Lonchura punctulata (Linnaeus 1758)

Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como ^NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

Güevos de Lonchura punctulata

'''Lonchura punctulata^[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Estrildidae nativa del sur d'Asia, residente dende la India y Sri Lanka escontra l'este hasta Indonesia y Filipines. La especie foi introducida nel Caribe, Australia oriental y les islles de Reunión y Mauriciu.^[3]

Hábitat

El capuchín puntiáu ye un páxaru gregariu que s'alimenta principalmente de granes. Frecuenta árees montiegues abiertes y cultivos. Constrúi'l nial sobre los árboles o nos bistechos de les cases, en forma d'una estructura cupular grande de yerba y deposita nellos de 4 a 10 güevos blancos.

Descripción

Mide ente 11 y 12 cm de llargu. L'adultu tien el picu escuru, gruesu y curtiu. Les partes cimeres del cuerpu son color castañu, y la cabeza castañu escuru. Les partes inferiores del cuerpu son blanques con marques negres a manera d'escames.

Referencies

Bibliografía

• Grimmett, Inskipp & Inskipp.() Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6 (inglés).
• BirdLife Species Factsheet [1] (inglés).
• Centru Nacional de Biodiversidá - Cuba. (2007). Diversidá biolóxica cubana. Aves. Ministeriu de Ciencia, Teunoloxía y Mediu Ambiente, Axencia de Mediu Ambiente. 12 pp. [2]. Consultada'l 16/7/2007

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons tien conteníu multimedia tocante a Lonchura punctulata.

Lonchura punctulata

El maniquí puntejat^[1] (Lonchura punctulata) és un ocell de la família dels estríldids (Estrildidae) que habita praderies, matolls i terres de conreu de l'Índia, Sri Lanka, sud de la Xina, Taiwan, Sud-est Asiàtic, Sumatra, Java, sud-est de Borneo, Illes Petites de la Sonda, Illes Tanimbar, Sulawesi i Filipines. ha estat introduït en Austràlia i illes del Pacífic i de l'Índic.

Referències

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Manicin mannog (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: maniciniaid mannog) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Lonchura punctulata; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Nutmeg mannikin. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. punctulata, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2]

Teulu

Mae'r manicin mannog yn perthyn i deulu'r Cwyrbigau (Lladin: Estrildidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Panenka muškátová (Lonchura punctulata) je drobný, pestře zbarvený pták z čeledi astrildovitých, z rodu Lonchura, který je často chován jako okrasný, vidět jej můžeme i ve voliérách českých chovatelů. Ve volné přírodě jej najdeme především v jihovýchodní Asii, kde vyhledává spíše vlhká místa v blízkosti lidí či polí. Živí se semeny travin nebo bobulemi. IUCN označuje panenku muškátovou jako málo dotčený, tedy nechráněný druh.

Taxonomie

Panenku muškátovou poprvé popsal Carl Linnaeus v roce 1758 ve svém 10. vydání knihy Systema Naturae. Tehdy bychom ji našli pod binomickým jménem Loxia punctulata. Uznáváno je celkem 12 poddruhů, i když některé zdroje uvádějí jen 11. Jednotlivé poddruhy se liší ve výskytu i intenzitě zbarvení. Jsou to tyto:

Výskyt a prostředí

L. p. punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) se vyskytuje v oblasti od severního Pákistánu, po Indii až k Nepálu a Srí Lance.

L. p. subundulata (Godwin-Austen, 1874) se vyskytuje v Bhútánu, Bangladéši, severovýchodní Indie a západním Myanmaru.

Naopak L. p. yunnanensis (Parkes, 1958) najdeme v jižní Číně a severovýchodním Myanmaru.

Oblast výskytu L. p. topela (Swinhoe, 1863) zahrnuje jižní Myanmar, Thajsko, jihovýchodní Čínu, Hainan, Tchaj-wan, Laos, Kambodžu a Vietnam.

L. p. cabanisi (Sharpe, 1890) najdeme na Filipínách a na severu Bornea.

L. p. fretensis (Kloss, 1931) se vyskytuje na Malajském poloostrově, v Singapuru a na Sumatře.

L. p. nisoria (Temminck, 1830) žije na jihu Bornea, na Jávě a na Bali, výjimečně i na Malých Sundách.

Oblast výskytu L. p. particeps (Riley, 1920) zahrnuje pouze ostrov Sulawesi.

L. p. baweana (Hoogerwerf, 1963) se vyskytuje na ostrově Jáva a v jejím okolí.

L. p. sumbae (Mayr, 1944) najdeme na Malých Sundách. L. p. blasii (Stresemann, 1912) se nachází také na Sundách, mimo ně jej ale najdeme také v Timoru.

L. p. holmesi (Restall, 1992) se vyskytuje pouze na východě Bornea.

Obecně platí, že panenky muškátové vyhledávají spíše vlhká místa, v blízkosti lidí nebo zemědělských oblastí. Zemědělci je ale příliš v lásce nemají, jelikož je považují za škůdce na úrodě — což panenky skutečně jsou. Nejlepší oblast je pro ně ta, kde mají možnost rychle se schovat, tedy vysoká tráva nebo stromy.

Popis

Panenka muškátová je asi 11 až 12 cm dlouhý pták s váhou okolo 15 gramů. Pohlavní dimorfismus je poměrně výrazný, protože zatímco samičky jsou poměrně "nudné" a v hnědých odstínech, samečci oplývají pestrou škálou barev. Obě pohlaví mají kropenaté břicho, u samečků je ale barva výraznější. Zobák je velký, tmavě hnědý až šedý, nohy neopeřené v podobném odstínu jako zobák. Mladí jedinci se podobají samičkám nebo také dospělým jedincům z druhu panenka tříbarvá (Lonchura malacca).

Ekologie

Panenky muškátové vytvářejí hejna až o sto jedincích. Při letu máchá vedoucí jedinec křídly ve směru letu, aby se hejno nerozletělo jiným směrem. Jsou to společenští a neagresivní ptáci, schopní vycházet i s jinými druhy bez problémů. Období rozmnožování probíhá v období dešťů, tedy v létě (zejména červnu až srpnu), ale období se může lišit. Laboratorní studie prokázaly, že dlouhý den (dlouhý přísun světla) a vysoká vlhkost vzduchu spouští růst pohlavních žláz. Samečci se dvoří samičkám většinou tím způsobem, že si do zobáku vezmou klas a různě před samičkou pohybují tělem. Pokud se samičce jedinec zalíbí, tak společně postaví hnízdo. Hnízdo je velká klenutá stavba volně tkaná ze stébel trávy, bambusu nebo jiných listy, s bočním vchodem. Bývá faktem, že tento vchod je postaven směrem, odkud většinou fouká vítr. Snůška samičky panenky muškátové většinou čítá 4 až 6 vajec, ale může jich obsahovat až do 10. Sameček i samička střídavě inkubují vejce, ze kterých se za dva týdny vylíhnou holá a slepá mláďata. Ta se obvykle opeří do tří týdnů. Obě pohlaví dosahují sexuální zralosti v 7 měsících života. Dožívají se 6 až 8 let v zajetí, v přírodě je to většinou méně.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Scaly breasted munia na anglické Wikipedii.

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Noch nicht ausgefärbter Jungvogel

Muskatfinken, Westjava

Das Muskatbronzemännchen (Lonchura punctulata), auch Muskatfink, Muskatvogel oder Muskatamadine genannt, ist eine Art aus der Familie der Prachtfinken, die in Südostasien beheimatet ist.

Die Art spielt in der Ziervogelhaltung eine Rolle und wurde als Gefangenschaftsflüchtling in verschiedenen Weltregionen eingebürgert.

Erscheinungsbild

Adulte Vögel

Insgesamt wurden 12 Unterarten der Muskatbronzemännchen beschrieben. Die Art weist keinen Geschlechtsdimorphismus auf.

Die Nominatform Lonchura punctulata punctulata ist der 12 Zentimeter große Indische Muskatfink, der 1758 von Carl von Linné beschrieben wurde. Bei dieser in Indien und auf Sri Lanka vorkommenden Unterart sind Kopf, Kehle, Halsseite und Nacken sowie die gesamte Körperoberseite einheitlich schokoladen- bis mahagonibraun. Auf der Körperunterseite zeigt sich eine deutliche abgesetzte Schuppenzeichnung, wobei die Grundfarbe weiß und die Zeichnung schwarzbraun bis schwarz ist. Die mittleren Schwanzfedern sowie die Oberschwanzdecken sind braungelb. Die übrigen Schwanzfedern sind dunkelbraun mit braungelben Säumen.

Die Mitte des Bauches sowie der Steiß und die Unterschwanzdecken sind völlig weiß. Der Schnabel ist schwarz und die Füße sind von blaugrauer Farbe. Die Augen sind rotbraun gefärbt.

Von der Nominatform unterscheiden sich die anderen Unterarten durch ein helleres Braun, eine in Farbe und Form veränderte Schuppenzeichnung, dunklere Augenfarben und anders gefärbte Oberschwanzdecken.

Jungvögel

Die Jungvögel sind auf der Körperoberseite gelblich erdbraun. Der Schwanz und der Bürzel sind gleichfalls braun. Die Körperunterseite ist hell gelbbräunlich und es fehlen noch alle dunklen Zeichnungen. Die Jugendmauser beginnt im Alter von sechs bis acht Wochen und kann sich unter Umständen über bis zu fünf Monate hinziehen.^[1]

Die Rachenzeichnung der Jungen ist eine schieferschwarze Hufeisenzeichnung, die von einer breiten gelblichweißen Zeichnung in gleicher Form auf beiden Seiten begrenzt wird. Sie ist auch bei den erwachsenen Vögeln noch sichtbar.^[2]

Stimme

Das Muskatbronzemännchen zeigt ein in Stufen abfallendes Trillern, zu dem auch ein Schnurren und Pfeifen gehört. Das Gesangsrepertoire ist sehr unterschiedlich. Noch ist nicht vollkommen geklärt, ob diese Gesangsunterschiede individueller Natur sind oder ob der Gesang von der Unterart abhängig ist.

Verbreitungsgebiet und Lebensraum

Verbreitungsgebiet (grün) des Muskatbronzemännchens

Muskatbronzemännchen kommen von Indien und Süd-China über Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Laos, Kambodscha, Vietnam, Sumatra, bis zu den Philippinen, Bali, Lombok, Timor, Celebes und Java vor.

