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Flamingo specimens in the fossil record have been found that are remarkably similar to modern day species dating as far back as 30 million years ago, with evidence of more primitive forms dating back to the tertiary period. Depending on the authority, there are up to 6 different species of flamingos: greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus), Caribbean flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber), Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis), lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor), Andean flamingos (Phoenicoparrus andinus), and James's flamingos (Phoenicoparrus jamesi).
However, Caribbean flamingos are often classified as a subspecies of greater flamingos. When this convention is followed, they are referred to as Phoenicopterus ruber ruber and Phoenicopterus ruber roseus respectively. While this issue is not yet settled, there are certain strong morphological characteristics shared between the two, most notably in the bill morphology. For the purposes of this article, the two were considered to be members of the same species.
As a social species living in large groups, intraspecific communication can be essential. For instance, parents returning to feed their young after foraging must find their own mate and offspring. In a group with potentially tens of thousands of members, communication serves a vital role in maintaining colony cohesion and interactions among other members.
Flamingos will communicate with other members mainly by vocalizations. While in flight, they will call with loud honking noises, which has been compared to the familiar sound of geese. While on land, the vocalizations are softer in volume. As part of imprinting, chicks begin making vocalizations while still in the egg. Parents learn to recognize their offspring's unique voice before it even hatches, and will recognize their offspring afterward based on such calls.
Adults also rely on physical positions. Visual cues can be used for establishing dominance within the flock. For instance, the choice of which side the head rests on can determine aggressiveness with others. Body language is also communicated by the extent to which feathers are ruffled, similar to the way a cat may raise the hair along its back when threatened - a bird which makes itself appear larger is more threatening to a potential opponent. In such aggressive meetings, birds will also adopt a ritual which involves maneuvering the head and neck in a threatening fashion and producing a clicking sound with the beak by snapping it open and shut quickly. If this warning is ignored, birds may snap their bills at each other in "bill fencing" until one backs down.
Greater flamingos also engage in physical courtship displays, in which males attract females through specific movements and postures. Females will communicate interest by mimicking these movements back to the male.
It is unclear if flamingos utilize any type of chemical or pheromone signaling mechanism. Adult flamingos will often delay mating even after reaching sexual maturity. Whether this unusual behavior is a response to pheromone signaling is not known.
Like all birds, greater flamingos perceive their environments through auditory, tactile, visual and chemical stimuli.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Greater flamingos are currently considered to be non-threatened. Their large range allows them to be more resistant to local changes of habitat that could be more critical for shorter-ranged animals. Greater flamingos readily migrate in response to decreases in habitat quality. Furthermore, the wild population is quite large and both the range and population numbers of greater flamingos appear to be increasing.
Nevertheless, due to the preferred habitat and nesting behaviors of the flamingo, there are areas that conservationists could focus on. Because the colony feeds as a large group, they are susceptible to contaminated food sources. Though this poses no danger for the species as a whole, individual colonies can be affected by local contaminants in their food supply. A flock in Spain, for instance, was afflicted by a toxic strain of cyanobacteria in their food supply, from which many adults in a mature flock perished. Because their feeding locations are often downstream of human activity in less industrialized nations, habitat limitation may be a risk in flamingo conservation.
Likewise, human excursion into the preferred shoreline habitats of these birds may interrupt their nesting and breeding success. For instance, activities as innocuous as photography have been known to disrupt breeding colonies when the birds have considered it a threat and left the region. The isolated nature of their preferred roosts mitigates contact with humans, and at present human activity does not appear to be affecting flamingos to any great extent.
Greater flamingos are also quite easily maintained in captivity, and as popular zoo animals there are large captive populations across the globe. Greater flamingos are thus likely to survive in the rare event that their natural habitat should face an unforeseen calamity.
US Migratory Bird Act: no special status
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix i
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There is no significant negative impact of greater flamingos on humans. Their preference for isolation has kept them largely apart from human areas.
If there is a risk, it is the potential for disease transmission. Large colonies are susceptible to rapid spread of disease and tuberculosis and avian flu, both human respiratory diseases, are common in flamingos. However, since flamingos prefer isolation and will readily flee humans, the risk for transmission is decreased to only when hunted for human consumption. However, this risk remains low and no serious outbreak of human disease has been traced to flamingo populations.
Flamingos are occasionally hunted by local people for food in some areas. Flamingo meat and eggs are sold at markets, but otherwise there is no economic impact towards humans. Their bright pink coloration fades with time, so greater flamingo feathers have not become an animal trade commodity.
Positive Impacts: food
Greater flamingos consume large amounts of aquatic invertebrates, crustaceans, and algae and likely has a large impact on those populations. Flamingos feed in shallow bodies of water, and often use their large feet to stir organisms from the bottom up into the water column. This activity likely contributes to sufficient oxygenation and mixing of organic material within these bodies of water and aids in avoiding anoxic conditions. Greater flamingo eggs and young fall prey to local predators, thus supporting these populations.
Flamingos are also susceptible to pathogens, most notably tuberculosis and avian flu. Large colonies are prime conditions for spread of disease if introduced.
The feeding behaviors of flamingos are one of their most distinctive characteristics. The flamingo's long legs are used to stir up sediment at the bottom of shallow water. The flamingo's bill is equipped with rows of bony projections lining the edges of the interior of their beaks, which function as a sieve. The bird will take a mouthful of water and move its beak to pump water out, using this uniquely curved bill to filter out tiny organisms to eat. Since the flamingo dips its head down into the water to eat, it effectively feeds "upside down," and the beak reflects this in its morphology - both in the spoon-like shape of the bill and the articulation of the joint of the upper jaw. In contrast to mammals and other vertebrates, the upper jaw is able to move during feeding. To picture this evolutionary accomplishment, consider that since flamingos feed with their heads upside down, the bill appears right side up when the head is inverted, an adaptation where a flamingo's upper bill is like another bird's lower bill. The physical top half is the functional bottom half.
Flamingos are not selective in their diet. Anything that can be captured by their filtration feeding method appears to be consumed. Stomachs of wild flamingos have been examined, and flamingos appear to eat organic ooze (bacteria and microscopic organisms), worms, nematodes, molluscs, crustaceans, insects and larvae, and even vertebrates such as small fish. They will also consume vegetable matter. Though they can subsist on a wide variety of foods, small crustaceans are responsible for the bright pink pigment that flamingos are famous for. Carotenoid compounds from the crustaceans is incorporated into the plumage and skin around the legs, and animals become pale which do not receive this nutrient. For instance, individuals kept in zoos that are not fed a supplemented diet will not have the same coloration as wild birds. The sun will cause this coloration to fade over time, so it must be continually supplied to keep the bird's color.
Flamingos' tongues have evolved to be quite muscular in comparison to other birds as they are critical to the pumping mechanism required to pump food through filter system. The tongue was savored as a delicacy in ancient Rome.
Animal Foods: fish; insects; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; other marine invertebrates; zooplankton
Plant Foods: algae; phytoplankton
Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods)
Flamingos are found on all continents except Antarctica and Australia. Depending on the authority involved, there are up to six distinct species, each with its own range and geographic dispersion.
Specifically, the range of greater flamingos extends across the entire shoreline of Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, parts of Asia and India as well as southern United States, the Caribbean, and Yucatan Peninsula where there are warm coastal habitats.
The range of Caribbean flamingos, a subspecies of Phoenicopterus ruber, covers the northern shore of South America, most shoreline around the Caribbean Sea, as well as nearby islands in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. Flamingos have been seen in the southern United States, though they are not as prolific as in the more southern latitudes.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Flamingos live in large colonies, oftentimes numbering into the thousands of individuals. They tend to occupy large mud flats where the loose mud can be easily formed into the mounds that they use as nests. These large mud flats are usually located near a food supply.
Hyper-saline estuaries are the preferred habitat. They are harsh environments where filter feeders benefit from reduced competition and predation while at the same time being able to take advantage of the abundant food sources. These habitats are often located near larger bodies of water such as coastal areas, sea inlets, rivers, and open lakes. Habitats are nearly always coastal, but they have been known to move inland to lagoons or volcanic lakes.
In colonies of such high density, occasional food shortages arise and flocks will perform short migrations in search of greater food resources. Flamingos show little to no site-tenacity and don't often return to previous flocking sites, or to their birth locations.
Average elevation: sea level m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; temporary pools; coastal
Other Habitat Features: riparian ; estuarine
Chicks generally have a higher mortality rate than adults. At birth, they are unable to fend for themselves and are fully dependent upon their parents. However, if they are able to survive into adulthood, flamingos live an average lifespan of 25 years in the wild with a maximum of 44 years. In captivity, flamingos live an average of 30 years. The oldest flamingo in the world is over 75 years old and resides at the Adelaide Zoo in Australia.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 44 (high) years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 75 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 25 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: captivity: 30 (high) years.
Greater flamingos are one of the larger members of the Aves class with a wingspan measuring 1.5 m wide, standing 1.2 m tall, and weighing 2.1 to 4.1 kg. They are most well-known for their bright pink coloration and in fact, the word "flamingo" derives from old Spanish for "flaming" or "red feather." Individuals have long, graceful necks and legs which in proportion to body size are the longest of any bird. Flamingos will often rest their head on their body in order to avoid fatigue in the neck muscles.
The bill is uniquely adapted for filter-feeding, and its shape is not shared among any other family of birds. Their large bills consist of layers of horny plates used to filter out prey from the water. In contrast to other birds, flamingo's bills are essentially reversed. Flamingo's lower mandibles are larger than the upper, which is not rigidly attached to the skull. Thus when it eats, the upper mandible moves as opposed to the lower, which is completely reversed from all birds and mammals. This reversal is largely attributed to flamingos' method of feeding by submerging their heads upside-down.
Sexual dimorphism is present in that males are slightly larger than females, and females obtain their adult color slightly earlier than males. Otherwise both sexes are uniformly colored. Adults have primarily pink plumage with black flight feathers only visible in flight. They feature pale irises and a pale bill with pink and black on the tip. The legs are bright pink as well and end with pink, webbed feet. Because there is no difference in coloration between the sexes, the bright pink coloration is not likely to be any type of sexual signal, though some researchers suggest it may function equally for both sexes in selecting a mate as a sign of fitness due to overall nutrition status.
Young birds are covered with a downy-type feather when they first hatch. Both their legs and bill are dark gray in color, and only become pink as the bird matures. The feathers are also initially gray, but will gradually be replaced by the pink, adult plumage as the flamingo ages and incorporates carotenoid compounds from its diet into new growth. Maturity generally takes about three years, though some have been seen with juvenile plumage at up to five years of age.
Range mass: 2.1 to 4.1 kg.
Range length: 120 to 145 cm.
Range wingspan: 140 to 165 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger
Flamingos have very few predators. This is probably largely due to their choice of habitat. Hypersaline estuaries are not favorable for other species, and oftentimes the colonial sites are on islands or other areas only easily accessible by flight. However, various species have been noted to prey on flamingos or their eggs. This short list includes turkey vultures, foxes, badgers, and wild boars. Yellow-legged gulls will prey on eggs and flightless young. Humans will also hunt flamingos for meat or for their eggs.
Known Predators:
Males and females are generally monogamous, remaining together during incubation and nurturing of the young. Mates will often remain together for many years, only choosing a new mate after the death of another.
Mating in P. ruber is a complex affair. Their highly gregarious nature leads to distinct behaviors for selecting a mate and rearing the young afterward. The entire adult colony prepares for mating. When a colony has found a suitable location, adults will gather near the drinking area. Though birds over one year of age can breed, only fully colored adults will take part in the breeding ritual. The birds will gather and begin displays of their size and coloration. They will elongate their necks, extend their wings, and touch nearby individuals with their beaks and wings. Though it is difficult to determine due to the similar appearance between males and females, it appears that groups of males congregate while displaying. Regardless, the entire flock performs similar displays, oftentimes for months before the breeding itself begins.
This breeding display has various positions which the flamingos adopt, and have been named by researchers. The head is first held extended in the "head flagging," and waved rapidly back and forth while calling loudly. This is followed by a "wing salute," where the dark flight feathers are displayed. The bird will then perform a "twist preen," dipping the head beneath a wing. The wings are again displayed in an "inverted wing salute," followed by stretching a wing and a leg on one side of the body backwards while dipping the head downwards. The entire dance takes only seconds, and is repeated constantly throughout the pre-pairing phase. This usually takes place in shallow water.
A female will usually move farther from the main group when she has found a suitable mate and the male will follow her. Both will continue making various display positions. Females will signal their readiness by keeping their head down near the water level. Males will add a head bobbing display, inverting their neck backward and resting their head on their back. When the female is ready for copulation, she will move to deeper water, and spread her wings to signal the male.
Mating System: monogamous
There is no set breeding season for flamingos, with young being born at any time of year. However, the colonies as a whole will usually breed concurrently over the warmer seasons following the rains, with most breeding in late spring or early summer. This timing is due more to availability of food supplies than any limitations on seasonal fertility. The main factors which are preliminary to mating appear to be an abundant food supply, suitable mudflats for nesting and creating the creche, and availability of fresh water.
When the mating is complete, both birds will build a nest from the mud. The nest is a small mound approximately twelve inches high, circular, and with a depressed center for the egg to be laid. When available, bits of vegetation, twigs, or feathers are incorporated into the nest. The male will usually begin building, with both partners eventually working on the nest until the egg is laid.
The eggs are large and milky white, about the size of a large orange or grapefruit. A pair of flamingos will usually lay a single egg once per breeding cycle. In the rare cases where two eggs are laid, usually only one will hatch. The egg is incubated by both parents, who take turns as the partner forages away from the nest. Incubation lasts 28 to 32 days, after which the chicks hatch weighing 85 to 102 grams. Hatchlings are semiprecocial with downy feathers and eyes open, but are initially unable to feed themselves. Greater flamingos' specialized beaks do not begin to develop until the young are 2 weeks old. Newly hatched chicks will remain in the nest for the first five to eight days, at which time they gather with other chicks in groups called "creches." Chicks are reared by both parents until ready to fly at 65 to 90 days old. Parents are able to call and locate their young within the creche and continue to provide care until the young fledges.
Breeding interval: Greater flamingos breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Greater flamingos breed after the rainy season, usually in spring or summer.
Range eggs per season: 1 to 2.
Average eggs per season: 1.
Range time to hatching: 28 to 32 days.
