Formica lugubris Zetterstedt 1838

Die Starkbeborstete Gebirgswaldameise (Formica lugubris) gehört zur Gattung der Waldameisen (Formica) in der Unterfamilie der Schuppenameisen (Formicinae).

Merkmale

Der Körper weist die für Waldameisen typische rot-schwarze Färbung auf. Das Hinterhaupt trägt einen Kranz abstehender, vielfach langer Haare und die Kopfunterseite ist mit einer Anzahl abstehender Haare besetzt. Auch das Mesosoma ist dicht abstehend behaart. Die zwei schwarzen Flecken auf dem Pronotum und Mesonotum erscheinen deutlich, verschieden groß und unscharf umgrenzt. Die Arbeiterinnen werden 4,5 bis 9 Millimeter lang.^[1] Das Stielchenglied (Petiolus) trägt längere Haare als bei der Schwachbeborsteten Gebirgswaldameise (Formica aquilonia) und die abstehenden Haare auf dem Pronotum sind länger als bei der Schweizer Gebirgswaldameise (Formica paralugubris). Eine Unterscheidung von diesen beiden Arten gestaltet sich sehr schwierig.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Das riesige Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über die boreale Zone von den Britischen Inseln bis Kamtschatka. In Europa ist diese Ameisenart auch in den Gebirgen vertreten, wie zum Beispiel in den Pyrenäen, den Vogesen, im Zentralmassiv, in den Alpen bis zu 2.400 Metern Höhe, in den Karpaten, im Bayerischen Wald und im Schwarzwald. Die Starkbeborstete Gebirgswaldameise besiedelt dabei montane Mischwälder und höher gelegene subalpine Waldtypen. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Gebirgsameisen Formica aquilonia und Formica paralugubris dringt sie an der Waldgrenze auch in den Krummholzgürtel ein.^[2]

Lebensweise

Diese Ameisenart bildet monogyne bis hochgradig polygyne/polydome Staaten, wobei der Kolonietyp regional stark variiert. So sind die Staaten in Finnland stets monogyn und monodom in den Berner Alpen jedoch sehr oft polygyn und polydom. Bei großer Besiedelungsdichte verdrängt diese dominante Art alle anderen Formica-Arten. Die Geschlechtstiere schwärmen zwischen Mitte Mai und Mitte Juli. Bei monogynen Nestern erfolgt die Ausbreitung meist über Schwarmflug und sozialparasitäre Nestgründung bei Formica lemani. Bei polygynen Nestern sinkt die Bereitschaft zum Ausbreitungsflug. Die Begattung findet dann häufig im oder auf dem Nest statt und die Jungköniginnen werden vom Mutternest adoptiert.^[2]

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Dieter Otto: Die Roten Waldameisen. (3., überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage.) Westarp Wissenschaften 2005, ISBN 3-89432-718-9; 192 Seiten, 77 Abb.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Bernhard Seifert: Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. lutra, Görlitz/Tauer 2007, ISBN 978-3-936412-03-1

Formica lugubris, also known as the hairy wood ant is commonly found in wooded upland areas across northern Eurasia. Colonies construct large thatched mound nests occupied by thousands of workers, and one or more queens.^[2] Workers look similar to other species of wood ants (genus Formica), but Formica lugubris workers can be identified by a fringe of hairs that reaches down to their eyes and prominent hairs between the facets of their compound eyes. Workers can reach sizes of up to 9 mm long; queens are larger, reaching 12 mm long.^[2][3][4]

Behavior

Each ant is able to recognize other members of their colony by a specific odor they all carry on them.^[5] Different odors allow them to also recognize other insects and ants from other colonies.^[5] When these ants encounter members of other ant species, these are usually considered intruders and are seized and dragged into the nest.^[5] Combat between ants is common and almost always ends with death of one ant.^[5] When red wood ants encounter members of different colonies similar responses may be made, although in populations where nests have multiple queens, there is often very little aggression between members of neighbouring nests. When aggression occurs, the ants are at first startled and enter an upright body position with their mouths open.^[5] This is their way of showing threatening behavior.^[5] When in contact, members of the same colony are not threatened by each other and do not show signs of aggression. Workers are able to release pheromones that can alert others to danger nearby; this is another way these ants use odors to communicate.^[3] These ants typically mate during the month of June.^[3] Unmated winged female ants release a pheromone that will attract a male. They will both fly off into the forest and mate on the ground, usually where there are no other worker ants around.^[3] Not every ant can reproduce; reproductive males and females are larger than worker ants and have wings.^[3] After mating, the male will die and the female will lose her wings and start a new colony.^[3] Fertilized queens can take over the colonies of Serviformica ants. The queen lands on a Serviformica ant nest, finds and kills the Serviformica ant queen then takes her place. Her eggs are cared for by the Serviformica ant workers, and wood ant workers will replace them over time.^[6]

