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The Aythya americana breeding range extends from southern Canada to the northern United States (Washington to Maine). Many breed in the Prairie Pothole region of the northern Great Plains of North America. There are also some breeding populations in central Alaska. In September, these ducks migrate to winter in northern and central Mexico, and from California to the Gulf and Atlantic Coast. A large portion of redheads winter in Florida and Mexico.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Common names: redhead, pochard, raft duck, red-headed raft duck, American pochard, red-headed broadbill, fool duck, fiddler
(Bellrose, 1976; Phillips and Lincoln, 1930)
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
In the 1970's the Redhead population took a major blow. The vegetation of the Chesapeake Bay area had been declining for years. The combination of agriculture and urban expansion affecting the turbidity of the water, excessive amounts of nutrients, pollution from agriculture, and contamination of toxins added to the disruption of the birds' habitat. As if all of these factors were not enough, Hurricane Agnes greatly affected run-off, thus increasing sediments and decreasing salinity. All these events had a major impact on the vegetation, the primary food source of the Redheads. They were forced to feed on other forms of vegetable life. The states of Maryland and Virginia have created preservation programs in an attempt to reverse the degredation. These programs aim to protect the wildlife and increase research in the area.
In 1908, President Theodore Roosevelt established the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge to protect breeding and migrating waterfowl. It is one of the largest freshwater marshes in the United States. A major breeding population of Redheads resides there.
Because of an overhunting problem, laws were enacted to try to limit these types of deaths.
(Baldassarre and Bolden, 1994)
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: appendix ii
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
After an incubation period of 24-28 days, the eggs of the Redhead hatch. The ducklings remain in the nest for 3-18 hours after hatching so that their down can dry. At 56 days, the juvenile can be seen flapping accross the water, and at 70 to 84 days the ducks are learning to fly. Some ducks can sexually reproduce at a year, but more time is usually needed.
(Bellrose, 1976)
None known.
The Redhead can be a tasty dinner for humans. Because of the Redhead's diet, it does not have the fishy flavor that other waterfowl have.
These ducks are also common in waterfowl collections because as breeders, they are fairly reliable.
(Kortright, 1942; Todd, 1979)
Positive Impacts: food
Redheads have adapted parasitic egg-laying strategies, where they lay their eggs in another duck's nest.
(See Reproduction section.)
Their eggs are also part of the food web for predators.
(Bellrose, 1976)
Species Used as Host:
Redhead diet is mainly composed of vegetable matter. It dives to the bottom of the body of water to feed on aquatic plants and mollusks and dabbles on the surface of shallow marshes to locate insects. Prior to the egg-laying season the females up their animal matter intake to increase their protein levels. At this time about 77% of their diet is animal related. About half of the duckling's diet is made up of animal matter to supply the nutrients needed to grow.
Foods commonly eaten include: shoalgrass, pondweeds, muskgrass, sedges, grasses, wild celery, duckweeds, water lilies, grasshoppers, caddisflies, midges, water fleas, scuds, water boatmen and snails.
(Kortright, 1942; Baldassarre and Bolen, 1994)
Animal Foods: insects; mollusks
Plant Foods: leaves; algae
Primary Diet: omnivore
Aythya americana habitat includes shallow freshwater lakes, ponds, and marshes. The body of water needs to be at least 28 inches deep so that the ducks can dive. The Prairie Pothole region provides a perfect area for breeding due to the fact that the potholes fill up with water from melting snow and rain to provide temporary, seasonal, deposits of freshwater. Marshes also provide an area rich with aquatic plants and vegetation cover to act as protection. The ducks may be found on brackish and coastal bays and lakes.
(Baldassarre and Bolden, 1994; Johnsgard, 1992)
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds
Wetlands: marsh
Disease greatly affects the longevity of the Redhead. Duck Virus Enteritis (DVE), caused by the herpes virus, can cause hemorrhaging and death within two weeks of exposure. If the duck survives, it may become a carrier of the disease. Redheads are moderately susceptible to this. Another disease that affects the ducks is avian botulism. The disease affects the peripheral nerves, and one characteristic is a drooping neck. Maggots feed on the birds that died of avian botulism, concentrating toxin inside themselves. When a Redhead eats the maggot, the toxin is ingested and the cycle starts all over again. Lead posioning is also a major cause of death in waterfowl. The duck eats the lead pellets that have been discarded from shotgun shells. The duck will become weaker over time until it starves to death. Redheads are very susceptible to this because they are bottom-feeders. Also, one of the greatest threats to the Redhead is hunting.
The oldest known wild Redhead lived 22 years 7 months after banding.
(Baldassarre and Bolen, 1994; USGS Bird Banding Laboratory, 2003)
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 22.5 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 271 months.
Males of this species are characterized by a copper-colored head and orange-yellow eyes. The back and flanks are greyish in color, the chest and tail is blackish, the breast is white, and the belly is a whitish color marked with dusty undertones. The wings are grey with slight flecks of white. The feet are bluish grey in color. When the male duck molts in June, the blackish color become more brown, and the reddish head is not as vibrant. By November, darker winter feathers have grown in.
Females do not have colors as vibrant as male coloration. The head of a female is a yellowish brown that is a bit darker on the crown, and she has a slight pale ring around her brown eyes. Her body and tail is mostly dark greyish brown and her belly is whitish fading into greyish brown. Her wings are also a brownish grey color. Her feet are a bluish color, although a little duller than that of the male.
Both the male and the female of this species have a pale blue bill with a white ring around the black tip. It is about .5 inches long. Again, the female's coloring is not as dark.
The juvenile duck's first plumage resemble a mottled version of the female. As the duckling matures, the male becomes darker than the female and they begin to have the coloring of the adults.
Mass - Males: 2.1 to 3.2 pounds, average 2.44 pounds
Females: 1.5 to 2.9 pounds, average 2.14 pounds
Length - Males: 18.1 to 21.7 inches, average 20.0 inches
Females: 18.0 to 20.5 inches, average 19.0 inches
Wingspan - Males: average 9.16 inches
Females: average 8.79 inches
(Bellrose, 1976; Kortright, 1942; Phillips and Lincoln, 1930)
Range mass: 680 to 1450 g.
Range length: 457 to 550 mm.
Average wingspan: 228 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Some Redheads build their nests over the water so that terrestrial animals, like skunks, will not destroy them. Unfortunately, water poses no problem for raccoons. Terrestrial and bird predators eat the duck's eggs. Redheads also attempt to hide their nests, and this greatly reduces the risk of predation.
The female of the species has muted colors so that she will be less noticible to predators when she is incubating her clutch. The ducklings are camouflaged as well. This characteristic allows the ducks to conceal themselves from sport hunters, too.
(Bellrose, 1976)
Known Predators:
During courtship the females take the lead. The female will stand up tall and jerk her head up and down, and then hold it erect. The male she is after will also stand erect and twirl around, showing his backside to her. She may playfully nip at him, or while swimming, dash off and intersect him in his path.
