dcsimg

Cracticus nigrogularis ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Cracticus nigrogularis ye una especie d'ave na familia Artamidae. Ye un ave cantora nativa d'Australia. Algama unos 35 cm de llargu y el so plumaxe ye blancu y negru. El color de los exemplares xuveniles ye marrón y blancu. Al dir maureciendo les sos plumes marrones son reemplazaes por plumes negres. Ye común en zones montiegues y ambientes urbanos. La so dieta consiste principalmente de pequeños vertebraos ya inseutos. Son aves seles ya interesaes y pueden aceptar comida alcanzada por humanos.

Descripción

El verdugu gorjinegro ye un ave d'aspeutu robustu con una gran cabeza, y ales y pates curties.[2] Mide de 33 a 38 cm de llargu.[3] El so plumaxe ye blancu y negru. La so cabeza, nape y gargüelu son negres, lo que-y da l'aspeutu d'un capiellu negru, que queda llindada por un gran pescuezu blancu.[3] El so llombu, y gran parte de la so cola y ales son negres, ente que la grupa, estremu de la cola y plumes esteriores de les ales son blanques. Los sos partes inferiores son blanques. Los güeyos son marrón escuru, les pates son grises y el picu ye d'un gris azuláu col estremu negru,[4] con un gabitu prominente na punta.[2]

El verdugu gorjinegro ye consideráu la meyor ave cantora d'Australia,[3] el so cantar describióse como una "flauta máxica", siendo más ricu y claro que'l cantar del pega australiana.[5] Les melodíes qu'entona varien según la rexón y nun esiste un cantar de mancomún ente tola población.[6] La especie ye una gran improvisadora creando melodíes nueves y complexes.[7] Una de les sos llamaes asemeyar a los acordes de l'abertura de la Quinta Sinfonía de Beethoven.[4]

Distribución y hábitat

El verdugu gorjinegro alcuéntrase en gran parte d'Australia, sacante l'estremu sur y Tasmania.[3] Ye un ave propiu de montes abiertos y zones arbustives, anque evita los ambientes grebos n'estremu.

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International (2012). «Cracticus nigrogularis» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2013.2. Consultáu'l 26 de payares de 2013.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Amadon, Dean. «Taxonomic notes on the Australian butcher-birds (family Cracticidae)». American Museum Novitates 1504. hdl: 2246/3960.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 «Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis)». Birds in Backyards. Australian Museum (8 de marzu de 2008). Consultáu'l 16 d'avientu de 2011.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds: Passerines. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby, 278. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  5. Hartshorne, Charles (1953). "Musical values in Australian bird songs". Emu 53 (2): 109–28. doi:10.1071/MU953109
  6. Taylor, Hollis. «Decoding the song of the pied butcherbird: an initial survey». TRANS-Transcultural Music Review 12. http://www.sibetrans.com/trans/a98/decoding-the-song-of-the-pied-butcherbird-an-initial-survey.
  7. Taylor, Hollis. «Blowin’ in Birdland: Improvisation and the Australian Pied Butcherbird». Leonardo Music Journal 20. doi:10.1162/lmj_a_00016.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia AST

Cracticus nigrogularis: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Cracticus nigrogularis Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Cracticus nigrogularis ye una especie d'ave na familia Artamidae. Ye un ave cantora nativa d'Australia. Algama unos 35 cm de llargu y el so plumaxe ye blancu y negru. El color de los exemplares xuveniles ye marrón y blancu. Al dir maureciendo les sos plumes marrones son reemplazaes por plumes negres. Ye común en zones montiegues y ambientes urbanos. La so dieta consiste principalmente de pequeños vertebraos ya inseutos. Son aves seles ya interesaes y pueden aceptar comida alcanzada por humanos.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia AST

Cigfachwr gyddfddu ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cigfachwr gyddfddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cigfachwyr gyddfddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cracticus nigrogularis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black-throated butcher bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cigfachwyr (Lladin: Cracticidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. nigrogularis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]

Teulu

Mae'r cigfachwr gyddfddu yn perthyn i deulu'r Cigfachwyr (Lladin: Cracticidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cigfachwr cefnddu Cracticus mentalis Cigfachwr gyddfddu Cracticus nigrogularis
Pied Butcherbird Male.JPG
Cigfachwr llwyd Cracticus torquatus
Cracticus torquatus -Brisbane -garden fence-8.jpg
Cigfachwr penddu Cracticus cassicus
Hooded Butcherbird (Cracticus cassicus) perched on branch.jpg
Cigfachwr tinwyn Cracticus louisiadensis Clochbioden ddu Strepera fuliginosa
Strepera fuliginosa 4.jpg
Clochbioden fraith Strepera graculina
Pied Currawong, Blue Mountains.jpg
Clochbioden gefnddu Gymnorhina tibicen
Cracticus tibicen hypoleuca male domain.jpg
Clochbioden lwyd Strepera versicolor
Greycurrawonganbg.JPG
Tarianbig yr iseldir Peltops blainvillii
PeltopsBlainvilliiGould.jpeg
Tarianbig yr ucheldir Peltops montanus
Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.AVES.28972 1 - Peltops montanus Stresemann, 1921 - Monarchidae - bird skin specimen.jpeg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia CY

Cigfachwr gyddfddu: Brief Summary ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Cigfachwr gyddfddu (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: cigfachwyr gyddfddu) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cracticus nigrogularis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Black-throated butcher bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cigfachwyr (Lladin: Cracticidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. nigrogularis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Awduron a golygyddion Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CY

Flétňák černohrdlý ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Flétňák černohrdlý (Cracticus nigrogularis) je středně velký pěvec z čeledi flétňákovitých obývající velkou část Austrálie. Dorůstá 35 cm, dospělí ptáci jsou převážně světlí s tmavou hlavou, hrdlem a hrudí, ocasem a částečně i křídly. Mladí ptáci mají místo černého zbarvení hnědé.

Obývá lesy, často žije i v blízkosti lidských sídel. Jeho potravu tvoří malí obratlovci a hmyz, které napichuje na trny a větve a které trhá svým silným, na konci hákovitě zahnutým zobákem (jeho anglický název – Butcharbird – znamená v překladu do češtiny ťuhýk, což je název ptáka, který se chová obdobně).

Poznámky

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Pied Butcherbird na anglické Wikipedii.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Literatura

  • KHOLOVÁ, Helena (autorka českého překladu). Ptáci. Praha: Euromedia Group, k. s., 2008. ISBN 9788024222356.
Pahýl
Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo postrádá důležité informace.
Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně rozšíříte. Nevkládejte však bez oprávnění cizí texty.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Flétňák černohrdlý: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Flétňák černohrdlý (Cracticus nigrogularis) je středně velký pěvec z čeledi flétňákovitých obývající velkou část Austrálie. Dorůstá 35 cm, dospělí ptáci jsou převážně světlí s tmavou hlavou, hrdlem a hrudí, ocasem a částečně i křídly. Mladí ptáci mají místo černého zbarvení hnědé.

Obývá lesy, často žije i v blízkosti lidských sídel. Jeho potravu tvoří malí obratlovci a hmyz, které napichuje na trny a větve a které trhá svým silným, na konci hákovitě zahnutým zobákem (jeho anglický název – Butcharbird – znamená v překladu do češtiny ťuhýk, což je název ptáka, který se chová obdobně).

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Schwarzkehl-Würgerkrähe, Kopfstudie

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger (Cracticus nigrogularis), auch Schwarzkehl-Krähenstar genannt[1], ist ein Vogel aus der Gattung der Würgerkrähen (Cracticus). Er kommt ausschließlich in Australien und einigen der Küste vorgelagerten Inseln vor.