Das Muskatbronzemännchen zählt zu den Arten, die vom Menschen in verschiedenen Weltregionen als Neozoon eingeführt wurden. Im Osten Australiens wurde der Chinesische Muskatfink (L. p. topela) eingebürgert und hat sich dort sehr stark ausgebreitet. Er kommt mittlerweile außerdem auf den Seychellen, Mauritius und Réunion, auf Cebu, den Karolinen, auf Hawaii vor. Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge finden sich auch auf Puerto Rico und im südlichen Florida.^[3]

Der Lebensraum des Muskatbronzemännchens sind offene Gebiete. Sie kommt beispielsweise in Gras- und Unkrautwildernissen vor. Sie hat sich den menschlichen Siedlungsraum als Lebensraum erschlossen und hält sich gerne in der Nähe von Reisfeldern, in Gärten und am Rand von Siedlungen auf. Sie wird gelegentlich noch in größeren Höhenlagen beobachtet und kommt in geringer Zahl im Himalaya und in den Gebirgen des chinesischen Grenzgebietes noch auf 2.000 Metern vor. In der Regel hält sie sich jedoch in niedrigeren Höhenlagen auf.

Lebensweise

Ei des Muskatbronzemännchens

Muskatbronzemännchen sind sehr gesellige Vögel und halten sich überwiegend in kleinen Gruppen auf. Während der Reisreife können sich jedoch auch größere Schwärme bilden, die mehr als einhundert Individuen umfassen. Ihre Nahrung sind hauptsächlich Grassamen, die sie am Boden aufnehmen. Halbreife Reiskörner werden von ihnen jedoch gleichfalls sehr gerne aufgenommen und in Reisfeldern kann man sie beobachten, wie mehrere Muskatbronzemännchen dicht beieinander auf einem oder mehreren Halmen sitzen. Die Brutzeit variiert in Abhängigkeit vom Standort. In tropischen Niederungsgebieten werden Nester zu allen Jahreszeiten gefunden, ein Höhepunkt der Fortpflanzungsaktivität fällt jedoch gewöhnlich auf die Zeit des Monsunregens. In den größeren Höhen des Himalayas beschränkt sich die Brutzeit dagegen auf die Monate August und September. In Queensland, wo das Muskatbronzemännchen eingeführt wurde, brütet sie elf Monate im Jahr.^[4]

Nester werden häufig kolonieweise angelegt. Gelegentlich stehen Nester so nahe nebeneinander, dass sich die Nestwände berühren. Als Niststandort werden dornenbewehrte Gehölze bevorzugt. Muskatbronzemännchen bauen jedoch ihre Nester auch in die grundständigen Wirteln von Palmenwedeln. Nester finden sich aber auch in Spalieren oder in Schlingpflanzen an Veranden. Beim Nestbau werden zwischen fünfhundert und siebenhundert Halme verbaut.^[4] Das Gelege besteht aus vier bis sieben weißen Eiern. Die Brutdauer beträgt fünfzehn bis sechzehn Tage. Beide Elternvögel beteiligen sich am Brutgeschäft. Nach 21 bis 25 Tagen verlassen die Jungvögel das erste Mal das Nest. Sie kehren jedoch bis zu ihrer Selbständigkeit zum Übernachten ins Brutnester zurück.

Haltung

Muskatbronzemännchen wurden bereits zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts nach Europa eingeführt.^[5] Sie sind seitdem regelmäßig und häufig im Handel. Die Nachzuchtraten sind allerdings nicht sehr hoch, was möglicherweise an dem steten Angebot von Importvögeln liegt. Am häufigsten werden in Europa die chinesische Unterart Lonchura punctulata topela und die in Indien beheimatete Nominatform Lonchura punctulata punctulata gehalten.

Das Muskatbronzemännchen gilt als ein idealer Käfig- und Volierenvogel, der leicht einzugewöhnen ist und an Unterbringung und Ernährung Ansprüche stellt, die es auch Anfängern in der Vogelhaltung möglich macht, diese Art zu pflegen. Sie kann bei guter Haltung ein Lebensalter von sieben bis acht Jahren erreichen. Ihr hochentwickeltes Sozialverhalten zeigt sie allerdings nur, wenn sie in einer Gruppe in einer Voliere gehalten wird. Wegen ihrer Friedfertigkeit ist sie für die Vergesellschaftung mit anderen Prachtfinkenarten geeignet.

Belege

Literatur

• Horst Bielfeld: Das Prachtfinkenbuch. Sämtliche Arten, ihre Haltung, Pflege und Zucht. Eugen Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-8001-7327-1.
• Jürgen Nicolai (Hrsg.), Joachim Steinbacher (Hrsg.), Renate van den Elzen, Gerhard Hofmann: Prachtfinken – Australien, Ozeanien, Südostasien. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3249-4.
• Peter Clement, Alan Harris, John Davis: Finches and Sparrows. An Identification Guide. Christopher Helm, London 1993, ISBN 0-7136-8017-2.

Einzelbelege

1. ↑ Nicolai et al., S. 326
2. ↑ Nicolai et al., S: 320
3. ↑ Nicolai et al., S. 322
4. ↑ ^{a b} Nicolai et al., S. 323
5. ↑ Nicolai et al., S. 324

Ang Mayang Paking (Lonchura punctulata^[2], na tinatawag na Scaly-breasted Munia o Spotted Munia sa ingles), ay isang pipit na katutubong taga-Asya. Isang Espesye sa saring Lonchura, isa lamang ito sa mga maraming uri ng pipit na pinapangalanang "maya" sa wikang Pilipino.

Ito ay may hugis-kaliskis na marka sa mga balahibo nito sa dibdib at tiyan. Ang indibidwal na nasa wastong edad ay kayumanggi at may maitim at hugis-alimusod na tuka. Ang espesyeng ito ay may 11 subespesye sa kanilang saklaw na tirahan na siyang may munting mga pagkakaiba sa hugis at kulay.

Pangkaraniwan nitong pagkain ang mga punla ng damo maliban sa mga maliliit na bungangkahoy at munting mga kulisap. Madalas silang mangalap ng pagkain bilang isang lupon at nag-uusap sa pamamagitan ng mayuming huni at sipol. Sila'y sadyang mahilig makipagkapwa at minsa'u maaaring makipag pagpamugaran sa ibang pipit.

Ang espesye na ito ay natatagpuan sa mga kapatagan at pastulang tropikal, at likas na natatagpuan mula sa India at Sri Lanka pasilangan sa Indonesia at sa Pilipinas. Naiangkat na rin ito sa maraming bahagi ng mundo at at may mga lipong mailap sa Puerto Rico at Hispaniola, at sa mga bahagi ng Australia at Estados Unidos.

Tignan din

• Maya
• Mayang Simbahan (Passer montanus o Eurasian Tree Sparrow)^[3]
• Mayang Bato (Lonchura leucogastra o White-bellied Munia)^[3]
• Mayang Costa (Padda oryzivora)^[4][3]
• Mayang Pula (Lonchura atricapilla)^[5][3]

Mga sanggunian

Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Ibon ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

какачтуу өрмөкчү (Lonchura punctalata) - өрмөкчү чымчыктардын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

• А. А. Алдашев. Биология терминдеринин жана айбанат аттарынын орусча-кыргызча сөздүгү. - Бишкек, 1998. ISBN 9967-11-027-9

कोटेरो मुनियाँ (वैज्ञानिक नाम: Lonchura punctulata)^{[२][३][४][५][६]} नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको चराको नाम हो । यसलाई अङ्ग्रेजीमा स्क्याली-ब्रेस्टेड मुनिया (Scaly-breasted Munia) भनिन्छ ।

तस्विर संग्रह

यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

बाह्य लिङ्कहरू

हिंदी नाव : तेलिया मुनिया, सिनेवाज
ठिपकेदार मुनिया हा भारतात आढळणारा सामान्य पक्षी आहे.

वर्णन

ठिपकेदार मिनिया हा साधारण १० सें. मी. आकारमानाचा, चिमणीसारखा दिसणारा पक्षी आहे. ठिपकेदार मुनियाची मादी आणि वीणीच्या हंगामात नसणारा नर दिसायला सारखे मुख्यत्वे फिकट तपकिरी रंगाचे असतात, वीण काळात वयस्क नर गडद तपकिरी रंगाचा होतो. यावर असलेले काळे-पांढरे ठिपके याची महत्त्वाची ओळख आहे तर थव्याने राहणे हे याचे वैशिष्ट्य आहे. एकाच परिसरात अनेक जोडपी आपली घरटी बांधून राहतात.

आढळस्थान

राजस्थान, पंजाब, हिमालयाचा काही भाग वगळता (हिमाचल प्रदेशात मोठ्या प्रमाणात मुनिया सापडतात) संपूर्ण देशभर दिसून येणारा हा पक्षी असून याच्या आकारावरून आणि रंगावरून याच्या किमान दोन उपजाती आहेत.

खाद्य

ठिपकेदार मुनिया या मुख्यत्वे करून शेतातील दाणे, धान्य, छोटे किडे यावर आपली उपजीविका करतात.

विणीचा हंगाम

जुलै ते ऑक्टोबर हा ठिपकेदार मुनियाच्या विणीचा काळ असून त्यासाठी तो गवतात किंवा झुडपात आपले घरटे बांधतो. मादी एकावेळी शुभ्र पांढऱ्या रंगाची ४ ते ८ अंडी देते. ठिपकेदार मुनिया नर-मादी मिळून अंडी उबविणे, पिलांची देखभाल करणे, पिलांना खाऊ घालणे, घरट्याची साफसफाई करणे आदी सर्व कामे करतात. एखादा धोका जाणवला की वेडा राघू 'टीर! टीर! टीर!' असा किणकिणणारा आवाज काढून जमिनीवरच्या मुनियांना सावध करतो. लगेच सगळे मुनिया जमिनीवरून उडतात आणि 'पटी! पटी!' अशा मंजूळ आवाज करत एखाद्या झुडपात लपून बसतात. म्हणजे आजूबाजूला एखादा रखवाली करणारा वेडा राघू असणे हे मुनियाच्या फायद्याचे असते. कदाचित जमिनीवर चरणाऱ्या मुनियांच्या हालचालीमुळे उडणारे किडे वेड्या राघूला टिपता येत असावेत.