Range fledging age: 65 to 90 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 to 5 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 to 5 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Both male and female parents provide significant resources for their young. Both participate in building the nest and incubation. A few days before hatching, the chick will begin to produce vocalizations. Imprinting to the parents initially starts through this vocalization while still in the egg. Once newly hatched, a chick recognizes its parents and the parents recognize the chick. Parents provide food for the young hatchling until the chick is ready to forage for itself. This nourishment is called "crop milk," a nutritious secretion from the oral crop of the parents. The milk is similar to human milk, both in composition and because it is stimulated by the same hormone, prolactin. The crop milk of flamingos, however, is red in color due to the pigments present in the diet. This pigment will eventually be incorporated into the chick's feathers, the first step towards the characteristic coloration of flamingos.
All adults can produce this crop milk, but no parent will feed any chick other than its own. If a chick fails to imprint on its parents, no other birds will provide for it and death will result. Consequently, imprinting is of vital importance. The chick is able to recognize its own parents' calls from up to one hundred meters away. When called, only the intended chick will respond, even with other chicks present within hearing range.
When the chick initially leaves the nest, one of the parents will watch over it as it explores its new environment, keeping other birds away until the young are fully integrated into the creche. The chick leaves the nest to join the creche at 5 to 8 days old, yet it still requires parental care until it fledges at 65 to 90 days of age.
Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
Phoenicopterus ruber ye un ave de la familia Phoenicopteridae que vive n'árees tropicales d'América, incluyendo les Antilles, la península de Yucatán, el norte de Colombia y Venezuela, nes islles Galápagos y nel norte d'Hondures. Nun se conocen subespecies.[1]
El flamencu del Caribe algama de 1,20 a 1,40 m d'altor. Ye una ave espodada: el machu pesa en promediu 2,8 kg y la fema 2,2 kg. Ye'l flamencu más grande del continente, y el segundu del mundu, superáu pol flamencu común (Phoenicopterus roseus). El so color puede variar dende'l rosa pálidu hasta un carmesí o bermeyón, dependiendo de la zona onde viva y de la cantidá de crustáceos con altos conteníos carotenoides que peracaba.
El flamencu del Caribe puede trate en llagos pocu fondos y agües costeres. Ta especializáu n'alimentase en llagos con grandes concentraciones salines o alcalines. Llogra'l so alimentu dende'l sedimentu limoso del fondu. Estes agües contienen abondu alimentu pa satisfaer a un gran númberu d'estes aves, que peracaben inseutos, camarones y pequeñes plantes, diatomees y otres algues.
El flamencu del Caribe vadea per agües someres, fai baxar el so llargu pescuezu y, sobre l'agua, al traviés del so picu vueltu escontra riba, aliméntase: dientro del picu, distintos animales pequeños son recoyíos ente unes fines plaques (lamelas), dispuestes como les laminuques d'un peñe, ente les cualos pasa l'agua. Los llagos fayadizos son pocos y tán alloñaos ente sigo, y estes aves tienen de percorrer grandes distancies dende un llugar d'alimentación a otru, con frecuencia en grandes bandaes.
La fema pon, ente mayu y agostu, un solu güevu, blancuciu como tiza. Dambos, la fema y el machu, guaren el güevu por un periodu de 28 a 32 díes hasta que eclosiona, y tamién dambos padres curien de la cría hasta la so maduración sexual, que puede tardar 6 años. Les críes nacen con plumaxe acoloratáu como los adultos, pero a los pocos díes esti plumaxe tórnase abuxáu. La llonxevidá esperada del flamencu ye de 40 años, una de les más llargues dientro de les aves.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
Phoenicopterus ruber ye un ave de la familia Phoenicopteridae que vive n'árees tropicales d'América, incluyendo les Antilles, la península de Yucatán, el norte de Colombia y Venezuela, nes islles Galápagos y nel norte d'Hondures. Nun se conocen subespecies.
Flammeg Amerika (Phoenicopterus ruber), anvet Flammeg Karib betek ma voe kavet hiniennoù en Inizi Galápagos, zo un evn hirc'harek kar d'ar Flammeg boutin (Phoenicopterus roseus) ha da Flammeg Chile (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Ar Flammeg nemetañ a zo annezour e Norzhamerika eo.
Da isspesad ar Flammeg boutin e veze lakaet, met de ziouer a brouenn sonn ez eo bet kemmet e statud gant kevredigezhioù evnoniourien er Rouantelezh-Unanet hag en SUA.
Ul labous bras arruz-roz e bluñv eo Phoenicopterus ruber. Bihanoc'h eo Flammeg Amerika eget ar Flammeg boutin, met ar brasañ Flammeg a gaver en Amerika eo. Etre 1,20 ha 1,45 m eo o ment ; 2,8 kg a bouez keitat zo er pared, ha 2,2 kg er parezed. Rozeo pluñv al labous, flammoc'h eget hini ar Flammeg boutin. Ruz eo gorre an eskell, ha du ar pluñvennoù dindan. Gwenn ha roz ivez eo ar pigos, du ar vegenn anezhañ. Roz penn-da-benn eo an divhar.
Stabil e vez ar c'houbladoù pa vezont o sevel un neizh, o c'horiñ hag o prederiañ ar ploged, met alies e c'hoarvez embaradur a-vaez d'ar c'houblad.
Ar pared a voulc'h al lez, hogen ar parezed a vez mestrezed war an darvoudoù. Pa vez-hi dedennet gant an embarañ e kerzh davit ar par ha mar bez hennezh a-du e kerzh ganti. Kempred e vez o c'herzhed betek ma vez torret gant unan eus an daou labous. Pa vez skañv al lez e kerzhont gorrek gant o fennoù savet, ha pa zeu siriusoc'h e kerzhont buan gant o fennoù izelaet evel pa vijent o tebriñ. Echu eo al lez pa dro ul labous hep bezañ heuliet gant egile : sevel o fennoù a ra an daou labous neuze, digempred ha gorrek e teu o fiñvadennoù. Mard asant ar barez d'an embarañ e paouez da kerzhout hag en em ginnig d'ar par.
Dibaot a wech e voulc'h ar c'houbladoù kozh ul lez ; alies e chomont en o sav o kousket pe o tebriñ kichen-ha-kichen.
Evel an holl Flammed e tozv vioù gwenn war ur grugell fank ha drailhoù plant etre miz Mae ha miz Eost ; etre 28 ha 32 zevezh e pad ar goriñ. Koulz ar par hag ar barez a ra war-dro ar ploged, a zo gwenn o marblev pa zigloront a-rak ma kreskfe pluñv gris warno.
Ingalet e vez an amzer etre ar par hag ar barez pa reont war-dro ar vioù
Unan eus al laboused a vev ar pellañ eo Flammeg Amerika, pa c'hell bevañ betek 40 bloaz.
Lec'hidtrigat eo al labous, da lavarout eo e kav e voued el lec'hid : larvenned-dour ha chevr a dapont dre silañ an dour gant o figos kromm.
Evel ar spesadoù Flammeged all e c'hall Phoenicopterus ruber bezañ tremeniat war hedoù bihan pa vez bet kemmet o endro boas, pa gresk live an dourioù peurliesañ rak ne c'hallont mui kavout o boued. Ned eont ket gwall bell, met gouest int da nijal war yun.
Bevañ a ra pergen Mor Karib hag Inizi Galápagos
Hervez an evnoniourien e vez renket ar Flammeg Amerikan en urzhiadPhoenicopteriformes.
a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.
Flammeg Amerika (Phoenicopterus ruber), anvet Flammeg Karib betek ma voe kavet hiniennoù en Inizi Galápagos, zo un evn hirc'harek kar d'ar Flammeg boutin (Phoenicopterus roseus) ha da Flammeg Chile (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Ar Flammeg nemetañ a zo annezour e Norzhamerika eo.
Da isspesad ar Flammeg boutin e veze lakaet, met de ziouer a brouenn sonn ez eo bet kemmet e statud gant kevredigezhioù evnoniourien er Rouantelezh-Unanet hag en SUA.
El flamenc del Carib (Phoenicopterus ruber) és una espècie de flamenc gran, molt relacionat amb el flamenc rosat i el xilè. És l'únic flamenc nadiu de l'Amèrica del Nord.
El seu hàbitat preferit és l'habitual en la família: llacunes salades, aiguamolls i llacs salobres costaners o interiors. Viu a les Illes Galápagos, zona costanera de Colòmbia i Veneçuela i illes properes, nord de les Guaianes i Brasil. Península de Yucatán, a Mèxic, i al Carib septentrional, a les Bahames, la Hispaniola, Cuba i les Illes Turks i Caicos. Els albiraments al sud de Florida es consideren animals captius escapats, però també poden arribar aus fins als Everglades des de la península del Yucatán i també, en altres casos, autèntics emigrants des de Cuba.
Antany es considerava conespecífic amb el flamenc rosat i el xilè, especialment amb el primer. Avui es consideren tres espècies diferents.
Com les altres espècies de flamenc, pon un ou blanc sobre una base de fang, entre maig i agost, covant-lo durant 28 a 32 dies. Ambdós pares tenen cura dels joves durant un període de fins a 6 anys, en què arriben a la maduresa sexual.
S'alimenta de larves aquàtiques i crustacis que filtra del fang amb el seu especialitzat bec.
No són autèntics migradors, però desenvolupen moviments relacionats amb la cria i la cerca d'aliment. La població de les illes Galápagos és sedentària. La longevitat és d'uns 40 anys, una de les més llargues entre les aus. [1]
El flamenc del Carib (Phoenicopterus ruber) és una espècie de flamenc gran, molt relacionat amb el flamenc rosat i el xilè. És l'únic flamenc nadiu de l'Amèrica del Nord.
Plameňák karibský zvaný v českém prostředí tradičně jako plameňák kubánský (Phoenicopterus ruber) je velký druh plameňáka. Má mnoho společného s plameňákem růžovým a plameňákem chilským, s nimiž byl v minulosti považován za jeden druh. Jedná se o jediného plameňáka, jenž se přirozeně vyskytuje v severní Americe. Tento plameňák patří ke druhům, na které se vztahuje Dohoda o ochraně africko-euroasijských stěhovavých vodních ptáků (AEWA).
Plameňák karibský se vyskytuje na Galapágách, pobřeží Kolumbie, ve Venezuele a na blízkých ostrovech. Také jej můžeme pozorovat na Yucatánu, v části Baham, na Haiti, Kubě a také na ostrovech Turks a Caicos. Někteří příslušníci tohoto druhu jsou také spatřováni na Floridě, ti bývají ale považování za „tuláky“ z Kuby.
Tento plameňák měří 120- 140 cm. Samci váží okolo 2,8 kg, samice okolo 2,2 kg. Peří je většinou růžové, což vedlo v minulosti k záměně s jiným i druhy. Křídlo je červené, primární a sekundární letky jsou černé. Zobák je růžový a bílý s černou špičkou. Nohy jsou úplně růžové. Dožívá se až 40 let, což je u ptáků jeden z nejdelších.
Stejně jako ostatní plameňáci i plameňák karibský snáší většinou pouze jedno křídově bílé vejce, a to v období od května do srpna. Inkubace trvá 28 až 32 dní. Oba rodiče pečují o své mládě přibližně do 6 let, kdy dosáhne pohlavní dospělosti.
Plameňák kubánský je chován ve více než 110 evropských zoo. V rámci Česka se jedná o tři zařízení[2]:
Tento druh byl dovezen do Zoo Praha v roce 1960. První jedinci pocházeli z Paříže, další o pět let později byli dovezeni z volné přírody. Některá z těchto zvířat se dožila velice vysokého věku. Jeden ze samců uhynul ve věku 48 let (2013)[3], samice s kódem FHF pak dokonce ještě starší dne 13. 5. 2017. Před svou smrtí byla nejdéle žijícím zvířetem v zoo (od 5. 8. 1965).[3][4] Odchycena byla pravděpodobně jako dospělá, a tak její věk není přesně znám. V zoo však žila skoro 52 let.[4]
První mládě se narodilo v roce 1987, ale nebylo odchováno.[2] První úspěšný odchov byl zaznamenán až roku 1996.[3] Ke konci roku 2017 bylo chováno 31 jedinců.[2]
Plameňák kubánský je k vidění v dolní části zoo v rámci expozičního celku Vodní svět a opičí ostrovy.[3]
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku American Flamingo na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu plameňák karibský ve Wikimedia Commons
Plameňák karibský zvaný v českém prostředí tradičně jako plameňák kubánský (Phoenicopterus ruber) je velký druh plameňáka. Má mnoho společného s plameňákem růžovým a plameňákem chilským, s nimiž byl v minulosti považován za jeden druh. Jedná se o jediného plameňáka, jenž se přirozeně vyskytuje v severní Americe. Tento plameňák patří ke druhům, na které se vztahuje Dohoda o ochraně africko-euroasijských stěhovavých vodních ptáků (AEWA).
Cariberflamingo (latin: Phoenicopterus ruber) er en fugleart, der lever i Karibasøen og på Galápagosøerne.
Taksonomi fra Wikispecies Cariberflamingo (latin: Phoenicopterus ruber) er en fugleart, der lever i Karibasøen og på Galápagosøerne.
Der Kuba-Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) oder Roter Flamingo ist eine Art der Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). Sein Lebensraum sind Lagunen und Salzseen in Mittel- und Südamerika. Wie alle Flamingos ist der Kubaflamingo seriell monogam, d. h., er geht mit jeder Fortpflanzungsperiode eine neue Paarbeziehung ein. Er ist ein Koloniebrüter, seine Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Kleinkrebsen.
Die IUCN gibt den Gesamtbestand des Kubaflamingos mit 260.000 bis 330.000 Tieren an. Die Art gilt damit als „nicht gefährdet“.
Das Gefieder des Kubaflamingos ist im Prachtkleid einheitlicher und kräftiger rosa als das des Rosaflamingos. Die vordere Schnabelhälfte ist schwarz, die andere, der Schnabelbasis nähere, ist gelblich-rosa. Die Beine sind einheitlich rosa-fleischfarben. Das Gewicht beträgt 2 bis 2,5 kg bei den Weibchen und 2,5 bis 3 kg bei Männchen, beide Eltern brüten die Jungen aus. Die Brutdauer beträgt 28 bis 32 Tage und findet zwischen Mai und August statt.
Seine Geschlechtsreife erreicht der Kubaflamingo mit 6 Jahren und hat eine Lebenserwartung von über 40 Jahren. Die Geschlechter der Tiere sind kaum zu unterscheiden.
