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Die Rooipylstert (Phaethon rubricauda) is 'n voël en 'n gereelde besoeker aan die Mosambiekkanaal, maar seldsaam verder suid. Die voël is 60 – 70 cm groot (met 35 cm wimpel) en weeg 600 – 800 g met 'n vlerkspan van 104 – 120 cm. Daar broei 3 000 – 4 000 pare op Europa-eiland in die Mosambiekkanaal. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Red-tailed tropicbird.
'n Rooipylstert in vlug.
Rooipylstert op die grond.
Museum specimen - New Caledonia
Die Rooipylstert (Phaethon rubricauda) is 'n voël en 'n gereelde besoeker aan die Mosambiekkanaal, maar seldsaam verder suid. Die voël is 60 – 70 cm groot (met 35 cm wimpel) en weeg 600 – 800 g met 'n vlerkspan van 104 – 120 cm. Daar broei 3 000 – 4 000 pare op Europa-eiland in die Mosambiekkanaal. In Engels staan die voël bekend as Red-tailed tropicbird.
Phaethon rubricauda ye una especie d'ave de la familia Phaethontidae que se repara na islla de Pascua y na islla Sala y Gómez.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Phaethon rubricauda ye una especie d'ave de la familia Phaethontidae que se repara na islla de Pascua y na islla Sala y Gómez.
Phaethon rubricauda Phaethon rubricauda[1] a zo ur spesad evned eus kerentiad ar Phaetontidae.
Laboused-spluj int ha bevañ a ra ar spesad diwar stivell ha pesked (pesked-nij en o zouez).
Ar spesad a gaver ar pevar isspesad anezhañ[2] :
er Meurvor Indez ha Meurvor Habask.
Phaethon rubricauda Phaethon rubricauda a zo ur spesad evned eus kerentiad ar Phaetontidae.
El cua de jonc cua-roig[1] (Phaethon rubricauda) és un ocell marí de la família Phaethontidae, l'única espècie de la família amb les llargues plomes centrals de la cua de color roig.
D'hàbits molt pelàgics, cria en esquerdes o sobre la sorra d'illes de la zona tropical i subtropical dels oceans Pacífic i Índic, faltant de l'Atlàntic, a les illes Bonin i Volcano, cap a l'est fins a l'oest de les Illes Hawaii i cap al sud fins a illes properes al nord-est d'Austràlia, illes Lord Howe, Norfolk i Kermadec. Illes properes al sud-oest de Madagascar i Maurici, Aldabra, Seychelles i Cocos, illes Petites de la Sonda i illes properes al nord-oest d'Austràlia. Es dispersa pel Pacífic, cap al nord fins al Japó i cap al sud fins Nova Zelanda i per l'Índic cap al nord fins al Mar Roig i el Golf Pèrsic i cap al sud fins a Sud-àfrica i Austràlia.
S'han descrit unes quatre subespècies dins aquesta espècie:[3]
El cua de jonc cua-roig (Phaethon rubricauda) és un ocell marí de la família Phaethontidae, l'única espècie de la família amb les llargues plomes centrals de la cua de color roig.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn trofannol cynffongoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar trofannol cynffongoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Phaethon rubricauda; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Red-tailed tropic bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Trofannol (Lladin: Phaethontidae) sydd yn urdd y Pelecaniformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. rubricauda, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2]
Mae'r aderyn trofannol cynffongoch yn perthyn i deulu'r Adar Trofannol (Lladin: Phaethontidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Aderyn trofannol cynffongoch Phaethon rubricauda Aderyn trofannol cynffonwyn Phaethon lepturus
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn trofannol cynffongoch (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar trofannol cynffongoch) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Phaethon rubricauda; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Red-tailed tropic bird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Adar Trofannol (Lladin: Phaethontidae) sydd yn urdd y Pelecaniformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. rubricauda, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.
Faeton červenoocasý (Phaethon rubricauda) je létavý pták z čeledi faetonovitých (Phaetontidae). Dosahuje velikosti přibližně 90-100 cm, váží až 1 kilogram. Nejčastěji se vyskytuje v Tichém a Indickém oceánu. Je to velmi dobrý letec, většinu času tráví ve vzduchu, ale na zemi se pohybuje velice nemotorně. Nemotorný pohyb na zemi je způsobený tím, že Faeton červenoocasý má nohy příliš vzadu na těle a proto je pro něj velmi náročné udržet rovnováhu a pohybovat se. Od ostatních faetonů se tento druh liší barvou ocasu a rozmístěním černého opeření na obličejové části hlavy.
Živí se především rybami (hlavně létajícími) a menšími druhy hlavonožců, převážně olihněmi. Živí se lovem pod vodou, do vody se vrhá z velké výšky.
Samice snáší jediné vejce na zem, trvá přibližně 40-46 dní, než se mládě vylíhne. Hnízdí především na skalách a útesech, ze kterých je snadné vzlétnout. V sezení a péči o mladé se střídají sameček se samičkou. Pohlaví se neliší opeřením, sameček je o něco málo větší než samička. Tokání probíhá tak, že samečci předvádí ve vzduchu nejrůznější akrobatické kousky, aby zaujali potenciální partnerky. Zároveň při námluvách švihá ze strany na stranu svými ocasními pery.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu faeton červenoocasý ve Wikimedia Commons
Faeton červenoocasý (Phaethon rubricauda) je létavý pták z čeledi faetonovitých (Phaetontidae). Dosahuje velikosti přibližně 90-100 cm, váží až 1 kilogram. Nejčastěji se vyskytuje v Tichém a Indickém oceánu. Je to velmi dobrý letec, většinu času tráví ve vzduchu, ale na zemi se pohybuje velice nemotorně. Nemotorný pohyb na zemi je způsobený tím, že Faeton červenoocasý má nohy příliš vzadu na těle a proto je pro něj velmi náročné udržet rovnováhu a pohybovat se. Od ostatních faetonů se tento druh liší barvou ocasu a rozmístěním černého opeření na obličejové části hlavy.
Der Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel (Phaethon rubricauda) ist eine Vogelart aus der Ordnung Phaethontiformes und lebt über dem subtropischen und tropischen Indopazifik. Im Unterschied zu den beiden anderen Tropikvogelarten fehlt er über dem Atlantik.