चित्रदालन

• वयस्क ठिपकेदार मुनिया

• अविकसित ठिपकेदार मुनिया

• ठिपकेवाली मुनिया

• 

संदर्भ आणि नोंदी

तेलिया मुनियाँ (अंगरेजी: Scaly-breasted munia, बै॰:Lonchura punctulata) चिरइन के एगो प्रजाति बाटे।

संदर्भ

ফুটুকী টুনি, (ইংৰাজী: Scaly-breasted Munia বা Spotted Munia , বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Lonchura punctulata) এটা ঘনচিৰিকাৰ আকাৰৰ চৰাইৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ ই এছিয়াৰ স্থানীয় চৰাই৷ ইয়াৰ বুকু আৰু পেট অংশত থকা ফুটুকীয়া ৰঙৰ বাবেই ইয়াক ফুটুকী টুনি বুলি কোৱা হয়৷ এই প্ৰজাতিৰ এঘাৰটা উপ-প্ৰজাতি থকা বুলি জনা যায়৷

টেক্স'নমি

ফুটুকী টুনিৰ প্ৰথম বৰ্ণনা ১৭৫৮ চনত প্ৰকাশিত কেৰ'লাছ লিনিয়াছ (Carl Linnaeus)ৰ 'চিষ্টেমা নেচুৰী(Systema Naturae)' নামৰ গ্ৰন্থখনত পোৱা যায়৷ এই গ্ৰন্থখনিত ফুটুকী টুনিৰ বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Loxia punctulata বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হৈছিল৷ ^[2]

বৰ্ত্তমানলৈকে ফুটুকী টুনিৰ মুঠ এঘাৰ (১১) টা উপ-প্ৰজাতি চিনাক্ত কৰা হৈছে-

• L. p. punctulata (Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus, 1758) – উত্তৰ পাকিস্তান ভাৰত, নেপাল তথা শ্ৰীলংকা৷ * L. p. subundulata (Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen, 1874) – ভূটান, বাংলাদেশ, উত্তৰ-পূব ভাৰত তথা পশ্চিম ম্যানমাৰ
• L. p. yunnanensis (Parkes, 1958) – দক্ষিণ চীন আৰু উত্তৰ ম্যানমাৰ
• L. p. topela (Robert Swinhoe, 1863) – দক্ষিণ ম্যানমাৰ, থাইলেণ্ড, দক্ষিণ চীন, টাইৱান, কম্বোডিয়া আৰু ভিয়েটনাম৷
• L. p. cabanisi (Richard Bowdler Sharpe, 1890) – ফিলিপাইনছ, উত্তৰ বৰ্ণিঅ'
• L. p. fretensis (Cecil Boden Kloss, 1931) – চিংগাপুৰ, সুমাত্ৰা
• L. p. nisoria (Coenraad Jacob Temminck, 1830) –দক্ষিণ বৰ্ণিঅ', জাভা
• L. p. particeps (Joseph Harvey Riley, 1920) – Sulawesi
• L. p. baweana (Andries Hoogerwerf, 1963) – Bawean দ্বীপপূঞ্জ, উত্তৰ জাভা
• L. p. sumbae (Ernst Mayr, 1944 ) – Sundas.
• L. p. blasii (Erwin Stresemann, 1912) – Sundas

বিৱৰণ

পোৱালি ফুটুকী টুনিৰ দেহৰ তলৰ অংশ মটিয়া বৰণৰ হয়

ফুটুকী টুনিৰ দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য সাধাৰণতে ১১-১২ ছে:মি: আৰু ওজন ১২-১৬ গ্ৰাম হয়৷ পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক ফুটুকী টুনিৰ ঠোঁটটো চুটি আৰু জোঙা হয়৷ ইয়াৰ দেহৰ ওপৰৰ অংশ মটিয়া আৰু মূৰটো গাঢ় মটীয়া হোৱা দেখা যায়৷ ইয়াৰ বুকু অংশত ডাঠ আঁচেৰে ফুটুকীয়া হয়৷ মতা-মাইকী উভয়ে দেখাত প্ৰায় একে৷ অৱশ্যে মতা ফুটুকী টুনিৰ ডিঙি আৰু বুকু অংশৰ আঁচবোৰ মাইকীজনীতকৈ বেছি ডাঠ ৰঙৰ হয়৷^[3]

পোৱালী ফুটুকী টুনিৰ দেহৰ ওপৰৰ অংশ পাতল মটিয়া ৰঙৰ হয়৷ ইহঁতৰ মূৰ অংশ পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক চৰাইৰ দৰে গাঢ় ৰঙৰ হয়৷^[3][4] অৱশ্যে ঠাইভেদে ইয়াৰ দেহৰ ৰঙ তথা সজ্জাৰো কিছু পৰিৱৰ্ত্তন হোৱা দেখা পোৱা যায়।

বিতৰণ

The Scaly-breasted Munia (subspecies topela^[5]) has established in parts of eastern Australia such as Queensland

ফুটুকী টুনি বহু ধৰণৰ বাসস্থানতে পোৱা যায় যদিও ইয়াক প্ৰধানকৈ জলাশয়ৰ দাঁতিকাষৰীয়া তথা ঘাঁহনি অঞ্চলত অধিক দেখা পোৱা যায়। ভাৰতবৰ্ষত ইয়াক ঘাইকৈ খেতি-পথাৰত ধান খোৱাৰ বাবে অপবাদ দিয়া হয়। এই চৰাইবিধ সমতল ভূমিত অধিক দেখা যায় যদিও হিমালয়ৰ পাদদেশতো ই সমানেই বিস্তৃত৷ এনে অঞ্চলসমূহৰ সাগৰ পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা উচ্চতা প্ৰায় ২,৫০০ মিটাৰ পৰ্যন্ত হ'ব পাৰে।

আচৰণ

ফুটুকি টুনিয়ে শতাধিক চৰাইৰ বৃহৎ জাকত বাস কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ মাতটো চুটি হুইছেলৰ দৰে,কিটি-কিটি-কিটি যেন শুনা যায়। অৱশ্যে ইহঁতে বিপদৰ সংকেত (alarm) দিবৰ সময়ত কিচিৰ মিচিৰ কৈ তীক্ষ্ন মাত এটা উলিয়ায়।^[4][6]

খাদ্য

A foraging group

ফুটুকি টুনিয়ে সাধাৰণতে গুটি খায়৷ অৱশ্যে গুটিৰ উপৰিও ই সৰু বেৰীজাতীয় ফল যেনে Lantana ^[7] আদিও খোৱা দেখা যায়।

প্ৰজনন

ফুটুকি টুনিয়ে গ্ৰীষ্মকালত প্ৰজনন কৰে৷ ইয়াৰ প্ৰজননকাল বাৰিষাকালত অৰ্থাৎ জুনৰ পৰা আগষ্টৰ ভিতৰত আৰম্ভ হয়৷ অৱশ্যে ঠাইভেদে ইয়াৰ পৰিৱৰ্ত্তন হোৱাও দেখা যায়৷ ইয়াৰ বাহটো ঘাঁ-পাতেৰে বনোৱা আৰু ঘুৰণীয়া আকাৰৰ হয়৷ ইহঁতে সাধাৰণতে গছ বা ঘৰৰ মুধচৰ সুৰুঙাত বাঁহ সাজে।^[8]

ফুটুকি টুনিয়ে সাধাৰণতে ৪-৬ টাকৈ কণী পাৰে৷ বাহ সজা আৰু উমনি দিয়া আদি কামত মতা-মাইকী দুয়ো অংশ লয়৷ কণী পৰাৰ ১০-১৬ দিনৰ উমনিৰ পিছত পোৱালী জগে।^[9][10] তিনি সপ্তাহমানৰ ভিতৰত পোৱালীৰ পাখি গজে৷ ইহঁতে জন্মৰ সাতমাহৰ পিছতে পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক অৱস্থা পায়।^[11][12]

Lonchura punctulata

তথ্য সংগ্ৰহ

ਤੇਲੀ ਮੁਨੀਆ,ਚਪੜਚਿੜੀ, ਮੁਹਾਲੀ

ਉੱਤੇਲੀ ਮੁਨੀਆ'(scaly-breasted munia) ਏਸ਼ੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਇਆ ਜਾਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਇੱਕ ਚਿੜੀ ਨੁਮਾ ਪੰਛੀ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੀ ਕਾਫੀ ਮਿਲਦਾ ਹੈ। ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਭਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਸ ਦੀਆਂ 11 ਉਪ ਜਾਤੀਆਂ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਰੰਗ ਅਤੇ ਆਕਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਦੂਜੇ ਤੋਂ ਕੁਝ ਭਿੰਨ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ। ਵਿਸ਼ਵ ਭਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਹ ਪ੍ਰਜਾਤੀ ਅਜੇ ਖਤਰੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਹਰ ਹੈ।

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Lonchura punctulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.

Lonchura punctulata

புள்ளிச் சில்லை என்பது சில்லை எனப்படும் திணைக்குருவி வகையைச் சேர்ந்த சிட்டுக்குருவி அளவிலான ஒரு பறவை. இது ஆசியாவைத் தாயகமாகக் கொண்டது. இது 1758-இல் லின்னேயசால் அறிவியல் முறைப்படி பெயரிடப்பட்டது.

இதன் மேற்புறம் பழுப்பாகவும் மார்பு, வயிற்றுப்புறம் செதில் போல் புள்ளிகளுடன் இருப்பதால் புள்ளிச் சில்லை எனப்படுகிறது. இதன் அலகு பெரிதாக கூம்பு வடிவத்தில் இருக்கும். இது புற்களின் கிழங்கினை உணவாகக் கொள்ளும். மேலும் சிறு பூச்சிகளையும் பழங்களையும் உண்ணும். இவை கூட்டமாக வாழும் தன்மையுடையன.

மேலும் இப்பறவைகள் இவற்றின் அழகிய தோற்றத்தின் காரணமாக செல்லப் பறவைகளாகவும் வளர்க்கப்படுகின்றன.

மேற்கோள்கள்

1. ↑ "Lonchura punctulata". பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கத்தின் செம்பட்டியல் பதிப்பு 2012.1. பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் (2012). பார்த்த நாள் 16 July 2012.

ပုံများ

• in Hyderabad, India.

• feeding in Hyderabad, India.

• In Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• In Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• In Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• Immature in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• in Delhi, India.

• Immature Feeding in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

• Immature in Hyderabad, India.

• Immature in Hyderabad, India.

• Immature in Hyderabad, India.

• Immature feeding on Pennisetum pedicellatum in Hyderabad, India.

• 
• Feeding Munias

• 

ကိုးကား

Vû-choi-pit (烏嘴筆) he yit chúng tiâu.

1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). Lonchura punctulata.

The scaly-breasted munia or spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata), known in the pet trade as nutmeg mannikin or spice finch, is a sparrow-sized estrildid finch native to tropical Asia. A species of the genus Lonchura, it was formally described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Its name is based on the distinct scale-like feather markings on the breast and belly. The adult is brown above and has a dark conical bill. The species has 11 subspecies across its range, which differ slightly in size and color.

This munia eats mainly grass seeds apart from berries and small insects. They forage in flocks and communicate with soft calls and whistles. The species is highly social and may sometimes roost with other species of munias. This species is found in tropical plains and grasslands. Breeding pairs construct dome-shaped nests using grass or bamboo leaves.