Der Kubaflamingo brütet an den Küsten der Karibik sowie auf Galapagos. Er war die erste Flamingoart, für die weite Nahrungsflüge festgestellt wurden. Eine auf Bonaire brütende Kolonie von Kubaflamingos fand ihre Nahrung hauptsächlich in den Salzlagunen dieser Insel. Als 1969 diese Lagunen vom Wasserzufluss abgeschnitten wurden, änderte sich das Nahrungsangebot, das den Flamingos lokal zur Verfügung stand, drastisch. Einige der auf Bonaire brütenden Flamingos stellten sich auf andere Nahrungsquellen um. Eine zunehmende Zahl der Kubaflamingos aber unternahm Nahrungsflüge bis in die Küstengewässer von Venezuela, die 140 Kilometer weiter südlich liegen.[1]
Wie alle Flamingoarten brütet der Kubaflamingo auf konischen Schlammhügeln. Der am Nistplatz sitzende Flamingo kratzt dabei Schlamm und andere Materialien mit seinem Schnabel zusammen und schiebt dieses Material zu seinem Körper. Das Ei wird auf dem Schlammhügel gelegt, der oben eine kleine Mulde aufweist. Der Schlammhügel schützt das Gelege vor sich verändernden Wasserständen, die kleine Mulde verhindert, dass das Ei vom Kegel rollt. Kubaflamingos nutzen auch bereits vorhandene Schlammkegel für ihre Brut. Für Kubaflamingos konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass einzelne Schlammkegel über einen Zeitraum von 18 Monaten von vier verschiedenen Flamingopaaren genutzt wurden.[2]
Im Zwillbrocker Venn in Nordrhein-Westfalen an der Grenze zu den Niederlanden tauchte erstmals 1994 der Kubaflamingo in der dortigen Flamingo-Kolonie auf. Im Zwillbrocker Venn siedelten sich 1982 Chileflamingos und 1986 Rosaflamingos an. Die Chileflamingos brüten seit 1983 und die Rosaflamingos seit 1993 erfolgreich. 1993 kam es zu einer ersten erfolglosen Mischbrut zwischen Rosaflamingo x Kubaflamingo, da vom Kubaflamingo nur ein Einzelvogel in der Kolonie war. Im Jahr 1994 wurde erstmals ein Hybride aus einer Mischbrut Rosaflamingo x Kubaflamingo flügge.
Im Herbst kommt es zum Abzug der ganzen Flamingokolonie aus dem Venn. Die Flamingos, darunter der Kubaflamingo und die Hybridflamingos, suchen Rastgebiete wie IJsselmeer, Veluwemeer und Oostvaardersplassen auf. Überwinterungsgebiet ist das Volkerakmeer im Rhein-Maas-Delta. Anfangs werden die Jungvögel noch von den Eltern gefüttert. Je nach Witterung kehren die Flamingos Ende Februar bis Anfang März ins Venn zurück. In strengen Wintern kommen sie hingegen erst Anfang April ins Gebiet zurück. Die Subadulten (Vögel, die im Vorjahr erbrütet wurden) bleiben in der Regel im Überwinterungsgebiet und kommen erst als Adulte wieder zur Kolonie.
Der Kuba-Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) oder Roter Flamingo ist eine Art der Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). Sein Lebensraum sind Lagunen und Salzseen in Mittel- und Südamerika. Wie alle Flamingos ist der Kubaflamingo seriell monogam, d. h., er geht mit jeder Fortpflanzungsperiode eine neue Paarbeziehung ein. Er ist ein Koloniebrüter, seine Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus Kleinkrebsen.
Die IUCN gibt den Gesamtbestand des Kubaflamingos mit 260.000 bis 330.000 Tieren an. Die Art gilt damit als „nicht gefährdet“.
Америк фламинго (Phoenicopterus ruber), бас Карибын фламинго гэгддэг энэ шувуу нь томхон биетэй нэг зүйл фламинго бөгөөд Ягаан нал, Чили фламинготой хамгийн ойр төстэй юм.
Америк фламинго нь Галапагосын арлууд, Колумб, Венесуэл, Мексик, Карибын тэнгисийн арлуудаар тархан нутагладаг.
Энэхүү шувуу нь гүехэн нуур цөөрөм, давст нуур, шаварлаг газраар амьдрах ба 5-8 сарын хооронд өндөглөдөг. Голдуу нэг цагаан өндөг гаргах ба 28-32 хоног дарж дэгдээхэй гарна. Эх, эцэг нь ээлжлэн идэш тэжээл зөөн хоолодог бөгөөд 6 нас хүрж нас бие гүйцдэг аж. Тэд 40 гаруй насалдаг. Америк фламинго нь 120-140 см өндөр, эрэгчин нь 2.8 кг, эмэгчин нь 2.2 кг жинтэй.
Кызгылт фламинго (Phoenicopterus ruber), (Linnaeus, 1758):
Түштүк Европада, Африкада, Түштүк Азияда жана чыгышта Бирмага чейин. Мурунку СССРде Арал-Каспий ойдуңу, Карабогазгол кысыгы жана Казакстандын айрым көлдөрүндө. Чыгыш жана Түштүк-Батыш Каспий деңизинин жээктеринде саны көп, ошондой эле Иран жана Индияда кыштайт . Кыргызстанга фламинго кокусунан учуп келип түшкөн куш. В.Н. Шнитников фламинго Нарын менен Ысыккөлдө кездешет деп көрсөткөн. 1933-жылы февралда Ысыккөлдө табылган фламинго биздин коллекцияда бар, ошондой эле 1954-жылы күзүндө Кокуйкөлдө ( Ысык-Көлдүн түштүк-батыш жээгинде) 4 фламингонун учуп келип түшкөнү белгилүү . 1998-1999-жылы кышында Балыкчы шаарынын аймагында 12 куш, 2002-2003-жылы бир фламинго болгону белгилүү .
Аралдарына уялайт .
Саны изилденген эмес. Санынын өзгөрүлүшүнүн себептери. Жашоого ылайыктуу жерлери жок. ==Жашоо тиричилиги (жашоо циклдары)==Кеңири жайылган, көп терең эмес, жакшы жылыган туздуу көлдөрдө уялайт. Фламингонун колониясынын түзүлүшү туруксуз, себеби ал суунун деңгээлине жана анын туздуулугуна көзкаранды. Киши жана жырткычтар баралбаган же жете албаган майда, жээктери тайыз жерлерге колониясын түзөт. Уялары чоң, конус формасында. Буларды бир гана жай пайдаланат. Кээбир учурда уя салышпайт, жумурткаларын түз эле кумга ташташат. Уясында 1-3 жумуртка. Бир айга жакын эркеги жана ургаачысы алмак-салмак басып чыгарат . Фламингонун негизги жеми – майда рак сымалдуулар, моллюскалар, туздуу сууда жашоочу чымындардын личинкалары, суу өсүмдүктөрдүн уруктары. Жемин суу жана баткак менен аралаш салып, аны тумшугу менен чыпкалайт .
Ысыккөлдөн башка туздуу көлдөрдүн жоктугу.
Дүйнөдө көп зоопарктарда, ошондой эле мурунку СССРге кирген республикаларда багылат.
Кыргызстандын, Казакстандын, Өзбекстандын жана Түркмөнстандын Кызыл китептерине киргизилген.
Кыштоочу жана миграция жерлерине убактылуу заказниктерди уюштуруу.
VI категория, Nearly Threatened, NT: R. Сейрек кездешчү, кокусунан учуп келген куш.Кыргызстанда фламинго тукумунан бир гана түрү.
அமெரிக்க பூநாரை (American flamingo; Phoenicopterus ruber) என்பது பூநாரையில் பெரிய இனமும், பெரும் பூநாரைக்கும் சிலி பூநாரைக்கும் நெருங்கிய தொடர்புள்ளதும் ஆகும். இது முன்னர் பெரும் பூநாரையுடன் தொடர்புபடுத்திப் பார்க்கப்பட்டது. ஆனாலும், போதிய சான்றுகள் இல்லாததால் பிழை எனப்பட்டது. கலாபகசுத் தீவுகள் இது உள்ளதால் கரீபியன் பூநாரை எனவும் அறியப்படுகிறது. கியூபாவில் இது "பெரும் பூநாரை" எனவும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. வட அமெரிக்காவில் வாழும் பூநாரை இது ஒன்றே ஆகும்.
அமெரிக்க பூநாரை (American flamingo; Phoenicopterus ruber) என்பது பூநாரையில் பெரிய இனமும், பெரும் பூநாரைக்கும் சிலி பூநாரைக்கும் நெருங்கிய தொடர்புள்ளதும் ஆகும். இது முன்னர் பெரும் பூநாரையுடன் தொடர்புபடுத்திப் பார்க்கப்பட்டது. ஆனாலும், போதிய சான்றுகள் இல்லாததால் பிழை எனப்பட்டது. கலாபகசுத் தீவுகள் இது உள்ளதால் கரீபியன் பூநாரை எனவும் அறியப்படுகிறது. கியூபாவில் இது "பெரும் பூநாரை" எனவும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. வட அமெரிக்காவில் வாழும் பூநாரை இது ஒன்றே ஆகும்.
The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo native to the neotropics. It was formerly considered conspecific with the greater flamingo, but that treatment is now widely viewed (e.g. by the American and British Ornithologists' Unions) as incorrect due to a lack of evidence. It is also known as the Caribbean flamingo, although it is also present in the Galápagos Islands. It is the only flamingo that naturally inhabits North America.
The American flamingo breeds in South America (in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, coastal Colombia and Venezuela, and northern Brazil), in the West Indies (Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), The Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands), and tropical and subtropical areas of continental North America (along the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, and Cameron Parish, Louisiana, southern Florida and the immediate coastline of the rest of southern and southeastern United States). It is a vagrant to Puerto Rico, Anguilla, Barbados, and Honduras.[1] The population in the Galápagos Islands differs genetically from that in the Caribbean; the Galápagos flamingos are significantly smaller, exhibit sexual dimorphism in body shape, and lay smaller eggs.[3] They are sometimes separated as Phoenicopterus ruber glyphorhynchus.[4]
Its preferred habitats are similar to those of its relatives: saline lagoons, mudflats, and shallow, brackish coastal or inland lakes. An example habitat is the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of the Yucatán.[5]
The American flamingo is also found in South Florida and the Florida Keys, both of which are likely one of the northernmost remaining strongholds of its distribution.[6] The existence of flamingo eggs in museum collections labeled as collected from Florida indicates that they likely nested there as well. Since the arrival of Europeans, the population started to decline, up until the 1900s, where it was considered completely extirpated. During the 1950s, birds from the captive population at Hialeah Park frequently escaped, thus leading to the conclusion that all modern flamingos in Florida were escapees, although at least one bird banded as a chick in the Yucatán Peninsula has been sighted in Everglades National Park.[7]
A study published in 2018, involving an abandoned young flamingo named Conchy found in Key West, indicates that the occasional flamingos observed in parts of Florida are in fact natives, with some even permanently staying in Florida Bay year-round. The study also indicated that these flamingos may be increasing in population and reclaiming their lost range, slowly but steadily returning home. Large flocks of flamingos are still known to visit Florida from time to time, most notably in 2014, when a very large flock of over 147 flamingos temporarily stayed at Stormwater Treatment Area 2, on Lake Okeechobee, with a few returning the following year.[8] From a distance, untrained eyes can also confuse it with the roseate spoonbill.[9][10][11][12][13][14]
The American flamingo is a large wading bird with reddish-pink plumage. Like all flamingos, it lays a single chalky-white egg on a mud mound, between May and August; incubation until hatching takes from 28 to 32 days; both parents brood their young. They may reach sexual maturity between 3 and 6 years of age, though usually they do not reproduce until they are 6 years old. Their life expectancy of 40 years is one of the longest in birds.
Adult American flamingos are smaller on average than greater flamingos, but are the largest flamingos in the Americas. They measure from 120 to 145 cm (47 to 57 in) tall. The males weigh an average of 2.8 kg (6.2 lb), while females average 2.2 kg (4.9 lb). Most of its plumage is pink, giving rise to its earlier name of rosy flamingo and differentiating adults from the much paler greater flamingo. The wing coverts are red, and the primary and secondary flight feathers are black. The bill is pink and white with an extensive black tip. The legs are entirely pink. The call is a goose-like honking.
It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.
Mating and bonding behaviors of P. ruber individuals have been extensively studied in captivity. The American flamingo is usually monogamous when selecting a nest site, and incubating and raising young; however, extra-pair copulations are frequent.
While males usually initiate courtship, females control the process. If interest is mutual, a female walks by the male, and if the male is receptive, he walks with her. Both parties make synchronized movements until one member aborts this process. For low-intensity courtships, males and females walk in unison with their heads raised. In high-intensity courtships, males and females walk at a quick pace with their heads dropped in a false feeding posture. This high-intensity courtship stops at any point if either bird turns and the other does not follow, the heads are raised, unison movements are stopped, or the pace of movement is slowed. If the female is ultimately receptive to copulation, she stops walking and presents for the male. Long-term pairs do not frequently engage in courtship behaviors or in-group display. Pairs often stand, sleep, and eat in close proximity.
Courtship is most often seen among individuals that change partners often or are promiscuous. A spectrum of pairing relationships is seen. Some birds have a long-term partner throughout the year; others form pairs during periods of courtship and nest attendance. How long a relationship lasts is affected by many factors, including addition and removal of adults, maturation of juveniles, and occurrence of trios and quartets. In most pairs, both individuals usually construct and defend the nest site. In rare cases, one individual undertakes both duties. Within trios, the dominant pair begins the nesting process by choosing and then defending the site.
For trios with one male and two females, the subordinate female is tolerated by the male, but often fights with the dominant female. If two females share a nest and both lay an egg, one female will try to destroy the other egg or roll it out of the nest. For trios with two males and one female, the subordinate male is tolerated by both individuals and often becomes the primary incubator and caregiver of the chicks. For quartets, the dominant male and two females take care of the nest, while the subordinate male remains around the periphery, never gaining access to the nest. Less animosity is observed between the dominant and subordinate females in quartets compared to trios.[15]
The egg is attended constantly and equally by alternating parents. Chicks at the nest are attended constantly by alternating parents, up to 7–11 days of age. Most attentive periods during incubation and brooding last 21–60 hours, both in the case where the ‘off-duty’ parents remain in the same lagoon to feed, or (when breeding occurs in lagoons deficient in food), they fly to other lagoons to feed. Nest reliefs during incubation take place predominantly in late afternoon, or early morning.