Die IUCN stuft ihre Bestandssituation als ungefährdet (least concern) ein.[1] Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden.[2]

Merkmale

Körperbau und Farbgebung

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger erreicht eine Körperlänge von rund 28 bis 32 cm, wovon 16,2 bis 19 Zentimeter auf den Schwanz entfallen. Der Schnabel ist 40 bis 49,7 mm lang. Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger hat eine Flügellänge von 160–190 mm und eine Flügelspannweite von durchschnittlich 51 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht liegt zwischen 97 und 159 g.[2] Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus ist nicht sehr ausgeprägt.

Männchen

Beim Männchen sind Kopf, Hals und Vorderbrust schwarz. Die übrige Körperunterseite ist weiß. Im Nacken verläuft ein breites weißes Band und trennt das schwarze Kopfgefieder von dem ebenfalls schwarzen Mantel, Rücken und den schwarzen Flügeldecken. Am unteren Rücken geht das schwarze Gefieder in ein Grau und dann in das Weiß der Oberschwanzdecken über. Das Schwanzgefieder ist auf der Oberseite schwarz mit einer breiten weißen Spitze. Auf der Unterseite ist der schwarze Teil des Schwanzgefieders fast vollständig von den weißen Unterschwanzdecken verdeckt und nur die weißen Spitzen der Steuerfedern sind sichtbar.

Der Schnabel ist blass blaugrau mit einer schwarzen Spitze. Die Iris ist dunkel rötlichbraun. Die Beine und Füße sind dunkelgrau.

Weibchen und Jungvögel

 src=
Jungvogel des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers

Einige adulte Weibchen sind von den Männchen nicht zu unterscheiden. Ein Teil der Weibchen weist jedoch ein schwarzbraunes Kopf- und Rückengefieder auf. Der Ring, der das Kopfgefieder vom Rückengefieder trennt, ist bei diesen in der Regel auch hellgrau.[3]

Bei Jungvögeln ist das Gefieder deutlich bräunlicher, auch wenn die Farbverteilung oberflächlich den adulten Vögeln gleicht. Der Scheitel und der hintere Hals sind dunkelbraun und bilden eine Kappe, weil die Kopfseiten blass gelblich braun sind. Das Kinn und die Kehle sind bei ihnen noch cremefarben und gehen in ein dunkleres Gelbbraun auf der oberen Kehle über.

Stimme

Die Rufe des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers werden wegen ihres flötenartigen Klangs als angenehm empfunden. Sie rufen gewöhnlich während des Tages, vor allem jedoch in den Morgenstunden. Auch in mondhellen Nächten sind ihre Rufe vernehmbar.

Verwechslungsmöglichkeiten

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger ist im größten Teil seines Verbreitungsgebietes der einzige Krähenwürger-Art, bei der die adulten Vögel ein schwarzweißes Gefieder haben. Der Schwarzrücken-Krähenwürger, der dem Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger ähnelt, teilt sich nur auf der Kap-York-Halbinsel das Verbreitungsgebiet mit dieser Art. Der Graurücken-Krähenwürger hat ein überwiegend graues Körpergefieder. Der Flötenvogel ist dagegen auf der Körperunterseite schwarz. Der Stelzenmonarch dagegen hat einen schwarzweißen Kopf.[4]

Verbreitungsgebiet und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger kommt ausschließlich auf dem australischen Kontinent vor. In den australischen Bundesstaaten Queensland und Northern Territory ist er weit verbreitet und fehlt nur im äußersten Norden der Kap-York-Halbinsel. Auch im australischen Bundesstaat New South Wales ist er weit verbreitet und fehlt nur im äußersten Südosten. In Victoria dagegen kommt er überwiegend im Tal des Murray Rivers und seinen Zuflüssen vor. In South Australia ist er vergleichsweise selten, dagegen in West Australia wiederum häufig.[5] Er ist in seinem gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet ein Standvogel. Beringungsdaten belegen diese Ortstreue: Fast 99 Prozent der wieder gefangenen oder aufgefundenen Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger hatten sich weniger als 10 Kilometer vom ursprünglichen Beringungsort entfernt.[6]

In West Australia hat der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts sein Verbreitungsgebiet ausdehnen können, nachdem dort zunehmend Wälder zugunsten von Agrarflächen abgeholzt wurden. Er ist dagegen um die Stadt Darwin im Northern Territory selten geworden, nachdem sich dort die Vorstadtgebiete immer weiter ausgedehnt haben.[5]

Der Lebensraum des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers sind lichte Eukalyptus- und Akazienwälder sowie Buschland. Er kommt auch in lichten Wäldern entlang von Fließgewässern vor. Er kommt außerdem auf Agrarflächen, in Parks und Gärten vor, wenn diese einen lichten Baumbestand haben. In ariden und semiariden Gebieten ist er meistens in der Nähe von Flussläufen anzutreffen. Er wird gelegentlich auch in Monsunwäldern beobachtet und seltener auch in Mangrovenwäldern.

Lebensweise

 src=
Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger, Gulpa Island Nationalpark
 src=
Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger mit Heuschrecken im Schnabel

Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger leben einzelgängerisch oder paarweise. Nur vereinzelt werden auch kleinere Gruppen von ihnen beobachtet, vermutlich handelt es sich dabei um Familiengruppen. Grundsätzlich ist er ein zutraulicher Vogel, allerdings verteidigt er die unmittelbare Umgebung seines Nestes aggressiv. Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger sitzen häufig exponiert auf Ansitzwarten, meistens Äste, aber auch auf Zaunpfählen und Drähten. Der Flug ist schnell und gerade.

Nahrung

Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger decken den größten Teil ihres Nahrungsbedarfes mit Wirbellosen, daneben fressen sie aber auch kleinere Wirbeltiere und seltener auch Früchte, Samen und Nektar. Den größten Teil ihrer Nahrung finden sie auf dem Boden. Belegt ist, dass sie andere Vogelarten fressen: Ein beobachteter Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger fraß zunächst die Jungvögel eines Gartenfächerschwanzes und tötete anschließend auch einen der Elternvögel, der seine Nestlinge zu verteidigen versuchte. Er wurde auch bereits dabei beobachtet, wie er einen trinkenden Ringelastrild fing und fraß.

Er folgt gelegentlich Australischen Baumfalken während deren Jagd auf kleine Vogelarten. Sie versuchen von diesem aufgescheuchte Vogelarten wie Star und Rostkehl-Honigfresser (Conopophila rufogularis) zu fangen, die vor dem Falken ins Unterholz fliehen.[6] Umgekehrt fängt der Australische Baumfalke die Vögel, die der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger aus dem Unterholz hochscheucht.

Fortpflanzung

Die Fortpflanzungsbiologie des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers ist noch nicht abschließend untersucht. Er gilt jedoch als ein Vogel, der eine monogame Paarbeziehung eingeht. In Brisbane betrug die Größe der von einem Paar besetzten Reviere zwischen 13 und 22 Hektar, die ganzjährig von dem Brutpaar besetzt wurden. Es gibt aber auch Berichte von Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger, bei denen zwei Brutpaare im selben Baum ihre Nester hatten.[7]

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger zählt außerdem zu den Arten, bei denen man Bruthelfer beobachtet hat.[7] Die Anzahl der helfenden Vögel variierte zwischen drei und 15 Vögeln. Bruthelfer beteiligten sich an der Fütterung der Nestlinge und noch abhängigen Jungvögeln und verteidigten außerdem das Nest. Zumindest in einigen beobachteten Fällen ist man sich sicher, dass es sich bei den Bruthelfern um noch nicht geschlechtsreife Nachkommen der Elternvögel aus der vorangegangenen Brutsaison handelt.[7]

Die Brutzeit fällt in die Monate Juli bis Dezember mit einem Höhepunkt im Zeitraum September bis November. Das Nest wird gewöhnlich hoch oben in Baumkronen errichtet. Es handelt sich um ein offenes Napfnest, das aus Ästchen und Zweigen, gelegentlich auch aus Blättern, Rinde und Gras gebaut wird. Das Nestinnere ist mit kleinen Wurzeln, Ästchen, Gras, Wolle und Federn ausgelegt. Das Gelege besteht aus zwei bis vier Eiern, die das Weibchen mit einem Legeabstand von zwei Tagen legt.[8] Die Brut beginnt mit der Ablage des ersten Eis, die Brutzeit beträgt 20 Tage. Die Nestlinge sind nach 29 bis 31 Tagen flügge.