If a female is focusing her attention on more than one male at a time, the males attempt to drive each other away.
Redheads tend to pair in late winter, but courtship behavior can be seen up into the month of April. This is the month where peak pair formation occurs. The males desert the females once incubation begins.
(Bellrose, 1976; Kortright, 1942)
Mating System: monogamous
Redheads tend to begin their breeding season in late April to early June. When a large group of breeding Redheads were studied, it was found that only half of the pairs were breeding. Apparently not all Redhead hens attempt to breed. These non-breeding hens are probably primarily yearlings.
Redheads begin to nest in the midsummer in marshes and potholes of the prairies. Nest sites may be located over water via the support of dense vegetation, on islands, or dry land. If the nest is on land, water must be nearby. Their first choice is to structure the nest using hardstem bulrush followed by cattails. The nest is deeply hollowed and lined with a thick layer of down.
Redheads exhibit interesting egg-laying strategies. Three behaviors are described: normal, semiparasitic, and parasitic. Normal behavior is when the hen lays and incubates her own eggs. Semiparasitic entails normal behavior and laying eggs in other nests. Parasitic is where the hen lays all of her eggs in another duck's nest. Often, the parasitic hen will lay her eggs in another duck's nest after incubation has occurred. This means that the parasitic female's eggs will probably not hatch because they are off schedule from the other eggs. The unhatched eggs are wasted. Sometimes the parasitic female will lay her eggs in the nest of another species.
A female lays, on average, one egg a day, but will skip a few days before the clutch is complete. On average, only 52% of nests have some eggs that have hatched.
(Bellrose, 1976; Kortright, 1942)
Breeding season: late April to early June
Range eggs per season: 9 to 11.
Range time to hatching: 24 to 28 days.
Range fledging age: 55 to 75 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 (low) years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 (low) years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous
Average eggs per season: 13.
Right before the eggs hatch, the female emits a low kuk-kuk-kuk sound. This sound is extremely important because it imprints on the ducklings to follow her when they are hatched. Redheads are known for their early desertion of their young, and the mother leaves the juveniles when they are able to fly.
(Bellrose, 1976)
Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care
Ironically, the Redhead is not the only duck in North America with a red head. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with another redheaded duck, the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Redhead is slightly smaller (19-20 inches), has a shorter bill, and is darker on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and grey body, while females are mostly dark brown. The Redhead breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, with smaller breeding populations in the southern Plains, the Rockies, and Alaska. Although some western areas see Redheads all year, most Redhead populations migrate south to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico in winter. Despite this vast winter range, much higher concentrations of wintering Redheads may be found along the coast than in the interior. Redheads breed in freshwater wetlands. In winter, this species primarily inhabits coastal areas with plentiful seagrasses. Redheads predominantly eat aquatic plants in summer; in winter, their diet includes seagrasses and mollusks. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on submerged plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.
Ironically, the Redhead is not the only duck in North America with a red head. In many parts of its range, this species occurs side by side with another redheaded duck, the Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), and a couple field marks must be noted in order to distinguish the two. The Redhead is slightly smaller (19-20 inches), has a shorter bill, and is darker on the back and flanks. Males have a red head and grey body, while females are mostly dark brown. The Redhead breeds primarily in the northern Great Plains, with smaller breeding populations in the southern Plains, the Rockies, and Alaska. Although some western areas see Redheads all year, most Redhead populations migrate south to the southern two-thirds of the United States and into Mexico in winter. Despite this vast winter range, much higher concentrations of wintering Redheads may be found along the coast than in the interior. Redheads breed in freshwater wetlands. In winter, this species primarily inhabits coastal areas with plentiful seagrasses. Redheads predominantly eat aquatic plants in summer; in winter, their diet includes seagrasses and mollusks. One of several species of “diving ducks” in North America, Redheads may be observed submerging themselves to feed on submerged plant matter. In winter, they may also be observed in large flocks on coastal bays and lagoons. This species is primarily active during the day.
Morilhon Amerika (Aythya americana) a zo un evn palvezek.
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Ur barez gant he c'haniked. Bevañ a ra al labous e Norzhamerika[1],[2].
Morilhon Amerika (Aythya americana) a zo un evn palvezek.
El morell americà (Aythya americana) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae) que habita en època de cria en aiguamolls, llacs, llacunes i rius des d'Alaska central fins als Estats Units nord-occidentals. Passa l'hivern a una ampla zona cap al sud, que inclou les zones costaneres del Pacífic des de Canadà fins a Amèrica Central i per la banda de l'Atlàntic des dels Estats Units. També arriba en hivern fins a les illes Hawaii.
El morell americà (Aythya americana) és un ocell de la família dels anàtids (Anatidae) que habita en època de cria en aiguamolls, llacs, llacunes i rius des d'Alaska central fins als Estats Units nord-occidentals. Passa l'hivern a una ampla zona cap al sud, que inclou les zones costaneres del Pacífic des de Canadà fins a Amèrica Central i per la banda de l'Atlàntic des dels Estats Units. També arriba en hivern fins a les illes Hawaii.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hwyaden bengoch America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: hwyaid pengoch America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Aythya americana; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Redhead. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. americana, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r hwyaden bengoch America yn perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Alarch dof Cygnus olor Alarch y Gogledd Cygnus cygnus
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Hwyaden bengoch America (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: hwyaid pengoch America) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Aythya americana; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Redhead. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Hwyaid (Lladin: Anatidae) sydd yn urdd y Anseriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn A. americana, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Amerikansk taffeland (Aythya americana) er en dykand, der lever i Nordamerika.
Amerikansk taffeland (Aythya americana) er en dykand, der lever i Nordamerika.
Die Rotkopfente (Aythya americana), gelegentlich auch Amerikanische Tafelente genannt, ist eine Tauchente aus der Familie der Entenvögel. Sie ist ein nordamerikanischer Brutvogel. In ihrem Federkleid ähnelt sie der ebenfalls in Nordamerika brütenden Riesentafelente und der in Europa beheimateten Tafelente. Die drei Arten können jedoch anhand ihrer Schnabelfärbung unterschieden werden. Die Riesentafelente hat einen durchgängig dunkelgrauen Schnabel. Die Stirn fällt außerdem flach ab, wodurch ihr Profil keilförmig wie bei der Eiderente wirkt. Die Tafelente hat eine schwarze Schnabelbasis, so dass der Schnabel in der Mitte ein hellgraues Band aufweist. Bei der Rotkopfente dagegen ist nur die Schnabelspitze dunkelgrau bis schwarz.