The time for receiving food from parents decreases from hatching to about 105 days, and the decrease is greatest after the chicks have left the nest at 7–11 days to band into crèches. The frequency and the duration of feeds by male and female partners do not differ significantly. After chicks have left the nest, feeds are predominantly nocturnal.[16]
The American flamingo has adapted to its shallow-water environment in several ways. It has evolved long legs and large webbed feet to wade and stir up the bottom of the water bed to bring up their food source to then be retrieved. To feed, it has evolved a specialized beak which is hooked downward and features marginal lamellae on the upper mandible, and inner and outer lamellae on both the upper and lower mandibles. These are adapted for filtering out differently sized food from water.[17] Depending on the food source in their area, diets depend on the exact morphology of their beaks on what can and cannot be strained out of them. The American flamingo's diet consists of small crustaceans, molluscs, some worms, nematodes, insects and their larvae, small fish, widgeon grass, seeds and algae.[18][19] They are also known to consume mud from which they are able to get microorganisms and bacteria and obtain nutrients.[18][19] It submerges its head under water to retrieve its food, and may have its head under water for long times, which requires it to hold its breath. Factors which affect the habitat choice of American flamingos are environmental temperatures, water depth, food source, accessibility of an area, and the presence of vegetation beds in feeding areas. If available food items do not meet the needs of the flamingos or the temperature is not appropriate to their requirements, they move to a better feeding or more temperate area.
The role of osmoregulation—the maintenance of a precise balance of solute and water concentrations within the body—is performed by a number of bodily functions working together. In P. ruber, the kidney, the lower gastrointestinal tract, and the salt glands work together to maintain the homeostasis between ions and fluids. In mammals, the kidneys and urinary bladder are the primary organs used in osmoregulation. Birds, however, lack a urinary bladder and must compensate using these three organs.
American flamingos are saltwater birds that ingest food with a high salt content and mostly drink salt water (with an osmolarity of usually 1000), hyperosmotic to the bodies cells . Also, though not commonly, they can drink fresh water at near-boiling temperatures from geysers. From their high-salt diet, they would lose more water and have a greater salt uptake. One way in which they osmoregulate is through the use of a salt gland, which is found in their beaks.[20] This salt gland helps excrete excess salt from the body through the nasal openings in the flamingo's beaks. When these birds consume salt, the osmolarity increases in the blood plasma through the gut. This causes water to move out of the cells, increasing extracellular fluids. Both these changes, in turn, activate the salt glands of the bird,[21] but before any activity occurs in the salt glands, the kidney has to reabsorb the ingested sodium from the small intestine. As seen in other saltwater birds, the fluid that is excreted has been seen to have an osmolarity greater than that of the salt water, but this varies with salt consumption and body size.[22]
As food and saltwater are ingested, sodium and water absorption begins through the walls of the gut and into the extracellular fluid. Sodium is then circulated to the kidney, where the plasma undergoes filtration by the renal glomerulus. Although birds' kidneys tend to be larger in size, they are inefficient in producing concentrated urine that is significantly hyperosmotic to their blood plasma. This form of secretion would cause dehydration from water loss. Therefore, sodium and water are reabsorbed into the plasma by renal tubules. This increase in osmotic plasma levels causes extracellular fluid volume to increase, which triggers receptors in both the brain and heart. These receptors then stimulate salt gland secretion and sodium is able to efficiently leave the body through the nares while maintaining a high body water level.[21]
Flamingos, like many other marine birds, have a high saline intake, yet even the glomular filtration rate (GFR) remains unchanged. This is because of the salt glands; high concentrations of sodium are present in the renal filtrate, but can be reabsorbed almost completely where it is excreted in high concentrations in the salt glands.[21] Renal reabsorption can be increased through the output of the antidiuretic hormone called arginine vasotocin (AVT). AVT opens protein channels in the collection ducts of the kidney called aquaporins. Aquaporins increase the membrane permeability to water, as well as causes less water to move from the blood and into the kidney tubules.
The salt gland used by the American flamingo has two segments, a medial and lateral segment. These segments are tube shaped glands that consist of two cell types. The first is the cuboidal – peripheral cells which are small, triangular shaped cells which have only a few mitochondria. The second specialized cells are the principal cells which are found down the length of the secretory tubules, and are rich in mitochondria.[23] These cells are similar to the mitochondria rich cells found in teleost fish.
These cells within the salt gland employ several types of transport mechanisms that respond to osmoregulatory loads.[24] Sodium-Potassium ATPase works with a Sodium-Chloride cotransporter (also known as the NKCC), and a basal potassium channel to secrete salt (NaCl) into secretory tubes.[25] The ATPase uses energy from ATP to pump three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell. The potassium channel allows potassium ions to diffuse out of the cell. The cotransporter pumps one sodium, potassium and two chloride ions into the cell. The chloride ion diffuses through the apical membrane into the secretory tube and the sodium follows via a paracellular route.[23] This is what forms the hyperosmotic solution within the salt glands.
Although there has been little investigation on the specific circulatory and cardiovascular system of the phoenicopteridae, they possess the typical features of an avian circulatory system. As is seen in other aves, the flamingo's circulatory system is closed maintaining a separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This maximizes their efficiency to meet their high metabolic needs during flight. Due to this need for increased cardiac output, the avian heart tends to be larger in relation to body mass than what is seen in most mammals.
The avian circulatory system is driven by a four-chambered, myogenic heart contained in a fibrous pericardial sac. This pericardial sac is filled with a serous fluid for lubrication.[26] The heart itself is divided into a right and left half, each with an atrium and ventricle. The atrium and ventricles of each side are separated by atrioventricular valves which prevent back flow from one chamber to the next during contraction. Being myogenic, the hearts pace is maintained by pacemaker cells found in the sinoatrial node, located on the right atrium. The sinoatrial node uses calcium to cause a depolarizing signal transduction pathway from the atrium through right and left atrioventricular bundle which communicates contraction to the ventricles. The avian heart also consists of muscular arches that are made up of thick bundles of muscular layers. Much like a mammalian heart, the avian heart is composed of endocardial, myocardial and epicardial layers.[26] The atrium walls tend to be thinner than the ventricle walls, due to the intense ventricular contraction used to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body.
Similar to the atrium, the arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body.[27] As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart.[27] Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the left ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. With respect to thermoregulation, the American flamingo has highly vascularized feet that use a countercurrent exchange system in their legs and feet. This method of thermoregulation keeps a constant gradient between the veins and arteries that are in close proximity in order to maintain heat within the core and minimize heat loss or gain in the extremities. Heat loss is minimized while wading in cold water, while heat gain is minimized in the hot temperatures during rest and flight.[28]
Avian hearts are generally larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass. This adaptation allows more blood to be pumped to meet the high metabolic need associated with flight. Birds, like the flamingo, have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal.[29] The American flamingo's four-chambered heart is myogenic, meaning that all the muscle cells and fibers have the ability to contract rhythmically.[29] The rhythm of contraction is controlled by the pace maker cells which have a lower threshold for depolarization. The wave of electrical depolarization initiated here is what physically starts the heart's contractions and begins pumping blood. Pumping blood creates variations in blood pressure and as a result, creates different thicknesses of blood vessels. The Law of LaPlace can be used to explain why arteries are relatively thick and veins are thin.
It was widely thought that avian blood had special properties which attributed to a very efficient extraction and transportation of oxygen in comparison to mammalian blood. This is not true; there is no real difference in the efficiency of the blood, and both mammals and birds use a hemoglobin molecule as the primary oxygen carrier with little to no difference in oxygen carrying capacity.[30] Captivity and age have been seen to have an effect on the blood composition of the American flamingo. A decrease in white blood cell numbers was predominate with age in both captive and free living flamingos, but captive flamingos showed a higher white blood cell count than free living flamingos. One exception occurs in free living flamingos with regards to white blood cell count. The number of eosinophils in free living birds are higher because these cells are the ones that fight off parasites with which a free living bird may have more contact than a captive one. Captive birds showed higher hematocrit and red blood cell numbers than the free living flamingos, and a blood hemoglobin increase was seen with age. An increase in hemoglobin would correspond with an adults increase in metabolic needs. A smaller mean cellular volume recorded in free living flamingos coupled with similar mean hemoglobin content between captive and free living flamingos could show different oxygen diffusion characteristics between these two groups. Plasma chemistry remains relatively stable with age but lower values of protein content, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids were seen in free living flamingos. This trend can be attributed to shortages and variances in food intake in free living flamingos.[31]
Avian erythrocytes (red blood cells) have been shown to contain approximately ten times the amount of taurine (an amino acid) as mammal erythrocytes. Taurine has a fairly large list of physiological functions; but in birds, it can have an important influence on osmoregulation. It helps the movement of ions in erythrocytes by altering the permeability of the membrane and regulating osmotic pressure within the cell. The regulation of osmotic pressure is achieved by the influx or efflux of taurine relative to changes in the osmolarity of the blood. In a hypotonic environment, cells will swell and eventually shrink; this shrinkage is due to efflux of taurine. This process also works in the opposite way in hypertonic environments. In hypertonic environments cells tend to shrink and then enlarge; this enlargement is due to an influx in taurine, effectively changing the osmotic pressure.[32] This adaptation allows the flamingo to regulate between differences in salinity.
Relatively few studies have focused on the flamingo respiratory system, however little to no divergences from the standard avian anatomical design have occurred in their evolutionary history. Nevertheless, some physiological differences do occur in the flamingo and structurally similar species.
The respiratory system is not only important for efficient gas exchange, but for thermoregulation and vocalization.[26] Thermoregulation is important for flamingos as they generally live in warm habitats and their plush plumage increases body temperature. Heat loss is accomplished through thermal polypnea (panting), that is an increase in respiratory rate. It has been seen that the medulla, hypothalamus and mid-brain are involved in the control of panting, as well through the Hering-Breuer reflex that uses stretch receptors in the lungs, and the vagus nerve.[33] This effect of the panting is accelerated by a process called gular fluttering;[34] rapid flapping of membranes in the throat which is synchronized with the movements of the thorax. Both of these mechanisms promote evaporative heat loss, which allows for the bird to push out warm air and water from the body. Increases in respiratory rate would normally cause respiratory alkalosis because carbon dioxide levels are rapidly dropping in the body, but the flamingo is able to bypass this, most likely through a shunt mechanism,[35] which allow it to still maintain a sustainable partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood. Since the avian integument is not equipped with sweat glands, cutaneous cooling is minimal. Because the flamingo's respiratory system is shared with multiple functions, panting must be controlled to prevent hypoxia.
For a flamingo, having such a long neck means adapting to an unusually long trachea. Tracheas are an important area of the respiratory tract; aside from directing air in and out of the lungs, it has the largest volume of dead space in the tract. Dead space in avians is around 4.5 times higher in mammals of roughly the same size.[26] In particular, flamingos have a trachea that is longer than its body length[36] with 330 cartilaginous rings.[37] As a result, they have a calculated dead space twice as high as another bird of the same size.[38] To compensate for the elongation, they usually breathe in deep, slow patterns.[26]
One hypothesis for the bird's adaptation to respiratory alkalosis is tracheal coiling. Tracheal coiling is an overly long extension of the trachea and can often wrap around the bird's body. When faced with a heat load, birds often use thermal panting and this adaptation of tracheal coiling allows ventilation of non-exchange surfaces which can enable the bird to avoid respiratory alkalosis. The flamingo uses a "flushout" pattern of ventilation where deeper breaths are essentially mixed in with shallow panting to flush out carbon dioxide and avoid alkalosis. The increased length of the trachea provides a greater ability for respiratory evaporation and cooling off without hyperventilation.[39]
Thermoregulation is a matter of keeping a consistent body temperature regardless of the surrounding ambient temperature. Flamingos require both methods of efficient heat retention and release. Even though the American flamingo resides mainly close to the equator where there is relatively little fluctuation in temperature, seasonal and circadian variations in temperature must be accounted for.
Like all animals, flamingos maintain a relatively constant basal metabolic rate (BMR); the metabolic rate of an animal in its thermoneutral zone (TNZ) while at rest. The BMR is a static rate which changes depending on factors such as the time of day or seasonal activity. Like most other birds, basic physiological adaptations control both heat loss in warm conditions and heat retention in cooler conditions. Using a system of countercurrent blood flow, heat is efficiently recycled through the body rather than being lost through extremities such as the legs and feet.
Living in the equatorial region of the world, the American flamingo has little variation in seasonal temperature changes. However, as a homeothermic endotherm it is still faced with the challenge of maintaining a constant body temperature while being exposed to both the day (light period) and night (dark period) temperatures of its environments. Phoenicopterus ruber have evolved a number of thermoregulatory mechanisms to keep itself cool during the light period and warm during the dark period without expending too much energy. The American flamingo has been observed in a temperature niche between 17.8–35.2 °C (64.0–95.4 °F).[40] In order to prevent water loss through evaporation when temperatures are elevated the flamingo will employ hyperthermia as a nonevaporative heat loss method keeping its body temperature between 40–42 °C (104–108 °F).[34] This allows heat to leave the body by moving from an area of high body temperature to an area of a lower ambient temperature. Flamingos are also able to use evaporative heat loss methods such as, cutaneous evaporative heat loss and respiratory evaporative heat loss. During cutaneous heat loss, Phoenicopterus ruber relies on evaporation off of the skin to reduce its body temperature. This method is not very efficient as it requires evaporation to pass through the plumage. A more efficient way to reduce its body temperature is through respiratory evaporative heat loss, where the flamingo engages in panting to expel excessive body heat. During the dark period the flamingos tend to tuck their heads beneath their wing to conserve body heat. They may also elicit shivering as a means of muscular energy consumption to produce heat as needed.[26]
One of the most distinctive attribute of P. ruber is its unipedal stance, or the tendency to stand on one leg. While the purpose of this iconic posture remains ultimately unanswered, strong evidence supports its function in regulating body temperature.[41] Like most birds, the largest amount of heat is lost through the legs and feet;[41] having long legs can be a major disadvantage when temperatures fall and heat retention is most important. By holding one leg up against the ventral surface of the body, the flamingo lowers the surface area by which heat exits the body.[40] Moreover, it has been observed that during periods of increased temperatures such as mid-day, flamingos will stand on both legs. Holding a bipedal stance multiplies the amount of heat lost from the legs and further regulates body temperature.[41]
Like other flamingo species, American flamingos will migrate short distances to ensure that they get enough food or because their current habitat has been disturbed in some way. One habitat disturbance that has been observed to cause flamingos to leave their feeding grounds is elevated water levels. These conditions make it difficult for Phoenicopterus ruber to wade, hindering their ability to access food. The flamingos will then abandon their feeding grounds in search of an alternate food source.[42] While the flights are not as long as other migratory birds, flamingos still fly for periods without eating.
American flamingo in Colombia The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo native to the neotropics. It was formerly considered conspecific with the greater flamingo, but that treatment is now widely viewed (e.g. by the American and British Ornithologists' Unions) as incorrect due to a lack of evidence. It is also known as the Caribbean flamingo, although it is also present in the Galápagos Islands. It is the only flamingo that naturally inhabits North America.
La Ruĝa flamengo, Kariba flamengo aŭ Amerika flamengo (Phoenicopterus ruber) estas granda specio de flamengo proksime rilata al la Roza flamengo kaj al la Ĉilia flamengo. Ĝi estis iam konsiderata samspecia kun la Roza flamengo, sed tiu traktado estas nune amplekse reviziata (ekz. fare de la Usona kaj de la Brita Ornitologaj Unioj) kiel malĝusta pro manko de pruvo. Ĝi estis konata ankaŭ kiel Kariba flamengo, sed la esto de la specio en la Galapagoj faras tiun nomon problema.
Ĝi estas la ununura flamengo kiu nature loĝas en Nordameriko.
Oni ne konas subspeciojn.[1]
La Ruĝa flamengo reproduktiĝas en Galapagoj, marborda Kolombio, Venezuelo kaj najbaraj insuloj, Gujanoj kaj Kabo Orange en Brazilo. Ĝi reproduktiĝas ankaŭ en Jukatano de Meksiko, kaj en norda Karibio en Bahamoj, Hispaniolo, Kubo kaj en Turkoj kaj Kajkoj. Plej vidaĵoj en suda Florido estas kutime konsiderataj fuĝintoj, kvankam almenaŭ unu birdo ringita kiel ido en Jukatano estis poste vidata en Nacia Parko Everglades, kaj aliaj povus esti vagantoj el Kubo. Eldistance, netrejnitaj okuloj povus ankaŭ konfuziĝi inter tiu specio kaj la Roza plataleo.[2][3]
Ties preferataj biotopoj estas similaj al tiu de ties parencoj: salaj lagunoj, vadoj, kaj neprofundaj salecaj marbordaj aŭ internaj lagoj. Ekzemplo de specifa habitato estas en la manglejoj Petenes nome ekoregiono de Jukatano.[4]
Oni ĉirkaŭkalkulas ties populacion je 90,000 individuoj.
Plenkreskuloj de Ruĝa flamengo estas pli malgrandaj averaĝe ol la Roza flamengo, sed ili estas la plej grandaj flamengoj en Ameriko. Ili estas 120 al 145 cm altaj. Maskloj pezas averaĝe 2.8 kg (sed ĝis 4 kg), dum inoj averaĝe pezas 2.2 kg. Plej el ties plumaro estas rozkolora, kio estis tialo por la iama nomo de Roza flamengo kaj por diferenci plenkreskulojn el la multe pli pala Roza flamengo. La flugilkovriloj estas ruĝaj, kaj la unuarangaj kaj duarangaj flugoplumoj estas nigraj.
La beko estas rozkolora kaj blanka kun limigita nigra pinto, kaj la kruroj estas tute rozkoloraj. La roza koloro venas de la pigmentoj de karotenoido de la algoj kaj ĉefe krustuloj kiujn ili konsumas. Tiu specio estas la plej ruĝa el ĉiuj flamengoj, kio estas tialo kaj por la komuna nomo kaj por la latina scienca nomo kie ruber signifas precize ruĝeca..
La alvoko estas ansereca hupado.
Kiel ĉiuj flamengoj, tiu neotropisa specio demetas ununuran kalkan blankan ovon sur kota konusforma amaseto 40 al 50 cm alta, inter majo kaj aŭgusto; la kovado, farata de ambaŭ gepatroj, ĝis eloviĝo daŭras 28 al 32 tagojn; ambaŭ gepatroj ankaŭ zorgas la junulojn dum periodo de ĝis 6 jaroj, kiam tiuj atingas la seksan maturecon. Ties vivodaŭro estas de 40 jaroj, nome unu el plej longaj ĉe birdoj. La flamengidoj naskiĝas blankecaj al ruĝecaj kiel plenkreskuloj, sed tuj poste ili iĝas grizaj. Ili estas nutrataj de la gepatroj per laktaĵo el beko al beko.
La Ruĝa flamengo vadas tra neprofundaj akvoj, subigas sian longan kolon kaj, surakve, pere de sis beko turnita supren, ĝi manĝas: ene de la beko, oni kolektas diversajn malgrandajn bestetojn inter fajnaj platetoj (lameloj), kiaj la eretoj de kombilo, inter kiuj pasas la akvo. La taŭgaj lagoj estas malmultaj kaj malproksimaj inter si, kaj tiuj birdoj devas veturi grandajn distancojn el unu manĝejo al alia, ofte en grandaj birdaroj.
La Ruĝa flamengo troviĝas en lagoj neprofundaj kaj marbordaj akvoj. Estas specializata en nutrado en lagoj kun grandaj koncentroj salaj aŭ alkalaj. Ili atingas manĝon el ŝlima sedimento de la fundo. Tiuj akvoj anhavas sufiĉan manĝon por satigi grandan nombron de tiuj birdoj, kiuj konsumas insektojn, salikokojn kaj malgrandajn plantojn, diatomeojn kaj aliajn algojn.
La Ruĝa flamengo estas unu el la specioj al kiuj aplikiĝas la Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).
La Ruĝa flamengo, Kariba flamengo aŭ Amerika flamengo (Phoenicopterus ruber) estas granda specio de flamengo proksime rilata al la Roza flamengo kaj al la Ĉilia flamengo. Ĝi estis iam konsiderata samspecia kun la Roza flamengo, sed tiu traktado estas nune amplekse reviziata (ekz. fare de la Usona kaj de la Brita Ornitologaj Unioj) kiel malĝusta pro manko de pruvo. Ĝi estis konata ankaŭ kiel Kariba flamengo, sed la esto de la specio en la Galapagoj faras tiun nomon problema.
Ĝi estas la ununura flamengo kiu nature loĝas en Nordameriko.
Oni ne konas subspeciojn.
El flamenco del Caribe o flamenco rojo (Phoenicopterus ruber) es un ave de la familia Phoenicopteridae que vive en áreas tropicales de América, incluyendo las Antillas, Yucatán, el norte de Colombia y Venezuela, en el sur de Florida en los Estados Unidos, en las islas Galápagos y en el norte de Honduras. Se conocen varias subespecies.[2]
El flamenco del Caribe alcanza de 1,20 a 1,40 m de altura. Es un ave esbelta: el macho pesa en promedio 2,8 kg y la hembra 2,2 kg. Es el flamenco más grande del continente, y el segundo del mundo, superado por el flamenco común (Phoenicopterus roseus). Su color puede variar desde el rosa pálido hasta un carmesí o bermellón, dependiendo de la zona donde viva y de la cantidad de crustáceos con altos contenidos carotenoides que consuma.
El flamenco del Caribe puede verse en lagos poco profundos y aguas costeras. Está especializado en alimentarse en lagos con grandes concentraciones salinas o alcalinas. Obtiene su alimento desde el sedimento limoso del fondo. Estas aguas contienen suficiente alimento para satisfacer a un gran número de estas aves, que consumen insectos, camarones y pequeñas plantas, diatomeas y otras algas.
El flamenco del Caribe vadea por aguas someras, hace descender su largo cuello y, sobre el agua, a través de su pico vuelto hacia arriba, se alimenta: dentro del pico, diferentes animales pequeños son recogidos entre unas finas placas (lamelas), dispuestas como las laminillas de un peine, entre las cuales pasa el agua. Los lagos adecuados son pocos y están alejados entre sí, y estas aves deben recorrer grandes distancias desde un lugar de alimentación a otro, con frecuencia en grandes bandadas.
Los comportamientos de apareamiento y vinculación de los individuos de flamenco rojo se han estudiado ampliamente en cautiverio. El flamenco americano suele ser monógamo al seleccionar un sitio para anidar, incubar y criar crías; sin embargo, las cópulas extraparejas son frecuentes.
Mientras que los machos suelen iniciar el cortejo, las hembras controlan el proceso. Si el interés es mutuo, la hembra camina junto al macho, y si el macho es receptivo, camina con ella. Ambas partes realizan movimientos sincronizados hasta que un miembro aborta este proceso. Para cortejos de baja intensidad, machos y hembras caminan al unísono con la cabeza erguida. En los cortejos de alta intensidad, los machos y las hembras caminan a paso rápido con la cabeza gacha en una falsa postura de alimentación. Este cortejo de alta intensidad se detiene en cualquier momento si una de las aves gira y la otra no lo sigue, las cabezas se levantan, los movimientos al unísono se detienen o el ritmo del movimiento se ralentiza. Si la hembra finalmente es receptiva a la cópula, deja de caminar y se presenta para el macho. Las parejas a largo plazo no se involucran con frecuencia en comportamientos de cortejo o exhibiciones en grupo. Las parejas a menudo conviven, duermen y comen muy cerca.
La hembra pone, entre mayo y agosto, un solo huevo, blanquecino como tiza. Ambos, la hembra y el macho, incuban el huevo por un período de veintiocho a treinta y dos días hasta que eclosiona, y también ambos padres cuidan de la cría hasta su maduración sexual, que puede tardar seis años. Las crías nacen con plumaje rojizo como los adultos, pero a los pocos días este plumaje se torna grisáceo. La longevidad esperada del flamenco es de cuarenta años, una de las más largas dentro de las aves.
Cada pareja marca el territorio alrededor del nido de su único huevo hasta cuando la cría nace y es alimentada por ambos padres durante los tres primeros meses.
Al igual que otras especies de flamencos, los flamencos rojos migran distancias cortas para asegurarse de obtener suficiente alimento o porque su hábitat ha sido perturbado de alguna manera. Una perturbación del hábitat que se ha observado que hace que los flamencos abandonen sus lugares de alimentación es el nivel elevado del agua. Estas condiciones dificultan que Phoenicopterus ruber vadee, lo que dificulta su capacidad para acceder a los alimentos. Los flamencos luego abandonarán sus áreas de alimentación en busca de una fuente alternativa de alimento. Si bien los vuelos no son tan largos como los de otras aves migratorias, los flamencos aún vuelan durante períodos sin comer.[3]
Flamenco rosado en Colombia El flamenco del Caribe o flamenco rojo (Phoenicopterus ruber) es un ave de la familia Phoenicopteridae que vive en áreas tropicales de América, incluyendo las Antillas, Yucatán, el norte de Colombia y Venezuela, en el sur de Florida en los Estados Unidos, en las islas Galápagos y en el norte de Honduras. Se conocen varias subespecies.
See artikkel räägib liigist; perekonna kohta vaata artiklit Flamingo (perekond) Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) on suur lind flamingolaste sugukonnast. Ta on suguluses heleflamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) ja punaflamingoga (Phoenicopterus chilensis), kes mõnikord arvatakse ka flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber'i) alamliigiks.
Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) on suur lind flamingolaste sugukonnast. Ta on suguluses heleflamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) ja punaflamingoga (Phoenicopterus chilensis), kes mõnikord arvatakse ka flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber'i) alamliigiks.
Karibeko flamenkoa (Phoenicopterus ruber) Phoenicopterus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phoenicopteridae familian sailkatua dago. Flamenko arrosaren antz handia du.
Karibeko flamenkoa (Phoenicopterus ruber) Phoenicopterus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phoenicopteridae familian sailkatua dago. Flamenko arrosaren antz handia du.
Phoenicopterus ruber
Le Flamant des Caraïbes (Phoenicopterus ruber), également appelé Flamant de Cuba ou Flamant rouge[1], est une espèce de flamants, proche du Flamant du Chili.
Le Flamant des Caraïbes est aussi appelé Flamant de Cuba et Flamant rouge. Autrefois, cette espèce était considérée comme une sous-espèce du Flamant rose, sous le nom Phoenicopterus ruber roseus.
C'est un oiseau de grande taille, qui mesure entre 120 et 145 cm de haut (la femelle étant généralement plus petite que le mâle), et dont la masse varie de 2 à 4 kg.
Comme pour les autres espèces de flamants, la couleur du plumage est plus ou moins intense et liée à l’alimentation des oiseaux. La couleur vient des pigments caroténoïdes présents dans les algues et les crustacés qu'ils consomment[2]. Son plumage est d'un rose plus vif que celui de tous les autres flamants, tirant sur le rouge, ce qui lui vaut le nom de flamant rouge. Les rémiges de l’extrémité de l’aile et le dessous de l'aile sont noires, les pattes sont roses avec des articulations rouges, et le bec est rosé avec l’extrémité noire.
Aspect de la tête
Crâne (Muséum de Toulouse)
Son régime alimentaire est constitué de diverses formes larvaires aquatiques et de petites crevettes, que le flamant filtre dans la boue avec son long bec recourbé.
La nidification se produit en général en bordure de zone humide, les oiseaux se servant de boue et de débris végétaux pour réaliser leurs nids. Ces derniers, qui atteignent de 40 à 50 cm de haut, ont une forme conique au sommet de laquelle est aménagé un réceptacle qui sert à recueillir l'unique œuf qui sera pondu. Cet œuf possède une coquille externe de couleur blanc mat à l'aspect crayeux.
L’incubation, qui dure environ quatre semaines, voit l'éclosion de l'œuf et la naissance d'un petit au bec rose et au duvet blanc, rapidement remplacé par un plumage entièrement gris.
Les jeunes sont nourris par les parents qui régurgitent un lait de jabot ou leur apportent des aliments directement dans le bec.
Cette espèce vit sur le continent américain, entre les Antilles, la Floride, les Bahamas, les Galápagos, le nord de l’Amérique du Sud, le Yucatán et les Caraïbes. Sa population est estimée à environ 90 000 individus.
L'espèce a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758[3].
Phoenicopterus ruber
Le Flamant des Caraïbes (Phoenicopterus ruber), également appelé Flamant de Cuba ou Flamant rouge, est une espèce de flamants, proche du Flamant du Chili.