Lebenserwartung

Ein Männchen, das als ausgewachsener Vogel beringt wurde, wurde 7 Jahre und 7 Monate nach der Beringung tot aufgefunden. Ein anderes, ebenfalls adult beringtes Männchen lebte nach der Beringung noch 8 Jahre und 8 Monate.[6]

Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger und Mensch

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger hat durch die europäische Besiedlung des australischen Kontinents dort sein Verbreitungsgebiet ausdehnen können, wo Wälder zugunsten von Agrarflächen abgeholzt wurden. Er gilt in Australien als nützlicher Vogel, da er Mäuse und Heuschrecken frisst. Er wird vergleichsweise zutraulich, wenn er in Gärten oder Parks regelmäßig gefüttert wird und wird so zahm, dass er Futter auch aus der Hand nimmt. Als Ziervogel wird er dagegen sehr selten gehalten.[5]

Trivia

Der zu den Laubenvögeln gehörenden Tropfenlaubenvogel und Fleckenlaubenvogel ahmen die Rufe mehrerer Vogelarten nach, die sie als Fressfeinde kennen. Dazu zählen auch der Ruf des Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürgers.[9][10]

Literatur

  • P. J. Higgins, J. M. Peter und S. J. Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. Oxford University Press, Melbourne 2006, ISBN 978-0-195-55884-5.

Einzelnachweise
  1. a b Handbook of the Birds of the World zu Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger, aufgerufen am 8. Mai 2017
  2. a b Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 527.
  3. Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 516.
  4. Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 517.
  5. a b c Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 519.
  6. a b c Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 520.
  7. a b c Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 521.
  8. Higgins, Peter & Cowling: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds: Volume 7 Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. S. 524.
  9. Clifford B. Frith, Dawn. W. Frith: The Bowerbirds – Ptilonorhynchidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-854844-3. S. 419.
  10. Clifford B. Frith, Dawn. W. Frith: The Bowerbirds – Ptilonorhynchidae. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 0-19-854844-3. S. 407.

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Schwarzkehl-Würgerkrähe, Kopfstudie

Der Schwarzkehl-Krähenwürger (Cracticus nigrogularis), auch Schwarzkehl-Krähenstar genannt, ist ein Vogel aus der Gattung der Würgerkrähen (Cracticus). Er kommt ausschließlich in Australien und einigen der Küste vorgelagerten Inseln vor.

Die IUCN stuft ihre Bestandssituation als ungefährdet (least concern) ein. Es werden zwei Unterarten unterschieden.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Pied butcherbird ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis) is a songbird native to Australia. Described by John Gould in 1837, it is a black and white bird 28 to 32 cm (11 to 12.5 in) long with a long hooked bill. Its head and throat are black, making a distinctive hood; the mantle and much of the tail and wings are also black. The neck, underparts and outer wing feathers are white. The juvenile and immature birds are predominantly brown and white. As they mature their brown feathers are replaced by black feathers. There are two recognised subspecies of pied butcherbird.

Within its range, the pied butcherbird is generally sedentary. Common in woodlands and in urban environments, it is carnivorous, eating insects and small vertebrates including birds. A tame and inquisitive bird, the pied butcherbird has been known to accept food from humans. It nests in trees, constructing a cup-shaped structure out of sticks and laying two to five eggs. The pied butcherbird engages in cooperative breeding, with a mated pair sometimes assisted by several helper birds. The troop is territorial, defending the nesting site from intruders. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the pied butcherbird as being of least concern on account of its large range and apparently stable population.

Taxonomy

Painting by John Gould

The pied butcherbird was first described by the ornithologist John Gould in 1837 as Vanga nigrogularis. The type specimen was collected near Sydney.[2][3] The species name is from the Latin words niger (black), and gula (throat).[4] Gould described Cracticus picatus in 1848 from northern Australia, calling it "A miniature representative of, and nearly allied to, but distinct from, Cracticus nigrogularis."[5] The word picatus is Latin for "daubed with pitch", hence "black patches.[6] This was reclassified as a subspecies of C. nigrogularis.[7] Gregory Mathews described subspecies inkermani from Queensland and subspecies mellori from Victoria and South Australia in 1912, on the basis of smaller and larger size than the nominate subspecies respectively.[8] Both are now regarded as inseparable from the nominate subspecies.[9] Mathews described subspecies kalgoorli from Kalgoorlie in 1912 on the basis of its longer bill than the nominate subspecies,[8] but is regarded today as part of subspecies picatus.[7]

Two subspecies are recognised today. The nominate subspecies nigrogularis is found across eastern Australia,[2] and subspecies picatus is found in the Northern Territory, Western Australia and northern South Australia.[10] The latter subspecies has a broader (3.7 cm (1.5 in) wide) white collar and a more whitish rump, with specimens becoming smaller in the more northern parts of the range.[11] The border between the two subspecies lies in the Gulf Country and is known as the Carpentarian Barrier. Although there is a demarcation in physical characters, this is not borne out genetically, and birds from northwestern Australia have affinities with the eastern subspecies. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicates the pied butcherbird has expanded rapidly from many refugia during the Pleistocene.[10]

The pied butcherbird is one of six (or seven) members of the genus Cracticus, known colloquially as butcherbirds. Within the genus, it is most closely related to the Tagula butcherbird (C. louisiadensis) and hooded butcherbird (C. cassicus). The three form a monophyletic group within the genus, having diverged from ancestors of the grey butcherbird around five million years ago.[12] The butcherbirds, Australian magpie (Gymnorhina tibicen) and currawongs (Strepera spp.) were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature.[13] American ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and the butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini clade,[14] which became the family Artamidae in 1994.[15]

"Pied butcherbird" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).[16] Black-throated butcherbird is an alternative common name, as are Break o'day boy and organbird.[17] Leach also called it the black-throated crow shrike,[18] a name used by Gould for subspecies nigrogularis while calling subspecies picatus the pied crow-shrike.[19] ‘Jackeroo’ is a colloquial name from the Musgrave Ranges in Central Australia.[20] Gould recorded Ka-ra-a-ra as a name used by indigenous people of Darwin.[19] The Ngarluma people of the western Pilbara knew it as gurrbaru.[21] In the Yuwaaliyaay dialect of the Gamilaraay language of southeastern Australia, it is buubuurrbu.[22] Names recorded from central Australia include alpirtaka and urbura in the Upper Arrernte language.[23]

Description

Subsp picatus at Slate Range (Gibson Desert)

Like other butcherbirds, the pied butcherbird is stockily built with short legs and a relatively large head.[2] It ranges from 28 to 32 cm (11 to 12.5 in) long, averaging around 31 cm (12 in), with a 51 cm (20 in) wingspan and weight of around 120 g (4 oz).[17] The wings are fairly long, extending to half-way along the tail when folded.[11] Its plumage is almost wholly black and white, with very little difference between the sexes.[24] It has a black head, nape and throat, giving it the appearance of a black hood, which is bounded by a white neck collar,[25] which is around 3.2 cm (1 in) wide. The black hood is slightly glossy in bright light, can fade a little with age,[26] and is slightly duller and more brownish in the adult female. The neck collar in the female is slightly narrower at around 2.5 cm (1 in) and is a grey-white rather than white.[24] Several stiff black bristles up to 1.5 cm (1 in) long arise from the lower lores. The upper mantle and a few of the front scapulars are white, contrasting sharply with the black lower mantle and the rest of the scapulars. The rump is pale grey, and the upper tail coverts are white. The tail is rather long, with a rounded or wedge-shaped tip. It has twelve rectrices,[11] which are black in colour.[24] The tail tip and outer wing feathers are white. The underparts are white. The eyes are a dark brown, the legs grey and the bill a pale bluish grey tipped with black,[27] with a prominent hook at the end.[2]