The species is endemic to Asia and occurs from India and Sri Lanka east to Indonesia and the Philippines (where it is called mayang pakíng). It has been introduced into many other parts of the world, and feral populations have established in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, as well as parts of Australia, and the United States of America, with sightings in California. The bird is listed as of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Taxonomy

In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the scaly-breasted munia in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "Gowry Bird". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen at the London home of Charles du Bois, treasurer to the East India Company.^[2] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the scaly-breasted munia with the crossbills in the genus Loxia. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia punctulata and cited Edwards' work.^[3] Linnaeus specified the locality as "Asia" but this was restricted to Kolkata (Calcutta) by E. C. Stuart Baker in 1926.^[4][5] The species is now placed in the genus Lonchura that was introduced by the English naturalist William Henry Sykes in 1832.^[6][7] The genus name Lonchura combines the Ancient Greek lonkhē meaning "spear-head" or "lance" with oura meaning "tail". The specific epithet is from Modern Latin punctulatus meaning "spotted" or "dotted".^[8]

Over its large range there are 11 recognised subspecies. These include the nominate form found in the plains of the Indian Subcontinent, including Pakistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. The name lineoventer was formerly used for the Indian population. Other populations include subundulata from the eastern Himalayas, yunnanensis of southern China, topela of Thailand, cabanisi of the Philippines and fretensis of Singapore and Sumatra. Island populations include nisoria (Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa), particeps (Sulawesi), baweana (Bawean Island), sumbae (Sumba) and blasii (Flores, Timor and Tanimbar).^[7]

• L. p. punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) – northern Pakistan, India (except northeast), Nepal terai and Sri Lanka
• L. p. subundulata (Godwin-Austen, 1874) – Bhutan, Bangladesh, northeast India (Assam) and west Myanmar
• L. p. yunnanensis Parkes, 1958 – southern China (southeast Xizang, south Sichuan, Yunnan) and north Myanmar
• L. p. topela (R. Swinhoe, 1863) – southern Myanmar, Thailand, southeast China (Taiwan), Hainan Islands, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam
• L. p. cabanisi (Sharpe, 1890) – north and west Philippines (Luzon, Mindoro, Calauit, Palawan, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao) and northern Borneo (coastal west Sabah and Brunei)
• L. p. fretensis (Kloss, 1931) – south Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Sumatra and Nias Islands
• L. p. nisoria (Temminck, 1830) – southern Borneo (western & southern Kalimantan), Java, Bali, and western Lesser Sundas (Lombok, Sumbawa)
• L. p. sumbae Mayr, 1944 – Sumba, in western Lesser Sundas
• L. p. blasii (Stresemann, 1912) – central & eastern Lesser Sundas (Flores east to Timor and Tanimbar Islands)
• L. p. baweana Hoogerwerf, 1963 – Bawean Islands, off northeast Java
• L. p. particeps (Riley, 1920) – Sulawesi

The subspecies holmesi (southeast Borneo) is sometimes recognised.^[9]

Evolution

Along with other Estrildines, these species are thought to have originated in Asia.^[10]

Description

juvenile L. p. punctulata, Sri Lanka

The scaly-breasted munia is about 11–12 centimetres (4.3–4.7 in) long and weighs 12–16 grams (0.026–0.035 lb). The adult has a stubby dark bill typical of grain eating birds, brown upperparts and a dark brown head. The underparts are white with dark scale markings. The sexes are similar, although males have darker markings on the underside and a darker throat than females.^[11]

Immature birds have pale brown upperparts, lack the dark head found in adults, and have uniform buff underparts that can be confused with juveniles of other munia species such as the tricolored munia (Lonchura malacca) across the Asian and island populations and the black-throated munia (Lonchura kelaarti) in parts of India or Sri Lanka.^[11][12]

Distribution and habitat

The scaly-breasted munia (subspecies topela^[13]) has established in parts of eastern Australia such as Queensland

Scaly-breasted munias are found in a range of habitats but are usually close to water and grassland. In India, they are especially common in paddy fields where they are considered a minor pest on account of their feeding on grain. They are found mainly on the plains, but can be observed in the foothills of the Himalayas, in which they may be present at altitudes near 2,500 m (1.6 mi), and in the Nilgiris, where they are found at altitudes up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) during the summer. In Pakistan, they are restricted to a narrow region from Swat in the west to Lahore, avoiding the desert zone, and then occurring again in India east of an area between Ludhiana and Mount Abu.^[14] The species has also been observed in Kashmir, though this is rare.^[15][16]

Outside their native range, escaped birds frequently establish themselves in areas with a suitable climate and can then colonize new areas nearby. Escaped cage-birds established in the wild and such populations have been recorded in the West Indies (Puerto Rico since 1971),^[17] Hawaii (since 1883^[18]),^[19] Australia,^[10] Japan^[20] and southern United States, mainly in Florida and California.^[21][22] In Oahu, Hawaii, they compete for habitats with the tricolored munia and tend to be rare where this competitor is present.^[19] The species has been introduced to other parts of the world due to its popularity as a cage bird and populations have established in the wild.^[23][24]

Behaviour and ecology

Sociality

Scaly-breasted munias form flocks of as many as 100 birds. Individuals communicate with calls that include a short whistle, variations of kitty-kitty-kitty, and a sharp chipping alarm note.^[12][24] They sometimes flick their tails and wings vertically or horizontally while hopping about. The tail flicking motion may have evolved from a locomotory intention movement. The exaggerated version of the tail flicking movement may have undergone ritualization. As a social signal, tail flicking in several other species acts as a signal indicating the intent to fly and helps keep flocks together.^[24][25]

When roosting communally, scaly-breasted munia sit side by side in close contact with each other. The outermost bird often jostles towards the center. Birds in a flock sometimes preen each other, with the soliciting bird usually showing its chin. Allopreening is usually limited to the face and neck.^[24] The scaly-breasted munia is rarely hostile but birds will sometimes quarrel without any ritualized posturing.^[24]

Breeding

Egg of scaly-breasted munia

The breeding season is during the summer rainy season (mainly June to August and also in October season in India) but can vary. Laboratory studies have found that long day illumination and high humidity trigger gonadal growth.^[26] The song of the male is very soft but complex and variable, audible only at close range. This song described as a jingle consists of a series of high notes followed by a croaky rattle and ending in a slurred whistle. When singing the male sits in what is called the slope posture—erect with the head feathers raised.^[24]

There are two types of slope posture, a pre-copulatory one and an ordinary one. The pre-copulatory behavior of scaly-breasted munia includes a sequence of actions. The first involves either the male or female playing with nest-material. As soon as a bird has arranged the nest material in its bill, it begins to fly around in a zigzag path. Once a bird lands close to its partner, the male bends towards the female and wipes its bill. The male then sings with movements of the body. The female invites mounting with tail quivering.^[12][24] The nest is a large domed structure loosely woven from blades of grass, bamboo or other leaves with a side entrance and is placed in a tree or under the eaves of a house. A study in southern India found the preferred nesting trees to be Toddalia asiatica, Gymnosporia montana and Acacia chundra, especially short and bushy ones in areas with low canopy cover. The nest opening is located to face downwind of the most frequent wind direction.^[27] In northern India, they preferred isolated Acacia nilotica in non-urban areas but used Thuja orientalis and Polyalthia longifolia in urban gardens.^[28]

Scaly-breasted munia clutches usually contain 4 to 6 eggs, but can contain up to 10. Both sexes build the nest and incubate the eggs, which hatch in 10 to 16 days.^[15][29]

Food and foraging

Adult feeding young

The scaly-breasted munia feeds mainly on grass seeds, small berries such as those of Lantana and insects.^[30] Although the bill is suited for crushing small grains, they do not show lateral movements of the lower mandible which help European greenfinches in dehusking seeds.^[31] Like some other munias, they may also feed on algae, a rich protein source, prior to the breeding season.^[32]

The ease of maintaining these birds in captivity has made them popular for studying behavior and physiology. Feeding behavior can be predicted by the optimal foraging theory, where animals minimize time and energy spent to maximize food intake. This theory has been tested by studying the strategies used by scaly-breasted munias to increase their feeding efficacy.^[33]

Flock size tradeoffs

Studies on foraging have examined the effect of group size in reducing time spent on predator vigilance, thereby increasing feeding efficiency. According to the "many-eyes" hypothesis,^[34] a reduction in the individual time spent on vigilance against threats in larger groups allows for more time to be spent on searching for food and feeding. Vigilance is greatest among solitary individuals and reduces as the group size increases to about four. The birds collect seeds more quickly in larger groups, reflecting a decrease in individual vigilance, a decrease in handling time, and an increase in both search speed and focus when foraging.^[35]

A foraging group

Individuals may also take advantage of group foraging by "joining" members that have found food. The options to seek food or to join others that have discovered food involves information sharing and has been studied through what are termed "producer-scrounger models".^[36] A cost associated with group foraging is increased resource competition, which in turn may reduce anti-predatory vigilance due to the intensity of foraging.^[37] Some studies show that increased competition results in a decreased feeding rate.^[38]

Foraging models

When foraging, scaly-breasted munia can search as individuals or search for others that have found food and join them. The economic consequences of the decision to join others has been modeled in two ways: the producer-scrounger model and the information sharing model. These models are based on hypotheses that differ in the degree of compatibility that is assumed between the two food and joining opportunity search modes.^[39]

The information sharing model assumes that individuals search concurrently for finding and joining opportunities while the producer-scrounger model assumes that the search modes are mutually exclusive.^[39] Hopping with the head facing up and downward are observed to be statistically associated with the frequencies of a bird's joining and finding, respectively. When the expected stable frequency of the scrounger tactic was altered by changing the availability of seeds, the relative frequency of hopping with the head up changed accordingly. When the seed distribution made the scrounger tactic unprofitable, the frequency of hopping with the head up diminished and appears to support the predictions of the producer-scrounger model.^[40]

Studies show that scaly-breasted munias tend to adopt the scrounger tactic when food is more clumped and when the group size increases. When most foragers adopt scrounging, the time taken to discover new food patches is greater.^[41]

Vigilance

Most social foragers must search for food while also avoiding predators. It has been suggested that individuals that play scrounger could also, by virtue of their head position, be alert for predators and hence contribute to antipredatory vigilance. If the scrounger tactic is compatible with antipredatory vigilance, then an increase in antipredatory vigilance should lead to the detection of more joining opportunities, and hence more joining. When stationary, the head-up tactic has been shown to be associated with antipredatory vigilance. However scanning while hopping does not aid in vigilance and it is thought that the scrounger tactic is incompatible with antipredatory vigilance in the scaly-breasted munia.^[42]

Specialized foraging

Scaly-breasted munias have variable competitive behaviors that allow them to exploit scarce resources. There are two foraging alternatives: producers that make the food available and scroungers that steal food found by the producers. Studies show that these choices lead to a stable equilibrium within a group. When individuals are free to choose between producer and scrounger, frequency dependent selection results in a stable mixture of both behaviors where each receives similar payoff. Studies indicate that if most of the population consists of producers, then scrounging behavior is favored by natural selection because there is plenty of food to steal. On the other hand, if most birds exhibit scrounging then the competition for stealing is so great that producing is favored.^[43][44]

A pair feeding on grains

Three hypotheses might account for consistent foraging specializations across individuals: food source variation, phenotypic differences, and frequency dependent-choice. The food source variation hypothesis predicts that individuals will specialize when the use of two skills is more costly than specialist foraging. The phenotypic differences hypothesis proposes that individuals differ in their ability to use each foraging skill and stably specialize on the most profitable one. The pattern of specialization is expected to be stable although the number of individuals that use a given skill depends on the phenotypic composition of the flock. The frequency dependent choice hypothesis also proposes that individuals specialize on the most profitable skill, but the profitability of each alternative decreases as the number of phenotypically identical foragers gradually specialize on each skill when initially given two equally profitable alternatives. At equilibrium, individual payoffs should be independent of the pattern of specialization. Individuals in flocks adjusted their use of the two skills and two birds in each flock specialized on a different skill resulting in a variant of both the food source variation hypothesis and frequency dependent choice hypothesis.^[45]