O flamengo do Caribe[Cómpre referencia] (Phoenicopterus ruber) é unha especie grande de flamengo da familia Phoenicopteridae que vive en áreas tropicais de América, incluíndo as Antillas, a península do Iucatán, o norte de Colombia e Venezuela, nas illas Galápagos e no norte de Honduras. Non se coñecen subespecies.[2]
O flamengo do Caribe acada de 1,20 a 1,40 m de altura. É unha ave esvelta: o macho pesa de media 2,8 kg e a femia 2,2 kg. É o meirande flamengo do continente, e o segundo do mundo, superado polo flamengo rosa (Phoenicopterus roseus). A súa cor puede variar dende o rosa pálido até un carmesí ou avermellado, dependendo da zona onde viva e da cantidade de crustáceos con altos contidos carotenoides que consuma.
O flamengo do Caribe[Cómpre referencia] (Phoenicopterus ruber) é unha especie grande de flamengo da familia Phoenicopteridae que vive en áreas tropicais de América, incluíndo as Antillas, a península do Iucatán, o norte de Colombia e Venezuela, nas illas Galápagos e no norte de Honduras. Non se coñecen subespecies.
Karipski plamenac (lat. Phoenicopterus ruber) je velika vrsta plamenca usko vezana za ružičastog i čileanskog plamenca. Nekada je smatran podvrstom ružičastog plamenca, ali ta tvrdnja se pokazala netočnom zbog nedostatka dokaza. Staništa su mu područja bočate vode. Jedini je plamenac koji nastanjuje Sjevernu Ameriku.
Karipski plamenac dug je 120-140 cm, a visok oko 1,5 m. Najveći dio visine čine duge noge i vrat. Raspon krila mu je 1,5 m. Mužjak je težak 2,8 kg, a ženka 2,2 kg, ali su gotovo identični. Perje ove ptice je uglavnom ružičaste boje. Pokrov krila je crvene, a primarno i sekundarno letno perje crne boje. Kljun je ružičastobijelkast i skučen, te ima crni vrh. Služi za filtriranje vode. Noge su potpuno ružičaste. Jako je društvena ptica, živi u velikim jatima, ali se nerijetko prepire s drugim jedinkama. Uglavnom se hrani rakovima, ali mu se na jelovniku mogu naći i kukci, vodene biljke i alge.
Ova ptica polaže jedno jaje na vrhu blatnog nasipa. Oba ga roditelja inkubiraju 28-32 dana. Ptić napušta gnijezdo nakon pet dana, ali se ponovno vraća da ga roditelji hrane. Roditelji ga hrane voljkinim "mlijekom". Nakon nekoliko tjedana mladi se počinju sami hraniti. Spolnu zrelost dostiže sa šest godina, a životni vijek mu je obično 15-20 godina. U zatočeništvu može doživjeti i 50 godina.
Sezona parenja može biti u bilo koje doba. Vremenski uvjeti i zalihe hrane su odlučujući čimbenici. Ako su ti uvjeti dobri, onda će se karipski plamenac gnijezditi dva puta u godini.
Staništa su mu područja bočate vode. Autohton je na sljedećim teritorijima: Aruba, Bahami, Brazil, Kolumbija, Kuba, Dominikanska Republika, Ekvador, Francuska Gvajana, Gvajana, Haiti, Jamajka, Meksiko, Nizozemski Antili, Surinam, Trinidad i Tobago, Otoci Turks i Caicos, Sjedinjene Američke Države i Venezuela. Regionalno je izumro u Antigvi i Barbudi. Uveden je na Britanske Djevičanske Otoke, a zalutao je na sljedeće teritorije: Belize, Bermudi, Kanada, Kajmanski otoci, Gvadalupa, Hoduras, Portoriko, Sveti Kristofor i Nevis, Sveta Lucija i Američki Djevičanski Otoci[1]. Jedini je plamenac koji nastanjuje Sjevernu Ameriku. Populacija mu se sastoji od 850.000 do 880.000 jedinki, a u zatočeništvu je njih[2] 4.428. Smetnje ovoj ptici su gubitak staništa, trovanje olovom, velik broj turista koji ih promatraju i fotografiraju, te zatočeništvo u zoološkim vrtovima.
Karipski plamenac (lat. Phoenicopterus ruber) je velika vrsta plamenca usko vezana za ružičastog i čileanskog plamenca. Nekada je smatran podvrstom ružičastog plamenca, ali ta tvrdnja se pokazala netočnom zbog nedostatka dokaza. Staništa su mu područja bočate vode. Jedini je plamenac koji nastanjuje Sjevernu Ameriku.
Il fenicottero rosso (Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello della famiglia Phoenicopteridae.[2]
Era fino a poco tempo fa considerato una sottospecie del fenicottero maggiore. Vive in Mesoamerica e nelle Galápagos e misura 120 cm circa.
Vive esclusivamente nel continente americano, in Florida, alle Bahamas, nello Yucatán, nelle Galápagos e nei Caraibi. Il numero di individui si aggira intorno a 90 000 esemplari.
Veniva considerato conspecifico con il fenicottero rosa, ma le due specie sono state separate. In inglese viene chiamato "Caribbean Flamingo" (ovvero fenicottero dei Caraibi), ma visto che vive anche alle Galápagos, si sta rivalutando il nome.
Un pulcino di Phoenicopterus ruber
Primo piano di un Phoenicopterus ruber
Particolare dello scheletro di un Phoenicopterus ruber
Quattro Phoenicopterus ruber in volo a Cuba
Un Phoenicopterus ruber che decolla
Phoenicopterus ruber con pulcino
Primo piano di un Phoenicopterus ruber
Museum specimen di uova di Phoenicopterus ruber - France
Il fenicottero rosso (Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758) è un uccello della famiglia Phoenicopteridae.
Era fino a poco tempo fa considerato una sottospecie del fenicottero maggiore. Vive in Mesoamerica e nelle Galápagos e misura 120 cm circa.
Karibų flamingas (lot. Phoenicopterus ruber, angl. Caribbean Flamingo, vok. Kubaflamingo) – flaminginių (Phoenicopteridae) šeimos paukštis. Tai gana stambi paukščių rūšis, aukštis iki 1,5 m, svoris apie 4 kg. Kaklas ir kojos labai ilgi. Ieškodami maisto įbrenda gana giliai arba net niurkteli į vandenį. Maitinasi visiškai panėręs galvą. Jų maistas įvairus, tai vabzdžiai, kirmėlės, mikroskopiniai dumbliai. Maitinasi dieną, o naktį perskrenda į kitus vandens telkinius.
Paplitę įvairiuose vandenų biotopuose. Peri kolonijomis.
Karibų flamingas (lot. Phoenicopterus ruber, angl. Caribbean Flamingo, vok. Kubaflamingo) – flaminginių (Phoenicopteridae) šeimos paukštis. Tai gana stambi paukščių rūšis, aukštis iki 1,5 m, svoris apie 4 kg. Kaklas ir kojos labai ilgi. Ieškodami maisto įbrenda gana giliai arba net niurkteli į vandenį. Maitinasi visiškai panėręs galvą. Jų maistas įvairus, tai vabzdžiai, kirmėlės, mikroskopiniai dumbliai. Maitinasi dieną, o naktį perskrenda į kitus vandens telkinius.
Paplitę įvairiuose vandenų biotopuose. Peri kolonijomis.
Burung Flamingo Besar (bahasa Inggeris: Caribbean Flamingo) ialah satu [[spesies besar flamingo yang berkait rapat dengan Greater Flamingo serta Flamingo Chile, dan kekadang dianggap sebagai konspesies. Nama sainsnya Phoenicopterus ruber. Rencana ini menurut pengolahan dalam Ibis (2002) 144 707-710.
Burung Flamingo Besar membiak di:
Kebanyakan burung yang dilihat di Florida selatan biasanya dianggap sebagai burung yang sesat, walaupun sekurang-kurangnya seekor anak burung di Semenanjung Yucatán pernah dilihat di Taman Negara Everglades, dan yang lain merupakan kelana benar dari Cuba.
Habitat Burung Flamingo Besar adalah serupa dengan saudara-saudaranya, dan termasuk lagun bergaram, kukup lumpur, dan tasik-tasik payau yang cetik. Serupa dengan semua burung flamingo, burung ini bertelur sebiji telur tunggal yang putih seperti kapur di atas timbunan lumpur.
Panjangnya Burung Flamingo Besar ialah 120–140 sentimeter; beratnya burung jantan 2.8 kilogram manakala berat burung betina 2.2 kilogram. Warna kebanyakan bulunya merah jambu, dan membezakannya daripada spesies Eropah yang berwarna lebih pucat. Sayapnya berwarna merah, dengan bulu pelepah terbang berwarna hitam. Warna paruhnya merah jambu dengan hujung yang hitam, dan kakinya berwarna merah jambu pada keseluruhannya. Bunyinya burung ini seolah-olah angsa. Burung Flamingo Besar adalah satu-satunya burung flamingo yang wujud secara semula jadi di Amerika Utara.
Burung Flamingo Besar ialah salah satu spesies yang dilindungi oleh Perjanjian Pemuliharaan Burung Air Berhijrah Afrika-Eurasia.
Burung Flamingo Besar (bahasa Inggeris: Caribbean Flamingo) ialah satu [[spesies besar flamingo yang berkait rapat dengan Greater Flamingo serta Flamingo Chile, dan kekadang dianggap sebagai konspesies. Nama sainsnya Phoenicopterus ruber. Rencana ini menurut pengolahan dalam Ibis (2002) 144 707-710.
Burung Flamingo Besar membiak di:
Kepulauan Galapagos pantai Colombia dan Venezuela serta pulau-pulau berhampiran Semenanjung Yucatán di Mexico Caribbean utara di Bahamas Hispaniola Cuba Kepulauan Turki dan Caicos.Kebanyakan burung yang dilihat di Florida selatan biasanya dianggap sebagai burung yang sesat, walaupun sekurang-kurangnya seekor anak burung di Semenanjung Yucatán pernah dilihat di Taman Negara Everglades, dan yang lain merupakan kelana benar dari Cuba.
Habitat Burung Flamingo Besar adalah serupa dengan saudara-saudaranya, dan termasuk lagun bergaram, kukup lumpur, dan tasik-tasik payau yang cetik. Serupa dengan semua burung flamingo, burung ini bertelur sebiji telur tunggal yang putih seperti kapur di atas timbunan lumpur.
Panjangnya Burung Flamingo Besar ialah 120–140 sentimeter; beratnya burung jantan 2.8 kilogram manakala berat burung betina 2.2 kilogram. Warna kebanyakan bulunya merah jambu, dan membezakannya daripada spesies Eropah yang berwarna lebih pucat. Sayapnya berwarna merah, dengan bulu pelepah terbang berwarna hitam. Warna paruhnya merah jambu dengan hujung yang hitam, dan kakinya berwarna merah jambu pada keseluruhannya. Bunyinya burung ini seolah-olah angsa. Burung Flamingo Besar adalah satu-satunya burung flamingo yang wujud secara semula jadi di Amerika Utara.
Burung Flamingo Besar ialah salah satu spesies yang dilindungi oleh Perjanjian Pemuliharaan Burung Air Berhijrah Afrika-Eurasia.
De rode flamingo[2] (Phoenicopterus ruber), ook wel grote flamingo[3], Caraïbische flamingo[3] of Cubaanse flamingo[4] genoemd, is een flamingosoort die voorkomt in het Caraïbische gebied en de Galapagoseilanden. In het Santuario de Fauna y Flora Los Flamencos in de gemeente Manaure in het Colombiaanse departement La Guajira komen veel rode flamingo's voor.
Het enige zichtbare verschil tussen beide seksen is dat mannetjes groter zijn dan de vrouwtjes. Elke poot heeft vier tenen met daartussen zwemvliezen, waardoor de vogels niet gemakkelijk wegzakken in de modderige ondergrond. Flamingo's zijn van nature wit. Hun voedsel (algen en kleine kreeftjes) zorgt voor de roze kleur. De algen bevatten de stof carotenoïde. Het lichaam maakt van deze stof de roze kleur. Deze roze kleur komt in de veren terecht en daarom zijn de flamingo's roze. De rode flamingo wordt ongeveer 1,2 tot 1,45 m in lengte en weegt 2 tot 4 kg.[5]
De rode flamingo komt voor van de zuidoostelijke staten en Florida van de Verenigde Staten tot de noordelijke kust van Zuid-Amerika. In het Everglades National Park komen grote groepen rode flamingo's voor.
Om voedsel te zoeken, trekken rode flamingo's vaak hele einden naar water dat rijk is aan kleine kreeftachtigen en algen. Net als alle andere flamingo's voedt hij zich door met zijn kop ondersteboven in het water te lebberen. Zijn snavel bevat een filtermechanisme waarmee hij zwevend voedsel uit het water zeeft.
De rode flamingo broedt onder andere in de zoutpannen van Bonaire, in een kolonie van geboetseerde nesten. Rode flamingo's leggen slechts één ei. De broedtijd is 27 tot 31 dagen.
De rode flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), ook wel grote flamingo, Caraïbische flamingo of Cubaanse flamingo genoemd, is een flamingosoort die voorkomt in het Caraïbische gebied en de Galapagoseilanden. In het Santuario de Fauna y Flora Los Flamencos in de gemeente Manaure in het Colombiaanse departement La Guajira komen veel rode flamingo's voor.
Raudflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) er ein av dei seks artane som utgjer slekta Phoenicopterus, einaste slekta i flamingofamilien, Phoenicopteridae. Raudflamingoen hekkar på Galapagosøyane, ved kysten av Colombia og Venezuela med øyane utanfor, på Yucatán-halvøya i Mexico, og i det nordlege Karibia inklusive øyane Bahamas, Hispaniola, Cuba og Turks- og Caicosøyane. I Florida har det vore gjort mange observasjonar av denne fuglen, dei fleste er rekna for å vere rømlingar frå parkar. Raudflamingo er nasjonalfugl på Bahamas.
Raudflamingoen har kroppslengd på 120-140 cm, hannar veg ca. 2,8 kg og hoer ca. 2,2 kg. Artsnamnet kjem av at mykje av fjørdrakta har rosa farge. Den rosenraude farga skil raudflamingoen frå den mykje bleikare rosenflamingoen, P. roseus. Vengdekkfjørene er raude, og dei primære og sekundære svingfjørene er svarte. Nebbet er rosa og kvitt med avgrensa svart spiss, og beina er heilt rosa. Lyden frå raudflamingoen er som tuting frå gjæser.
Til likskap med dei næraste slektningane føretrekk raudflamingoar habitat med salthaldige laguner, mudderbankar eller grunne innsjøar med ferskvatn eller brakkvatn. Som andre flamingoar, får dei eit kalkkvitt egg i kullet, det skjer mellom mai og august. Ruginga tar frå 28 til 32 dagar, begge foreldra har omsut for ungane i ein periode på opp til 6 år då dei vert kjønnsmodne. Forventa levetid er ca. 40 år, det er av det lengste blant fuglar.
Wikimedia Commons har multimedia som gjeld: Raudflamingo Raudflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) er ein av dei seks artane som utgjer slekta Phoenicopterus, einaste slekta i flamingofamilien, Phoenicopteridae. Raudflamingoen hekkar på Galapagosøyane, ved kysten av Colombia og Venezuela med øyane utanfor, på Yucatán-halvøya i Mexico, og i det nordlege Karibia inklusive øyane Bahamas, Hispaniola, Cuba og Turks- og Caicosøyane. I Florida har det vore gjort mange observasjonar av denne fuglen, dei fleste er rekna for å vere rømlingar frå parkar. Raudflamingo er nasjonalfugl på Bahamas.
Raudflamingoen har kroppslengd på 120-140 cm, hannar veg ca. 2,8 kg og hoer ca. 2,2 kg. Artsnamnet kjem av at mykje av fjørdrakta har rosa farge. Den rosenraude farga skil raudflamingoen frå den mykje bleikare rosenflamingoen, P. roseus. Vengdekkfjørene er raude, og dei primære og sekundære svingfjørene er svarte. Nebbet er rosa og kvitt med avgrensa svart spiss, og beina er heilt rosa. Lyden frå raudflamingoen er som tuting frå gjæser.
Til likskap med dei næraste slektningane føretrekk raudflamingoar habitat med salthaldige laguner, mudderbankar eller grunne innsjøar med ferskvatn eller brakkvatn. Som andre flamingoar, får dei eit kalkkvitt egg i kullet, det skjer mellom mai og august. Ruginga tar frå 28 til 32 dagar, begge foreldra har omsut for ungane i ein periode på opp til 6 år då dei vert kjønnsmodne. Forventa levetid er ca. 40 år, det er av det lengste blant fuglar.
Rødflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), også kalt storflamingo og karibiaflamingo, er en storvokst vadende fugler i flamingofamilien og holder til ved innsjøer og vassdrag i tropisk Sør-Amerika. Arten er en av tre arter i slekten Phoenicopterus (storflamingoer) og en av fire arter på den vestlige halvkule. Rødflamingo er nasjonalfugl på Bahamas.
Rosenflamingo (P. roseus) og rødflamingo (P. ruber) ble tidligere regnet som underarter av samme art (P. ruber). De er svært nært beslektet, men de fleste regner dem nå som distinkte arter. Artsdefinisjonen er blant annet begrunnet med forskjeller i utfarging av både lemmer, nebb og fjærdrakt. Nominatarten er rødflamingoen (P. ruber).[1]
Rødflamingoen regnes normalt som monotypisk, men noen velger å regne den isolerte bestanden på Galápagosøyene som en egen underart; javnfør det vitenskapelige navnet P. r. glyphorhynchus. Det hersker imidlertid ikke konsus for dette.[1]
Rødflamingo blir cirka 120-145 cm og veier typisk 2,1–4,1 kg, og er, sammen med flamingoen, den største av flamingoartene. Vingespennet er cirka 140–165 cm. Hunnen er opptil 20% mindre enn hannen, og har kortere bein. Overnebb har grunn kjøl.[4]
Fjærdrakten er karminrød og rosa, og flygefjærene sorte. Den er kraftigere utfarget enn flamingoen. Nebbet er rosa med svart tupp, og benene er helt rosa. Lyden likner lyden til gjess.
Totalbestanden er estimert til cirka 200 000 individer. En liten bestand (cirka 490 individer) med standfugler hekker eksklusivt på Galápagosøyene, ellers hekker rødflamingoen langs nordkysten av Colombia og Venezuela (cirka 50 000 individer), samt langs kysten av Yucatánhalvøya i Mexico (cirka 40 000 individer). Den største bestanden (129 000–217 000) hekker imidlertid i Karibia, spesielt på Bahamas og Cuba. Sjeldne observasjoner blir også gjort andre steder, blant annet i Florida. Arten er den eneste flamingoen som naturlig finnes i Nord-Amerika.[4]
Rødflamingoen foretrekker saline laguner og grunne saltsjøer ved kysten. Den har et relativt variert kosthold, som gjerne består av et bredt utvalg arter.[4]
Som alle flamingoer legger den normalt kun ett (sjeldent to), kritthvitt egg, og spiser ved å filtrere vann gjennom nebbet. Egget legges mellom mai og august. Rugetiden er 27–31 dager, og begge foreldrene mater avkommet helt til kjønnsmoden alder nås etter 5–6 år. Arten kan leve til den blir mer enn 30 år.[4]
Når fuglen søker etter mat er hele hodet under vann. Dette har sammenheng med nebbkonstruksjonen og filtermekanismen til denne arten. Den eter ørsmå akvatiske virvelløse dyr, som leddormer (Annelida), hoppekreps (Copepoda), bløtdyr (Cerithidea), buksvømmere (Corixidae), insekter og larver av tovinger med mer. I tillegg eter arten alger og plantematerie, typisk frø og skudd av ulike sorter gress. Av og til kan også fuglene eter voksne insekter og maur, småkrabber og av og til også ørsmå fisker.[4]
Rødflamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), også kalt storflamingo og karibiaflamingo, er en storvokst vadende fugler i flamingofamilien og holder til ved innsjøer og vassdrag i tropisk Sør-Amerika. Arten er en av tre arter i slekten Phoenicopterus (storflamingoer) og en av fire arter på den vestlige halvkule. Rødflamingo er nasjonalfugl på Bahamas.
Àutri nòm an piemontèis: ...
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sboss. Da finì.
Da finì.
As treuva an América central e ant ël Golf dël Méssich.
Àutri nòm an piemontèis: ...
Costo artìcol a l'é mach në sboss. Da finì.
AmbientDa finì.
DistribussionAs treuva an América central e ant ël Golf dël Méssich.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons 
Hasło w Wikisłowniku Flaming karmazynowy[3], czerwonak, flaming, flaming amerykański, flaming karaibski, czerwonak różowy[4] (Phoenicopterus ruber) – gatunek dużego ptaka brodzącego z rodziny flamingów (Phoenicopteridae), zamieszkujący półwysep Jukatan, Antyle i Galapagos.
Do niedawna gatunek ten był dzielony na dwa podgatunki: Ph. ruber ruber i Ph. ruber roseus; jednak decyzjami europejskich komisji taksonomicznych (np. Knox et al. 2002[5]) drugi z nich uzyskał status oddzielnego gatunku - flaming różowy Phoenicopterus roseus.
Flaming karmazynowy, czerwonak, flaming, flaming amerykański, flaming karaibski, czerwonak różowy (Phoenicopterus ruber) – gatunek dużego ptaka brodzącego z rodziny flamingów (Phoenicopteridae), zamieszkujący półwysep Jukatan, Antyle i Galapagos.
Do niedawna gatunek ten był dzielony na dwa podgatunki: Ph. ruber ruber i Ph. ruber roseus; jednak decyzjami europejskich komisji taksonomicznych (np. Knox et al. 2002) drugi z nich uzyskał status oddzielnego gatunku - flaming różowy Phoenicopterus roseus.
Phoenicopterus ruber L., vulgarmente conhecido como flamingo, ganso-do-norte, gansão, ganso-cor-de-rosa e maranhão,[1] é uma ave pernalta que pertence à família Phoenicopteridae e à ordem Phoenicopteriformes. Habita a costa atlântica tropical e subtropical, desde os Estados Unidos até o estuário do rio Amazonas[2].
Flamingo vem de "flama",[3] numa alusão à tonalidade rosa de suas penas.
Tida como uma das mais graciosas e estranhas aves da avifauna mundial, o flamingo é o resultado inesperado da adaptação aos meios aquáticos que frequenta. Ave pernalta, pode ultrapassar um metro e meio de altura. Em média, os machos são um pouco maiores e têm o pescoço mais comprido do que as fêmeas. A envergadura das asas dos flamingos varia entre os 140 e os 165cm.
Sua plumagem apresenta uma variação considerável entre o rosa pálido e um rosa mais intenso. As penas de cobertura das asas são rosa vivo, chegando a vermelho-carmim, e as penas de voo são pretas. As patas, tal como o bico, são igualmente rosa, com exceção da ponta do bico, que é preta,. Os juvenis têm o pescoço e as patas mais curtos e a plumagem, que inicialmente é castanho-acinzentado vai, à medida que o indivíduo se aproxima da maturidade, sendo substituída por uma plumagem branca e finalmente rosada.
No Brasil, o único lugar onde nidifica é no cabo Orange, fronteira com a Guiana Francesa. Entretanto, mesmo nessa região pouco habitada, a espécie encontra-se ameaçada de extinção em virtude do estabelecimento de plantações de arroz, das salinas ao longo da costa, da caça predatória e da captura de seus ovos.[4][5] Em Portugal, não há registos de nidificação desta espécie.[6]
Phoenicopterus ruber L., vulgarmente conhecido como flamingo, ganso-do-norte, gansão, ganso-cor-de-rosa e maranhão, é uma ave pernalta que pertence à família Phoenicopteridae e à ordem Phoenicopteriformes. Habita a costa atlântica tropical e subtropical, desde os Estados Unidos até o estuário do rio Amazonas.
Phoenicopterus ruber este o specie de flamingo înrudită cu flamingo roz (Phoenicopterus roseus ) și flamingo chilian (Phoenicopterus chilensis ). În trecut era considerat conspecific cu flamingo roz. Este unica specie de flamingo răspândită în mod natural în America de Nord.
Phoenicopterus ruber este o specie de flamingo înrudită cu flamingo roz (Phoenicopterus roseus ) și flamingo chilian (Phoenicopterus chilensis ). În trecut era considerat conspecific cu flamingo roz. Este unica specie de flamingo răspândită în mod natural în America de Nord.
Plameniak červený alebo plameniak ružový[1] (Phoenicopterus ruber) je veľký druh plameniaka. Má veľa spoločného s plameniakom ružovým a plameniakom čilským, s ktorými bol v minulosti považovaný za jeden druh. Ide o jediného plameniaka, ktorý sa prirodzene vyskytuje v Severnej Amerike. Tento plameniak patrí k druhom na ktoré sa vzťahuje Dohoda o ochrane africko-euroázijských sťahovavých vodných vtákov (AEWA).
Plameniak červený sa vyskytuje na Galapágoch, pobreží Kolumbie, vo Venezuele a na blízkych ostrovoch. Tiež ho je možné pozorovať na Yucatáne, v časti Bahám, na Haiti, Kube a tiež na ostrovoch Turks a Caicos. Niektorí príslušníci tohto druhu sú tiež videní na Floride, tí bývajú ale považovaní za "tulákov" z Kuby.
Meria 120 - 140 cm. Samce vážia okolo 2,8 kg, samice okolo 2,2 kg. Perie je väčšinou ružové, čo viedlo v minulosti k zámene s inými druhmi. Krídla sú červené, primárne a sekundárne letky sú čierne. Zobák je ružový a biely s čiernou špičkou. Nohy sú úplne ružové. Dožíva sa až 40 rokov, čo je u vtákov jeden z najvyšších vekov.
Rovnako ako ostatné plameniaky aj plameniak červený znáša väčšinou iba jedno kriedovo biele vajce, a to v období od mája do augusta. Inkubácia trvá 28 až 32 dní. Obaja rodičia sa starajú o svoje mláďa približne do 6 rokov, kedy dosiahne pohlavnej dospelosti.
Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Plameniak červený (Phoenicopterus ruber)
Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Plameniak červený (Phoenicopterus ruber)
Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Plameňák karibský na českej Wikipédii.
Plameniak červený alebo plameniak ružový (Phoenicopterus ruber) je veľký druh plameniaka. Má veľa spoločného s plameniakom ružovým a plameniakom čilským, s ktorými bol v minulosti považovaný za jeden druh. Ide o jediného plameniaka, ktorý sa prirodzene vyskytuje v Severnej Amerike. Tento plameniak patrí k druhom na ktoré sa vzťahuje Dohoda o ochrane africko-euroázijských sťahovavých vodných vtákov (AEWA).
Karibflamingo[2] är en amerikansk fågelart i familjen flamingor.[3]
Fågeln häckar utmed Colombias och Venezuelas kust och på närliggande öar, på Yucatanhalvön och i norra Karibien i Bahamas, Hispaniola, Kuba och på Turks- och Caicosöarna. Den lilla populationen på Galapagosöarna anses av vissa vara förrymda individer.
Arten behandlades tidigare som en underart av större flamingo. Den är även nära besläktad med chileflamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis). Den behandlas som monotypisk, det vill säga att den inte delas in i några underarter.
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, och tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till mellan 260.000 och 3300.000 individer.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör karibflamingo.
Karibflamingo är en amerikansk fågelart i familjen flamingor.
Karayip flamingosu (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber), flamingogiller (Phoenicopteridae) familyasına ait bir flamingo türü. Yaşam alanı lagünler ve tuz gölleridir. Sürekli bir evililik bağı ile yaşayıp kuluçka kolonileri kurar ve başlıca olarak küçük yengeçlerle beslenirler.
Ağırlığı dişilerde 2 ile 2.5 kg, erkeklerde 2.5 ile 3 kg kadar tutar. Her iki ebevyn de kuluçka ile ilgilenir. Kuluçka süresi 28 ile 32 gün kadar sürer ve Mayıs ile Ağustos arasında gerçekleşir.
Büyük flamingo 6 yaşında cinsel olgunluğuna ulaşır ve 40 yaşının üstüne kadar yaşar. Bu hayvanların cinsiyetlerini ayırt etmek zordur.
Kuşlar ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz. Karayip flamingosu (Phoenicopterus ruber ruber), flamingogiller (Phoenicopteridae) familyasına ait bir flamingo türü. Yaşam alanı lagünler ve tuz gölleridir. Sürekli bir evililik bağı ile yaşayıp kuluçka kolonileri kurar ve başlıca olarak küçük yengeçlerle beslenirler.
Ağırlığı dişilerde 2 ile 2.5 kg, erkeklerde 2.5 ile 3 kg kadar tutar. Her iki ebevyn de kuluçka ile ilgilenir. Kuluçka süresi 28 ile 32 gün kadar sürer ve Mayıs ile Ağustos arasında gerçekleşir.
Büyük flamingo 6 yaşında cinsel olgunluğuna ulaşır ve 40 yaşının üstüne kadar yaşar. Bu hayvanların cinsiyetlerini ayırt etmek zordur.
Червоні, або карибські, фламінго дуже уважно вибирають місце, де вони житимуть. Вони поселяються на берегах неглибоких солоних лагун, де знаходять не тільки їжу, але й місця, зручні для спорудження гнізд. Через високу концентрацію солей у воді поблизу таких водоймищ може рости дуже мало рослин, тому береги цих водоймищ зазвичай позбавлені зеленого покриву. Червоні фламінго, що гніздуються в Азії, взимку відлітають на південь, до берегів Ірану та Індії. Більшість популяцій червоних фламінго ведуть осілий спосіб життя і залишають свої домівки тільки в разі природних катаклізмів.Ці птахи літають зграями неправильної форми, гуськом і клином.
В Україні фламінго можна зустріти у заповіднику Асканія-Нова, а також зрідка під час перельотів у Криму.
Червоні фламінго не мають харчових конкурентів. За допомогою зігнутого дзьоба, який виконує роль фільтра, вони виловлюють з води безліч водоростей і дрібних тварин: рачків, молюсків, комах і черв'яків. Вони ходять уздовж берегів по мілководдю в солоній воді заток і виловлюють безхребетних своїми дзьобами.
Червоні фламінго здобувають корм так само, як це роблять кити: вони відціджують їжу з морської води крізь рогові пластини, які розташовані по краях дзьоба цих птахів. Дрібні пластинки діють як сито, утримуючи корм у дзьобі і пропускаючи воду. Язик із заломленими краями направляє їжу в горло, а горло фламінго відкачує воду, ніби помпа. У такий спосіб червоні фламінго щодня фільтрують багато літрів води.
Характерним кольором оперення червоні фламінго завдячують пігментам каротиноїдам, що містяться в їхній їжі.
Червоні фламінго гніздуються величезними колоніями, що нерідко налічують декілька тисяч птахів. Червоні фламінго є дуже полохливими птахами, особливо це спостерігається в період гніздування. Парного шлюбного танцю у червоних фламінго не спостерігається, замість цього всі птахи колонії виконують спільний танок, потім самки практично одночасно відкладають яйця. Самець і самка спільними зусиллями будують гніздо незвичайної форми.
Птахи довго риють або згрібають його, поки не утворюється усічений конус заввишки 30-40 см і діаметром 30-50 см. Червоні фламінго влаштовують гнізда на мілководді, де їхні споруди зазнають руйнівного впливу хвиль. Іноді в результаті несподіваного підйому рівня води гине ціле покоління пташенят.
Типові місця проживання фламінго - лагуни морського узбережжя, острови й солоні драговини на берегах озер. Єдине яйце протягом чотирьох тижнів висиджується по черзі обома батьками. Новонародженого батьки годують особливим секретом зобних залоз. У місячному віці пташенята стають повністю самостійними. Ровесники тримаються великими зграями під наглядом декількох дорослих птахів. У віці десяти тижнів вони встають на крило.
Червоні фламінго живуть у насиченій солями лужній воді, яка буває настільки їдкою, що у людини, яка стоїть у ній, через декілька секунд на ногах починає злізати шкіра. Червоні фламінго ходять у такій воді без шкоди для здоров'я, оскільки їхні ноги вкриті дуже грубою шкірою. Коли концентрація солі у воді підвищується, сіль осідає на ногах птахів у вигляді кристаликів.
При утриманні в неволі червоні фламінго швидко втрачають рожеве забарвлення і біліють. Це явище пояснюється тим, що в природних умовах разом з їжею червоні фламінго поглинають багато каротиноїдів.
http://bird-ukraine.pp.ua/index.php/svit-ptakhiv-ukrainy/ptakhy-bolit-vodoim/285-phoenicopterus-ruber Птахи України
https://ianimal.ru/topics/krasnyjj-flamingo
Гніздо червоних фламінго в Московському зоопарку
Фламінго червоні у зоопарку Барселони
Череп
Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.Hồng hạc Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Phoenicopterus ruber) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Hồng hạc có liên quan chặt chẽ đến Hồng hạc lớn và Hồng hạc Chile. Trước đây nó được xem là một loài với Hồng hạc lớn, nhưng cách xếp loại bây giờ được xem (ví dụ bởi Liên hiệp các nhà điểu cầm học Mỹ và Anh ') là không chính xác do thiếu bằng chứng. Nó cũng đã được biết đến như là Hồng hạc Caribê, nhưng 'loài hiện diện trong Galápagos làm cho tên đó có vấn đề. Đây là loài hồng hạc duy nhất sinh sống tự nhiên Bắc Mỹ.
Bài viết về chủ đề sinh học này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Hồng hạc Mỹ (danh pháp hai phần: Phoenicopterus ruber) là một loài chim thuộc Họ Hồng hạc có liên quan chặt chẽ đến Hồng hạc lớn và Hồng hạc Chile. Trước đây nó được xem là một loài với Hồng hạc lớn, nhưng cách xếp loại bây giờ được xem (ví dụ bởi Liên hiệp các nhà điểu cầm học Mỹ và Anh ') là không chính xác do thiếu bằng chứng. Nó cũng đã được biết đến như là Hồng hạc Caribê, nhưng 'loài hiện diện trong Galápagos làm cho tên đó có vấn đề. Đây là loài hồng hạc duy nhất sinh sống tự nhiên Bắc Mỹ.
Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758
Охранный статус
Красный фламинго (лат. Phoenicopterus ruber) — вид из семейства фламинго (Phoenicopteridae). Его сферой обитания являются лагуны и солёные озёра. Большинство своей жизни красный фламинго живёт с одним и тем же партнёром, потомство выводит в птичьих колониях и питается мелкими раками.
Вес красного фламинго составляет от 2 до 2,5 кг у самок и от 2,5 до 3 кг у самцов. Насиживанием яиц занимаются оба пола. Время насиживания длится около 30 дней, а само откладывание яиц и насиживание происходит между маем и августом.
Половую зрелость красный фламинго достигает в возрасте шести лет и его средняя продолжительность жизни составляет более 40 лет. У красных фламинго практически нет полового диморфизма и поэтому оба пола очень трудно различить.
Гнездо красных фламинго в Московском зоопарке. (На переднем плане слева - розовый фламинго)
Купающийся фламинго
Череп
Красный фламинго (лат. Phoenicopterus ruber) — вид из семейства фламинго (Phoenicopteridae). Его сферой обитания являются лагуны и солёные озёра. Большинство своей жизни красный фламинго живёт с одним и тем же партнёром, потомство выводит в птичьих колониях и питается мелкими раками.
Вес красного фламинго составляет от 2 до 2,5 кг у самок и от 2,5 до 3 кг у самцов. Насиживанием яиц занимаются оба пола. Время насиживания длится около 30 дней, а само откладывание яиц и насиживание происходит между маем и августом.
Половую зрелость красный фламинго достигает в возрасте шести лет и его средняя продолжительность жизни составляет более 40 лет. У красных фламинго практически нет полового диморфизма и поэтому оба пола очень трудно различить.
美洲紅鸛（學名：Phoenicopterus ruber），又名加勒比海紅鸛，是一種大型的火烈鳥，與大紅鸛及智利火烈鳥是近親。牠們與大紅鸛以往被認為是同一物種，但現已廣泛否定這個說法。雖然牠們又名加勒比海紅鸛，但其實並非分佈在加勒比海，而是有分佈在科隆群島造成誤會。
美洲紅鸛在科隆群島、哥倫比亞海岸、委內瑞拉及鄰近的島嶼繁殖。牠們也會在墨西哥的猶加敦半島、巴哈馬的加勒比海北部、伊斯帕尼奧拉島、古巴及土克凱可群島繁殖。在美國科羅拉多州南部也有見到牠們的蹤影，但一般都是走失的。牠們是唯一一種火烈鳥天然分佈在北美洲。
美洲紅鸛喜歡棲息在潟湖、潮泥灘及海岸和內陸湖泊的淺水區。牠們於5月至8月會在泥丘上生一顆蛋，蛋呈白堊色。孵化期為28-32日。雙親在幼鸛6歲前都會負責哺育，幼鸛到了6歲就達至性成熟。估計牠們的壽命可達40歲，是鳥類中最長壽的之一。
美洲紅鸛長1.2-1.4米，雄鸛重2.8公斤，雌鸛重2.2公斤。其羽毛大部份都是粉紅色的，而大紅鸛的則會較為淡色。翼底是紅色的，主飛羽及次飛羽都是黑色的。牠們的喙呈粉紅色及白色，尖端有點黑色，腳完全是粉紅色。其叫聲像鵝的鳴聲。
美洲紅鸛是其中一種受到《非洲-歐亞大陸遷徙水鳥保護協定》所保護的物種之一。
美洲紅鸛（學名：Phoenicopterus ruber），又名加勒比海紅鸛，是一種大型的火烈鳥，與大紅鸛及智利火烈鳥是近親。牠們與大紅鸛以往被認為是同一物種，但現已廣泛否定這個說法。雖然牠們又名加勒比海紅鸛，但其實並非分佈在加勒比海，而是有分佈在科隆群島造成誤會。
美洲紅鸛在科隆群島、哥倫比亞海岸、委內瑞拉及鄰近的島嶼繁殖。牠們也會在墨西哥的猶加敦半島、巴哈馬的加勒比海北部、伊斯帕尼奧拉島、古巴及土克凱可群島繁殖。在美國科羅拉多州南部也有見到牠們的蹤影，但一般都是走失的。牠們是唯一一種火烈鳥天然分佈在北美洲。
美洲紅鸛喜歡棲息在潟湖、潮泥灘及海岸和內陸湖泊的淺水區。牠們於5月至8月會在泥丘上生一顆蛋，蛋呈白堊色。孵化期為28-32日。雙親在幼鸛6歲前都會負責哺育，幼鸛到了6歲就達至性成熟。估計牠們的壽命可達40歲，是鳥類中最長壽的之一。
美洲紅鸛長1.2-1.4米，雄鸛重2.8公斤，雌鸛重2.2公斤。其羽毛大部份都是粉紅色的，而大紅鸛的則會較為淡色。翼底是紅色的，主飛羽及次飛羽都是黑色的。牠們的喙呈粉紅色及白色，尖端有點黑色，腳完全是粉紅色。其叫聲像鵝的鳴聲。
美洲紅鸛是其中一種受到《非洲-歐亞大陸遷徙水鳥保護協定》所保護的物種之一。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : フラミンゴ目 Phoenicopteriformes 科 : フラミンゴ科 Phoenicopteridae 属 : フラミンゴ属 Phoenicopterus 種 : ベニイロフラミンゴ P. ruber 学名 Phoenicopterus ruberベニイロフラミンゴ (Phoenicopterus ruber) は、オオフラミンゴやチリーフラミンゴと密接に関連するフラミンゴの1種である。以前はオオフラミンゴと同種であると考えられていたが、証拠の不足により不正確であるとして、現在は別種として広く扱われている (例えばアメリカおよびイギリスの鳥学会)。また、カリブフラミンゴ (Caribbean Flamingo) の名でも知られるが、ガラパゴス諸島に本種が生息することから、その名前には問題がある。ベニイロフラミンゴは北アメリカに自然生息する唯一のフラミンゴである。
ベニイロフラミンゴは、ガラパゴス諸島、コロンビア沿岸、ベネズエラおよび付近の島々、さらにガイアナやブラジルのオレンジ岬 (Cape Orange) で繁殖する。またメキシコのユカタン半島や、バハマ、イスパニョーラ島、キューバ、タークス・カイコス諸島がある西インド諸島（カリブ海）北部でも繁殖する。フロリダ州南部のほとんどの観察例は、通常かご抜け鳥と考えられるが、少なくともユカタン半島で足環をつけた1羽の幼鳥がエバーグレーズ国立公園で見つかっており、他はキューバからの迷鳥であることも考えられる。遠くからでは、慣れていないとベニヘラサギと混同することもある。[1][2]
好む生息域は近縁種と似ており、塩性ラグーン、干潟、浅い塩性沿岸もしくは内陸の湖である。特有な生息地としては例えば、ユカタン半島の Petenes マングローブ生態地域などがある。[3]
すべてのフラミンゴと同様、5-8月に、泥の堤に灰白色の卵を1つ産む。28-32日に孵化するまで抱卵し、性成熟期に達するまでの6年間、雌雄ともに若鳥を保護する。平均寿命は40年で、鳥類のうち最も長く生きるものの一つである。
全長120-140cm、体重は雄2.8kg、雌2.2kg。羽毛はほとんど桃紅色で、以前には Rosy Flamingo とも名付けられ、成鳥でははるかに淡色なオオフラミンゴと見分けられる。雨覆羽は赤色で、初列および次列風切羽は黒い。くちばしは桃紅色と白色で先が黒色で、足はすべて桃紅色。鳴き声はガチョウのように聞こえる。
ベニイロフラミンゴ (Phoenicopterus ruber) は、オオフラミンゴやチリーフラミンゴと密接に関連するフラミンゴの1種である。以前はオオフラミンゴと同種であると考えられていたが、証拠の不足により不正確であるとして、現在は別種として広く扱われている (例えばアメリカおよびイギリスの鳥学会)。また、カリブフラミンゴ (Caribbean Flamingo) の名でも知られるが、ガラパゴス諸島に本種が生息することから、その名前には問題がある。ベニイロフラミンゴは北アメリカに自然生息する唯一のフラミンゴである。
쿠바홍학(Phoenicopterus ruber)은 홍학의 일종으로 유럽홍학이 갈라파고스에 정착해 분기(分岐)된 종이다. 갈라파고스 제도 전역에 걸쳐 섬 연안의 석호에서 발견된다. 아메리카홍학 또는 분홍홍학으로도 불린다. 주요 먹이는 게가 대표적이다. 또한 미디어에서 소개된 곳은 KBS 1TV의 《걸어서 세계속으로》가 유일하다.
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