The juvenile pied butcherbird has dark brown instead of black plumage, lacks the pale collar and has a cream to buff lores, chin, and upper throat, becoming more brown on the lower throat and breast. Its underparts are off-white to cream.[24] The bill is dark brown.[28] In its first year, it moults into its first immature plumage, which resembles that of the juvenile, but has a more extensive dark brown throat. Its bill is blue-grey with a dark brown or blackish tip.[28]

Voice

Immature bird - City Botanic Gardens - Brisbane

The pied butcherbird has been considered the most accomplished songbird in Australia,[25] its song described as a "magic flute" by one writer, richer and clearer than the Australian magpie.[29] Song melodies vary across the continent and no single song is sung by the whole population. There is no clear demarcation between simple calls and elaborate songs: duets, and even larger choirs, are common.[30] The species improvises extensively in creating new and complex melodies.[31] One of its calls has been likened to the opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony.[27] Singing often takes place at dawn, and rarely late in the day. Pied butcherbirds sometimes sing on moonlit nights.[32]

Three types of song have been described: the day song is the most common, sung by birds alone or in pairs as a chorus or an antiphonal duet, generally over the course of the day and while the birds are in flight. It appears to promote bonding and act as communication.[32] The whisper song is sung more commonly in wet or windy weather, the singer sitting in a tree warbling soft and complex harmonies for up to 45 minutes, often mimicking many other bird species as well as dogs barking, lambs bleating or even people whistling.[33] In the breeding season, pied butcherbirds sing the breeding song at night until dawn, when they switch to the day song. This song is longer and more complex than the day song.[32] In response to threats, pied butcherbirds may chatter or make a harmonic alarm call composed of short, loud descending notes.[33]

Similar species

The black hood helps distinguish the pied butcherbird from other butcherbirds, the Australian magpie and much smaller magpie-lark, the latter of which also has a much smaller beak.[25] It has a higher-pitched call than the grey butcherbird and inhabits more open habitat.[34] The juvenile pied butcherbird resembles the grey butcherbird: it has a buff upper throat and dark brown instead of black plumage.[27]

Distribution and habitat

Bomen Lagoon, North Wagga Wagga, New South Wales

The pied butcherbird is found across much of Australia, excepting the far south of the mainland, and Tasmania.[25] It is only rarely recorded in the Sydney Basin, and absent from the Illawarra, Southern Tablelands and south coast of New South Wales. In Victoria it is found along the Murray Valley and west of Chiltern.[35] In South Australia it is not found in the northeast of the state, nor on the Adelaide plain. It is found across Western Australia, though is absent from the Great Sandy Desert. It is generally sedentary across most of its range, with minimal seasonal movements.[36]

It is a bird of open sclerophyll forests, eucalypt and acacia woodlands and scrublands, with sparse or no understory, or low cover with shrubs such as Triodia, Lomandra or Hibbertia. It is less common in mallee scrub. In arid areas and northern Australia, it is more restricted to woodland alongside rivers and billabongs.[34] It has become more common in southwest Western Australia with land clearing, though has become rare around Darwin on account of urban development.[36]

Conservation status

The pied butcherbird is listed as being a species of least concern by the IUCN, on account of its large range and stable population with no evidence of any significant decline.[1]

Behaviour

The pied butcherbird is thought to be monogamous, though its breeding habits have not been much studied. There is evidence of cooperative breeding, with some mated pairs being assisted by up to several other helper birds. These individuals help feed young and defend the nest.[37] These pairs or small groups defend their territory from intruders, mobbing and chasing raptors and other birds, and occasionally dogs or people. They may attack animals (and people) that venture too close to the nest, with one bird coming front-on while the other may approach from behind.[37]

The maximum age recorded from banding has been 22 years 1.7 months, for an individual banded in Rockhampton in June 1988 and recovered in August 2010–7 km away. The bird was injured and had to be euthanased.[38]

Breeding

Rush Creek, SE Queensland

Across most of its range, the pied butcherbird can generally be found breeding from winter to summer; eggs are laid anywhere from July to December, but mostly from September to November, and young can be present in the nest from August till February. There are reports of breeding outside these months, however.[33] The nest is constructed of dry sticks with a finer material such as dried grass, black roly poly (Sclerolaena muricata), bark and leaves forming a cup-shaped interior. It is located in the fork of a tree, often among foliage and inconspicuous.[33] The clutch consists of two to five (most commonly three or four) oval eggs blotched with brown over a base colour of various shades of pale greyish- or brownish-green.[39] Larger clutches have been recorded, such as at Jandowae in Queensland, where two pairs laid eggs and were sharing incubation duties.[40] Eggs of subspecies nigrogularis are larger, at around 33 mm long by 24 mm (1.3 by 0.95 in) wide, while those of subspecies picatus are around 31 mm long by 22 mm (1.2 by 0.85 in) wide. Incubation takes 19 to 21 days, with the eggs laid up to 48 hours apart and hatching at a similar interval. Like all passerines, the chicks are altricial—they are born naked or sparsely covered in down and blind. They spend anywhere from 25 to 33 days in the nest before fledging, though may leave the nest early if disturbed. They are fed by parents and helper birds. Brood parasites recorded include the pallid cuckoo (Cacomantis pallidus) and channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae).[41]

Feeding

The pied butcherbird is carnivorous, and eats insects such as beetles, bugs, ants, caterpillars, and cockroaches, as well as spiders and worms. It preys on vertebrates up to the size of such animals as frogs, skinks, mice, and small birds such as the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), double-barred finch (Taeniopygia bichenovii), willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys), and grey teal (Anas gracilis) duckling.[42] It has been looked upon favourably by farmers as it hunts such pests as grasshoppers and rodents.[36] Some individuals look for scraps around houses and picnic sites, and can become tame enough to be fed by people, either by hand or by tossing food in the air.[42] The pied butcherbird also eats fruit, such as those of sandpaper figs (Ficus coronata), native cherry (Exocarpos cupressiformis), African boxthorn (Lycium ferocissimum) and grapes (Vitis vinifera), and nectar of the Darwin woollybutt (Eucalyptus miniata).[42]

The pied butcherbird often perches on a fencepost, stump or branch while foraging for prey. It generally pounces on victims on the ground and eats them there. At times, it may hop or run along hunting ground-based food, and occasionally seize flying insects. It generally forages alone, or occasionally in pairs. The pied butcherbird has been observed hunting collaboratively with the Australian hobby, either picking off common starlings or rufous-throated honeyeaters disturbed by the larger hobby, or flushing out small birds from bushes, which the larger bird then hunts.[42] The pied butcherbird sometimes stores food items by impaling them on a stick or on barbed wire, or shoving them in a nook or crevice.[42]

Cultural significance

Several Australian and international composers have been inspired by and written music incorporating the songs of the pied butcherbird, including Henry Tate, David Lumsdaine (who described it as "a virtuoso of composition and improvisation"), Don Harper, Olivier Messiaen, Elaine Barkin, John Rodgers, Ron Nagorcka, and John Williamson.[43] In the dance 'Bird Song' by Siobhan Davies, the main central solo was accompanied by the call of a pied butcherbird and this same sound provided inspiration to much of the dance, including the improvisational aspects.[44] Composer and researcher Hollis Taylor has studied pied butcherbird song for 12 years,[45] and has released a double CD called Absolute Bird based on fifty-plus pied butcherbird nocturnal solo songs.[46] Taylor's 'Is Birdsong Music? Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird' offers portraits of the remote locations where the species is found.[47]