Aviary experiments conducted with captive flocks of scaly-breasted munia have tested whether producers and scroungers reach the predicted stable equilibrium frequency (see Evolutionarily stable strategy) when individuals are free to choose either behavior. The numbers choosing either producers and scrounger strategies have been shown to converge on stable frequencies while demonstrating that variation in tactics arise through frequency dependent pay-offs from the choice of different feeding strategies.^[46]

Furthermore, foraging birds may feed actively on the substrate or pick grains dropped on the ground and these strategies may be chosen according to the situation. Early departures occur more often when expected searching time decreases and when competition intensity increases. Competition intensity is expected to increase when more scroungers are present or when patches are smaller.^[47]

Prey crypsis

Since producers search for food and scroungers wait for opportunities to join, prey crypsis imposes a producer specific cost that shifts the producer scrounger equilibria towards more scrounging. Prey crypsis resulted in increased latency to eat the seed and increased number of detection errors.^[48] Moreover, the presence of a competitor negatively affected foraging efficiency under cryptic backgrounds. The foraging efficiency of individuals that had previously foraged with a competitor on cryptic seeds remained low even after the competitor had been removed. Thus, the costs of foraging on cryptic prey may be greater for social foragers than for solitary foragers.^[49]

Resource defence

Recent models of economic defence in a group-foraging context predict that the frequency of aggressive interactions should decline as resource density increases.^[50][51][52] Studies with scaly-breasted munia show that the intensity of aggressive encounters was highest when patch location was signaled, and the effect of changing resource density depended on whether patch location was signaled or not. Signaling patch location was equivalent to making the resources more spatially predictable. Changing patch density had no effect on the number of aggressive encounters when the location of food was not signaled. When food location was signaled, increasing patch density resulted in the predicted decrease in the number of aggressive encounters.^[53]

Conservation

The scaly-breasted munia is an abundant species and classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List.^[1] The species occupies an extremely large range, and its population, while still unquantified, is large and stable. The scaly-breasted munia is not globally threatened and is common to very common throughout most of its range. However, some populations are dwindled due to the increase of bird cagings.^[54]

In many areas it is regarded as an agricultural pest, feeding in large flocks on cultivated cereals such as rice.^[55] In Southeast Asia, the scaly-breasted munia is trapped in large numbers for Buddhist ceremonies, but most birds are later released.^[56]

References

El capuchino punteado o pinzón canela (Lonchura punctulata)^[2]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Estrildidae nativa la región indomalaya. Se encuentra en el subcontinente indio y el sudeste asiático, llegando hasta el archipiélago malayo. La especie ha sido introducida en el Caribe, Australia oriental y las islas de Reunión y Mauricio.^[3]​

Hábitat

El capuchino punteado es un pájaro gregario que se alimenta principalmente de semillas. Frecuenta áreas boscosas abiertas y cultivos. Construye el nido sobre los árboles o en los aleros de las casas, en forma de una estructura cupular grande de hierba y deposita en ellos de 4 a 10 huevos blancos.

Descripción

Mide entre 11 y 12 cm de largo. El adulto tiene el pico oscuro, grueso y corto. Las partes superiores del cuerpo son color castaño, y la cabeza castaño oscuro. Las partes inferiores del cuerpo son blancas con marcas negras a modo de escamas.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Grimmett, Inskipp & Inskipp.() Birds of India ISBN 0-691-04910-6 (inglés).
• BirdLife Species Factsheet [1] (inglés).
• Centro Nacional de Biodiversidad - Cuba. (2007). Diversidad biológica cubana. Aves. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente, Agencia de Medio Ambiente. 12 pp. [2]. Consultada el 16/7/2007

Lonchura punctulata

Lonchura punctulata Lonchura generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Estrildidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Lonchura
• Estrildidae

Suomumanikki (Lonchura punctulata)^[2] on loistopeippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Levinneisyys

Suomumanikkia tavataan luonnonvaraisena laajalla alueella Aasian etelä- ja kaakkoisosissa. Sen kannankehitys on vakaa, ja se on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.^[1]

Lähteet

Lonchura punctulata

Le Capucin damier ou Damier commun (Lonchura punctulata) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Estrildidae.

Morphologie

Le capucin damier est un petit passereau qui mesure jusqu'à 12 cm de long^[1].

Il est marron avec un ventre aux plumes noires et blanches qui font penser à des écailles.

Mâle et femelle ont la même apparence.

Comportement

C'est, comme tous les estrildidés, un granivore très grégaire.

Reproduction

Œufs de Lonchura punctulata Muséum de Toulouse

Répartition et habitat

Cet oiseau est répandu dans tout le sud asiatique, le sud-est asiatique et le sud de la Chine.

Aire de répartition du capucin damier

Il a été introduit en Australie, en Guadeloupe^[2], à Maurice, à La Réunion, aux Seychelles et à Hawaï.

Il vit dans les habitats ouverts, les prairies, les zones arbustives.

Systématique

L'espèce a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758, sous le nom iniitla de Loxia punctulata^[3].

Synonyme

• Loxia punctulata Linné, 1758 protonyme

Taxinomie

Sous-espèces

Cet oiseau est représenté par douze sous-espèces peu différentes entre elles si ce n'est par l'intensité des couleurs et quelques variations dans le dessin du plumage.

Galerie de photographies

• Jeune, Inde

• Adulte nourrissant des jeunes

• Adulte, Inde

• Adultes en groupe, Java, Indonésie

• Couple

Notes et références

Bondol peking atau pipit peking (Lonchura punctulata) adalah sejenis burung kecil pemakan padi dan biji-bijian. Nama punctulata berarti berbintik-bintik, menunjuk kepada warna bulu-bulu di dadanya.

Orang Jawa menyebutnya emprit peking, prit peking; orang Sunda menamainya piit peking atau manuk peking, meniru bunyi suaranya. Di Malaysia burung ini disebut pipit pinang, dan dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai Scaly-breasted Munia --lagi-lagi terkait dengan bintik di dadanya yang mirip gambaran sisik.

Pemerian

Burung dewasa, Bogor.

Burung yang berukuran kecil, dari paruh hingga ujung ekor sekitar 11 cm. Burung dewasa berwarna cokelat di leher dan sisi atas tubuhnya, dengan coretan-coretan agak samar berwarna muda dan tangkai bulu putih. Tenggorokan cokelat kemerahan. Sisi bawah putih, dengan lukisan serupa sisik berwarna coklat pada dada dan sisi tubuh.^[2] Perut bagian bawah sampai pantat putih. Burung muda dengan dada dan perut kuning tua sampai agak coklat kotor, tanpa sisik^[3]. Jantan tidak berbeda dengan betina dalam penampakannya.

Iris mata coklat gelap; paruh khas pipit berwarna abu-abu kebiruan; kaki hitam keabu-abuan.^[2]

Tempat hidup dan kebiasaan

Burung yang muda, Bogor.

Bondol peking sering ditemui di lingkungan perdesaan dan kota, terutama di dekat persawahan atau tegalan. Makanan utama burung ini adalah aneka biji rumput-rumputan termasuk padi^[3]. Oleh sebab itu bondol peking kerap mengunjungi sawah, padang rumput, lapangan terbuka bervegetasi dan kebun.

Hidup berpasangan atau dalam kelompok kecil, bondol peking sering teramati bergerombol memakan bulir biji-bijian di semak rerumputan atau bahkan turun ke atas tanah. Kelompok ini umumnya lincah dan bergerak bersama-sama, sambil terus berbunyi-bunyi saling memanggil.

Bunyi dua suku, ki-dii, ki-dii..; panggilan ki-ii.. atau ckii, ckii..; dan suara tanda bahaya tret.. tret.. .^[3]

Burung ini tidak segan untuk bercampur dengan jenis bondol lainnya^[2], seperti dengan bondol jawa (L. leucogastroides) atau yang lain. Kelompok bondol ini pada awalnya mungkin hanya terdiri dari beberapa ekor saja, akan tetapi di musim panen padi dapat membesar hingga mencapai ratusan ekor. Terlihat menyolok di sore hari pada saat terbang dan hinggap bersama-sama di pohon-pohon tempat tidurnya. Kelompok yang besar semacam ini dapat menimbulkan kerugian yang besar kepada para petani.

Bondol peking kerap menghuni kebun, pekarangan dan tepi jalan. Seperti tecermin dari namanya di Malaysia, bondol ini sering memilih pohon pinang atau palma lainnya, pohon atau semak yang tinggi, untuk tempatnya bersarang. Sarang berbentuk bola atau botol dibangun dari rerumputan, diletakkan tersembunyi di antara daun-daun dan ranting^[3]. Telurnya berwarna putih, 4-6(-10) butir, masing-masing berukuran sekitar 15 x 11 mm. Berbiak di sepanjang tahun.^[4]

Bondol ini hidup mulai dari ketinggian dekat muka laut hingga sekitar 1.800 m dpl.^[2], bahkan hingga 2.200 m di Lombok dan 2.300 m di Timor^[5].

Subspesies dan penyebaran

Bondol peking tersebar di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara dengan 12 subspesies sebagai berikut^[6]:

1. L. p. punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758), tersebar dari Nepal hingga Sikkim, India dan Sri Lanka
2. L. p. subundulata (Godwin-Austen, 1874), tersebar di timur laut India (Assam) hingga Bhutan dan bagian barat Myanmar
3. L. p. yunnanensis (Parkes, 1958), tersebar di timur laut Myanmar dan barat daya China
4. L. p. topela (Swinhoe, 1863), tersebar di selatan China hingga utara Thailand, Indochina, Hainan, dan Taiwan
5. L. p. cabanisi (Sharpe, 1890), tersebar di Filipina (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Cebu, Calauit dan Palawan)
6. L. p. fretensis (Kloss, 1931), tersebar di selatan Thailand dan Semenanjung Malaysia hingga Sumatra dan pulau-pulau di sekitarnya
7. L. p. nisoria (Temminck, 1830), tersebar di Jawa, Bali, Lombok, dan Sumbawa
8. L. p. baweana (Hoogerwerf, 1963), endemik di Pulau Bawean (Laut Jawa)
9. L. p. holmesi (Restall, 1992), endemik di bagian tenggara Borneo (Kalimantan)
10. L. p. sumbae (Mayr, 1944), endemik di Pulau Sumba
11. L. p. blasii (Stresemann, 1912), tersebar di Flores, Timor, Kepulauan Tanimbar, dan pulau-pulau kecil di Nusa Tenggara
12. L. p. particeps (Riley, 1920), endemik di Pulau Sulawesi

Galeri

• Bentuk dan ukuran telur
• L. p. nisoria di Bogor, Jawa Barat

• L. p. particeps di Manado, Sulawesi Utara

• L. p. fretensis di Pulau Ubin, Singapura

• Individu remaja L. p. punctulata di Hyderabad, India

• Mencari makanan dalam kelompok. Bogor.