Feeding behaviour

Formica lugubris are omnivorous ants that consume a variety of different foods.^[4] Red wood ants prey on pestiferous insects and forest defoliators including spruce budworms.^[7] As well as invertebrate prey, Formica lugubris collect large quantities of honeydew from sap sucking aphids in trees. This honeydew is a major source of carbohydrate for the adult workers and represents a significant input of carbon into soils in coniferous forests where they live, equivalent to 2-6% of the carbon influx due to needle litterfall.^[8]

Nest

Nests

F. lugubris lives in massive nests that can contain up to half a million colony members.^[9] They form large, domed nests on southerly facing slopes in relatively open woodland, often along fire-breaks, tracks or in clearings. The nests have several mechanisms for keeping the internal temperature stable. The southerly orientation captures sunlight; the nest is flattened on the south side to present a greater surface area to the sun and in spring, large numbers of workers can be seen sunbathing on the nest. When warm they will go into the nest to release their heat inside.^[3][9] Their nests can also be home to other invertebrates, such as the shining guest ant Formicoxenus nitidulus, which is found only in the nests of F. lugubris and its close relatives.^[10]

Location

Hairy wood ants are found primarily in upland conifer and mixed conifer forests, though also in deciduous woodlands. Their range extends throughout Northern Europe and parts of Asia north of the Himalayan-Tibetan barrier.^[2] They also occur in mountains further south than their main populations, including the Alps, the Jura and the Pyrenees.^[11] Within the British Isles, populations are healthy in the north of England and Scotland, but only a few nests persist in Ireland.^[12][11] A nest of what was previously thought to be Formica lugubris was established near Quebec in 1971 to evaluate its potential as a biological control;^[7] however, this population has since been identified as the related species Formica paralugubris.^[13]

Habitat

F. lugubris ants

This ant species is an edge specialist, with nests occurring along woodland edges, rides, firebreaks and in clearings. When the woodland canopy becomes too dense, it can shade out the ant nests. As a part of the UK biodiversity action plan, red wood ant preservation attempts are occurring. Colonies can be found in mixed conifer and deciduous woodland, and play a big role in the forest ecosystem. Each colony can reach up about three million ants and live in above ground nests. Nest size can range from as small as 10 cm to over 100 cm in height and up to 192 cm in width.^[7] Size of the nest does not necessarily mean the nest is newer. Small nests can continue to thrive for years at a time.^[7] Nests are normally located in sunny areas and near woodland rides and glades.^[4] In areas where many colonies exist, linked trails can allow a super colony to form.^[7] Nests are created are above ground and shaped in a dome.^[14] They are made with plant material and soil debris.^[8] The majority of the nest is created with organic matter.^[14] Although the nests are made above ground, tunnels are created so that ants can reach to depths of 25–30 cm.^[14] Ants change the area where they live by re-locating their nest material ^[8] These nests also provide a home to 43 different species of organisms.^[8]

Threats

This ant does not have many natural predators, but its habitat is being destroyed by urban and industrial development.^[4] Deforestation and clear felling are very damaging for the species.^[15] Another issue is when plants take over an area, which causes loss of sunny areas in the forest where ants create their mounds.^[4] Attempts to preserve the red wood ants are a part of the UK biodiversity plan.

References

Karukuklane (Formica lugubris) on sipelglaste sugukonda kuklase perekonda kuuluv putukas.

Ta on Eestis arvatud III kaitsekategooriasse.

Eestis võib neid leida paljudest metsatüüpidest^[1].

Viited

Välislingid

• Karukuklane andmebaasis eElurikkus

Formica lugubris est une espèce de fourmis du genre Formica courante au Royaume-Uni. Elle appartient au sous-genre Formica. Elle ressemble à Formica paralugubris avec laquelle elle a été longtemps confondue, la différenciation sur le terrain est d'ailleurs impossible.

Groupe de Formica lugubris.

Plaukuotoji skruzdėlė (Formica lugubris) – vidutinio dydžio, apie 1 cm ilgio, skruzdėlė iš Formica genties ^[1], ^[2] Formicinae pošeimio.

Aprašymas

Šios skruzdėlės yra rudos spalvos, su juodu pilveliu. Priklausomai nuo geografinio rajono, yra spalvinių skirtumų. Vabzdžių kūnas padengtas plaukeliais. Gyvena didelėse kolonijose – iki 1 mln. individų. Stato didelius kupolinius skruzdėlynus (iš spyglių, šakelių). Naudingos plėšrūnės, naikinačios miškų kenkėjus.

Paplitimas

Plaukuotosios skruzdėlės profilis

Paplitusios Europoje, Sibire, Tolimuosiuose Rytuose. Gyvena spygliuočių ir mišriuose miškuose, ypač tinkami tankūs eglynai. Kai kuriose šalyse įtrauktos į nykstančių rūšių sąrašą. Pvz., Lenkijoje dėl intensyvaus miškų kirtimo šios skruzdėlės įrašytos į Raudonąją knygą ^[3].

Klasifikacija

Šios skruzdėlės priskiriamos grupei rudųjų miško skruzdėlių, tarp kurių:

• Raudonoji skruzdėlė (Formica sanguinea),
• Tamsiarudė miško skruzdėlė (Formica fusca),
• Raudongalvė skruzdėlė (Formica truncorum),
• Rudoji miško skruzdėlė (Formica rufa),
• Mažoji miško skruzdėlė (Formica polyctena),
• Šiaurinė miško skruzdėlė (Formica aquilonia).

1996 m. išskirta nauja rūšis-dvynė Formica paralugubris ^[4].

Šaltiniai

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

• Formica lugubris
• Formica lugubris aprašymas (rusų k.)

Formica lugubris is een mierensoort uit de onderfamilie van de schubmieren (Formicinae).^[1][2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1838 door Zetterstedt.

Deze soort leeft onder meer in de Zwitserse Jura en vormt daar superkolonies met wel een miljoen koninginnen per kolonie, in vele hopen. David Attenborough heeft er een film over gemaakt. ^[3]

Mrówka smętnica (Formica lugubris) – gatunek mrówki z podrodziny Formicinae.

Gatunek borealno-górski, występujący w lasach iglastych^[3][4]. W Polsce znany tylko z 3 stanowisk: Gór Bystrzyckich, Borów Tucholskich i okolic Szczecina. W Polskiej czerwonej księdze zwierząt umieszczony jako narażony na wyginięcie (VU)^[4]. W Polsce gatunek ten objęty jest częściową ochroną gatunkową^[5][6]. Głównym zagrożeniem dla gatunku jest gospodarka leśna^[4].

Podobnie jak pozostałe mrówki rudnice budują w lasach iglastych kopce z igliwia i patyków. Mrowiska często umieszczone są pod drzewami tak aby przez część dnia wystawione było na promieniowanie słoneczne.

• Robotnice

Zobacz też

• błonkoskrzydłe Polski

Przypisy

Formica lugubris é uma espécie de formiga da família Formicidae. Pode ser encontrada na Áustria, Bulgária, Finlândia, França, alemanha, Hungria, Irlanda, Itália, Noruega, Roménia, Rússia, Sérvia e Montenegro, Eslováquia, Espanha, Suécia, Suíça e Reino Unido.

Referências

• Social Insects Specialist Group 1996. Formica lugubris. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Acesso em 31 de Julho de 2007.

Formica lugubris^[2] là một loài kiến thuộc họ Formicidae. Loài này có ở Áo, Bulgaria, Phần Lan, Pháp, Đức, Hungary, Ireland, Ý, Na Uy, România, Nga, Serbia và Montenegro, Slovakia, Tây Ban Nha, Thụy Điển, Thụy Sĩ, và Vương quốc Anh.

Chú thích

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• x
• t
• s

Рабочий Formica lugubris в профиль.

Самка Formica lugubris

Самец Formica lugubris

Волосистый лесной муравей^[3][4] (лат. Formica lugubris) — вид средних по размеру муравьёв рода Formica из подсемейства формицины (Formicinae).

Распространение

Палеарктика: Европа, Сибирь, Дальний Восток. Таёжные хвойные и смешанные леса. Австрия, Болгария, Великобритания, Венгрия, Германия, Ирландия, Испания, Италия, Норвегия, Румыния, Россия, Словакия, Финляндия, Франция, Швеция, Швейцария, Югославия (Сербия и Черногория).^[5]

Описание

Длина рабочих муравьёв 4—9, самок и самцов — 9—11 мм. Лобная площадка блестящая, глаза с микроскопическими волосками. Многочисленные отстоящие волоски покрывают затылочный край головы и грудь у рабочих и самок. Окраска двуцветная: брюшко и часть головы — чёрные, грудка, клипеус и щёки — рыжие. Строят крупные муравейники из хвоинок и веточек. Большие полигинные колонии содержат около одного миллиона муравьёв. Полезный хищный вид.^[4][6] В гнёздах обнаружены муравьи-псевдогины (секретэргаты)^[7].

Волосистый лесной муравей обнаружен на северо-востоке Азии на Охотоморском побережье России, где они зимуют в грунте на глубине от 40 см до 2 метров. Температуры максимального переохлаждения F. lugubris не ниже 19,6 ± 0,4°С (у обитающего там же близкого вида Formica aquilonia не ниже 20,2 ± 0,5°С). При этом почти половина муравьёв F. aquilonia гибнет в течение суток при температуре –16° (у F. lugubris половина особей гибнет при температуре –13°С)^[8].

Генетика

Диплоидный набор хромосом 2n = 52.^[9]

Классификация

Данный вид близок к группе рыжих лесных муравьёв, к которой также относят малого лесного муравья (Formica polyctena) и др. В 1996 году при исследовании Альпийских популяций вида Formica lugubris из него был выделен новый вид-сиблинг Formica paralugubris^[10].

Красная книга

Волосистый лесной муравей включен в «Красный список угрожаемых видов» (англ. IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals) международной Красной книги Всемирного союза охраны природы (The World Conservation Union, IUCN) в статусе Lower Risk/near threatened (таксоны, близкие к переходу в группу угрожаемых).^[5] Занесён в Красные книги Польши^[11], Республики Марий Эл, Нижегородской области^[6] и в Красную книгу Москвы^[12]. Включён в Европейский Красный список^[13].

Примечания