In the now extinct Warray language spoken on the Adelaide River in Arnhem Land, Cracticus nigrogularis was known as lopolopo.[48]

References

Notes
  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2016). "Cracticus nigrogularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706282A94060232. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706282A94060232.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d Amadon, Dean (1951). "Taxonomic notes on the Australian butcher-birds (family Cracticidae)". American Museum Novitates. 1504: 1–33. hdl:2246/3960.
  3. ^ Gould, John (1837). A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia, and the Adjacent Islands. Vol. Part 1. London: self-published. Plate 3 Fig. 2 text.
  4. ^ Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Cassell. pp. 269, 392. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  5. ^ Gould, John (1848). "On seven new species of Australian birds". Novitates Zoologicae. 16: 38–40.
  6. ^ Riddle, Joseph Esmond (1844). A Complete Latin-English Dictionary for the Use of Colleges and Schools: Chiefly from the German (4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 492.
  7. ^ a b Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010). "Subspecies Cracticus nigrogularis picatus Gould, 1848". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
  8. ^ a b Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). "A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia". Novitates Zoologicae. 18 (3): 171–455 [374]. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.1694.
  9. ^ Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010). "Subspecies Cracticus nigrogularis nigrogularis (Gould, 1837)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  10. ^ a b Kearns, Anna M.; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2010). "The impact of Pleistocene changes of climate and landscape on Australian birds: A test using the Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis)". Emu. 110 (4): 285–95. doi:10.1071/MU10020. S2CID 83505750.
  11. ^ a b c Higgins 2006, p. 527.
  12. ^ Kearns, Anna; Joseph, Leo; Cook, Lyn G. (2013). "A multilocus coalescent analysis of the speciational history of the Australo-Papuan Butcherbirds and their allies". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 66 (3): 941–52. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.020. PMID 23219707.
  13. ^ Leach, John Albert (1914). "The myology of the Bell-Magpie (Strepera) and its position in classification". Emu. 14 (1): 2–38. doi:10.1071/MU914002.
  14. ^ Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. (1985). "The phylogeny and classification of Australo-Papuan passerine birds" (PDF). Emu. 85 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1071/MU9850001. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
  15. ^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
  16. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Bristlehead, Butcherbirds, Woodswallows & Cuckooshrikes". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  17. ^ a b Higgins 2006, p. 516.
  18. ^ Leach, J.A. (2005). An Australian Bird Book: A Complete Guide to the Identification of Australian Birds. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 9781417984497.
  19. ^ a b Gould, John (1865). Handbook to The birds of Australia. London, United Kingdom: self. pp. 180–82.
  20. ^ McGilp, J. Neil (1934). "Birds of the Musgrave Ranges". Emu. 34 (3): 163–75. doi:10.1071/MU934163.
  21. ^ *Ngarluma Dictionary:English-Ngarluma Wordlist and Topical Wordlists (PDF). South Hedland, Western Australia: Wanga Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre. 2008. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-921312-73-1.
  22. ^ Giacon, Gianbattista (John) (2013). "Etymology of Yuwaalaraay Gamilaraay bird names". In Robert Mailhammer (ed.). Lexical and Structural Etymology: Beyond Word Histories. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 251–291 [268].
  23. ^ Condon, H.T. (1955). "Aboriginal bird names - South Australia" (PDF). S.A. Ornithologist. 21: 91–98.
  24. ^ a b c d Higgins 2006, p. 525.
  25. ^ a b c d "Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis)". Birds in Backyards. Sydney, NSW: Australian Museum. 8 March 2008. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  26. ^ Higgins 2006, p. 524-25.
  27. ^ a b c Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds: Passerines. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby. p. 278. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  28. ^ a b Higgins 2006, p. 526.
  29. ^ Hartshorne, Charles (1953). "Musical values in Australian bird songs". Emu. 53 (2): 109–28. doi:10.1071/MU953109.
  30. ^ Taylor, Hollis (2008). "Decoding the song of the pied butcherbird: an initial survey". TRANS-Transcultural Music Review. 12. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  31. ^ Taylor, Hollis (2010). "Blowin' in Birdland: Improvisation and the Australian Pied Butcherbird". Leonardo Music Journal. 20: 79–83. doi:10.1162/lmj_a_00016. S2CID 55691878.
  32. ^ a b c Higgins 2006, p. 522.
  33. ^ a b c d Higgins 2006, p. 523.
  34. ^ a b Higgins 2006, p. 517.
  35. ^ Higgins 2006, p. 518.
  36. ^ a b c Higgins 2006, p. 519.
  37. ^ a b Higgins 2006, p. 521.
  38. ^ Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS) (2017). "ABBBS Database Search: Cracticus nigrogularis (Pied butcherbird)". Bird and bat banding database. Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  39. ^ Beruldsen, Gordon (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 373. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
  40. ^ Nielsen, Leslie (1964). "Double clutch of Pied Butcher-bird". Emu. 64 (2): 113. doi:10.1071/MU964113.
  41. ^ Higgins 2006, p. 524.
  42. ^ a b c d e Higgins 2006, p. 520.
  43. ^ Taylor, Hollis (2011). "Composers' appropriation of pied butcherbird song: Henry Tate's "undersong of Australia" comes of age". Journal of Music Research Online. 2: 1–28. ISSN 1836-8336. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
  44. ^ "Sound makes sense in new dance drama". The Scotsman. 26 April 2004. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  45. ^ Taylor, Hollis (26 July 2017). "Birdsong has inspired humans for centuries: is it music?". The Conversation. Conversation Media Group. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
  46. ^ Taylor, Hollis (2017). "Absolute Bird". ReR MEGACORP - RER HT1.
  47. ^ Taylor, Hollis (2017). Is Birdsong Music? Outback Encounters with an Australian Songbird. Bloomington, Indiana: Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-02620-0.
  48. ^ Harvey, Mark (1986). Ngoni Waray Amungal-Yang: The Waray Language from Adelaide River. Australian National University. p. 299.
Cited text

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Pied butcherbird: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The pied butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis) is a songbird native to Australia. Described by John Gould in 1837, it is a black and white bird 28 to 32 cm (11 to 12.5 in) long with a long hooked bill. Its head and throat are black, making a distinctive hood; the mantle and much of the tail and wings are also black. The neck, underparts and outer wing feathers are white. The juvenile and immature birds are predominantly brown and white. As they mature their brown feathers are replaced by black feathers. There are two recognised subspecies of pied butcherbird.

Within its range, the pied butcherbird is generally sedentary. Common in woodlands and in urban environments, it is carnivorous, eating insects and small vertebrates including birds. A tame and inquisitive bird, the pied butcherbird has been known to accept food from humans. It nests in trees, constructing a cup-shaped structure out of sticks and laying two to five eggs. The pied butcherbird engages in cooperative breeding, with a mated pair sometimes assisted by several helper birds. The troop is territorial, defending the nesting site from intruders. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the pied butcherbird as being of least concern on account of its large range and apparently stable population.

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Cracticus nigrogularis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El verdugo gorjinegro (Cracticus nigrogularis) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Artamidae nativa de Australia. Alcanza unos 35 cm de largo y su plumaje es blanco y negro. El color de los ejemplares juveniles es marrón y blanco. Al ir madurando sus plumas marrones son reemplazadas por plumas negras. Es común en zonas boscosas y ambientes urbanos. Su dieta consiste principalmente de pequeños vertebrados e insectos. Son aves tranquilas y curiosas y pueden aceptar comida alcanzada por humanos.

