Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Pristimantis mutabilis is a relatively small species of frog with a snout-vent length of 17.2 – 17.4 mm in males, and 20.9 – 23.2 mm in females. The head is a bit longer than it is wide, though narrower than the width of its body. There is a single conical tubercle on each upper eyelid, as well as several low tubercles. The snout appears rounded when viewed from the sides and the back. The eye diameter is larger than the distance between the eye and the nostril. The nostrils do not protrude, and are positioned towards the front and sides of the body. The canthus rostralis is curved slightly inwards, as is the region between the eye and nostril. The tympanum is well defined except for the upper side, which is covered by a supratympanic fold. There are two postrictal tubercles positioned towards the behind and under the tympanum. The skin on the back is coarse and punctuated with tubercles, though it has the ability to become smooth in life. There are dorsolateral folds present on its back, and the underside is warty in texture. Two ulnar tubercles are present, as well as a large outer palmar tubercle split in two. The subarticular tubercles are distinct and circular, and the supernumerary tubercles are present though few in number. The fingers have fine lateral fringes. Finger I is shorter than Finger II, but no other information is available on relative finger lengths. The fingertips are noticeably ovoid and enlarged, though less so in Finger I. The undersides of the hands have pads that are surrounded by grooves. The heel tubercle is conical, and the tarsal tubercles and minute and indistinct. The inner metatarsal tubercle is ovoid and twice as big as the circular outer metatarsal tubercle. The subarticular tubercles are also circular, and the supernumerary tubercles are faint. The toes have fine lateral fringes, and lack webbing. The toe tips are grooved. The relative toe lengths are: I < II < III < V < IV (Guayasamin et al. 2015).This species is easily diagnosed in life as it has the ability to interchange its skin texture from tuberculate to smooth, which is a trait found in only one other frog species, P. sobetes. In preservative, it can be diagnosed from a combination of the following characters: coarse skin punctuated with tubercles; presence of dorsolateral folds; tympanum present and partially covered on top by a supratympanic fold; smooth truncate snout; conical tubercle present on upper eyelid; vocal sac in males; no nuptial pads in males; Finger I shorter than Finger II; lateral fringes on fingers and toes; conical tubercle on heel; no toe webbing; Toe V longer than Toe III; enlarged circular toe tips. It is similar in appearance to P. verecundus, though P. verecundus differs in having short dorsolateral folds that don’t extend past the sacrum (versus long dorsolateral folds that extend past the sacrum in P. mutabilis), a V shape on the throat of females, and the slightly larger size in males. It is similar in appearance to P. sobetes and shares the ability to change its skin texture, though P. sobetes differs in males being significantly larger than the females, having a bright red iris with no stripe (versus a light old iris with a red stripe in P. mutabilis), and lacking red flash coloration near the vent or the underside of the thighs (Guayasamin et al. 2015).In life, the back is light brown to grey green, with bright green markings and grey or brown V shaped patterns that are bordered by a fine white line. The dorsolateral folds are orange. The underside is light grey to brown and has darker spots, as well as some smaller white spots. The iris is creamy to golden and has a fine black netted pattern as well as a red horizontal streak. The underside of the thighs and the groin is red. In preservative, it has a light brown to grey back, with dark V shaped patterns that are bordered by a fine white line. The dorsolateral folds are light pink. There are dark diagonal stripes on the limbs and sides of the body (Guayasamin et al. 2015).The skin texture is highly variable in live specimens, as this species is able to change its skin from tuberculate to smooth depending on conditions in its environment (Guayasamin et al. 2015).The species authority is: Guayasamin, J. M., Krynak, T., Krynak, K., Culebras, J., Hutter, C. R. (2015). "Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173, 913-928.Based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis from combined 12S and 16S genetic sequence data, it is placed in the P. myersi species group (which includes P. leoni, P. trepidotus, P. pyrrhomerus, P. ocreatus, P. thymelensis, P. hectus, P. jubatus, P. celator, P. mutabilis, and P. verecundus). Though it shares the otherwise unique ability to immediately change its skin texture with P. sobetes, genetic evidence shows that the two species are distantly related, with P. sobetes being place in the P. surdus species group (Guayasamin et al. 2015).Only P. mutabilis and P. sobetes are known to change its skin texture. However, as the two species are not closely related within Pristimantis, it is possible that this trait evolved independently in both species, or that other Pristimantis species too share this trait but have not yet been documented to demonstrate it. Another possibility is that this trait was expressed in the common ancestor of the P. myersi and P. surdus groups, but only retained in P. mutabilis and P. sobetes (Guayasamin et al. 2015).The specific epithet mutabilis is Latin for the ability to change, in reference to this frog’s ability to change the texture of its skin (Guayasamin et al. 2015).
Guayasamin, J. M., Krynak, T., Krynak, K., Culebras, J., Hutter, C. R. (2015). ''Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture.'' Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 173, 913-928.
Distribution and Habitat
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Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
It occurs in northwestern Ecuador, within primary and secondary forests in the Andes mountain range. Specifically, it has been found at Reserva Las Gralarias in Pichincha province, and at Reserva Los Cedros in Imbabura province. It has an altitudinal range of 1850 – 1880 m asl (Guayasamin et al. 2015).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
It is presumed to be abundant in the localities where it was found, as males are frequently heard calling at night. More research needs to be conducted to determine the population trends for this species (Guayasamin et al. 2015).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
This species has been found hiding in moss or perched on leaf surfacts at least one meter above the ground. All individuals were initially found with the tuberculate skin texture, though they would change the texture to smooth upon capture, and revert to a tuberculate texture once returned to their environment. It is possible that stress, humidity, and background are responsible for the change in skin texture. The function of this is unknown, though it may be for the purposes of camouflage to hide from predators. The exact physiological mechanism of this texture change has not been studied, though it is possible that it involves water movement in and out of structures in its skin (Guayasamin et al. 2015). Males were heard calling during January and February 2013. Three distinct calls are made. The first type was a single note that sounded like a short ring and is composed of one modulated pulse with a robust amplitude and 2 - 4 modulated pulse with weak amplitudes. The call does not have frequency modulation and has a pulse rate of 0.041 - 0.11 pulses per ms, a call duration is 45.7 - 49.0 ms, and a dominate frequency between 3273 - 3359 Hz. The limits of the fundamental frequency are 3255 - 3346 Hz for the lower limit and 3617 - 3708 Hz for the upper limit (Guayasamin et al. 2015).The second type consisted of a single screech-like pulsed note composed of two or more robust and many weak amplitude modulated pulses. This call also is not frequency modulated and has a pulse rate of 0.138 - 0.274 pulses per ms, a duration of 68.0 - 99.0 ms, and a dominate frequency of 3358 - 3445 Hz. The limits of The limits of the fundamental frequency are 3256 - 3345 Hz for the lower limit and 3708 - 3799 Hz for the upper limit (Guayasamin et al. 2015).The third type consisted of a series of 5 – 6 long trill-like calls broken by short intervals between each and increasing in frequency with each successive call. The duration of the series of calls is 301.0 - 456.0 ms with a 4.2 - 7.3 second interval between series. Individual calls have a single robust modulated pulse and many weaker ones, similar to call type 1. This type of call has a pulse rate of 0.055 - 0.089 pulses per ms and a dominate frequency of 3187 - 3445 Hz, which can modulate by an increase of 87 - 173 Hz. The limits of the fundamental frequency are 3165 - 3346 Hz for the lower limit and 3708 - 3799 Hz for the upper limit (Guayasamin et al. 2015).
Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pristimantis mutabilis, also known as the mutable rainfrog or "punk rock" rainfrog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the Ecuadoran Andes of Pichincha and Imbabura provinces.[1][3][4] Pristimantis mutabilis is the first known amphibian species that is able to change skin texture from tuberculate to almost smooth in a few minutes, an extreme example of phenotypic plasticity. The specific epithet mutabilis (changeable) refers to this ability. The physiological mechanism behind the skin texture change remains unknown.[2]
Taxonomy and discovery
Pristimantis mutabilis was formally described in 2015 in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society; the holotype was collected in 2013. The species was placed in the genus Pristimantis on the basis of genetic studies supported by the morphological analysis.[2] The new species was first spotted in 2006, but only in 2009 the first specimen was collected and its unusual abilities were discovered.[5]
Also Pristimantis sobetes, a related species but from a different species group, have been found to display similar skin texture plasticity, suggesting that this trait may be more common in Pristimantis than in other amphibians.[2]
Description
Males measure about 17 mm (0.67 in) and females 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) in snout–vent length. In life, males have light brown to pale greyish green dorsum, with bright green marks and grey to dark brown chevrons, outlined by thin cream or white line, with orange dorsolateral folds. The belly is pale grey to brown with darker, diffuse spots, and few small white spots.[2] Females have red flash coloration.[2]
Habitat and conservation
The species' habitat is arboreal and it is known from both primary and secondary Andean forests at elevations of 1,850–2,063 m (6,070–6,768 ft) above sea level.[2][1]
Pristimantis mutabilis is only known from three sites in two separate reserves. Based on the vocalizations during the night, it is abundant, but it is difficult to see because of its arboreal habits.[2] However, the known subpopulations are separated by a dispersal barrier (the dry valley of the Guayllabamba River), and the general area is suffering from habitat destruction and fragmentation. Chytridiomycosis might also be a threat.[1]
References
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^ a b c d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). "Pristimantis mutabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T74106939A74107619. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T74106939A74107619.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ a b c d e f g h Guayasamin, Juan; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime & Hutter, Carl (2015). "Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (4): 913–928. doi:10.1111/zoj.12222.
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^ Frost, Darrel R. (2022). "Pristimantis mutabilis Guayasamin, Krynak, Krynak, Culebras, and Hutter, 2015". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
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^ Varela-Jaramillo, A. & Ron. S. R. (2018). Ron, S. R.; Merino-Viteri, A. & Ortiz, D. A. (eds.). "Pristimantis mutabilis Cutín Mutable / Mutable Rainfrog". Anfibios del Ecuador. Version 2019.0. Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ). Retrieved 28 March 2019.
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^ Becky Oskin (24 March 2015). "Shape-Shifting Frog Can Change Its Skin Texture". Live Science. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Pristimantis mutabilis, also known as the mutable rainfrog or "punk rock" rainfrog, is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae. It is found in the Ecuadoran Andes of Pichincha and Imbabura provinces. Pristimantis mutabilis is the first known amphibian species that is able to change skin texture from tuberculate to almost smooth in a few minutes, an extreme example of phenotypic plasticity. The specific epithet mutabilis (changeable) refers to this ability. The physiological mechanism behind the skin texture change remains unknown.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pristimantis mutabilis es una especie de anuros en la familia Craugastoridae.[1] Su nombre específico deriva del latín mutabilis (= mutable, cambiante), y se refiere a su habilidad para cambiar la textura de su piel.[2]
Distribución geográfica y hábitat
Es endémica de Ecuador. Su distribución altitudinal oscila entre 1850 y 2063 msnm.[1]
Referencias
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↑ a b Frost, D.R. «Pristimantis mutabilis ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 9 de abril de 2015.
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↑ Guayasamin, J. M., T. Krynak, K. Krynak, J. Culebras & C. R. Hutter. 2015. Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173: 913–928.
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
Pristimantis mutabilis es una especie de anuros en la familia Craugastoridae. Su nombre específico deriva del latín mutabilis (= mutable, cambiante), y se refiere a su habilidad para cambiar la textura de su piel.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pristimantis mutabilis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Craugastoridae[1].
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique d'Équateur[1]. Elle se rencontre entre 1 850 et 2 100 m d'altitude dans les provinces de Pichincha et d'Imbabura (nord-ouest de la cordillère occidentale).
Étymologie
Le nom spécifique mutabilis vient du latin mutabilis, qui peut changer, muter, en référence à la capacité de cette grenouille de changer l'aspect de sa peau de lisse à hérissée selon le milieu dans lequel elle évolue (son aspect rugueux lui permettant de se camoufler sur des mousses)[2],[3]. Le changement d'apparence s'effectue en un peu plus de cinq minutes (330 s).
Un comportement similaire s'observe chez Pristimantis sobetes pourtant phylogénétiquement éloignée de P. mutabilis.
Publication originale
- (en) Juan M. Guayasamin, Tim Krynak, Katherine Krynak, Jaime Culebras et Carl R. Hutter, « Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture », Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Wiley-Blackwell, vol. 173, no 4, 24 mars 2015, p. 913-928 (ISSN et , OCLC , DOI )
Notes et références
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Pristimantis mutabilis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Craugastoridae.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Herpetologie Pristimantis mutabilis is een kikker uit de familie Craugastoridae. De soort werd in 2015 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Juan M. Guayasamin, Tim Krynak, Katherine Krynak, Jaime Culebras en Carl R. Hutter.[1]
Uiterlijke kenmerken
Pristimantis mutabilis dankt zijn wetenschappelijke soortnaam mutabilis aan een bijzonder kenmerk. De soort is namelijk de eerste amfibie waarvan bekend is dat de huid kan transformeren van knobbelig tot glad in enkele minuten, een extreem voorbeeld van fenotypische plasticiteit. Het is nog onbekend hoe deze fysiologische verandering in zijn werk gaat.
De kop-romplengte van gemeten exemplaren zijn 17 millimeter bij mannetjes en 21 tot 23 millimeter bij vrouwtjes. Mannetjes hebben een lichtbruine tot vaalgrijze bovenzijde, met lichtgroene vlekken, oranje plooien en grijs tot donkerbruine strepen. De onderzijde is vaalgrijs tot bruin met donkere vlekken en een klein aantal witte vlekken. Vrouwtjes hebben een rode kleurschakering. Deze kleurpatronen zorgen voor een doeltreffende camouflage tussen de bladeren.
Habitat en verspreiding
De soort is enkel aangetroffen in de Andes in Ecuador.[2] Pristimantis mutabilis is op drie boomrijke plaatsen aangetroffen in twee gescheiden reservaten in de Andes, in de provincies Pichincha en Imbabura in Ecuador.[1] Waarschijnlijk is de soort endemisch in dit land.
Ontdekking en taxonomie
De wetenschappelijke naam van Pristimantis mutabilis werd voor het eerst wettelijk gepubliceerd in 2015 in de Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, na een studie van een holotype gevonden in 2013. Op basis van phylogenetische studies en een morfologische analyse is de soort geplaatst in het geslacht Pristimantis. De nieuwe soort was het eerst gezien in 2006, maar pas in 2009 werd een exemplaar gevangen en kwam men tot de ontdekking van zijn ongewone kenmerken.[3] De ontdekking werd gedaan nadat de onderzoekers een exemplaar in een kopje mee namen om de volgende dag te fotograferen. De kikker was zijn knobbels verloren en kreeg deze pas terug nadat ze het dier in het kopje met mos terug hadden geplaatst.[4]
Externe link
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Referenties
Bronnen
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Neerlandês; Flamengo
)
fornecido por wikipedia NL
Pristimantis mutabilis is een kikker uit de familie Craugastoridae. De soort werd in 2015 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Juan M. Guayasamin, Tim Krynak, Katherine Krynak, Jaime Culebras en Carl R. Hutter.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pristimantis mutabilis[3] é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Craugastoridae. Endêmica do Equador, onde pode ser encontrada nas províncias de Pichincha e Imbabura.[4]
Pristimantis mutabilis é a primeira espécie de anfíbio conhecida com a capacidade de modificar a textura da pele de tuberculada a lisa em poucos minutos como método de camuflagem. Esta capacidade é atribuída a plasticidade fenotípica.[4][5]
Referências
-
↑ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). «Pristimantis mutabilis». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2016: e.T74106939A74107619. doi:. Consultado em 19 de novembro de 2021
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↑ Guayasamin, Juan; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl (2015). «Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173 (4): 913–928. doi:
-
↑ Frost, D.R. (2015). «Pristimantis mutabilis». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Consultado em 26 de março de 2015
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↑ a b Guayasamin, J.M.; Krynak, T.; Krynak, K.; Culebras, J.; Hutter, C.R. (2015). «Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 173: 913–928
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↑ Magno Junior Silva Mesquita. «Sapo "punk rocker" troca de pele em questão de minutos». Megacurioso. Consultado em 4 de outubro de 2016
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Pristimantis mutabilis é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Craugastoridae. Endêmica do Equador, onde pode ser encontrada nas províncias de Pichincha e Imbabura.
Pristimantis mutabilis é a primeira espécie de anfíbio conhecida com a capacidade de modificar a textura da pele de tuberculada a lisa em poucos minutos como método de camuflagem. Esta capacidade é atribuída a plasticidade fenotípica.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pristimantis mutabilis là một loài ếch trong chi Pristimantis thuộc họ Craugastoridae. Chúng có thể biến đổi kết cấu da trong khoảng 3 phút, con ếch thực sự có khả năng biến đổi cấu trúc da, có thể biến đổi kết cấu da nhằm mô phỏng bề mặt chúng đang ngồi bám trên đó, sự kết hợp giữa các gai và biến đổi màu da rõ ràng giúp loài ếch trộn lẫn vào bối cảnh rêu mốc, nhưng liệu khả năng biến đổi cấu trúc da giúp chúng lẩn trốn kẻ thù ăn thịt, khả năng hòa trộn vào môi trường không để lại dấu vết khá quan trọng đối với sự sinh tồn.
Chú thích
Tham khảo
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![src=]()
Dữ liệu liên quan tới Pristimantis mutabilis tại Wikispecies
- Guayasamin, Juan; Krynak, Tim; Krynak, Katherine; Culebras, Jaime; Hutter, Carl (2015). "Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 173 (4): 913–928. doi:10.1111/zoj.12222. edit
- Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Pristimantis mutabilis Guayasamin, Krynak, Krynak, Culebras, and Hutter, 2015". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 3 năm 2015.
- Becky Oskin (ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 2015). "Shape-Shifting Frog Can Change Its Skin Texture". Live Science. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 3 năm 2015.
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Pristimantis mutabilis là một loài ếch trong chi Pristimantis thuộc họ Craugastoridae. Chúng có thể biến đổi kết cấu da trong khoảng 3 phút, con ếch thực sự có khả năng biến đổi cấu trúc da, có thể biến đổi kết cấu da nhằm mô phỏng bề mặt chúng đang ngồi bám trên đó, sự kết hợp giữa các gai và biến đổi màu da rõ ràng giúp loài ếch trộn lẫn vào bối cảnh rêu mốc, nhưng liệu khả năng biến đổi cấu trúc da giúp chúng lẩn trốn kẻ thù ăn thịt, khả năng hòa trộn vào môi trường không để lại dấu vết khá quan trọng đối với sự sinh tồn.
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Pristimantis mutabilis
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Pristimantis mutabilis
Международное научное название
Pristimantis mutabilis Guayasamin, Tim Krynak, Katherine Krynak, Culebras & Hutter, 2015
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе NCBI 1602214 Pristimantis mutabilis (лат.) — вид бесхвостых земноводных рода Pristimantis из семейства Strabomantidae[1] или Craugastoridae[2]. Впервые описан группой зоологов в 2015 году[3].
Необычная особенность лягушки Pristimantis mutabilis состоит в её способности за считанные минуты изменять внешний вид своего тела практически до неузнаваемости, притом что изменения в структуре тела среди земноводных встречаются очень редко[4]. Это — первый задокументированный вид земноводных с настолько сильно развитой фенотипической изменчивостью[5][3].
Распространение и среда обитания
Эндемик Эквадора, обитающий в Андах[3]. Известно о трёх участках обитания лягушки — один в провинции Пичинча и два в провинции Имбабура[2].
Описание
Лягушка небольшого размера. Длина взрослых самцов — около 1,7 см, самок — около 2,1—2,3 см. Тело самки имеет красноватый окрас[3].
Примечательно, что Pristimantis mutabilis способны изменять структуру кожи, при этом устраняются неровности и кожа становится скользкой и гладкой. Такое «превращение» длится в течение 5,5 минуты. По мнению исследователей, это необходимо, чтобы лягушка смогла избежать хищников[4], хотя сказать об этом с уверенностью нельзя. Подобные метаморфозы с параметрами тела (если не считать изменения окраски у хамелеонов) отмечаются у земноводных и вообще позвоночных впервые[5]. С чем связана такая высокая гибкость кожи, пока ещё остаётся загадкой[4].
Экология
Ведёт древесный образ жизни[3].
Систематика
Ближайшие родственники: виды Pristimantis myersi и Pristimantis verecundus[2].
Примечания
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↑ Pristimantis mutabilis : [англ.] // AmphibiaWeb. (Проверено 27 августа 2017).
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↑ 1 2 3 Pristimantis mutabilis Guayasamin, Krynak, Krynak, Culebras, and Hutter, 2015 : [англ.] // Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference. — American Museum of Natural History. (Проверено 27 августа 2017).
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↑ 1 2 3 4 5 Guayasamin J. M., Krynak T., Krynak K., Culebras J. and Hutter C. R. Phenotypic plasticity raises questions for taxonomically important traits: a remarkable new Andean rainfrog (Pristimantis) with the ability to change skin texture (англ.) // Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. — 2005. — Vol. 173, no. 4. — P. 913—928. — DOI:10.1111/zoj.12222.
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↑ 1 2 3 Васильев А. В Эквадоре обнаружена «лягушка-трансформер» // Российская Газета.
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↑ 1 2 Scientists discover first ever amphibian that can rapidly change its skin texture | Daily Mail Online
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Pristimantis mutabilis: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Pristimantis mutabilis (лат.) — вид бесхвостых земноводных рода Pristimantis из семейства Strabomantidae или Craugastoridae. Впервые описан группой зоологов в 2015 году.
Необычная особенность лягушки Pristimantis mutabilis состоит в её способности за считанные минуты изменять внешний вид своего тела практически до неузнаваемости, притом что изменения в структуре тела среди земноводных встречаются очень редко. Это — первый задокументированный вид земноводных с настолько сильно развитой фенотипической изменчивостью.
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