Die IUCN stuft den Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein.
Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel erreichen eine Körperlänge von 95 bis 104 Zentimeter, dabei entfallen etwa 35 Zentimeter auf die verlängerten Schwanzfedern. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 111 bis 119 Zentimeter. Das Gewicht beträgt durchschnittlich 800 Gramm.[1]
Sie sind weiß, bei frisch vermauserten Vögeln hat das Gefieder einen rosafarbenen Schimmer. Die Schäfte der Handschwingen und der Schwanzfedern sind schwarz. Über dem Auge befindet sich ein halbmondförmiger schwarzer Fleck. Der Schwanz hat 16 Steuerfedern, die beiden mittleren sind lang ausgezogen und blutrot. Sie sind schmaler als bei den anderen Tropikvogelarten. Trotz ihrer scheinbaren Auffälligkeit sind diese verlängerten Steuerfedern bei Feldbeobachtungen häufig nur schwer auszumachen. Die Beine sind blassblau, die Füße schwarz. Der Schnabel ist rot.
Juvenile Tiere tragen auf der Oberseite ein Muster von schwarzen Querstreifen. Ihnen fehlen noch die beiden langen Schwanzfedern und der Schnabel ist schwarz, mit zunehmendem Alter sich gelb oder orange verfärbend. Das Alterskleid weisen sie im Alter von zwei bis drei Jahren auf.[2]
Der Rotschwanztropikvogel kann mit mehreren Vogelarten verwechselt werden, die nicht zur Familie der Tropikvögel zählen. Die Silberkopfmöwe weist kürzere Flügel auf und hat einen schlankeren Körperbau. Körperproportionen und Flugbild erinnern an die Raubseeschwalbe, der Körperbau des Rotschwanztropikvogels ist aber insgesamt kräftiger und Rotschwanztropikvögel weisen anders als diese kein Grau auf der Körperoberseite auf.
Der Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel fliegt typischerweise hoch oberhalb der Wasseroberfläche. Für sein Flugbild charakteristisch sind sehr regelmäßig, fast mechanisch wirkende Flügelschläge, dazwischen legt er immer wieder Gleitphasen ein, bei denen er weder Höhe gewinnt noch verliert.[3] Er gehört zu den Stoßtauchern, die sich auf die Wasseroberfläche aus der Flugphase heraus herabstürzen, um Nahrung zu fangen. Auf dem Wasser schwimmend ragt der Schwanz hoch auf. Meist ist der Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel über dem Meer nur einzeln zu beobachten, in den Brutkolonien sind sie in losen Trupps vergesellschaftet. Die Beine setzen sehr weit hinten am Körper an und die Füße sind zu schwach ausgebildet, als dass sie das Körpergewicht tragen könnten. Sie kriechen, indem sie sich auf die Brust abstützen und drücken sich mit den Flügeln unter Zuhilfenahme des Schnabels nach vorne, bis sie eine Stelle gefunden haben, von der sie wieder abheben können.[4]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Rotschwanz-Tropikvogels ist der tropische Indische und Pazifische Ozean. Sie kommen hier in etwa zwischen 40° S und 40° N vor. Vereinzelt werden Irrgäste auch weit im Inland beobachtet. Außerhalb der Brutzeit sind Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel generell nur über der Hochsee zu beobachten.
Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel brüten auf Mauritius, Madagaskar, den Seychellen, auf Inseln vor Westaustralien und Queensland, Neukaledonien, Ogasawara-guntō, den Kermadec- und den Gesellschaftsinseln und auf Hawaii.[5]
Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel fressen überwiegend Fische und Kopffüßer. Ihre Nahrung fangen sie stoßtauchend. Sie stürzen sich dabei senkrecht aus einer Höhe von sechs bis 50 Meter in das Wasser. Die große Höhe kompensiert dabei, dass der Körperbau der Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel wenig stromlinienförmig ist. Vereinzelt fangen sie auch Fliegende Fische während derer Flugphase. Die Nahrung wird gelegentlich noch unter Wasser geschluckt, ansonsten während der Vogel auf dem Wasser schwimmt. Sie fliegen nahezu nie auf, wenn sie noch Beutetiere im Schnabel halten.
Der im Verhältnis zur Körpergröße große Schnabel, den sie zudem weit öffnen können, ermöglicht dieser Art, verhältnismäßig große Fische zu fangen. Gewöhnlich gehen Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel allein auf Nahrungssuche, sie sind jedoch gelegentlich mit anderen Tropikvögeln oder Seevögeln vergesellschaftet.[6]
Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel sind monogame Vögel. Auf der Weihnachtsinsel und dem Kure-Atoll besteht die Paarbeziehung über mehrere Fortpflanzungsperioden fort.[7] Sie brüten entweder einzeln oder in lockeren Kolonien. Die Nistdichte hängt möglicherweise mehr von geeigneten Brutstandorten ab und beträgt zwischen einem oder zwei Meter oder bis zu 70 Meter. Auf einigen Inseln finden sich nur ein oder zwei Nester von Rotschwanz-Tropikvögeln. Es ist bislang nicht untersucht, in welchem Alter sie die Paarbindung eingehen. Es gibt aber von Beobachtungen auf dem Kure-Atoll einige Indizien, dass sich die Paare ein Jahr vor der ersten Brut bilden.[8] Ein Nest wird nicht gebaut, das einzige Ei, aus dem das Gelege wie bei allen Tropikvögeln besteht, wird in einer flachen Mulde abgelegt. Niststandorte sind Höhlen, Spalten und Felsbänder an Klippen, gelegentlich findet sich der Niststandort auch bis zu vierzig Meter vom Klippenrand entfernt.[9] Das Ei ist matt hellbraun und von ovaler Form. Geht das Ei oder das Küken verloren, kommt es innerhalb von einem bis zwei Monaten zu einem Nachgelege.[10]
Beide Elternvögel brüten und versorgen den Jungvogel. Bei der Brut lösen sie sich auf dem Kure-Atoll durchschnittlich alle acht Tage ab, auf der Weihnachtsinsel dagegen alle sechs Tage. Die Brutzeit beträgt 41 bis 48 Tage. Das Küken ist beim Schlupf bereits mit grauen oder weißen Daunen bedeckt, die eine Länge von einem bis anderthalb Zentimeter haben. Sie zunächst blind, die Augen öffnen sich am zweiten oder dritten Lebenstag. Während der ersten Lebenswoche wird das Küken von einem Elternvogel gehudert, danach sitzen sie entweder unter einem Flügel des Elternvogels oder der Elternvogel sitzt neben der Nistmulde. In der ersten Lebenswoche öffnen die Küken ihren Schnabel nur, wenn sie berührt werden. Die Elternvögel lösen ein Öffnen des Schnabels bei ihm aus, indem sie es an der Schnabelbasis berühren. Nach einer Woche beginnen die Küken jedoch, alle Vögel anzubetteln, die sich in der Nähe der Nistmulde auffinden. Sie bringen gewöhnlich ein bis zwei Mal am Tag Nahrung herbei. Mit zunehmendem Lebensalter des Nestlings halten sich die Elternvögel zunehmend weniger in der Nähe des Nestlings auf. Vermutlich endet die Anwesenheit der Elternvögel etwa, wenn der Jungvogel ein Lebensalter von sechs Wochen erreicht hat.