Descripción

El verdugo gorjinegro es un ave de aspecto robusto con una gran cabeza, y alas y patas cortas.[2]​ Mide de 33 a 38 cm de largo.[3]​ Su plumaje es blanco y negro. Su cabeza, cuello y garganta son negras, lo que le da el aspecto de una capucha negra, que queda limitada por un gran cuello blanco.[3]​ Su espalda, y gran parte de su cola y alas son negras, mientras que la grupa, extremo de la cola y plumas exteriores de las alas son blancas. Sus partes inferiores son blancas. Los ojos son marrón oscuro, las patas son grises y el pico es de un gris azulado con el extremo negro,[4]​ con un gancho prominente en la punta.[2]

El verdugo gorjinegro es considerado la mejor ave cantora de Australia,[3]​ su canto ha sido descrito como una "flauta mágica", siendo más rico y claro que el canto del urraca australiana.[5]​ Las melodías que entona varían según la región y no existe un canto en común entre toda la población.[6]​ La especie es una gran improvisadora creando melodías nuevas y complejas.[7]​ Una de sus llamadas se asemeja a los acordes de la abertura de la Quinta Sinfonía de Beethoven.[4]

Distribución y hábitat

El verdugo gorjinegro se encuentra en gran parte de Australia, excepto el extremo sur y Tasmania.[3]​ Es un ave propio de bosques abiertos y zonas arbustivas, aunque evita los ambientes áridos en extremo.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2017). «Cracticus nigrogularis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2019.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de marzo de 2019.
  2. a b Amadon, Dean (1951). «Taxonomic notes on the Australian butcher-birds (family Cracticidae)». American Museum Novitates 1504: 1-33. hdl: 2246/3960. |fechaacceso= requiere |url= (ayuda)
  3. a b c d «Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis. Birds in Backyards. Sydney, NSW: Australian Museum. 8 de marzo de 2008. Archivado desde el original el 9 de diciembre de 2011. Consultado el 16 de diciembre de 2011.
  4. a b Slater, Peter (1974). A Field Guide to Australian Birds: Passerines. Adelaide, South Australia: Rigby. p. 278. ISBN 0-85179-813-6.
  5. Hartshorne, Charles (1953). "Musical values in Australian bird songs". Emu 53 (2): 109–28. doi:10.1071/MU953109
  6. Taylor, Hollis (2008). «Decoding the song of the pied butcherbird: an initial survey». TRANS-Transcultural Music Review 12.
  7. Taylor, Hollis (2010). «Blowin’ in Birdland: Improvisation and the Australian Pied Butcherbird». Leonardo Music Journal 20: 79-83. doi:10.1162/lmj_a_00016.

 title=
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wikipedia ES

Cracticus nigrogularis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El verdugo gorjinegro (Cracticus nigrogularis) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Artamidae nativa de Australia. Alcanza unos 35 cm de largo y su plumaje es blanco y negro. El color de los ejemplares juveniles es marrón y blanco. Al ir madurando sus plumas marrones son reemplazadas por plumas negras. Es común en zonas boscosas y ambientes urbanos. Su dieta consiste principalmente de pequeños vertebrados e insectos. Son aves tranquilas y curiosas y pueden aceptar comida alcanzada por humanos.

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original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia ES

Cracticus nigrogularis ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Cracticus nigrogularis Cracticus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cracticidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Cracticus nigrogularis: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Cracticus nigrogularis Cracticus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cracticidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Huppuhuiluvaris ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Huppuhuiluvaris (Cracticus nigrogularis) on Australiassa kotoperäisenä esiintyvä varpuslintu. Lajista tunnetaan kaksi alalajia, joista nimialalaji nigrogularis elää mantereen itä ja kaakkoisosissa, alalaji picatus pääasiassa Australian länsi- ja pohjoisosissa. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili John Gould Uudesta Etelä-Walesista vuonna 1837.[2]

Lähteet

  1. BirdLife International: Cracticus nigrogularis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 11.12.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. IBC (englanniksi)
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Huppuhuiluvaris, naaras
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Nuori huppuhuiluvaris
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Huppuhuiluvaris: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Huppuhuiluvaris (Cracticus nigrogularis) on Australiassa kotoperäisenä esiintyvä varpuslintu. Lajista tunnetaan kaksi alalajia, joista nimialalaji nigrogularis elää mantereen itä ja kaakkoisosissa, alalaji picatus pääasiassa Australian länsi- ja pohjoisosissa. Lajin holotyypin kuvaili John Gould Uudesta Etelä-Walesista vuonna 1837.

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Cassican à gorge noire ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cracticus nigrogularis

Le Cassican à gorge noire (Cracticus nigrogularis) est une espèce d'oiseaux chanteurs de la famille des Artamidae.

Description

Il mesure 35 cm pour un poids de 150 g. C'est un oiseau de taille moyenne. Les deux sexes sont identiques avec un bec noir, un plumage fait de taches blanches et noires. Il existe un collier blanc et les pattes noires. Chez les jeunes, le noir est remplacé par le brun. Il doit son nom anglais d'"oiseau boucher" au fait qu'il suspend ses proies à une branche pour les dévorer.

Distribution et habitat

On le trouve dans toute l'Australie à l'exception des côtes Sud et de la Tasmanie.

Il habite les forêts sèches y compris à proximité des villes.

Alimentation

Il se nourrit de petits mammifères, d'oiseaux, de reptiles, d'amphibiens et d'insectes.

Reproduction

La saison des amours est variable suivant les régions. La femelle couve seule les 3 à 5 œufs pondus dans un nid, parfois commun, situé en hauteur dans un arbre. Les deux parents élèvent les petits.

Galerie

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Cassican à gorge noire: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Cracticus nigrogularis

Le Cassican à gorge noire (Cracticus nigrogularis) est une espèce d'oiseaux chanteurs de la famille des Artamidae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Cracticus nigrogularis ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'uccello beccaio bianconero o uccello beccaio pezzato (Cracticus nigrogularis (Gould, 1837)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Artamidae[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, nigrogularis, deriva dal latino e significa "dalla gola nera", in riferimento alla livrea di questi uccelli: anche il loro nome comune è un riferimento alla livrea.

Descrizione

 src=
Maschio adulto a Brisbane.
 src=
Esemplare di profilo a Gladstone lascia osservare il forte becco.

Dimensioni

Misura 28–32 cm di lunghezza, per 105-159 g di peso ed un'apertura alare di circa 51 cm[3]: a parità d'età, le femmine sono leggermente più piccole e slanciate rispetto ai maschi. La popolazione di questi uccelli tende inoltre a mostrare taglia decrescente secondo un gradiente che va da sud verso nord[3].

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto robusto, muniti di lunga coda squadrata, grossa testa anch'essa squadrata (sebbene più arrotondata rispetto alle altre specie di uccello beccaio) e con forte becco dalla punta della mandibola superiore lievemente uncinata: nel complesso, questi uccelli somigliano molto alla gazza australiana (dalla quale si differenziano per la nuca nera anziché argentata, il petto bianco anziché nero, la corporatura più robusta e le zampe meno lunghe) e soprattutto all'affine uccello beccaio dorsonero, dal quale differiscono principalmente per la gola (come intuibile dal nome comune) di colore nero ed il dorso bianco (nell'uccello beccaio dorsonero è invece il contrario).

Il piumaggio è dominato dalla dicotomia bianco-nero: testa, nuca, gola e parte superiore del petto sono infatti di colore nero, mentre lati del collo, dorso, petto, ventre e fianchi sono di colore bianco candido. Le ali sono nere con area scapolare e orli delle remiganti bianchi, così come bianco è il sottocoda, mentre il codione è di colore grigio cenere e la coda è nera con punte delle rettrici di colore bianco. Soprattutto sulla testa, il nero può mostrare riflessi metallici.

Il dimorfismo sessuale è presente ma poco evidente e non sempre facilmente distinguibile: nelle femmine, infatti, il collare bianco tende ad essere più sottile e meno candido rispetto a quanto osservabile fra i maschi.
In ambedue i sessi le zampe sono di colore grigio-nerastro, gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro ed il becco è grigio-bluastro con punta nerastra.

Biologia

 src=
Esemplare al suolo.
 src=
Esemplare al suolo nel Queensland.

Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini diurne, che durante la giornata si muovono perlopiù da soli o in coppie, mentre verso sera si riuniscono in gruppi su un albero per passare la notte al riparo: ciascun gruppo delimita un proprio territorio.
L'uccello beccaio bianconero passa la maggior parte della giornata alla ricerca di cibo, rimanendo appollaiato su di un ramo con buona visuale e da lì tenendo d'occhio il terreno circostante.

Questi uccelli sono molto vocali, ed il loro canto è molto rinomato e considerato uno dei più belli fra gli uccelli australiani[3], battendo perfino quello (ritenuto più monotono e meno limpido) della gazza australiana[4]. L'uccello beccaio bianconero può cantare da solo oppure duettare col proprio partner, o ancora (soprattutto all'alba e al tramonto, oppure nelle notti di luna piena) in gruppi: questi uccelli presentano inoltre variazioni regionali consistenti nei richiami[5].
Sebbene questi uccelli si dimostrino molto propensi alle improvvisazioni ed alle variazioni sul tema, in generale sono sempre riconoscibili tre grandi gruppi di richiami[6]:

  • richiami diurni di rafforzamento dei legami, emessi solitamente da animali singoli col meccanismo richiamo-risposta fra essi ed il partner (o in generale un altro membro dello stormo), solitamente mentre l'animale è in volo;
  • richiami fischiati, più comuni in condizioni di clima umido o ventilato, emessi da animali singoli da appollaiati ed eseguiti anche per tre quarti d'ora, alternati ad imitazioni di versi di altri animali;
  • richiami riproduttivi, emessi soprattutto durante la notte, simili a quelli diurni ma più lunghi e complessi.

In caso di pericolo, questi uccelli possono inoltre emettere alti richiami discendenti o versi più aspri e ciacolanti.

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare con preda nel becco.
 src=
Esemplare guarda i dintorni alla ricerca di cibo sulle Blue Mountains.

Si tratta di uccelli dalla dieta onnivora, sebbene con netta prepondenanza della parte carnivora e insettivora su quella vegetariana: la loro alimentazione si compone infatti in massima parte di grossi insetti e delle loro larve, nonché di altri invertebrati come ragni e vermi e di piccoli vertebrati (rane, scinchi, topolini, uova, piccoli uccelli come occhialini dorsogrigio, passeri, coda a ventaglio ballerini, mangiamiele golarossa, storni e diamanti di Bichenow, nonché anatroccoli di alzavola grigia). Questi uccelli si nutrono inoltre sporadicamente anche di frutta (soprattutto Ficus coronata, ciliegio aborigeno, goji africano ed uva) e nettare di eucalipto di Darwin[3].

Durante la ricerca questi uccelli sono soliti rimanere appollaiati su un ramo o una palizzata: alla vista di una potenziale preda, essi scendono su di esse in picchiata, finendole col forte becco e consumandole al suolo. Le prede troppo grandi o gli eccessi di cibo vengono generalmente spezzettati col becco ed impalati su di un ramo spezzato, una spina o del filo spinato, oppure conservate in una spaccatura della corteccia.

L'uccello beccaio bianconero è stato osservato collaborare col lodolaio australiano durante la caccia, facendo volare i piccoli uccelli nascosti fra i cespugli dimodoché il rapace possa attaccarli, ed attaccando a sua volta quelli che si involano spaventati dalla presenza del lodolaio.

Riproduzione

La stagione degli amori va da agosto a dicembre, con picco delle deposizioni in settembre-ottobre[3]: si tratta di uccelli monogami, con osservazioni di coppie aiutate da altri membri dello stormo durante la riproduzione, e perfino di deposizioni comuni in un singolo nido[7].
Durante il periodo riproduttivo, questi uccelli (in particolar modo i maschi) divengono più territoriali del solito, attaccando con picchiate eventuali intrusi che osassero incautamente avvicinarsi troppo al nido, anche inavvertitamente: gli attacchi avvengono con un esemplare che si avvicina frontalmente ed un altro che aggredisce alle spalle, e a farne le spese possono essere conspecifici di altri stormi, rapaci, cani ed anche umani.

 src=
Giovane in natura.
 src=
Giovane si nutre al suolo.

Il nido viene costruito dalla sola femmina alla biforcazione di un ramo, intrecciando rametti a comporre la parte esterna e foderando l'interno con erba secca e pezzetti di corteccia: al suo interno, essa depone ad intervalli di un paio di giorni 2-5 uova grigio-verdastre con pezzature brune, che provvede a covare per 19-21 giorni, al termine dei quali schiudono pulli ciechi ed implumi.
I nidiacei restano nel nido 25-33 giorni, ossia fino a quando sono pronti per l'involo.

L'uccello beccaio bianconero subisce parassitismo di cova da parte del cuculo dal becco scanalato e del cuculo pallido.

La speranza di vita massima in questi uccelli è di 22 anni e due mesi circa, registrata in un esemplare che però venne soppresso a causa di serie ferite riportate[8].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Esemplare nel Victoria.
 src=
Esemplare nel Queensland.

L'uccello beccaio bianconero è endemico dell'Australia, della quale occupa gran parte del territorio, fatta eccezione per la costa dell'Australia Meridionale, il Gran Deserto Sabbioso e la costa sud-orientale del Nuovo Galles del Sud: la specie è inoltre assente anche dalla Tasmania e dalle isole dello stretto di Bass.

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalle foreste di sclerofille secche a prevalenza di eucalipto ed acacia, non eccessivamente dense, con sottobosco scarso od assente e presenza di aree aperte erbose: li si trova anche nelle aree di spinifex con presenza di alberi isolati, mentre nel nord dell'Australia e nelle aree più secche essi si concentrano nella foresta riparia e nei pressi dei billabong.

Rapporti con l'uomo

 src=
Esemplare in ambiente antropizzato a Gladstone.

Fra gli australiani l'uccello beccaio bianconero (generalmente noto col nome colloquiale di jackaroo, mentre nelle lingue aborigene esso è od era conosciuto con una serie di nomi, fra cui Ka-ra-a-ra a Darwin, gurrbaru nel Pilbara, buubuurrbu, alpirtaka e urbura nelle aree centro-meridionali) viene generalmente apprezzato per le sue spiccate doti di cantore, con alcuni suoi richiami paragonati all'apertura della quinta sinfonia di Beethoven[4].
A differenza dei currawong, questi uccelli vengono visti con favore dai contadini, in quanto raramente si nutrono di frutta o cereali, ma eliminano piuttosto insetti nocivi e roditori: fra i campeggiatori essi possono causare qualche disagio, in quanto si abituano molto in fretta alla presenza dell'uomo e prendono il cibo dalle mani, aggirandosi spesso alla ricerca di cibo fra i campeggi o nei pressi dei cassonetti.

Tassonomia

 src=
Esemplare della sottospecie picatus nel deserto di Gibson.

Se ne riconoscono due sottospecie[2]:

Alcuni autori riconoscerebbero anche le sottospecie mellori del Victoria e inkermani del Queensland (ambedue sinonimizzate con la nominale) e kalgoorli di Kalgoorlie (in passato considerata parte della nominale ma attualmente sinonimizzata con la sottospecie picatus)[3].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Cracticus nigrogularis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 6 gennaio 2018.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Artamidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 6 gennaio 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 6 gennaio 2018.
  4. ^ a b Hartshorne, C., Musical values in Australian bird songs, in Emu, vol. 53, n. 2, 1953, p. 109–128, DOI:10.1071/MU953109.
  5. ^ Taylor, H., Decoding the song of the pied butcherbird: an initial survey, in TRANS-Transcultural Music Review, vol. 12, 2008.
  6. ^ Taylor, H., Blowin’ in Birdland: Improvisation and the Australian Pied Butcherbird, in Leonardo Music Journal, vol. 20, 2010, p. 79–83, DOI:10.1162/lmj_a_00016.
  7. ^ Nielsen, L., Double clutch of Pied Butcher-bird, in Emu, vol. 64, n. 2, 1964, p. 113, DOI:10.1071/MU964113.
  8. ^ Australian Bird & Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS), Cracticus nigrogularis (Pied butcherbird), in Bird and bat banding database, Australian Government Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, 2017.

 title=
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Cracticus nigrogularis: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'uccello beccaio bianconero o uccello beccaio pezzato (Cracticus nigrogularis (Gould, 1837)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Artamidae.