Referensi

Pranala luar

• (Inggris) Lonchura punctulata pada IUCN Red List Database, diakses pada 29/11/2007
• (Inggris) BirdLife Species Factsheet
• (Prancis) Damier commun (Lonchura punctulata) Faune de La Réunion

Il domino (Lonchura punctulata Linneo, 1758) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia degli Estrildidi^[2].

Tassonomia

Domino della sottospecie fretensis.

Due domino della sottospecie nisoria.

Il domino venne descritto scientificamente per la prima volta da Linneo nella decima edizione del suo Systema Naturae, dove venne classificata come Loxia punctulata, sottintendendone una parentela col crociere nostrano^[3]. Fu nel 1823 che questo uccello venne ascritto al genere Lonchura da Sykes, col nome di Lonchura punctulata che conserva ancora oggi ad eccezione di una parentesi durante la quale il domino è stato ascritto al genere Uroloncha, attualmente decaduto, assieme ad altre munie con particolari caratteristiche anatomiche (differenza fra la lunghezza dell'ala e della coda in centimetri minore rispetto alla lunghezza del tarso).

Se ne riconoscono dodici sottospecie^[2]:

• Lonchura punctulata punctulata, la sottospecie nominale, diffusa dal Pakistan settentrionale allo Sri Lanka;
• Lonchura punctulata baweana Hoogerwerf, 1963, endemica dell'isola di Bawean, a nord di Madura;
• Lonchura punctulata blasii Stresemann, 1912, diffusa nella porzione orientale delle piccole Isole della Sonda, da Flores alle isole Tanimbar;
• Lonchura punctulata cabanisi Sharpe, 1890, diffusa nelle Filippine e nella porzione nord-orientale del Borneo;
• Lonchura punctulata fretensis Kloss, 1931, diffusa nella penisola malese, oltre che su Singapore, Sumatra e Nias;
• Lonchura punctulata holmesi Restall, 1992, diffusa in Borneo meridionale;
• Lonchura punctulata nisoria Temminck, 1830, diffusa in Borneo centro-meridionale oltre che su Giava, Bali, Lombok e Sumbawa;
• Lonchura punctulata particeps Riley, 1920, endemica di Celebes;
• Lonchura punctulata subundulata Godwin-Austen, 1874, diffusa dal Bhutan alla Birmania nord-occidentale;
• Lonchura punctulata sumbae Mayr, 1944, endemica dell'isola di Sumba;
• Lonchura punctulata topela Swinhoe, 1863, diffusa dalla Birmania all'Indocina ed a nord fino alla Cina meridionale (isola di Hainan inclusa) ed a Taiwan, caratterizzata dalla presenza di sottili striature biancastre sulla testa e da disegno ventrale meno nitido e di colore bruno-rossiccio;
• Lonchura punctulata yunnanensis Parkes, 1958, diffusa in Cina centro-meridionale (province di Xizang, Yunnan e Sichuan) e Birmania settentrionale;

Il nome scientifico della specie deriva dal latino punctulatūs, "munito/ricoperto di piccoli punti", in riferimento alla caratteristica livrea ventrale di questi uccelli.

Distribuzione ed habitat

Un dominio della sottospecie topela nel Queensland centrale, dove la specie è stata introdotta.

Il domino è diffuso in un areale molto ampio che va dal Pakistan settentrionale (dove la specie occupa una ristretta area che va dallo Swat a Lahore, evitando le aree desertiche e semidesertiche^[4]) ed al Kashmir^[5][6] a nord ovest attraverso tutto il subcontinente indiano ed il Sud-est Asiatico fino a Taiwan ad est e a sud fino alle piccole Isole della Sonda meridionali.

Un domino a Kauai, nelle Hawaii: questo uccello è stato introdotto in numerose località, dove si è naturalizzato.

Grazie alla sua adattabilità, questo uccello si è inoltre diffuso in numerose aree a partire da popolazioni di uccelli deliberatamente rilasciati o sfuggiti alla cattività, tanto che si contano popolazioni naturalizzate di domino a Porto Rico (dove la specie è stata introdotta nel 1971^[7]), negli Stati Uniti meridionali (soprattutto in Florida^[8]), in California^[9], Hawaii (dove la specie è presente fin dal 1883, pur essendo piuttosto rara in particolare su Oahu a causa della competizione interspecifica col congenere cappuccino tricolore^[10][11], Giappone^[12] ed Australia orientale^[13].

Questo uccello occupa un'ampia gamma di habitat, tendendo a prediligere le aree di boscaglia con presenza di ampie distese erbose o cespugliose e di fonti d'acqua dolce permanenti, ed evitando in genere quando possibile le aree desertiche e semidesertiche. Questa specie inoltre si è molto ben adattata alla convivenza con l'uomo, colonizzando piantagioni e risaie e spingendosi anche nelle periferie dei centri abitati, nei giardini e nei cortili.
Pur prediligendo le aree pianeggianti o pedemontane, il domino è stato osservato durante il periodo caldo fino a 2500 m d'altezza sull'Himalaya e fino ad oltre 2100 metri d'altezza nei Nilgiri.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Un domino della sottospecie fretensis mette in mostra la caratteristica colorazione a scaglie del ventre.

Misura circa 11–12 cm di lunghezza, compresa la coda (che può costituire fino ad un terzo della lunghezza totale), per un peso di 12-16 grammi.

Aspetto

Un domino visto di spalle.

L'aspetto di questo uccello nella sua forma adulta è inconfondibile rispetto a tutte le altre munie, non tanto per la conformazione che è quella tipica del genere, con aspetto massiccio, coda piuttosto lunga e becco estremamente forte e tozzo di forma conica, quanto per la colorazione. Il domino presenta infatti testa e dorso di colore bruno, con tendenza a scurirsi su ali e coda fino a divenire bruno scuro. Su petto, fianchi e ventre, invece, il piumaggio è bianco, con le singole penne orlate di nero a formare un caratteristico aspetto a scaglie o a tessere del domino, al quale la specie deve il proprio nome comune, e che a seconda della sottospecie può estendersi fino al sottocoda o riguardare unicamente il petto e i fianchi, col ventre che rimane di colore bianco: in alcune sottospecie, inoltre, è osservabile una mascherina di colore bruno più caldo che ricopre la faccia e la gola. Il becco è sempre di colore nerastro, gli occhi sono bruni con cerchio perioculare glabro e grigio-carnicino, e dello stesso colore sono anche le zampe.
È presente un lieve dimorfismo sessuale per quanto concerne la livrea: i maschi, a parità d'età, presentano infatti il nero delle penne ventrali più marcato rispetto alle femmine, così come la colorazione bruna della gola appare più scura^[14].

Biologia

Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini diurne e sedentarie, che si riuniscono in stormi che possono arrivare a contare le 100 unità. Nell'ambito del gruppo, i vari componenti si tengono in contatto fra loro attraverso richiami bitonali ripetuti piuttosto spesso, e segnalando eventuali pericoli con un suono acuto e cinguettante^[15][16]. Il domino tende a muovere la coda in caratteristici scatti verticali durante i propri movimenti, caratteristica questa di molti passeriformi ma che in questa specie sembra essere incorsa in un certo grado di ritualizzazione, indicando l'intento di spostarsi e quindi contribuendo a coordinare i movimenti dell'intero gruppo ed a compattarne gli appartenenti^[17].

Alimentazione

Gruppo di domino che si nutre di semi immaturi da una spiga.

Si tratta di uccelli principalmente granivori, che si nutrono in pratica di qualsiasi seme siano in grado di rompere col forte becco, prediligendo i semi ancora immaturi di riso e graminacee. Integrano la propria dieta anche con altro materiale di origine vegetale, come bacche (in particolare le bacche di Lantana^[18]), alghe (soprattutto in prossimità del periodo riproduttivo, quando aumenta il fabbisogno energetico^[19][20]) e piccoli insetti, questi ultimi catturati principalmente durante il periodo riproduttivo.

Gruppo di domino che si nutrono da una mangiatoia in Queensland.

Grazie alla facilità di allevamento e alla varietà comportamentale mostrata, il domino si è rivelato un ottimo organismo modello per osservazioni di tipo fisiologico e comportamentale. Da questo è emerso che questi uccelli seguono gli schemi della teoria del foraggiamento ottimale, tendendo alla minimizzazione dell'energia impiegata alla ricerca del cibo ed all'aumento dell'energia ricavabile da esso^[21]: inoltre la dimensione dello stormo risulta inversamente proporzionale al tempo impiegato per la vigilanza dei dintorni durante la ricerca di cibo, sicché individui isolati tendono a passare molto tempo in allerta mentre si nutrono, riducendo così la quantità di cibo consumato, mentre in gruppi superiori ai 4 individui il cibo consumato nello stesso tempo è maggiore, a testimonianza di una minore attenzione nei confronti dell'ambiente circostante dovuta alla presenza di numerosi occhi vigili^[22][23]. I singoli individui, inoltre, in uno stormo ampio possono avvantaggiarsi della scoperta di nuove fonti di cibo da parte di altri esemplari, sebbene non sia ancora chiaro se l'esemplare che scopre la risorsa lo faccia esclusivamente per sé stesso ("strategia dello scroccone") oppure per il bene dell'intero stormo (strategia della condivisione delle informazioni)^[24]: in ambedue i casi il costo da pagare per la spartizione delle fonti di cibo è l'aumento della competizione intraspecifica^[25][26], che a sua volta può ripercuotersi in negativo sulla quantità di cibo consumato, ad esempio attraverso l'aumento della latenza di assunzione del cibo o l'aumento del numero di errori durante il raggiungimento delle fonti di cibo^[27][28][29].

Coppia di domino si nutre da una pianta.

È stato osservato che l'animale che intende "scroccare" le risorse trovate dai conspecifici tende a muoversi tenendo la testa alta, mentre viceversa l'animale che ricerca il cibo per l'intero gruppo si muove tenendo la testa verso il basso^[30]: la frequenza del primo comportamento appare maggiore quando le risorse sono concentrate in pochi siti, e pare inoltre mostrare proporzionalità diretta con le dimensioni dello stormo d'appartenenza^[31]. La posizione innalzata della testa, tipica di un comportamento "egoista", appare però per contro maggiormente efficace nell'osservazione dell'ambiente circostante e perciò nel sorvegliare i dintorni alla ricerca di pericoli, almeno quando l'animale non è in movimento^[32]. I due comportamenti, tuttavia, tendono ad equilibrarsi col tempo, poiché in una popolazione maggiormente dedita allo "scrocco" delle risorse risulta più conveniente per gli animali esplorare i dintorni alla ricerca di nuove risorse, mentre viceversa in un ambiente dove predominano gli uccelli che cercano autonomamente nuove fonti di cibo può risultare conveniente accodarsi agli "esploratori" per condividerne gli eventuali successi^[33][34][35].

Nell'ambito dello stormo, le interazioni di tipo aggressivo sembrano essere inversamente proporzionali alla quantità di cibo presente^[36][37][38]: i fenomeni di aggressività intraspecifica appaiono più frequenti quando le risorse sono concentrate in pochi punti e quando la loro ubicazione è variabile od ancora sconosciuta ai componenti dello stormo^[39].

Riproduzione

Un domino canta: il canto è una prerogativa del maschio.

La stagione riproduttiva non è ben definita, ma tende a cadere generalmente durante la stagione delle piogge: lo sviluppo delle gonadi appare infatti legato con proporzionalità diretta all'umidità atmosferica ed alle ore di luce^[40].

Il maschio corteggia la femmina tenendosi ben eretto ed impettito con le penne della testa erette, ed emettendo il proprio canto, piuttosto flebile e costituito da una serie note acute seguite da un sibilo ed infine da una nota fischiata: frattanto, esso gira attorno alla partner seguendo percorsi zigzaganti e tenendo nel becco un filo d'erba. Se la femmina è disponibile all'accoppiamento, lo segnala accovacciandosi e spostando lateralmente la coda.

Lonchura punctulata

Un giovane domino nei pressi di Calcutta.

Un giovane domino in muta a Bali mostra la livrea quasi definitiva con le caratteristiche scaglie.

Il nido è una struttura sferica formata da steli d'erba, foglie di bambù ed altro materiale fibroso di origine vegetale, dal diametro di circa 15 cm, ubicato in cavità naturali fra gli alberi o le rocce, oppure nelle crepe dei muri delle case, con apertura laterale che dà sulla camera di cova ed è posizionata sopravento. Pare che le specie arboree preferite per piazzarvi il nido siano Toddalia asiatica, Gymnosporia montana, Polyalthia longifolia, Thuja orientalis, Acacia nilotica ed Acacia chundra, in particolare gli esemplari bassi e posti in aree di boscaglia non troppo fitta^[41][42]. Entrambi i partner contribuiscono alla costruzione del nido, col maschio che si occupa perlopiù di reperire il materiale di costruzione e portarlo alla femmina, che provvede ad intrecciarlo.

Una nidiata affamata mendica il cibo ad un genitore nel Kerala.

All'interno del nido la femmina depone da 4 a 10 uova, che entrambi i coniugi provvedono ad incubare per i 10-16 giorni previsti dalla cova, alternandosi alla cova durante il giorno e dormendo insieme nel nido durante la notte^[43]. I piccoli alla nascita sono ciechi ed implumi, e vengono accuditi da ambedue i genitori: essi sono pronti per l'involo attorno alle tre settimane di vita, ma tendono a rimanere nei pressi del nido, tornandovi all'imbrunire per riposare assieme ai genitori, per almeno un'ulteriore settimana.
La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta da ambedue i sessi attorno ai sette mesi d'età, sebbene sembra che la durata delle giornate e l'umidità atmosferica possano modificare (con rapporto di proporzionalità inversa per entrambi) tale periodo^[44]: difficilmente tuttavia i giovani riescono a riprodursi con successo prima dei 12-18 mesi d'età^[45].

L'aspettativa di vita di questi uccelli si aggira attorno ai 6-8 anni.

Note

Bibliografia

• Gli Estrildidi Vol.1 ,S. Lucarini, E. De Flaviis, A. De Angelis, 1995, Edizioni F.O.I
• Munias and Mannikins, Robin L. Restall, 1997, Yale University Press.

Lonchura punctulata

Burung Pipit Pinang adalah salah satu daripada haiwan yang boleh didapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya ialah Lonchura punctulata.

Ciri-ciri

Burung Pipit Pinang ialah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam : haiwan, filum : kordata, sub-filum : bertulang belakang (vertebrata), kelas : burung. Burung Pipit Pinang adalah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan tubuh yang diselubungi bulu pelepah. Paruh Burung Pipit Pinang tidak bergigi.

Makanan

Pembiakan

Burung Pipit Pinang membiak dengan bertelur. Telur Burung Pipit Pinang bercangkerang keras.

Rujukan

Pautan luar

• Carian Google.

De muskaatvink (Lonchura punctulata) is een klein vogeltje uit de familie van de prachtvinken (Estrildidae).

Kenmerken

De muskaatvink is 11 cm lang. Het kopje en de bovenzijde is chocoladebruin van kleur. Zijkanten van het kopje en de keel kastanjebruin, de vleugels en staart zijn donkerbruin. De flanken en de borst zijn wit met donkerbruine geschubde randjes. De buik is hoofdzakelijk wit met soms wat bruin.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De muskaatvink heeft een groot verspreidingsgebied dat reikt van India en China tot een groot deel van de Indische Archipel. Het is een vogel van cultuurlandschappen. Zo verspreidde de vogel zich spontaan tussen de jaren 1970 en 1990 over het eiland Borneo.^[2]

Daarnaast komen uit gevangenschap ontsnapte en daarna verwilderde populaties voor in Australië, Cuba, Dominicaanse Republiek, Frans-Polynesië, Guadeloupe, Haïti, Jamaica, Mauritius, Micronesia, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Seychellen, Verenigde Arabische Emiraten en Hawaï.

De soort telt 12 ondersoorten:

• L. p. punctulata: noordelijk Pakistan, India (behalve het noordoosten), Nepal en Sri Lanka.
• L. p. subundulata: Bhutan, noordoostelijk India, Bangladesh en westelijk Myanmar.
• L. p. yunnanensis: zuidoostelijk Tibet, zuidwestelijk China en noordelijk Myanmar.
• L. p. topela: zuidelijk Myanmar, Thailand, zuidoostelijk China, Taiwan, Hainan en Indochina.
• L. p. cabanisi: de noordelijke en westelijke Filipijnen en noordelijk Borneo.
• L. p. fretensis: zuidelijk Malakka, Sumatra en Nias.
• L. p. nisoria: Java, Bali en de westelijke Kleine Soenda-eilanden.
• L. p. sumbae: Soemba.
• L. p. blasii: de centrale en oostelijke Kleine Soenda-eilanden.
• L. p. baweana: Bawean ten noorden van Java.
• L. p. holmesi: zuidelijk Borneo.
• L. p. particeps: Celebes.

Status

De muskaatvink heeft een enorm groot verspreidingsgebied en daardoor alleen al is de kans op de status kwetsbaar (voor uitsterven) uiterst gering. De grootte van de populatie is niet gekwantificeerd, maar de vogel is algemeen en soms talrijk. Om deze redenen staat deze Lonchura als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.^[1]

Verzorging als kooivogel

Deze vogel is zachtaardig en in Nederland vrij gemakkelijk te houden in een grote kooi of (buiten)-volière. Zijn voedsel bestaat niet alleen uit een zaadmengsel voor bijvoorbeeld kanaries, maar ook uit mieren, spinnen en meelwormen. Daarnaast moet vers drinkwater, grit en maagkiezel altijd ter beschikking staan.

Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Lonchura punctulata op Wikimedia Commons.

Muskatnonne er en fugl i gruppen Lonchura i familien astrilder.

Ungfugl (Kolkata, India)

Lonchura punctulata

Utbredelse

Den forekommer i Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Kambodsja, Kina, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Filippinene, Republikken Kina, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam og Øst-Timor.

Den ble introdusert i Australia, Cuba, Den dominikanske republikk, Fransk Polynesia, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Mauritius, Mikronesia, Puerto Rico, Réunion, Seychellene, De forente arabiske emirater, Hawaii og Florida.

Underarter

Det er beskrevet tolve underarter av muskatnonne^[2]:

• Lonchura punctulata punctulata (Linnaeus, 1758) – India, Nepal og Sri Lanka.
• Lonchura punctulata subundulata (Godwin-Austen, 1874) – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India og Myanmar.
• Lonchura punctulata yunnanensis (Parkes, 1958) – sørlige Kina og nordlige Myanmar.
• Lonchura punctulata topela (Swinhoe, 1863) – Myanmar, Thailand, sørøstlige Kina, øya Hainan, Taiwan, Laos, Kambodsja og Vietnam.
• Lonchura punctulata cabanisi (Sharpe, 1890) – Filippinene og Borneo.
• Lonchura punctulata fretensis (Kloss, 1931) – Malayahalvøya, Singapore, Sumatra og Nias.
• Lonchura punctulata nisoria (Temminck, 1830) – Borneo, Java, Bali og vestlige små Sundaøyene.
• Lonchura punctulata sumbae (Mayr, 1944) – Sumba (vestlige små Sundaøyene).
• Lonchura punctulata blasii (Stresemann, 1912) – sentrale og østlige små Sundaøyene.
• Lonchura punctulata particeps (Riley, 1920) – Sulawesi.
• Lonchura punctulata baweana (Hoogerwerf, 1963) – øya Bawean (Indonesia).
• Lonchura punctulata holmesi (Restall, 1992) – sørøstlige Borneo.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

• (en) muskatnonne i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) muskatnonne i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) muskatnonne hos NCBI
• (en) muskatnonne hos ITIS
• (en) Kategori:Lonchura punctulata – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• (en) Lonchura punctulata – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Lonchura punctulata – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies
• Lonchura punctulata (ID 6D4F72B157D99627). Avibase. Hentet ut 4. september 2013.
• Lonchura punctulata (TSN 179619). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Hentet ut 4. september 2013.
• Birdlife Species Factsheet: Lonchura punctulata. Hentet ut 4. september 2013.

Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .

Mniszka muszkatowa (Lonchura punctulata) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny astryldowatych (Estrildidae). Występuje we wschodniej Australii, oraz w Indonezji: Celebes, Aceh, Sumatra, Jambi, Jawa, Bali, Banten, Lampung, Yogyakarta, Bengkulu i Małe Wyspy Sundajskie. Zamieszkują też Indochiny i południowe Chiny. Wyróżnia się 12 podgatunków. Została dowieziona do Europy jako ptak hodowlany w XVII w. przez marynarzy, którzy spotykali je na wybrzeżach Azji.

Systematyka

Wyróżniono ponad dziesięć podgatunków L. punctata^[3][4]:

• L. punctulata punctulata – północny Pakistan, Indie (z wyjątkiem północno-wschodniej części), Nepal i Sri Lanka.
• L. punctulata subundulata– Bhutan, północno-wschodnie Indie, Bangladesz i zachodnia Mjanma.
• L. punctulata yunnanensis – południowo-wschodni Tybet, południowo-zachodnie Chiny i północna Mjanma.
• L. punctulata topela – południowa Mjanma, Tajlandia, południowo-wschodnie Chiny, Tajwan, Hajnan i Indochiny.
• L. punctulata cabanisi – północne i zachodnie Filipiny, północne Borneo.
• L. punctulata fretensis –południowy Półwysep Malajski, Sumatra i Nias.
• L. punctulata nisoria – Jawa, Bali i zachodnie Małe Wyspy Sundajskie.
• L. punctulata sumbae – Sumba (zachodnie Małe Wyspy Sundajskie).
• L. punctulata blasii – środkowe i wschodnie Małe Wyspy Sundajskie.
• L. punctulata baweana – Bawean (na północ od Jawy).
• L. punctulata holmesi – południowe Borneo.
• L. punctulata particeps –Celebes.

Morfologia

Cechy gatunku

Wierzch ciała i skrzydła są jasnobrązowe, sterówki żółtobrązowe. Pióra, które są najbliżej skrzydeł mają czarne brzegi, przez co wyglądają jak łuski. Poszczególne gatunki nieco różnią się odcieniami poszczególnych części ciała. Młode osobniki mają beżowy brzuch.

Biotop

W Australii sawanny, a w Indiach, Indochinach, na południowym terytorium Chin, na Półwyspie Malajskim i w Indonezji także blisko zaludnionych terenów. Najczęściej występuje w nizinach i w górach do wysokości 2000 m n.p.m.

Podstawowe wymiary

• długość ciała: 11-12 cm
• rozpiętość skrzydeł: 5,2-5,8 cm
• długość ogona: 4,3-4,5 cm

Ekologia

Lęgi

Samica sama buduje gniazdo, ale zwykle materiały dostarcza jej samiec, po czym składa 4-7 białych jaj, które wysiaduje przez 12-13 dni na zmianę z samcem. Pisklęta opuszczają gniazdo po 3 tygodniach od chwili gdy się wykluły. Po lęgach te ptaki migrują w licznych stadach w poszukiwaniu pokarmu.

Lonchura punctulata

Młoda mniszka

Przypisy

Bibliografia

• Tu trzeba przewinąć na dół
• Stąd jest dł. ogona i rozp. skrzydeł
• Mniszka muszkatowa

Fjällig munia^[2] (Lonchura punctulata) är en tätting i familjen astrilder som återfinns i Sydasien och Sydostasien och som tidigare kallades för muskotfink.^[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Fjällig munia delas in i två grupper av tolv underarter med följande utbredning:^[3]

• Lonchura punctulata punctulata – Nepal till Sikkim, Indien och Sri Lanka
• nisoria-gruppen
  • Lonchura punctulata subundulata – nordöstra Indien (Assam) til Bhutan och västra Burma
  • Lonchura punctulata yunnanensis – nordöstra Burma och sydvästra Kina
  • Lonchura punctulata topela – södra Kina till norra Thailand, Indokina, Hainan och Taiwan
  • Lonchura punctulata cabanisi – Filippinerna (Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Cebu, Calauit, Palawan)
  • Lonchura punctulata fretensis – södra Thailand och Malackahalvön till Sumatra och närliggande öar
  • Lonchura punctulata nisoria – Java, Bali, Lombok och Sumbawa
  • Lonchura punctulata sumbae – Sumba i Små Sundaöarna
  • Lonchura punctulata blasii – Flores, Timor, Tanimbaröarna och närliggande Små Sundaöarna
  • Lonchura punctulata particeps – Sulawesi
  • Lonchura punctulata baweana - ön Bawean i Javasjön
  • Lonchura punctulata holmesi – sydöstra Borneo (Kalimantan)

Utseende

Fjällig munia kan bli ungefär 12 centimeter lång. Både honor och hanar ser likadana ut så det är mycket svårt att skilja könen åt. Huvudet och strupen har en rödbrun färg. Halsens sidor och översidan är rödaktigt chokladbruna, rygg och vingtäckare har vita streck. På bröstet har finken bruna tvärband och vita fläckar som bildar en fjälliknade teckning. Den har 12 underarter så färgen på fågeln varierar, men den håller sig till den bruna eller rödbruna skalan.

Biotop

Man hittar fågeln i gräs- och örtrika områden, trädgårdar, risfält och i utkanten av byar. Finken äter i huvudsak gräsfrön som den samlar upp ifrån marken och den äter också ris om höstarna, som den plockar ifrån risvipporna. De är mycket sociala fåglar som bildar små flockar, och det händer också att det ingår andra Lonchura-arter i dem.

Häckning

Fåglarna bygger ofta sina bon i kolonier i buskar eller i träd. Bona brukar byggas av gräs, halm eller bambublad. Boet byggs som ett runt klot som har en sidoingång. Muskotfinken lägger mellan 5 och 7 vita ägg som honan ruvar i ungefär 12 dagar. När ungarna kläckts matas de med halvmogna gräsfrön av sina föräldrar.

Lonchura punctulata

Som burfågel

Muskotfinken är en bra nybörjarfågel, och man kan både ha den som bur- och voljärfågel. Den anses vara robust, fredlig och ganska anspråkslös. Men den kan vara mycket svår att få att häcka om man håller den som burfågel.

Status

IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.^[1]

Källor

• Sebrafinkar och andra praktfinkar – Crista Koepff – ICA bokförlag – 1985 – ISBN 91-534-0926-4
• Stora burfågelboken i färg – Uno Plazikowski – AWE GEBERS – Färgserien – 1970 – ISBN 91-20-04548-4

Noter

1. ^ [a b] BirdLife International 2012 Lonchura punctulata Från: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 7 januari 2014.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2016) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2016 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-08-11

Lonchura punctulata

Lonchura punctulata là một loài chim trong họ Estrildidae.^[2] Nó gồm 11 phân loài chỉ hơn khác nhau về hình dáng và kích thước.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Lonchura punctulata tại Wikispecies

Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

Lonchura punctulata

Гнездятся на деревьях на высоте 8-12 метров. Гнездо представляет собой шар с большим лётным отверстием, сплетённый из листьев бамбука, соломы и травы. В кладке от 3 до 7 белых яиц. Насиживают их оба родителя в течение 12-15 дней. Птенцы покидают гнездо спустя 25-30 дней.

Содержание

В клетках содержат ещё с XVIII столетия.

Галерея

Примечания

Lonchura punctulata

斑文鳥（學名：Lonchura punctulata），俗名鳞胸文鸟、鱼鳞沉香算命鸟、小纺织鸟、烏合畢、烏嘴（喙）畢仔、禾嗶仔（客語）、蓽雀^[3]，是梅花雀科文鸟属的一种，分布于密克罗尼西亚联邦（引进种）、日本、多米尼加共和国（引进种）、老挝、塞舌尔（引进种）、台湾、海地（引进种）、印度尼西亚、牙买加（引进种）、新加坡、东帝汶、波多黎各（引进种）、毛里求斯（引进种）、中国大陆、帕劳（引进种、已绝灭）、菲律宾、马来西亚、瓜德罗普（引进种）、马提尼克（引进种）、文莱、维尔京群岛（引进种）、澳大利亚（引进种）、孟加拉国、不丹、法属波利尼西亚（引进种）、越南、印度、古巴（引进种）、斯里兰卡、尼泊尔、柬埔寨、美国（引进种）、阿拉伯联合酋长国（引进种）、阿富汗、美国本土外小岛屿（引进种）、缅甸、泰国和留尼汪（引进种）。该物种的保护状况被评为无危，模式产地在印度的加尔各答^[1]。

特徵

斑文鸟的平均体重约为13.6克，身長約11公分，體型比麻雀稍小；發出很輕柔的「啾、啾」聲音。全身褐色，尤以頭部褐色較深，嘴黑色，胸前有鱗狀斑紋。

部分斑文鳥具有聲音模仿能力, 即類似鸚鵡模仿人類語言之行為表現. 台灣目前已發現至少兩例, 詳見下列影片:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=famWbEb-8uU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=GofxfctzxV0&feature=endscreen

習性

以禾本科種子及穀類為食，常密集群體似蜂群狀飛行。

棲息地

斑文鸟的栖息地包括亚热带或热带的（低地）湿润疏灌丛、亚热带或热带的（低地）季节性湿润草原、亚热带或热带的湿润低地林、亚热带或热带的旱林、耕地、亚热带或热带的（低地）干草原、灌溉地、乡村花园和城市。

通常成群出現在平地到低海拔的草叢、農耕地區。常在榕樹、相思樹等上築巢，以草葉編織成球狀鳥巢。

保护现状

在台灣，斑文鳥未被列為法定保育鳥種，所以牠們常會被捕捉當作宗教儀式裡的放生鳥。但是如此一來一往的不當捕捉及放生不但會傷害斑文鳥的生命，甚至會對當地生態造成影響。

亚种

• 斑文鸟藏南亚种（学名：Lonchura punctulata subundulata）。分布于印度、缅甸、不丹、孟加拉国以及中国大陆的西藏等地。该物种的模式产地在印度的曼尼普尔山谷^[4]。
• 斑文鸟华南亚种（学名：Lonchura punctulata topela）。分布于缅甸、中南半岛、澳大利亚、夏威夷、毛里求斯、留尼汪、塞舌尔、台湾岛以及中国大陆的云南、贵州、广西、湖南、广东、海南、江西、安徽、江苏、浙江、福建等地。该物种的模式产地在台湾^[5]。
• 斑文鸟云南亚种（学名：Lonchura punctulata yunnanensis）。分布于缅甸以及中国大陆的云南、四川等地。该物种的模式产地在云南腾冲^[6]。

参考文献

Lonchura punctulata

シマキンパラ（縞金腹、学名：Lonchura punctulata）はスズメ目カエデチョウ科に分類される鳥類。アミハラとも呼ばれる。

分布[編集]

中国の南部、台湾、マレー半島、インドネシア、フィリピン、インド、スリランカに分布。

形態[編集]

全長約11cm。

成鳥は頭部から背中、翼、尾羽が褐色で、胸から腹は白く、胸から体側部にかけて波状紋が入る。嘴は暗灰色。

生態[編集]

食性は種子食。

亜種[編集]

• L.p.punctulata パキスタン北部・インド・ネパール・スリランカ
• L.p.subundulata ブータン・バングラデシュ・インド北部・ミャンマー西部
• L.p.yunnanensis 中華人民共和国南部・ミャンマー北部
• L.p.topela （亜種シマキンパラ）ミャンマー南部・ タイ・中華人民共和国南部・海南島・台湾島・ラオス・カンボジア・ベトナム・奄美諸島・沖縄諸島
• L.p.cabanisi フィリピン・ボルネオ島北部
• L.p.fretensis マレー半島南部・シンガポール・スマトラ島・ニアス島
• L.p.nisoria ボルネオ島南部・ジャワ島・バリ島
• L.p.particeps スラウェシ島
• L.p.baweana バウェアン島
• L.p.sumbae スンバ島西部
• L.p.blasii スンバ島中部・東部
• L.p.holmesi ボルネオ島南東部

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

参考文献[編集]

• 宇田川竜男 標準原色図鑑全集/第18巻『飼鳥・家畜』 保育社、1971年、13-14頁

外部リンク[編集]

• 侵入生物データベース シマキンパラ（国立環境研究所）