Die Männchen der Rotkopfente erreichen ausgewachsen eine Körperlänge zwischen 44 und 54 Zentimeter. Die Weibchen sind etwas kleiner und haben eine Körperlänge zwischen 41,5 und 51,5 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht dieser Entenart beträgt durchschnittlich 972 Gramm. Die Ente erreichen ihre Überwinterungsgebiete in einer abgemagerten Kondition und erreichen ihr maximales Gewicht kurz vor der Rückkehr in die Brutgebiete. Sie wiegen dann durchschnittlich 1110 Gramm.[1]
Rotkopfenten ähneln Tafelenten, haben jedoch einen runderen Kopf und einen etwas dunkleren Rumpf. Rotkopfenten zeigen wie viele andere Entenvögel einen ausgeprägten Geschlechtsdimorphismus. Das Männchen hat einen rotbraunen Kopf, eine schwarze Brust und einen silberfarbenen Rumpf. Der Schnabel des Männchens ist hellgrau. Die Farbe der Iris ist gelb und gelegentlich sogar orange.
Das Weibchen ist von graubrauner Farbe. Sie zeichnet sich durch das dunkelste Kleingefieder in der Artengruppe der Tauchenten aus. Ihr Schnabel ist im Vergleich zu dem des Männchens von einem dunkleren Grau mit einer schwarzen Spitze. Die Iris ist dunkelbraun.
Die Küken sind auffallend hell. Kopfplatte, Nacken und Rücken sind hell olivbraun. Die Stirn, das Gesicht und die Körperunterseite sowie einzelne Fleckungen an den Körperseiten sind gelb.
Die Rotkopfente brütet im westlichen Nordamerika und in Alaska. Ihr Habitat sind Seen und Sümpfe in Grasländern. Als Zugvogel wandert sie im Winter in weiter südlich gelegene Gebiete der USA, nach Mexiko und in die Karibik. Selten findet man Gefangenschaftsflüchtlinge in Europa. Als Irrgast tauchte die Rotkopfente bislang auf Island, in Großbritannien, in Sibirien, in Japan, auf Hawaii sowie auf Guam auf.[2]
Bei der Rotkopfente lässt sich keine signifikante Bestandsveränderung feststellen. Zum Brutvogelbestand zählen durchschnittlich etwa 601.000 Individuen. Habitatveränderungen haben allerdings dazu geführt, dass sich die Überwinterungsstandorte etwas verschoben haben. Die Zahl der Überwinterungsgäste an der atlantischen Küste ist zurückgegangen, während am Golf von Mexiko mehr Rotkopfenten überwintern. Als Ursache wird eine Veränderung im Pflanzenbewuchs in der Chesapeake Bay und ähnlichen Küstengebieten vermutet. Dort ist die Unterwasserpflanzenvegetation weitgehend abgestorben, was bei der Riesentafelente als nah verwandte Art zur Rotkopfente zu einer Nahrungsumstellung von pflanzlicher auf animalische Kost führte. Die Rotkopfente scheint hier anders reagiert zu haben und andere Überwinterungsstandorte aufzusuchen.[3]
Rotkopfenten gehören zu den wenigen Entenarten, bei denen Legeparasitismus vorkommt. Die Enten legen ihre Eier sowohl in die Nester anderer Rotkopfenten als auch in die Nester artfremder Enten. Besonders häufig werden von ihr Riesentafelenten parasitiert. Die meisten Nester dieser Art weisen mindestens ein Ei der Rotkopfente auf. Rotkopfenten verfolgen drei Legestrategien: Ein Teil der Population legt die Eier in selbst errichtete Nester, semiparasitische Rotkopfenten legen zusätzlich zu ihrem eigenen Gelege Eier auch in die Nester artfremder und artgleicher Enten und der dritte Teil der Weibchen brütet überhaupt nicht und beschränkt sich darauf, ihre Eier in anderen Nestern abzulegen.[4]
Die Rotkopfente ist eine grundsätzlich monogame Art, die sich allerdings jedes Jahr neu verpaart. Die Balzzeit beginnt Mitte des Winters und verstärkt sich bis zur Rückkehr in die Brutgebiete. Es scheint, dass alle Weibchen verpaart sind, aber dass insbesondere Jährlinge noch nicht zur Brut schreiten. Dies nimmt tendenziell zu, wenn das Brutgebiet schlechte Wasserbedingungen aufweist.[5]
Nahrung sind Wasserpflanzen und Kleintiere.
Die Rotkopfente (Aythya americana), gelegentlich auch Amerikanische Tafelente genannt, ist eine Tauchente aus der Familie der Entenvögel. Sie ist ein nordamerikanischer Brutvogel. In ihrem Federkleid ähnelt sie der ebenfalls in Nordamerika brütenden Riesentafelente und der in Europa beheimateten Tafelente. Die drei Arten können jedoch anhand ihrer Schnabelfärbung unterschieden werden. Die Riesentafelente hat einen durchgängig dunkelgrauen Schnabel. Die Stirn fällt außerdem flach ab, wodurch ihr Profil keilförmig wie bei der Eiderente wirkt. Die Tafelente hat eine schwarze Schnabelbasis, so dass der Schnabel in der Mitte ein hellgraues Band aufweist. Bei der Rotkopfente dagegen ist nur die Schnabelspitze dunkelgrau bis schwarz.
The redhead (Aythya americana) is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek aithuia, an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin americana, of America.[2] The redhead is 37 cm (15 in) long with an 84 cm (33 in) wingspan. Redhead weight ranges from 2.0 to 2.5 lbs (907-1134 g),[3] with males weighing an average of 2.4 lbs (1089 g) and females weighing an average of 2.1 lbs (953 g).[4] It belongs to the genus Aythya, together with 11 other described species. The redhead and the common pochard form a sister group which together is sister to the canvasback.[5]
The redhead goes by many names, including the red-headed duck and the red-headed pochard.[6] This waterfowl is easily distinguished from other ducks by the male's copper coloured head and bright blue bill during the breeding season.[7]
The redhead is in the family Anatidae (ducks, swans, geese) and genus Aythya (diving ducks). There are currently no described subspecies of the redhead.[6]
The two syntype specimens of Fuligula americana Eyton (Monogr. Anat., 1838, p.155) are held in the vertebrate zoology collections of National Museums Liverpool at World Museum, with accession numbers NML-VZ D829 (male immature) and NML-VZ D829a (female adult).[8] The specimens were collected in North America and came to the Liverpool national collection via Thomas Campbell Eyton’s collection[9] and the 13th Earl of Derby’s collection which was bequeathed to the city of Liverpool.[8]
The redhead and the common pochard form a sister group which itself is sister to the canvasback.[5] This group is then sister to the monophyletic group consisting of the white-eyes (hardhead, Madagascar pochard, and the sister species ferruginous duck and baer's pochard) and scaups (New Zealand scaup, ring-necked duck, tufted duck, greater scaup, lesser scaup).[5]
The redhead is a pochard, a diving duck specially adapted to foraging underwater. Their legs are placed farther back on the body, which makes walking on land difficult, the webbing on their feet is larger than dabbling ducks and their bills are broader, to facilitate underwater foraging. In addition, pochards have a lobed hind toe.[6] No pochard has a metallic coloured speculum, something that is characteristic of other ducks.[10]
During breeding season, adult males have a copper head and neck, with a black breast. The back and sides are grey, the belly is white and the rump and tail are a light black. Male bills are pale blue with a black tip and a thin ring separating the two colours. Non breeding males lose the copper colour and instead have brown heads.[7]
Adult females, however, have a yellow to brown head and neck. The breast is brown, the belly is white and the rest of the body is a grey to brown. The female bills are slate with a dark tip that is separated by a blue ring. Females remain the same colour year round.[7]
During breeding season, redheads are found across a wide range of North America, from as far north as Northern Canada to the Caribbean. Their preferred areas include the intermontane regions of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and the Dakotas with some small localities in Ontario, Quebec and southern United States. These pochards then migrate south to winter in warmer climates. These areas include southern United States where breeding does not occur and extends to Mexico, Guatemala, Cuba, and the Bahamas.[6][7] In either season, redheads use wetlands as their main habitat.[7]
Small, semi-permanent wetlands in non-forested country where the water is deep enough to provide dense emergent vegetation is considered ideal breeding habitat for redheads.[6][11] When wintering, redheads switch to large areas of water near the coast that are protected from wave action but can also be found in reservoirs, lakes, playa wetlands, freshwater river deltas, coastal marshes, estuaries and bays.[6][7][11]
Redheads do not have many predators and are most likely to die of disease or indirect human impact. These ducks are considered less desirable as table fare than their puddle duck cousins like the mallard; however, their beautiful plumage makes them a targeted species for waterfowl hunters looking to focus on diving ducks. Adults can be preyed upon by northern river otters, red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, bald eagles, golden eagles and to a greater extent, minks.[12] Most predation comes in the form of duckling predation and egg foraging. Northern pike and snapping turtles are known to eat ducklings whereas skunks, minks, crows and magpies will steal and eat redhead eggs.[6][12]
The North American Waterfowl Management Plan for redheads is 760,000 North American birds.[13] The population size has increased in the past few decades to well over 1.4 million birds.[7] Redheads make up 2% of North America's duck population and only 1% of its harvested ducks.[13] Populations may be stable because of restrictive bag limits for the species. In addition, the species uses semi-permanent and permanent wetlands to breed and these habitats are less likely to be affected by drought. For future management of the species, organizations are looking into wetland conservation.[13]
Redheads leave their winter range in late January and February with all birds migrating by mid-March. In western North America, migrants begin arriving in Oregon, British Columbia and Colorado in February. In central North America, migrants arrive as soon as temperatures open wetlands and lakes, which can range from late February (Nebraska) to early May (Alberta, Manitoba and Iowa). In the Great Lakes region and north-eastern North America, migrants will also arrive as soon as bodies of water open up.[14]
Western birds migrate through Great Basin to the Pacific Coast. In British Columbia, fall migration begins in September and continues through October. The Great Salt Lake region is of particular importance to migrants in western United States. Central North American redheads will begin migrating earlier, around August/September and go through the Great Plains to the Texas coast. Eastern populations will migrate through the Great Lakes region to the Atlantic Coast or Florida from October to November. Most redheads winter along the Gulf of Mexico (offshore Louisiana, Florida and Mexico) however eastern populations will winter in South Carolina.[14]
Redheads flock together on lakes and other bodies of water but will migrate in pairs, which are formed in December or January through elaborate courtship rituals.[6] Unpaired redheads will migrate together in a ‘courting party’ that can be up to 25 individuals strong and hopefully find a mate within the group.[6] The pair bonds are established yearly through a long courtship process. Males begin this process through neck-kinking and head throwing displays while emitting a cat-like call.[14] The male will continue by initiating a neck-stretching display while producing a cough like call, a display and vocalization in which the females reciprocates. If interested, the female will herself produce inciting calls towards the male while performing alternate lateral and chin lifting movements. The male then swims ahead of her and turns the back of his head towards the female.[6] Once courtship is finished, the two birds are paired for the year. Eventually, the male initiates copulation by alternating bill dipping and preening dorsally towards the female, an action in which the female might return to the male.[10]
Once copulation is completed, female redheads begin forming nests. They are built with thick and strong plant material in emergent vegetation, such as hard stem bulrush, cattails and sedges, over or near standing water.[6][12] Redheads do not defend their territory or home range and are actually very social while in their breeding ground. This is thought to occur because some younger, inexperienced redhead females parasitize other pochards.[6] Some redheads lay their eggs in other pochards’ nests, including the canvasback, ring-necked duck and greater and lesser scaups and this social parasitism by redheads reduces the hatching success of other pochards’ eggs, especially those of the canvasback.[6] In contrast, because of the parasitic relationship between the redhead and other pochards, redhead hybrids with the ring-necked duck, canvasback and the greater and lesser scaups have been found.[10] Canvasback x redhead hybrids can be fertile.[15] Brood sizes range from 5-7 young, with the mother abandoning the chicks at 8 weeks old, before they are capable of flying.[13] They remain flightless for another 2–4 weeks.[13]
There is little information on redhead vocalizations outside of breeding calls. Males will emit calls when courting the female.[10] When the neck is fully extended in the neck-stretching display, males will emit a distinct wheee-oww, which sounds catlike.[6][10] Males may also produce a soft coughing call, although this call is less frequent.[6] Females will emit a soft errrr note when she is inciting a male.[6]
All pochards have similar diets that include both plant and animal materials. Redheads undergo a niche switch when breeding and when wintering. During the breeding season, redheads will eat as much animal matter as possible, including gastropods, mollusks and insect larvae.[6][7] They will eat the occasional grass and other emergent vegetation.[7] However, once they fly south, redheads will change their diet to include mostly plant material, including pondweeds, wild rice, wild celery, wigeon grass, bulrushes, muskgrass and shoal grass.[6][7]
Gastropods known as food of Aythya americana include: Acteocina canaliculata, Acteon punctostriatus, Anachis avara, Anachis obesa, Caecum nitidum, Calliostoma sp., Cerithidea pliculosa, Cerithium lutosum, Crepidula convexa, Diastoma varium, Melanella sp., Mitrella lunata, Nassarius acutus, Nassarius vibex, Natica sp., Neritina virginea, Odostomia trifida, Olivella minuta, Olivella watermani, Polinices sp., Pyramidellidae, Pyrgocythara plicosa, Rissoina catesbyana, Sayella livida, Turbonilla sp., Turbonilla interrupta and Vitrinella sp.[16]
Breeding male
Breeding male
Female
The redhead (Aythya americana) is a medium-sized diving duck. The scientific name is derived from Greek aithuia, an unidentified seabird mentioned by authors including Hesychius and Aristotle, and Latin americana, of America. The redhead is 37 cm (15 in) long with an 84 cm (33 in) wingspan. Redhead weight ranges from 2.0 to 2.5 lbs (907-1134 g), with males weighing an average of 2.4 lbs (1089 g) and females weighing an average of 2.1 lbs (953 g). It belongs to the genus Aythya, together with 11 other described species. The redhead and the common pochard form a sister group which together is sister to the canvasback.
The redhead goes by many names, including the red-headed duck and the red-headed pochard. This waterfowl is easily distinguished from other ducks by the male's copper coloured head and bright blue bill during the breeding season.
La Blubeka merganaso aŭ Amerika merganaso laŭ la scienca nomo (Aythya americana) estas mezgranda birdospecio de la grupo de la merganasoj, 37 cm longa kun enverguro de 84 cm.
Ĝi estas simila al la parenca Brunkapa anaso, sed la bekobildo diferencas kaj la Blubeka merganaso havas pli helajn kaj rimarkindajn irisojn.
La maskla plenkreskulo havas helbluan bekon (kio nomigas la specion) kun tre nigra pinto, brikoruĝajn kapon kaj kolon, nigran bruston, flavajn irisojn kaj helgrizajn dorson kaj flankojn, iom pli malhele ĉedorse (fakte temas pri ege fajna vermikulado videbla nur de proksime). La ina plenkreskulo havas brunajn kapon kaj korpon kun pli malhelbluecan bekon kun nigra pinto.
La reprodukta habitato estas marĉoj kaj prerioj en okcidenta Nordameriko. Perdo de reprodukta habitato kondukis al akre malpliiĝantaj populacioj. Inoj regule demetas ovojn sur nestoj de aliaj Blubekaj merganasoj aŭ de aliaj anasoj, ĉefe de Blankadorsa anaso. La Blubeka merganaso kutime faras novan partneron ĉiujare, kaj ekpariĝas fine de vintro.
Sekve al la reprodukta sezono, la masklo iras al plumoŝanĝado kio igas lin senfluga dum preskaŭ unu monato. Antaŭ tio, li lasas sian partneron kaj moviĝas al grandaj akvejoj, ĉefe flugante norden.
Ili travintrumas en suda kaj nordorienta Usono, la regiono de la Grandaj Lagoj, norda Meksiko kaj Karibio.
Tiu tre migranta specio estas tre rara vaganto en okcidenta Eŭropo.
Tiuj birdoj manĝas ĉefe per plonĝado aŭ plaŭdado. Ili manĝas ĉefe akvajn plantojn Halodule wrightii (74 %) kun iome da moluskoj (21 %).[1] Gastropodoj estas 18% de la manĝo kaj duvalvuloj estas 3 % el ties manĝo.[1]
Gastropodoj konataj kiel manĝo de la Aythya americana estas:[1] Acteocina canaliculata, Acteon punctostriatus, Anachis avara, Anachis obesa, Caecum nitidum, specioj Calliostoma, Cerithidea pliculosa, Cerithium lutosum, Crepidula convexa, Diastoma varium, specioj de Melanella, Mitrella lunata, Nassarius acutus, Nassarius vibex, specioj de Natica, Neritina virginea, Odostomia trifida, Olivella minuta, Olivella watermani, specioj de Polinices, Piramideledoj, Pyrgocythara plicosa, Rissoina catesbyana, Sayella livida, specioj de Turbonilla, Turbonilla interrupta kaj specioj de Vitrinella.[1]
masklo
masklo
masklo
masklo en Puerto Rico
La Blubeka merganaso aŭ Amerika merganaso laŭ la scienca nomo (Aythya americana) estas mezgranda birdospecio de la grupo de la merganasoj, 37 cm longa kun enverguro de 84 cm.
El porrón americano, porrón de cabeza roja o pato cabeza roja (Aythya americana)[2] es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatinae propia de Norteamérica.
El porrón americano mide entre 45 y 58 cm de largo,[3] con una envergadura alar de unos 84 cm. El macho adulto tiene pico gris azulado salvo la punta y una fina lista en la base que son negras. Su plumaje es principalmente gris claro, aunque su cabeza y cuello son castaño rojizos, y presenta dos zonas negras, una en la parte frontal (pecho y parte superior de manto) y la otra en la zona caudal. Sus ojos son amarillos. La hembra adulta es de tonos pardos, y con un pico gris azulado más oscuro que el del macho, también con la punta negra, y sus ojos son castaños. Presenta zonas claras en las base del pico y los flancos y su espalda es grisácea. Ambos sexos presentan las plumas de vuelo de color gris claro y el vientre blanquecino.
El porrón americano es muy similar al porrón europeo que habita en el Viejo mundo, con el que puede confundirse cuando divaga por Europa. El porrón americano es algo mayor y sus machos tienen el iris de los ojos amarillo, en lugar de rojo como el europeo. Además el porrón americano tiene la cabeza más redondeada, y la zona negra de la base del pico del porrón europeo es mucho más ancha. También tiene un plumaje similar al porrón coacoxtle, con el que cohabita, pero sus siluetas son inconfundibles puesto que el porrón coacoxtle tiene el cuello y el pico más largos, y además el pico del porrón coacoxtle es negro en toda su extensión y tiene los ojos de color rojo anaranjado.
El porrón americano fue descrito científicamente por el naturalista inglés Thomas Campbell Eyton en 1838, con el nombre de Fuligula americana.[4] Posteriormente fue trasladado al género Aythya, que al haber sido creado con anterioridad, en 1822 por Friedrich Boie, tenía prioridad como nombre del género.[5] La etimología del nombre de su género, Aythya, procede del término griego αἴθυια (aithuia), un ave marina sin identificar citada por Aristóteles;[6] mientras que su nombre específico, americana, simplemente es el término latino que indica su procedencia.
Es una especie monotípica, es decir, no se reconocen subespecies diferenciadas.[7]
Los porrones americanos son aves migratorias que se reproducen en los pantanos, lagos y lagunas del noroeste de Norteamérica y la región de los Grandes Lagos. La pérdida de hábitat reproductivo ha conducido a una caída considerable de su población. Pasan los inviernos en el sur y este de los Estados Unidos, el norte de México y el Caribe. En raras ocasiones este migrador de largas distancias aparece como divagante en Europa occidental.
Los porrones americanos buscan su alimento buceando o sumergiendo parte de su cuerpo. Estos patos se alimentan principalmente de materia vegetal (74%) y pequeños animales, principalmente moluscos (21%).[8] Los gasterópodos constituyen el 18% y los bivalvos el 3% de su dieta.[8] Entre los caracoles registrados en la dieta de Aythya americana se encuentran:[8] Acteocina canaliculata, Acteon punctostriatus, Anachis avara, Anachis obesa, Caecum nitidum, Calliostoma sp., Cerithidea pliculosa, Cerithium lutosum, Crepidula convexa, Diastoma varium, Melanella sp., Mitrella lunata, Nassarius acutus, Nassarius vibex, Natica sp., Neritina virginea, Odostomia trifida, Olivella minuta, Olivella watermani, Polinices sp., Pyramidellidae, Pyrgocythara plicosa, Rissoina catesbyana, Sayella livida, Turbonilla sp., Turbonilla interrupta y Vitrinella sp.[8]
Suelen establecer una nueva pareja cada año, empezando el periodo de emparejamiento al final del invierno. Tras la temporada de apareamiento, los machos abandonan a sus parejas al cuidado de la nidada y se marchan a grandes masas de agua para mudar el plumaje, quedando incapaces de volar durante al menos un mes a causa de la pérdida de todas las plumas de vuelo a la vez, en un periodo denominado manchada. Antes de que esto ocurra, dejan a sus parejas y se marchan a grandes extensiones de agua, normalmente volando durante un mes. Las hembras regularmente ponen sus huevos en los nidos de otros patos, especialmente en los de porrones coacoxtles.
El porrón americano, porrón de cabeza roja o pato cabeza roja (Aythya americana) es una especie de ave anseriforme de la familia Anatinae propia de Norteamérica.
Murgilari burugorria (Aythya americana) Aythya generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago. Murgilari arruntarekin lotura estua du.[3]
Murgilari burugorria (Aythya americana) Aythya generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Anatidae familian sailkatua dago. Murgilari arruntarekin lotura estua du.
Amerikanpunasotka (Aythya americana) on sotkien sukuun kuuluva sorsalaji.
Amerikanpunasotka on 44-51 senttimetriä pitkä. Se muistuttaa väritykseltään punasotkaa. Koiraalla on punainen pää ja kaula, musta rinta ja pyrstö ja harmaat siivet. Eroina punasotkaan koiraan pää on pyöreämpi ja otsa jyrkempi. Nokka on pääosin vaaleanharmaa ja siinä on musta kärki. Silmät ovat keltaiset.[2]
Naaras on väritykseltään ruskea. Erona punasotkanaaraaseen sillä on vaaleampi ja lämpimämmän punaruskea rinta, joka eroaa vain vähän tai ei ollenkaan kupeiden väristä. Silmää ympäröi vaalea silmärengas, jonka takana on vaalea viiru.[2]
Amerikanpunasotkan pesimisalueet sijaitsevat Alaskassa, Kanadassa ja Yhdysvaltain pohjoisosissa. Laji talvehtii etelämpänä yhdysvalloissa ja Väli-Amerikassa.[1] Euroopassa amerikanpunasotka on hyvin harvinainen harhailija.[2]
Aythya americana
Le Fuligule à tête rouge, Canard à tête rouge, Milouin à tête rouge, Morillon à tête rouge Milouin américain ou encore Milouin d'Amérique (Aythya americana) est une espèce de canards plongeurs de la famille des anatidés.
Le fuligule à tête rouge a un large bec bleu avec la pointe noire. L'intérieur des narines est foncé. La tête et le cou sont rouge cuivré. Le reste de la nuque et le corps, la partie basse du dos et la couverture de la queue sont noir. Le dessous est blanc parsemé d gris et de noir. Les côtés sont finement ondulés de noir et de blanc. La couverture des ailes est gris bleu finement tachetée de blanc. L'extérieur des secondaires est duveté bleu gris et l'intérieur est étroitement bordé de noir.
La femelle a la partie avant du corps, la tête et le cou brunâtre. La base du bec est entouré de blanc._female_and_offspring.jpg)
Les nids sont installés principalement à terre, dans la végétation à l'abri de l'humidité. En mai, la femelle pond de 8 à 10 œufs, plus rarement 15 œufs. Ils sont couvés de 24 à 25 jours.
Cette espèce étant migratrice présente une répartition différente selon les saisons :
Aythya americana
Le Fuligule à tête rouge, Canard à tête rouge, Milouin à tête rouge, Morillon à tête rouge Milouin américain ou encore Milouin d'Amérique (Aythya americana) est une espèce de canards plongeurs de la famille des anatidés.
Crvenoglava patka (lat. A. americana) je patka srednje veličine iz roda Aythya, koji se nalazi u potporodici ronilica. 1838. opisao ju je Thomas Campbell Eyton, engleski prirodoslovac[1].
Mužjaci su dugi 44-54 cm. Ženke su neznatno manje, njihova duljina tijela je 41.5-51.5 cm. Prosječna težina je 1100 grama[2]. Mužjak teži 0.95-1.4 kg, a ženka 0.68-1.3 kg. Duljina krila kod mužjaka je 23-24.2 cm, a kod ženki 21-23 cm[3].
Ova patka jako sliči glavatoj patki, samo joj je glava zaobljenija, a tijelo tamnije. Spolni dimorfizam je naglašen. Mužjaci imaju crvenkastosmeđu glavu, crna prsa i srebrnkasto tijelo. Kljun je svjetlosive boje. Šarenica je žuta, ponekad narančasta.
Ženka je sivosmeđe boje. Odlikuje je najtamnije perje od svih pataka u ovoj potporodici. Kljun je tamnosive boje i ima crni vrh. Šarenica je tamnosmeđe boje.
Pačićima su vrat i leđa svjetlo maslinastosmeđe boje. Čelo, lice i tijelo su žute boje.
Ova ptica hranu obično nalazi ronjenjem. 74% prehrane čini vodena biljka Halodule wrightii, a 21% čine mekušci. Puževi uključuju 18%, a školjkaši 3% prehrane[4].
Crvenoglava patka je većinom monogamna vrsta. Često se zna dogoditi da u istom gnijezdu jaja polaže nekoliko ženki. Jaja su dimenzija 60.2x43.3 mm[5]. Sjajna su, svjetlomaslinaste boje. Inkubacija traje 25 dana, a za vrijeme nje, mužjak se sklanja od gnijezda i mitari se. Godišnja stopa smrtnosti za mlade je 80%, a za odrasle jedinke 40%. Mladi nauče letjeti nakon dva ili dva i pol mjeseca. Za 70-84 dana dobivaju svoju maksimalnu veličinu, ali tada još nisu sposobni brinuti se sami za sebe.
Crvenoglava patka (lat. A. americana) je patka srednje veličine iz roda Aythya, koji se nalazi u potporodici ronilica. 1838. opisao ju je Thomas Campbell Eyton, engleski prirodoslovac.
Kolönd (fræðiheiti Aythya americana) er fugl af andaætt.
Il moriglione testarossa (Aythya americana) è un'anatra tuffatrice di medie dimensioni, lunga 37 cm e con 84 cm di apertura alare.
Il maschio adulto ha il becco azzurro, la testa e il collo rossi, il petto nero, gli occhi gialli e il dorso grigio. La femmina adulta ha la testa e il corpo bruni e un becco azzurrognolo più scuro con la punta nera.
L'habitat di nidificazione sono le paludi e i fossi nelle praterie del Nordamerica occidentale. La perdita dell'habitat di nidificazione ha portato ad un rapido declino delle popolazioni. Le femmine depongono regolarmente le uova nei nidi di altri moriglioni testarossa o di altre anatre, soprattutto di moriglioni dorsotelato. I moriglioni testarossa scelgono solitamente un nuovo partner ogni anno, formando le coppie alla fine dell'inverno.
Dopo la stagione della nidificazione, i maschi attraversano un periodo di muta che li rende incapaci di volare per quasi un mese. Prima che questo accada, lasciano le loro compagne e si dirigono verso grandi specchi d'acqua, volando solitamente verso nord.
Svernano negli Stati Uniti meridionali e nordorientali, nella regione dei Grandi Laghi, nel Messico settentrionale e nei Caraibi.
Questi grandi migratori raggiungono solo molto raramente l'Europa occidentale.
Questi uccelli si nutrono soprattutto immergendosi o stando in superficie. Mangiano soprattutto piante acquatiche ed alcuni molluschi, insetti acquatici e piccoli pesci.
Maschio a Porto Rico
Il moriglione testarossa (Aythya americana) è un'anatra tuffatrice di medie dimensioni, lunga 37 cm e con 84 cm di apertura alare.
Il maschio adulto ha il becco azzurro, la testa e il collo rossi, il petto nero, gli occhi gialli e il dorso grigio. La femmina adulta ha la testa e il corpo bruni e un becco azzurrognolo più scuro con la punta nera.
L'habitat di nidificazione sono le paludi e i fossi nelle praterie del Nordamerica occidentale. La perdita dell'habitat di nidificazione ha portato ad un rapido declino delle popolazioni. Le femmine depongono regolarmente le uova nei nidi di altri moriglioni testarossa o di altre anatre, soprattutto di moriglioni dorsotelato. I moriglioni testarossa scelgono solitamente un nuovo partner ogni anno, formando le coppie alla fine dell'inverno.
Dopo la stagione della nidificazione, i maschi attraversano un periodo di muta che li rende incapaci di volare per quasi un mese. Prima che questo accada, lasciano le loro compagne e si dirigono verso grandi specchi d'acqua, volando solitamente verso nord.
Svernano negli Stati Uniti meridionali e nordorientali, nella regione dei Grandi Laghi, nel Messico settentrionale e nei Caraibi.
Questi grandi migratori raggiungono solo molto raramente l'Europa occidentale.
Questi uccelli si nutrono soprattutto immergendosi o stando in superficie. Mangiano soprattutto piante acquatiche ed alcuni molluschi, insetti acquatici e piccoli pesci.
De Amerikaanse tafeleend (Aythya americana) is een duikeend die voorkomt in Noord-Amerika en lijkt op de tafeleend uit Europa.
De Amerikaanse tafeleend lijkt sterk op de (gewone) tafeleend (Aythya ferina). Een belangrijk verschil is de snavel. Bij de Amerikaanse tafeleend is deze bijna geheel blauwig van kleur. De gewone tafeleend heeft veel meer zwart op de snavel. De vrouwtjes van beide soorten zijn vrij onopvallend bruin van kleur en zijn nog moeilijker te onderscheiden, hoewel ze meestal ook hetzelfde snavelpatroon hebben. De Amerikaanse tafeleend is weliswaar een duikeend, maar hij grondelt vaker dan andere duikeenden. Hij eet voornamelijk waterplanten.
De soort komt voor in Noord-Amerika en broedt aan plassen en meertjes op de prairie in het noordwesten, vanaf Nebraska tot in Alaska en overwintert aan de kusten van de Verenigde Staten. Een enkele keer dwaalt de Amerikaanse tafeleend ook weleens af naar Europa, waar hij echter niet altijd als de vreemde eend in de bijt herkend wordt. Begin 2016 bevond zich een Amerikaanse tafeleend gedurende enige tijd in het van Starkenborghkanaal tussen Aduard en Noordhorn. Dit is het eerste aanvaarde geval in Nederland[2].
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Amerikaanse tafeleend (Aythya americana) is een duikeend die voorkomt in Noord-Amerika en lijkt op de tafeleend uit Europa.
Kobberhodeand (vitenskapelig navn Aythya americana) er en dykkand. Den lever i Nord-Amerika. Den hekker i nordlige deler av kontinentet og trekker sørover til sørlige deler av kontinentet og Karibia om vinteren.
Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. Kobberhodeand (vitenskapelig navn Aythya americana) er en dykkand. Den lever i Nord-Amerika. Den hekker i nordlige deler av kontinentet og trekker sørover til sørlige deler av kontinentet og Karibia om vinteren.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Głowienka preriowa (Aythya americana) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae). Często widywana pojedynczo; w parach lub w małych stadkach występuje w okresie wędrówek. Lot szybki, niski i po prostej linii. Jaja składa do gniazd innych kaczek.
Długość ciała 46-56 cm, rozpiętość skrzydeł 74-89 cm, masa ciała 1179 g[5]. Samiec ma zaokrągloną głowę koloru miedzianoczerwonego. Dziób niebieski, z czarnym zakończeniem. Tułów szary, czarna pierś, ogon i pokrywy podskrzydłowe. Samica jest koloru brązowego. Brzuch biały, czarno zakończony, szary dziób.
Północno-zachodnia i środkowa część Ameryki Północnej.
Głowienka preriowa (Aythya americana) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kaczkowatych (Anatidae). Często widywana pojedynczo; w parach lub w małych stadkach występuje w okresie wędrówek. Lot szybki, niski i po prostej linii. Jaja składa do gniazd innych kaczek.
Amerikansk brunand[2] (Aythya americana) är en nordamerikansk dykand i underfamiljen Aythyinae inom ordningen andfåglar.[3]
Den adulta fågeln mäter ungefär 37 centimeter och har ett genomsnittligt vingspann på 84 centimeter. Den adulta hanen har ljust blågrå näbb med svart näbbnagel, rödbrunt huvud och hals, svart bröst och stjärt, gult öga och grå ovan- och kroppssida. Den adulta honan har brunt huvud och kropp och en mörkare blåaktig näbb med svart näbbspets. Den är mest lik den europeiska brunanden (Aythya ferina), men har jämfört med denna rundare huvud, brantare panna, det typiska näbbmönstret samt ljusare öga. Den simmar också oftare än brunanden med rest stjärt.[4]
Amerikansk brunand är en flyttfågel som häckar från Alaska till södra USA och övervintrar så långt söderut som Guatemala och Stora Antillerna.[3] Tillfälligt har den även setts på Guam och i Japan.Den är en mycket sällsynt gäst i Europa. Första fyndet gjordes i februari 1996 i Leicestershire, Storbritannien. Därefter har den observerats två gånger på Island, en gång på Irland och en gång i Azorerna. Det har även gjorts fynd i Nederländerna och Frankrike, men dessa kan röra sig om förrymda individer.[5] Arten har även setts i Japan.[1]
Amerikansk brunand häckar i små och grunda våtmarker i öppet landskap med framträdande vattenlevande växter.[6][7] Vintertid återfinns den i stora och öppna kustnära vatten, men kan också ses i sjöar, floddeltan, flodmynningar och våtmarker vid kusten.[6][8][7] Den bildar då ofta stora flockar, varav merparten i endast två flockar i Mexikanska golfen, i Laguna Madre i Mexiko respektive Laguna Madre i Texas.[9] Fågeln lever främst av vattenlevande växter men kan också inta fiskägg och ryggradslösa djur som sniglar, vandrarmusslor, dagsländor, nattsländor och knott.[9]
Under parningsleken böjer hanen huvudet bakåt tills det nuddar stjärten och snärtar det därefter framåt under ett kattlikt jamande. Endast honan bygger boet av omgivande växtlighet som hon fodrar med sina egna fjädrar. Ibland kan hon böja till växter omkring som en kupol över boet. Däri lägger hon sju till åtta ägg som ruvas i 22-28 dagar. Bara en till två dagar gamla lämnar ungarna boet.
Amerikansk brunand lägger även i större utsträckning än andra andarter sina ägg i andra fåglars bon, som gräsand, svartnäbbad brunand, stjärtand, snatterand, skedand, amerikansk kopparand, amerikansk bläsand och till och med amerikansk kärrhök.[9]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, och tros öka i antal.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattades 2015 till 1,2 miljoner individer.[10]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör amerikansk brunand.
Wikispecies har information om Aythya americana.
Amerikansk brunand (Aythya americana) är en nordamerikansk dykand i underfamiljen Aythyinae inom ordningen andfåglar.
Цей північномериканський попелюх близько споріднений з євразійсько-африканським попелюхом, а також з деякими іншими чернями.
Качка середнього розміру — маса тіла 1179 г, довжина тіла 35 см, розмах крил 84 см. Попелюх американський – ниркова качка, пристосована до пошуку поживи під водою. Ноги відсунуті назад стосовно центру ваги, тому на суші вона почувається невпевнено. Перетинки на лапах великі, дзьоб розширений, а на крилах нема дзеркалець. Качур протягом шлюбного періоду має яскраву червоно-коричневу голову й шию. В дорослих самців голова і шия яскраво-каштанового кольору, груди чорні, боки і спина світлосірі. Дзьоб попелястий з чорним закінченням, відділеним світлішою смужкою. В позашлюбний час голова не така яскрава, коричневого кольору. Самиця має делікатне бурувате забарвлення з темнішою головою й шиєю та білуватим низом. Дзьоб такий як у самця – сірий з темним кінцем, обрамленим світлішою смужкою. Самиця зберігає однаковий колір круглорічно [1].
Попелюх американський займає постійні та напів-постійні водойми у період розмноження, і належить до найпоширеніших у Північній Америці ниркових качок. Їхня популяція оцінюється приблизно в 1,4 млн особин, що становить близько 2% від усіх качиних Північної Америки. За оцінкою кількості впольованих качок частка попелюха американського становить близько 1%[2].
Попелюх американський збирається великими зграями на озерах і ставках групами до 25 осіб, серед яких внаслідок складної процедури залицяння формуються пари на один рік. Гнізда будують з гілок, очерету та іншої водної рослинності. У гніздовий період не захищають території від інших птахів. Це також пов’язане з можливість гніздового паразитизму. Самиці, частіше молоді і менш досвідчені, підкладають свої яйця в гнізда черні канадської (Aythya collaris), попелюха довгодзьобого (Aythya valisineria), черні американської (Aythya affinis), черні морської (Aythya marila).
Раціон змішаний та приблизно в рівних частках складається з рослинних і тваринних кормів. У гніздовий час у раціоні максимально переважають тваринні корми, а влітку – переважно складається з водних рослин.
Vịt trời đầu đỏ hay Vịt trời Mỹ (danh pháp khoa học: Aythya americana) là một loài chim trong họ Vịt.[2] Vịt trời đầu đỏ sinh sống tại các khu vực đầm lầy và đồng cỏ ở Bắc Mỹ. Vịt trống trưởng thành có mỏ màu xanh, biển, cái đầu và cổ màu đỏ, ngực màu đen, mắt vàng. Vịt mái trưởng thành có cơ thể và đầu màu nâu và mỏ xanh biển tối hơi xanh với đầu màu đen. Chúng trú đông đông trong Nam và phía đông bắc Hoa Kỳ, khu vực Ngũ Đại Hồ, phía bắc México và Caribbean. Hiện tại số lượng trong tự nhiên của loài chim này đã suy giảm nghiêm trọng do bị mất môi trường sinh sống và làm tổ. Những con chim mái của loài này thường đẻ trứng vào trong tổ của những loài chim khác. Chúng thay đổi bạn tình hàng năm và thường bắt đầu ghép đôi vào cuối mùa đông. Trong mùa sinh sản, những con chim trống thường thay lông, bộ lông cũ rụng sạch khiến chúng không bay được trong vòng một tháng. Chúng cũng là một loài chim di cư.
Vịt trời đầu đỏ hay Vịt trời Mỹ (danh pháp khoa học: Aythya americana) là một loài chim trong họ Vịt. Vịt trời đầu đỏ sinh sống tại các khu vực đầm lầy và đồng cỏ ở Bắc Mỹ. Vịt trống trưởng thành có mỏ màu xanh, biển, cái đầu và cổ màu đỏ, ngực màu đen, mắt vàng. Vịt mái trưởng thành có cơ thể và đầu màu nâu và mỏ xanh biển tối hơi xanh với đầu màu đen. Chúng trú đông đông trong Nam và phía đông bắc Hoa Kỳ, khu vực Ngũ Đại Hồ, phía bắc México và Caribbean. Hiện tại số lượng trong tự nhiên của loài chim này đã suy giảm nghiêm trọng do bị mất môi trường sinh sống và làm tổ. Những con chim mái của loài này thường đẻ trứng vào trong tổ của những loài chim khác. Chúng thay đổi bạn tình hàng năm và thường bắt đầu ghép đôi vào cuối mùa đông. Trong mùa sinh sản, những con chim trống thường thay lông, bộ lông cũ rụng sạch khiến chúng không bay được trong vòng một tháng. Chúng cũng là một loài chim di cư.
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : カモ目 Anseriformes 科 : カモ科 Anatidae 属 : ハジロ属 Aythya 種 : アメリカホシハジロアメリカホシハジロ （アメリカ星羽白、学名：Aythya americana）は、カモ目カモ科に分類される鳥類の一種である。
北アメリカ北部で繁殖し、冬季は北アメリカ東部および南部に渡り越冬する。一部の地域では留鳥として周年見られる。
日本では迷鳥として、1985年に東京都の不忍池で一度記録されている。
体長約49cm。ホシハジロと形態はよく似ているが、やや大型である。嘴の先端のみ黒く中間部は白みがかった青灰色であること、眼の虹彩が黄色であること、頭の形が丸みを帯びていることなどの点で区別できる。
湖沼、内湾に生息する。
食性は主に植物食で、水草を好む。
茂った水草の中に営巣するが、乾いた地上に営巣することもある。また、他のカモ類の巣に卵を産みこむ托卵を行うことがある。1腹7-8個の卵を産み、抱卵日数は24日である。
「ルルルルル」または「ミューオゥ」と鳴く。
この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（ポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類）。 
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