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Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IT

Zwartkeelorgelvogel ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vogels

De zwartkeelorgelvogel (Cracticus nigrogularis) is een vogel uit de familie van de orgelvogels. Het is een endemische vogel in Australië.

 src=
Foto van een mannetje

Beschrijving

De zwartkeelorgelvogel is 32,5 tot 37,5 cm lang. Het is een opvallende in zwart-wit gekleurde vogel. De kop en borst zijn zwart, evenals de rug, staart en de vleugels. De buik, onderkant van de borst, stuit zijn wit, verder zit er opvallende witte vlekken op de vleugels en wit op het uiteinde van de staart.[2]

De vogel doet zijn naam orgelvogel eer aan, want vooral deze soort heeft een kenmerkende zang met prachtige fluittonen. Vaak zingen twee of meer vogels gezamenlijk of bij toerbeurt.[3]

Verder gedraagt deze vogel zich soms als dagroofvogel die samen met valken achter kleine vogels aan gaat.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De zwartkeelorgelvogel komt voor in grote delen van Australië. Het is een vogel van droge, half open landschappen met wat bos en scrubland, agrarisch gebied, langs wegen en op picknickplaatsen.[2]

De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:

  • C. n. picatus: westelijk, centraal en noordelijk Australië.
  • C. n. nigrogularis: oostelijk Australië.

Status

De zwartkeelorgelvogel heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied en daardoor is de kans op uitsterven gering. De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd. Er is geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat. Om deze redenen staat deze orgelvogel niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Zwartkeelorgelvogel op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. a b c (en) Pizzey, G & R. Doyle, 1980. A field guide to the birds of Australia. Collins, Sydney.
  3. xeno-canto zwartkeelorgelvogel
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Zwartkeelorgelvogel: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De zwartkeelorgelvogel (Cracticus nigrogularis) is een vogel uit de familie van de orgelvogels. Het is een endemische vogel in Australië.

 src= Foto van een mannetje
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Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
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wikipedia NL

Srokacz czarnogardły ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Srokacz czarnogardły (Cracticus nigrogularis) – gatunek średniego, czarno-białego ptaka z rodziny ostrolotów (Artemidae). Występuje tylko w Australii, ale nie całej. Nie jest zagrożony.

Cechy gatunku
Występuje bardzo wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec ma czarną głowę, gardło, pierś oraz oczy. Dziób jest biały, na końcu ciemnoszary z zakrzywionym niemal pod kątem prostym końcem szczęki. Na karku szary. Cały spód ciała biały, łączy się biało z karkiem, także białym. Skrzydła są czarne, z białymi plamami: na dole (przy zgięciu), nieco wyżej (większa) i na lotkach (podłużna). Kuper, pokrywy podogonowe i sterówki białe, ostatnie z wierzchu czarne. Samica i młode zamiast czarnego mają brązowy, pierś jest jedynie "zaprószona". Biały obszar pomiędzy głową a skrzydłami jest mniejszy. U obu płci nogi są szare.
Wymiary
  • długość ciała: 32-35 cm
  • masa ciała: 125 g
Biotop
Lasy, obszary rolnicze, równiny z drzewami, czasem miasta i przydroża.
Pożywienie
Owady, małe gryzonie, jaszczurki i małe ptaki. Nabija je na ułamaną gałąź, potem rozrywa dziobem na kawałki.
Lęgi
Gniazdo ma kształt czarki, niestarannie uwitej. Jest wysłana trawą, umieszczona w rozwidleniu wysokiego drzewa. Samica składa 3-5 jaj i sama inkubuje. Młode zostają z rodzicami do ok. 15. miesiąca życia. Pomagają w wychowaniu następnych piskląt.
Podgatunki
Wyróżnia się 2 podgatunki[4]:

Przypisy

  1. Cracticus nigrogularis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Pied Butcherbird (Cracticus nigrogularis) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 22 czerwca 2012].
  3. BirdLife International 2012, Cracticus nigrogularis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2014.3 [dostęp 2015-05-10] (ang.).
  4. Lepage D., Cracticus nigrogularis. Światowy wykaz ptaków. Avibase. Dostęp 14 czerwca 2009.

Bibliografia

  • David Burni, Ben Hoare, Joseph DiCostanzo, BirdLife International (mapy wyst.), Phil Benstead i inni: Encyklopedia Ptaki. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN Warszawa, 2009 ​ISBN 978-83-01-15733-3​.
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Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
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wikipedia POL

Srokacz czarnogardły: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Srokacz czarnogardły (Cracticus nigrogularis) – gatunek średniego, czarno-białego ptaka z rodziny ostrolotów (Artemidae). Występuje tylko w Australii, ale nie całej. Nie jest zagrożony.

Cechy gatunku Występuje bardzo wyraźny dymorfizm płciowy. Samiec ma czarną głowę, gardło, pierś oraz oczy. Dziób jest biały, na końcu ciemnoszary z zakrzywionym niemal pod kątem prostym końcem szczęki. Na karku szary. Cały spód ciała biały, łączy się biało z karkiem, także białym. Skrzydła są czarne, z białymi plamami: na dole (przy zgięciu), nieco wyżej (większa) i na lotkach (podłużna). Kuper, pokrywy podogonowe i sterówki białe, ostatnie z wierzchu czarne. Samica i młode zamiast czarnego mają brązowy, pierś jest jedynie "zaprószona". Biały obszar pomiędzy głową a skrzydłami jest mniejszy. U obu płci nogi są szare. Wymiary długość ciała: 32-35 cm masa ciała: 125 g Biotop Lasy, obszary rolnicze, równiny z drzewami, czasem miasta i przydroża. Pożywienie Owady, małe gryzonie, jaszczurki i małe ptaki. Nabija je na ułamaną gałąź, potem rozrywa dziobem na kawałki. Lęgi Gniazdo ma kształt czarki, niestarannie uwitej. Jest wysłana trawą, umieszczona w rozwidleniu wysokiego drzewa. Samica składa 3-5 jaj i sama inkubuje. Młode zostają z rodzicami do ok. 15. miesiąca życia. Pomagają w wychowaniu następnych piskląt. Podgatunki Wyróżnia się 2 podgatunki: C. n. nigrogularis (Gould, 1837) - podgatunek nominatywny C. n. picatus Gould, 1848
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Svartvit törnkråka ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Svartvit törnkråka[2] (Cracticus nigrogularis) är en fågel i familjen svalstarar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Svartvit törnkråka förekommer i Australien och delas in i två underarter:[4]

Familjetillhörighet

Törnkråkorna i Cracticus, flöjtkråkan (Gymnorhina tibicen), kurrawongerna i Strepera samt de två arterna i Peltops placerades tidigare i den egna familjen Cracticidae och vissa gör det fortfarande.[4] Dessa är dock nära släkt med svalstararna i Artamidae och förs allt oftare dit.

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]

Bilder

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Cracticus nigrogularis Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-11.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2016. IOC World Bird List (v 6.4). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.6.4.
  4. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2017) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2017 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2017-08-11

Externa länkar

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Svartvit törnkråka: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Svartvit törnkråka (Cracticus nigrogularis) är en fågel i familjen svalstarar inom ordningen tättingar.

licença
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Cracticus nigrogularis ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cracticus nigrogularis là một loài chim trong họ Cracticidae.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). Cracticus nigrogularis. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Cracticus nigrogularis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cracticus nigrogularis là một loài chim trong họ Cracticidae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI