues, de couleurs bleues et mauves, sont visibles sur les extrémités caractéristiques de longs tentacules transparents dépassant des huit bras de la méduse. Lorsque ces « boules » sont vides, elles sont de couleurs blanches. Pleines, elles sont bleues ou violettes.
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La méduse Cotylorhiza tuberculata, souvent appelée méduse œuf au plat, est une méduse de la classe des Scyphozoaires, de l'ordre des Rhizostomae et de la famille des Cepheidae, que l'on trouve en Méditerranée. Elle est parfois classée dans le genre Cassiopea sous le nom de Cassiopea mediterranea.
La cothyloriza (Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) è una scifomedusa della famiglia Cepheidae[1], comune nel mar Mediterraneo.
È la medusa più comune del mar Mediterraneo.
Questa specie, che raggiunge i 30 cm di diametro, presenta un caratteristico ombrello a forma di disco bianco, con una gobba rotonda e gialla al centro (sembra un uovo all'occhio di bue). Il margine è tipicamente frastagliato, di colore giallo o talvolta verdastro per la presenza di zooxantelle. La specie, come tutte quelle appartenenti alla classe delle Rhizostomeae, è priva di tentacoli, ma ricca di braccia orali che si dipartono dai quattro lobi della bocca, delle quali molte sono sottili e terminano con un bottoncino di colore blu/viola.
È una specie pelagica, endemica del mar Mediterraneo, molto comune, in particolare nel mare Adriatico da maggio a ottobre.
Il suo sviluppo è abbastanza simile a quello delle altre meduse; esso si divide in quattro fasi: larva (planula), polipo sessile giovane (scyphistoma), polipo sottosviluppato intermedio (ephyra), medusa adulta.[2] La planula (larva) usa le sue piccole ciglia per muoversi nell'acqua e stabilirsi su un duro sedimento sul quale evolversi in polipo. Lo scyphistoma acquisisce i suoi simbionti di alghe fotosintetiche durante la sua fase preliminare di sviluppo, sebbene il meccanismo non sia ancora chiaro. Questi microorganismi vivono principalmente nella mesoglea e nel rivestimento del sistema cardiovascolare del cnidario, rafforzando la produzione di ossigeno durante tutto il ciclo vitale della medusa. I polipi attuano una riproduzione asessuata per generare altri polipi, tra i quali alcuni si trasformeranno in ephyrae (sottosviluppati intermedi). La medusa giovane impiega 8-10 settimane per raggiungere un diametro di almeno 3 cm, che incrementerà di 3-4 cm ogni settimana fino al raggiungimento della dimensione adulta, che prevede un diametro di 35 cm circa.
La riproduzione tra meduse adulte avviene tipicamente tra Agosto ed Ottobre. La C. tubercolata femmina viene fecondata internamente dallo sperma proveniente dalle appendici moutharm dell'esemplare maschio e, dopo un periodo di gestazione, rilascia un gran numero di planulae (larve) nell'acqua.[3]
A dispetto delle sue grandi dimensioni, questa specie non è urticante. Solo i soggetti più sensibili possono incorrere in piccoli pizzichi a contatto con le braccia.
Tipica la presenza, in prossimità delle stesse, di piccoli avannotti delle specie Trachurus trachurus, Seriola dumerili, Caranx ronchus, Sarpa salpa e Boops boops.
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La cothyloriza (Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) è una scifomedusa della famiglia Cepheidae, comune nel mar Mediterraneo.
De spiegeleikwal of wortelkwal[1] (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) is een kwallensoort die voorkomt in de Middellandse Zee. De kwal blijft meestal in open water, van de kust vandaan en net onder het wateroppervlak. Deze kwal is, in tegenstelling tot de meeste soorten, zelf in staat zijn richting in het water te bepalen en daardoor minder afhankelijk van de stroming. Hij kan tot 35 cm in doorsnee worden.
De spiegeleikwal heeft acht armen waaraan honderden tentakels hangen, die aan het uiteinde vaak blauw zijn. Soms leven ze in scholen. De kwal voedt zich met algen, met name zoöxanthellen, en plankton.
De spiegeleikwal is weliswaar giftig maar het gif is niet gevaarlijk voor mensen.
Zie de categorie Cotylorhiza tuberculata van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp. De spiegeleikwal of wortelkwal (Cotylorhiza tuberculata) is een kwallensoort die voorkomt in de Middellandse Zee. De kwal blijft meestal in open water, van de kust vandaan en net onder het wateroppervlak. Deze kwal is, in tegenstelling tot de meeste soorten, zelf in staat zijn richting in het water te bepalen en daardoor minder afhankelijk van de stroming. Hij kan tot 35 cm in doorsnee worden.
De spiegeleikwal heeft acht armen waaraan honderden tentakels hangen, die aan het uiteinde vaak blauw zijn. Soms leven ze in scholen. De kwal voedt zich met algen, met name zoöxanthellen, en plankton.
De spiegeleikwal is weliswaar giftig maar het gif is niet gevaarlijk voor mensen.
Cotylorhiza tuberculata còn được gọi là Sứa trứng ốp la do hình dạng chuông như quả trứng ốp la là một loài sứa sinh sống chủ yếu ở những vùng nước ấm áp, nhiều ánh sáng mặt trời.
Loài sứa này sinh sống ở Địa Trung Hải, chúng cũng sinh sống ở những vùng biển ấm nhiều nắng khác như biển Aegea - vùng vịnh nối dài của Địa Trung Hải, nằm giữa Hy Lạp và Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ.
Cotylorhiza tuberculata còn được gọi là Sứa trứng ốp la do hình dạng chuông như quả trứng ốp la là một loài sứa sinh sống chủ yếu ở những vùng nước ấm áp, nhiều ánh sáng mặt trời.
Loài sứa này sinh sống ở Địa Trung Hải, chúng cũng sinh sống ở những vùng biển ấm nhiều nắng khác như biển Aegea - vùng vịnh nối dài của Địa Trung Hải, nằm giữa Hy Lạp và Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ.
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