Die Reproduktionsrate von Rotschwanz-Tropikvögeln ist nicht hoch: Maximal aus 46 bis 50 Prozent der Gelege wächst ein Jungvogel bis zum Zeitpunkt des Ausfliegens heran, auf dem Kure-Atoll waren es in zwei Fortpflanzungsperioden nur 38 beziehungsweise 17 Jungvögel je 100 Eier, die flügge wurden. Auf der Weihnachtsinsel werden während der El Niño-Southern Oscillation keine Jungvögel groß. Dies ist vermutlich darauf zurückzuführen, dass die Oberflächentemperatur der Nahrungsgründe dann ansteigt und Fische ausbleiben, die die Nahrungsgrundlage der Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel sind. Heftige Regenfälle, die in dieser Zeit gleichfalls auftreten, tragen ebenfalls zu dem ausbleibenden Bruterfolg bei.[11]
Zu den Prädatoren des Rotschwanz-Tropikvogels zählen Weißbauchseeadler und Fischadler, die brütende Adulte und ältere Nestlinge schlagen. Die Silberkopfmöwe und Raben fressen Eier und Küken. Das Sammeln von Eiern oder Jagen von Vögeln durch den Menschen gilt aber als die bedeutsamere Todesursache. Auf der Norfolkinsel stellen verwilderte Hauskatzen eine Bedrohung für diese Art dar, auf der Weihnachtsinsel sind es neben Hauskatzen auch Hunde, die Vögel dieser Art töten. Auf Aldabra fallen vermutlich Rotschwanz-Tropikvögel auch dem Palmendieb zum Opfer. Hitzestress ist eine der wesentlichen weiteren Todesursachen.[12]
Der Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel (Phaethon rubricauda) ist eine Vogelart aus der Ordnung Phaethontiformes und lebt über dem subtropischen und tropischen Indopazifik. Im Unterschied zu den beiden anderen Tropikvogelarten fehlt er über dem Atlantik.
Die IUCN stuft den Rotschwanz-Tropikvogel als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein.
Ko te Amokura he manu moana. He mā ngā huruhuru, he whero ngā ngutu. He mano o ngā wāhi mahana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, kei ngā moutere o Porinīhia ōna wāhi whakaputa uri. E rua ōna kurutou whero kita, roroa rawa atu. Ko Phaethon rubricauda te ingoa pūtaiao. Ko te Red-tailed Tropicbird te ingoa reo Pākehā.
Ko te Amokura he manu moana. He mā ngā huruhuru, he whero ngā ngutu. He mano o ngā wāhi mahana o Te Moana-nui-a-Kiwa, kei ngā moutere o Porinīhia ōna wāhi whakaputa uri. E rua ōna kurutou whero kita, roroa rawa atu. Ko Phaethon rubricauda te ingoa pūtaiao. Ko te Red-tailed Tropicbird te ingoa reo Pākehā.
Ko e tavake toto ko e manupuna ʻo e tuʻafanga ʻi Tongá ni, ʻoku ne fakafānau ʻi ʻAta pē (?), ka ko ʻene ʻasi ʻoku ne tātātaha ʻi he feituʻu kotoa. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 78, kapakau sm ʻe 107 (ʻoku siʻi lahi ange ʻi he tavake). Ko e meʻa utua hono iku kulokula, ko e laveʻi-tavake, ka ʻoku faingataʻa ʻene ʻilo ʻi he langi ngingila. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lave ē ʻe Havea Hikuleʻo Helu ʻi heʻene ao ko e palatavake.
Ko e tavake toto ko e manupuna ʻo e tuʻafanga ʻi Tongá ni, ʻoku ne fakafānau ʻi ʻAta pē (?), ka ko ʻene ʻasi ʻoku ne tātātaha ʻi he feituʻu kotoa. Ko hono lahi ko e senitimita ʻe 78, kapakau sm ʻe 107 (ʻoku siʻi lahi ange ʻi he tavake). Ko e meʻa utua hono iku kulokula, ko e laveʻi-tavake, ka ʻoku faingataʻa ʻene ʻilo ʻi he langi ngingila. Naʻe ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi lave ē ʻe Havea Hikuleʻo Helu ʻi heʻene ao ko e palatavake.
Ο Φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά είναι θαλάσσιο πελαγικό πτηνό της οικογενείας των Φαεθοντιδών. Απαντά στις τροπικές θάλασσες του Ειρηνικού και του Ινδικού. Η επιστημονική ονομασία του είδους είναι Phaethon rubricauda και περιλαμβάνει 4 υποείδη.[2][3]
Ο φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά αποτελεί ένα από τα τρία είδη του γένους Φαέθων, κομψών σε εμφάνιση πελαγικών πτηνών που περιπλανώνται στις τροπικές θάλασσες των μεγάλων ωκεανών και έρχονται στην στεριά μόνο για να φωλιάσουν.
Ο λατινικός όρος rubricauda στην επιστημονική ονομασία του είδους προέρχεται από τα επί μέρους συνθετικά rūber «ερυθρός» + cauda «εξάρτημα που κρέμεται στο πίσω μέρος, ουρά», με σαφή σημασία που παραπέμπει στα χαρακτηριστικά κόκκινα φτερά της ουράς του πτηνού. [5] [ii]
Η γενική αγγλική ονομασία για τα 3 μέλη του γένους είναι tropicbirds «πουλιά των τροπικών», με σαφή αναφορά στα -μεσαία- γεωγραφικά πλάτη όπου απαντούν. Στην παλαιά βιβλιογραφία κατονομάζονται ως boatswains «λοστρόμοι», λόγω των δυνατών σφυριγμάτων που αρθρώνουν. [6] Η ονομασία Red-tailed tropicbird για το είδος έχει την ίδια αναφορά με την λατινική.
Στην γλώσσα των Μάορι, το πτηνό αποκαλείται amokura. Επίσης, atavaké, tawake και ko’ae ’Ula , από την ίδια περιοχή (Νέα Ζηλανδία). [7]
Το είδος περιγράφηκε για πρώτη φορά από τον Ολλανδό φυσικό και φυσιοδίφη Πίτερ Μπόντ(α)ερτ (Pieter Boddaert, 1730-1795), από τον Μαυρίκιο, το 1783, ως Phaeton (sic) rubricauda. [8] [9]
Ο φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά περιπλανιέται στις θερμές, τροπικές θάλασσες του Ειρηνικού και του Ινδικού, ενώ απουσιάζει από τον Ατλαντικό Ωκεανό. Απαντά κυρίως στον ΝΚ. Ινδικό Ωκεανό, από τις αφρικανικές ακτές και ανατολικότερα, προς τις Σευχέλλες και τον Μαυρίκιο, μέχρι τις απέναντι περιοχές της Δ. Αυστραλίας και της ΝΔ Ινδονησίας.
Στον Ειρηνικό, απαντά βόρεια του τροπικού του Καρκίνου και νότια του τροπικού του Αιγόκερω (40° εκατέρωθεν του ισημερινού), από τα νησιά νότια της Ιαπωνίας μέχρι την Νέα Καληδονία και Νέα Ζηλανδία και, ανατολικά, μέχρι την Γαλλική Πολυνησία, τα νησιά Μάρσαλ και την Χαβάη.
Τυχαίοι, περιπλανώμενοι επισκέπτες έχουν αναφερθεί, μεταξύ άλλων, από τα ανοιχτά στην Βραζιλία, τα Φίτζι, την Κένυα, το Περού και την Ταϊλάνδη.
Όπως όλα τα μέλη της οικογένειας, οι φαέθοντες με κόκκινη ουρά είναι όμορφα, κομψά πτηνά των τροπικών θαλασσών, που χαρακτηρίζονται από τα επιμηκυσμένα κεντρικά πηδαλιώδη φτερά της ουράς. Το χρώμα τους, σε αντίθεση με τον φαέθοντα με κόκκινο ράμφος είναι κόκκινο και το μήκος τους φθάνει και, σε μερικές περιπτώσεις, ξεπερνάει το συνολικό μήκος σώματος του πτηνού. Είναι λεπτότερα από εκείνα των άλλων ειδών, φθείρονται σχετικά γρήγορα και αντικαθίστανται. Το πτέρωμα των ενηλίκων ατόμων είναι χιονόλευκο στο κάτω μέρος, με κάποια σομόν απόχρωση, [13] ενώ το πάνω μέρος του σώματος έχει χαρακτηριστικές μαύρες ραβδώσεις, που φθάνουν μέχρι την περιοχή των ώμων και το ουροπύγιο. Επίσης, διακρίνεται μαύρη ημισεληνοειδής ταινία σε κάθε πλευρά του προσώπου, από την περιοχή των οφθαλμών μέχρι τον τράχηλο. Τα εξωτερικά στέγαστρα των πτερύγων και τα εσωτερικά δευτερεύοντα ερετικά είναι μαύρα, κάνοντας αντίθεση με την υπόλοιπη λευκή πτέρυγα.
Το ράμφος είναι μεγάλο, οξύληκτο, καμπυλωτό προς τα κάτω, με φωτεινό κόκκινο χρώμα. Η ουρά διαθέτει συνολικά 8 ζεύγη πηδαλιωδών φτερών, μαζί με τα επιμηκυσμένα κεντρικά. Οι ταρσοί είναι ανοικτόχρωμοι κυανοί, τα πόδια είναι μαύρα, ενώ τα τέσσερα δάκτυλα των ποδιών είναι συνδεδεμένα με μεμβράνη και, τοποθετημένα πολύ πίσω στο σώμα, καθιστώντας δύσκολο έως αδύνατο το περπάτημα, πολλές φορές μάλιστα, τα πουλιά αναγκάζονται να σέρνονται με την κοιλιά.
Στα ενήλικα άτομα δεν παρατηρείται κάποιος ιδιαίτερος φυλετικός διμορφισμός, αλλά τα νεαρά πουλιά έχουν λευκή άνω επιφάνεια με μαύρες λωρίδες και στίξεις, χωρίς την σομόν απόχρωση των ενηλίκων. Το ράμφος τους είναι μαύρο και, σταδιακά, γίνεται κίτρινο ή πορτοκαλί και τελικά, κόκκινο. Τα κεντρικά πηδαλιώδη φτερά είναι ελλιπώς ή καθόλου επιμηκυσμένα. [14]
Όπως όλοι οι φαέθοντες, ο φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά είναι έντονα πελαγικό (pelagic) πτηνό, περνώντας το μεγαλύτερο μέρος της ζωής του στην ανοικτή θάλασσα, όπου τρέφεται και αναπαύεται. Ωστόσο, φαίνεται ότι, αυτό το είδος, έχει ανεπτυγμένο το συγκεκριμένο ηθολογικό στοιχείο περισσότερο από τα άλλα δύο μέλη της οικογένειας και, επίσης, απομακρύνεται από την στεριά ακόμη περισσότερο από ό, τι εκείνα. [15] Αναπαράγεται, στην πλειονότητα των περιπτώσεων, στις απομακρυσμένες κοραλλιογενείς ατόλες, κάτι που συμβάλλει στην ελαχιστοποίηση των απειλών από την ανθρώπινη παρουσία και τους ξενόφερτους θηρευτές, στοιχείο που υφίσταται στον φαέθοντα με κόκκινο ράμφος.
Οι φαέθοντες με κόκκινη ουρά είναι μονογαμικά πτηνά. Στο Νησί των Χριστουγέννων και την ατόλη Κούρε (Kure) τα ζευγάρια παραμένουν μαζί για αρκετές αναπαραγωγικές περιόδους. Η αναπαραγωγή γίνεται είτε μεμονωμένα είτε σε χαλαρές αποικίες, ενώ η θέση φωλιάσματος μπορεί να βρίσκεται στα 1-2 μ. από το επίπεδο της θάλασσας, έως τα 70 μ. Σε μερικά νησιά υπάρχουν μόνο μία ή δύο φωλιές του συγκεκριμένου φαέθοντα. Η ηλικία έναρξης της αναπαραγωγικής ικανότητας δεν είναι καλά μελετημένη. Η φωλιά είναι μια απλή κοιλότητα σε σπηλιές, σχισμές και γείσα βράχων. Το μοναδικό αβγό είναι ματ ανοιχτό καφέ και, εάν χαθεί, ακολουθεί δεύτερη ωοτοκία σε ένα με δύο μήνες.Η περίοδος επώασης είναι 41-48 ημέρες. [16]
Ο νεοσσός καλύπτεται ήδη με γκριζόλευκο χνούδι που έχει μήκος 2-5-3,5 εκ. Γεννιέται με κλειστούς οφθαλμούς, που ανοίγουν μετά από 2-3 ημέρες. Κατά την 1η εβδομάδα σιτίζεται από τον ένα γονέα, κατόπιν και από τους δύο, 1-2 φορές υην ημέρα. Η πτέρωση πραγματοποιείται στις 6 εβδομάδες, περίπου. [17]
Ανάμεσα στα αρπακτικά που θηρεύουν τον φαέθοντα με κόκκινη ουρά είναι ο αυστραλιανός αετός Haliaeetus leucogaster και ο ψαραετός, που λυμαίνονται τόσο τους νεοσσούς, όσο και τους ενήλικες. Ο γλάρος Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae και διάφορα κορακοειδή τρώνε τα αβγά και τους νεοσσούς. Στο νησί Νόρφολκ οι άγριες γάτες αποτελούν απειλή για το είδος αυτό, ενώ στο Νησί των Χριστουγέννων, εκτός από τι κατοικίδιες γάτες και οι σκύλοι σκοτώνουν, επίσης, αρκετά πουλιά. Στις ατόλες Αλντάμπρα, πιθανώς, να υπάρχουν απώλειες των νεοσσών από τα μεγάλα καβούρια του είδους Birgus latro. Τέλος, το θερμικό στρες από τις υψηλές θερμοκρασίες, είναι μία από τις κύριες αιτίες θανάτου σε κάποιες περιοχές. [18]
Το είδος θηρεύτηκε εντατικά από τους ιθαγενείς Μάορι της Νέας Ζηλανδίας, διότι τα κόκκινα φτερά της ουράς του ήταν σημαντικό τρόπαιο, με μεγάλη οικονομική αξία, αν και είχε χρησιμοποιηθεί, κυρίως, ως πολύτιμο μέσο ανταλλαγής. Μάλιστα, λέγεται ότι οι ιθαγενείς έψαχναν συστηματικά την ακτή για περιπλανημένα πουλιά, μετά από τις σφοδρές ανατολικές θύελλες που έπλητταν την περιοχή, διότι πολύ σπάνια επισκέπτονταν την ηπειρωτική Νέα Ζηλανδία, υπό κανονικές συνθήκες. [19] Η συλλογή των αβγών ή το κυνήγι των πουλιών από τους ανθρώπους, δεν γίνονται συχνά αλλά, όπου συμβαίνουν, θεωρούνται οι πιο σημαντικές αιτίες θανάτου.
Ο ρυθμός αναπαραγωγής του είδους δεν είναι υψηλός με, μόλις, 46%-50% των νεοσσών να φθάνει στην πτέρωση. Μάλιστα, κατά τη διάρκεια του Ελ Νίνιο διακόπτεται η αναπαραγωγή, κάτι που πιθανώς οφείλεται στο γεγονός ότι η θερμοκρασία της επιφάνειας των νερών αυξάνεται και τα ψάρια -με τα οποία τρέφονται τα πουλιά- αποτυγχάνουν να αναπαραχθούν. Οι έντονες βροχοπτώσεις, συμβάλλουν επίσης στην έλλειψη αναπαραγωγικής επιτυχίας. [20]
Ο φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά χωρίς να έχει ιδιαίτερα μεγάλο φάσμα κατανομής και μεγάλους πληθυσμούς, χαρακτηρίζεται ως Ελαχίστης Ανησυχίας (LC) από την IUCN. Η τάση των πληθυσμών του είναι σταθερή, κυρίως λόγω του απροσίτου των περιοχών όπου περιπλανάται. Ωστόσο ο καταγεγραμμένος αναπαραγωγικός πληθυσμός στα νησιά νότια της Ιαπωνίας, δεν ξεπερνά τα 100 ζευγάρια. [21]
i. ^ Η κλίση του ουσιαστικού είναι: ο Φαέθων, του Φαέθον-τ-ος [22] και όχι, του Φαέθον-ος, όπως λανθασμένα καταγράφεται σε κάποια συγγράματα, διότι προέρχεται από την μετοχή φαέθων του ρήματος φαέθω (βλ. Ονοματολογία). Αυτό φαίνεται και από την οικογένεια του πτηνού, Φαεθοντίδες και, όχι Φαεθονίδες, όπως θα ήταν στην άλλη περίπτωση.
ii. ^ Ο όρος ερυθρόουρος δεν αποδίδει πιστά την λατινική λέξη rubricauda, αλλά χρησιμοποιείται καταχρηστικά ελλείψει άλλης μονολεκτικής απόδοσης.
Ο Φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά είναι θαλάσσιο πελαγικό πτηνό της οικογενείας των Φαεθοντιδών. Απαντά στις τροπικές θάλασσες του Ειρηνικού και του Ινδικού. Η επιστημονική ονομασία του είδους είναι Phaethon rubricauda και περιλαμβάνει 4 υποείδη.
Ο φαέθων με κόκκινη ουρά αποτελεί ένα από τα τρία είδη του γένους Φαέθων, κομψών σε εμφάνιση πελαγικών πτηνών που περιπλανώνται στις τροπικές θάλασσες των μεγάλων ωκεανών και έρχονται στην στεριά μόνο για να φωλιάσουν.
රතු-වලිගය සහිත ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් (Phaethon rubricauda) යනු ඉන්දියානු සහ පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ නිවර්තන ප්රදේශවලට අයත් මුහුදු පක්ෂියෙකි . ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් (ෆයිතොන්ටයිඩේ) සමීපව සම්බන්ධ වූ විශේෂ තුනෙන් එකක් වන එය 1883 දී පීටර් බොඩ්ඩර්ට් විසින් විස්තර කරන ලදී. ටර්න් පක්සීන්ට සමාන පෙනුමැති නමුත් කලු පැහැ හිස පෙදෙසක්ද සුදු පැහැයෙන් යුතු ශරීරයක් සහ රතු පැහැති හොටක් සහිතය. ස්ත්රී පුරුෂ දෙපක්ෂයටම සමාන පිහාටු ඇත. පොදු නාමයෙන් සඳහන් කර ඇති පරිදි, වැඩිහිටියන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ ශරීරයේ දිග මෙන් දෙගුණයක් පමණ දිගැති රතු පෙදයක් ඇත. උප විශේෂ 4 ක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇතත්, ශරීර ප්රමාණයෙන් හදුනාගත හැකි වෙනස්කමක් ලෙස උතුරු පදෙස් වල කුඩා පක්ෂීන් හා දකුණේ විශාල පක්ෂීන් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබේ, එබැවින් උප විශේෂ සඳහා පදනමක් නොමැත.
රතු වලිගය සහිත ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් මුහුදට කිමිදීමෙන් අල්ලා ගත් මසුන් (ප්රධාන වශයෙන් පියාඹන මාළු සහ දැල්ලන්.) ආහාරයට ගනී.
රතු-වලිගය සහිත ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් (Phaethon rubricauda) යනු ඉන්දියානු සහ පැසිෆික් සාගරයේ නිවර්තන ප්රදේශවලට අයත් මුහුදු පක්ෂියෙකි . ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් (ෆයිතොන්ටයිඩේ) සමීපව සම්බන්ධ වූ විශේෂ තුනෙන් එකක් වන එය 1883 දී පීටර් බොඩ්ඩර්ට් විසින් විස්තර කරන ලදී. ටර්න් පක්සීන්ට සමාන පෙනුමැති නමුත් කලු පැහැ හිස පෙදෙසක්ද සුදු පැහැයෙන් යුතු ශරීරයක් සහ රතු පැහැති හොටක් සහිතය. ස්ත්රී පුරුෂ දෙපක්ෂයටම සමාන පිහාටු ඇත. පොදු නාමයෙන් සඳහන් කර ඇති පරිදි, වැඩිහිටියන්ට ඔවුන්ගේ ශරීරයේ දිග මෙන් දෙගුණයක් පමණ දිගැති රතු පෙදයක් ඇත. උප විශේෂ 4 ක් හඳුනාගෙන ඇතත්, ශරීර ප්රමාණයෙන් හදුනාගත හැකි වෙනස්කමක් ලෙස උතුරු පදෙස් වල කුඩා පක්ෂීන් හා දකුණේ විශාල පක්ෂීන් පිළිබඳ සාක්ෂි තිබේ, එබැවින් උප විශේෂ සඳහා පදනමක් නොමැත.
රතු වලිගය සහිත ට්රොපික්බර්ඩ් මුහුදට කිමිදීමෙන් අල්ලා ගත් මසුන් (ප්රධාන වශයෙන් පියාඹන මාළු සහ දැල්ලන්.) ආහාරයට ගනී.
බර්ඩ්ලයිෆ් ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් (2018). "ෆෙයතන් රුබ්රිකෝඩා". තර්ජනයට ලක්ව ඇති ජීවී විශේෂයන්ගේ අයියූසීඑන් රතු ලැයිස්තුව. IUCN. 2018: e.T22696641A132586227. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696641A132586227.en. Retrieved 3 දෙසැම්බර් 2019. ගිල්, බී.ජේ.; බෙල්, බී.ඩී.; චේම්බර්ස්, ජී.කේ.; මෙඩ්වේ, ඩී.ජී.; පල්මා, ආර්.එල්.; ස්කොෆීල්ඩ්, ආර්.පී.; ටෙනිසන්, ඒ.ජේ.ඩී.; වර්ති, ටී.එච්. (2010). චෙක්ලිස්ට් ඔෆ් ද බර්ඩ්ස් ඔෆ නිව්සීලන්ඩ්, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica (4වන සංස්.). වෙලිංටන්, නවසීලන්තය: ටෙ පපා ප්රෙස් ඇන්ඩ් ඕනිතෝලොජිකල් සොසයිටි ඔෆ් නිව් සීලන්ඩ්. පිටු. 136–37. ISBN 9781877385599.
The red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) is a seabird native to tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One of three closely related species of tropicbird (Phaethontidae), it was described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783. Superficially resembling a tern in appearance, it has almost all-white plumage with a black mask and a red bill. The sexes have similar plumage. As referenced in the common name, adults have red tail streamers that are about twice their body length. Four subspecies are recognised, but there is evidence of clinal variation in body size—with smaller birds in the north and larger in the south—and hence no grounds for subspecies.
The red-tailed tropicbird eats fish—mainly flying fish and squid—after catching them by plunge-diving into the ocean. Nesting takes place in loose colonies on oceanic islands; the nest itself is a scrape found on a cliff face, in a crevice, or on a sandy beach. A single egg is laid, then is incubated by both sexes for about six weeks. The parents make long food-foraging trips of about 150 hours during incubation, but once the chick has hatched, the parents specialize their foraging: one forages for the chick for a few hours at a time, while the other makes much longer trips to feed themselves.
This bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though it is adversely affected by human contact. Rats and feral cats prey on eggs and young at nesting sites. The bird's tail streamers were once prized by some Hawaiian and Maori peoples.
The British naturalist Sir Joseph Banks encountered the red-tailed tropicbird on the Pacific Ocean in March 1769 on James Cook's first voyage, noting that it was a different species to the familiar red-billed tropicbird. He gave it the name Phaeton erubescens.[3] It was the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon who formally described the species in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux in 1781, noting it was a native of Isle de France (Mauritius).[4] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[5] Buffon did not include a scientific name with his description but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Phaethon rubricauda in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[6] The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek phaethon, "sun", while the species epithet comes from the Latin words ruber "red" and cauda "tail".[7] English ornithologist John Latham wrote about the red-tailed tropicbird in 1785 in his General Synopsis of Birds, recording it as common in Mauritius and the South Pacific. He also reported a black-billed tropicbird collected from Palmerston Island that ended up in Banks' collection.[8] Latham did not give them binomial names, however. It was left to German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin to describe the species, which he did as Phaeton phoenicuros and P. melanorhynchos respectively in the 13th edition of Systema Naturae in 1788.[9] Latham later described this black-billed specimen as the New Holland tropicbird,[10] giving it the name Phaethon novae-hollandiae.[11]
The British naturalist Walter Rothschild reviewed the described names and specimens in 1900 and concluded that the original use of P. erubescens was a nomen nudum. He concluded that the populations of Lord Howe, Norfolk and Kermadec Islands belonged to a distinct subspecies which he named P. rubicauda erubescens, due to their larger overall size, more robust bill and prominent reddish tinge to their plumage. He also classified P. melanorhynchus and P. novae-hollandiae as juveniles.[11] The Australian amateur ornithologist Gregory Mathews then applied the name P. rubicauda roseotinctus to Rothschild's P. rubicauda erubescens.[12]
"Red-tailed tropicbird" has been designated the official name by the International Ornithologists' Union (IOC).[13] Other common names include red-tailed bos'nbird or silver bos'nbird, the names derived from the semblance of the tail feathers to a boatswain's marlin spikes, and strawtail.[7] The New Zealand Māori call it amokura,[14] and the native Hawaiians koaʻe ʻula.[15]
Its closest relative is the white-tailed tropicbird (P. lepturus), the split between their ancestors taking place about four million years ago.[16]
Four subspecies are recognised by the IOC:[13]
The ornithologist Mike Tarburton reviewed the known subspecies in 1989 and concluded that none were valid, noting that there was a clinal change in size in the species: those from Kure Atoll in the North Pacific being the smallest; ranging to those from the Kermadec Islands in the South Pacific being the largest. He also noted that the pink colouration was more intense in new plumage and faded after a few years in museum specimens.[17]
The red-tailed tropicbird measures 95 to 104 cm (37 to 41 in) on average, which includes the 35 cm (14 in) tail streamers, and weighs around 800 g (30 oz). It has a wingspan of 111 to 119 cm (44 to 47 in). It has a streamlined but solid build with almost all-white plumage,[7] often with a pink tinge.[19] The sexes are similar in plumage.[7] A dark brown comma-shaped stripe extends back from the lores, through and over the eyes and reaching the ear coverts.[19] The iris is dark brown.[20] The bill is bright red, slightly paler at the base and black around the nostrils. The legs and base of the toes are pale blue-mauve, while the webbing and rest of the toes are black.[20] The white feathers of the head and rump have concealed dark brown bases, while those of the mantle, back, tail rectrices and tail coverts have dark brown shaft bases. The two long tail feathers are orange or red with white bases for around a tenth of their length,[21] and can be hard to see when the bird is flying. The white wings are marked by dark chevron-shaped patches on the tertials, and the dark shafts of the primary flight feathers are visible.[19] The pink tinge is often more pronounced in the remiges of the upper wing.[21] Moulting takes place outside the breeding season, the streamers being replaced before the rest of the feathers. Streamers are replaced at any time, one growing while the other is shed, and old streamers may litter the area around a breeding colony.[20]
Newly hatched chicks are covered in thin, long, grey-white down, which is paler on the head. The lores are bare. The down is greyer in older chicks. The primaries, rectrices and scapulars are evident in the third week, and chicks are mostly feathered with residual down on underparts and under the wings after six weeks, and fully feathered by 11 weeks.[21] Juvenile birds have a glossy white forehead, chin, throat and underparts,[20] and prominent black barring and scaling on their crown, nape, mantle, back, rump and upper wing coverts.[19] Their bills are blackish grey with a light blue-grey base, and grey legs and feet.[20]
In Australian waters the red-tailed tropicbird could be confused with the silver gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) or various tern species, though it is larger and heavier-set, with a wedge-shaped tail. Its red bill and more wholly white wings distinguish it from the adult white-tailed tropicbird. Immature red-tailed tropicbirds likewise can be distinguished from immature white-tailed tropicbirds by their partly red rather than yellow bills.[19]
The red-tailed tropicbird is generally silent while flying. Aside from during courtship displays, birds may give a short greeting squawk to their mate when arriving or leaving the nest. Birds give a low growling call as a defence call, and young chatter repetitively as a begging call—made whenever the parents are nearby.[22]
The red-tailed tropicbird ranges across the southern Indian, and western and central Pacific Oceans, from the East African coast to Indonesia, the waters around the southern reaches of Japan, across to Chile,[23] and the Hawaiian Islands, where they are more common on the northwestern islands.[24] It frequents areas of ocean with water temperatures from 24 to 30 °C (75 to 86 °F) and salinity under 35% in the southern hemisphere and 33.5% in the northern hemisphere. In the Pacific Ocean, the southern boundary of its range runs along the 22 °C (72 °F) summer surface isotherm.[19]
The birds disperse widely after breeding. Evidence suggests birds in the Indian Ocean follow prevailing winds westwards, young individuals banded in Sumatra and Sugarloaf Rock, Western Australia, being recovered at Mauritius and Réunion respectively.[25] Banding on Kure Atoll suggests birds in the North Pacific disperse in an easterly direction, following prevailing winds there.[26] Strong winds can blow them inland on occasions, which explains some sighting records away from the coast and their preferred habitats.[7]
Johnston Atoll It is the world's largest colony of red-tailed tropicbirds, with 10,800 nests in 2020.[27] In the Pacific area, it nests on the Australian offshore territories of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, and on Queensland's coral islands (including Raine Island and Lady Elliot Island).[28] In mid-2020 Australian scientists found a bird on Lady Elliott Island that they had banded 23 years earlier as a chick, but had not seen since, which had come back to breed on the island.[29] In New Zealand territory it breeds on the Kermadec Islands.[28] Elsewhere in the Pacific it breeds in Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Hawaii[23]—with a large colony on Kure Atoll[26]—the Cook Islands, Pitcairn Island, and islands off Japan and Chile.[23]
There are large breeding colonies on Europa,[30] Aldabra[31] and Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean, with smaller colonies in Madagascar, where it nests on the tiny island of Nosy Ve,[32] the Seychelles, and Mauritius.[23] It is also found on the Australian territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean.[28] The warm waters of the Leeuwin Current facilitate the species nesting at Cape Leeuwin in southwestern Australia, yet is only a rare visitor to New South Wales at corresponding latitudes on the Australian east coast.[19] It also nests at Ashmore Reef and Rottnest Island off Western Australia, as well as Sugarloaf Rock at Cape Naturaliste and Busselton on the Western Australian coastline itself.[28]
It is an occasional visitor to Palau, breeding being recorded from the Southwest Islands,[33] and was first recorded from Guam in 1992.[34] It is an uncommon vagrant to New Zealand proper, where it has been recorded from the northern reaches of North Island, especially Three Kings Islands.[2] It is a very rare vagrant to North America, with records from California and Vancouver Island.[35]
The red-tailed tropicbird is a strong flyer, and walks on land with difficulty using a shuffling gait.[7]
Courtship displays consist of flying backwards, vertical displays and circles. [36]
Flying backwards courtship ritual. Kīlauea Point, Hawaii
The red-tailed tropicbird is thought to be monogamous,[29] pairs remaining bonded over successive breeding seasons, although such information as age at first breeding and pair-formation is not known.[37] It nests in loose colonies,[38] on offshore islands and stacks, rocky cliffs, coral atolls and cays. It rarely nests on large bodies of land, though has done so in southern Western Australia.[19] The nest itself is a shallow scrape, in either shaded sand[39] or a rocky crevice,[38] or under a shrub. Because the red-tailed tropicbird does not walk well, it lands by flying into the wind, stalling and dropping to the ground. The nest is often located within one metre (3.3 ft) of the edge of the shrub (or other shaded area) to minimise walking distance. The tropicbird often chooses shrubs with fewer stems for accessibility.[40]
The species is territorial to a degree, aggressively defending the nest site and pecking radius around it, commencing around three months before breeding.[37] Birds are more aggressive at crowded colonies, where numbers are large or suitable nest sites less common. They adopt a defence posture, which consists of raising the humeri up and bringing the wrists together, drawing the neck into the body and shaking the head sideways, fluffing up the head feathers and squawking. Bill-jabbing and fights can break out, the two combatants locking bills and wrestling for up to 90 minutes.[41]
Mate choice is likely to be based partially on the length of the tail streamers, a bird having longer tail streamers being more attractive as a mate. This tropicbird also probably mates assortatively for tail streamer length, meaning mates likely have streamers of about equal length.[42]
In the leadup to breeding, males initiate an aerial courtship display of flying in large circles, alternating between gliding, short periods of rapid wing-beating, and low flight within a few metres of the water, while making sharp cackling calls. Initially flying in small groups, birds then pair off to repeat the display in pairs before bonding. Once pairs have established a nest, they do not perform the display.[41]
The timing of breeding depends on location; in some places, birds breed in a defined breeding season, whereas in others, there is none. South of the equator, the latter is likely to be true. On islands near the equator, laying usually occurs from June to November, the majority of chicks fledging around January to February.[38] On Christmas Island, breeding takes place at different times on different parts of the island due to prevailing weather conditions.[22] Some birds may remain at the breeding site year-round.[41] On sub-tropical Lady Elliott Island off Queensland, they nest in winter, which scientists think may be timed to avoid the common breeding times of most migratory species of seabird, such as the noisy Wedge-tailed Shearwater (mutton bird). Not much is yet known about their habits though.[29]
The female red-tailed tropicbird lays one egg, which both parents incubate[39] for 42 to 46 days.[38] The male generally takes the first turn on the egg after it is laid.[41] Ranging from 5.4 to 7.7 centimetres (2.1 to 3.0 in) long (averaging between 6.3 and 6.8 centimetres (2.5 and 2.7 in), depending on location) and 4.5 to 4.8 centimetres (1.8 to 1.9 in) wide, the oval eggs are pale tan with brown and red-black markings that are more prominent on the larger end.[22]
Born helpless and unable to move around (nidicolous and semi-altricial), the chicks are initially blind, opening their eyes after 2–3 days. Until they are a week old, they open their beak only upon touch, so the parents have to stroke the base of the bill to initiate feeding. Feeding takes place once or twice a day, generally around midday. They are constantly brooded by the parents until they are a week old, after which time they are sheltered under the parents’ wings. They also rise up and gape at any nearby bird for food.[21] Both parents feed the young,[37] by shoving its beak into the chick's gullet and then regurgitating food.[43] Initially covered with grey or white down, they grow their first feathers—scapulars—at 16–20 days. Their feet and beaks grow rapidly, outpacing the rest of their bodies.[21] Chicks remain in the nest for 67 to 91 days until they fledge.[38]
The red-tailed tropicbird is mostly a plunge diver, diving anywhere from an above-water height of 6 to 50 metres (20 to 164 ft),[38] to a depth of about 4.5 metres (15 ft), although this may change seasonally.[44] When diving, it remains briefly submerged—one study on Christmas Island came up with an average time of 26.6 seconds—generally swallowing its prey before surfacing.[45] The red-tailed tropicbird sometimes catches flying fish in the air.[38]
During incubation, foraging trips are relatively long, with an average excursion taking about 153 hours. These trips are to very productive areas. After the chicks hatch, on the other hand, the parents adopt a strategy where one takes long trips (these averaging about 57 hours) for self feeding, and the other takes short trips (about three hours long) to feed the chicks. The bimodality of the length of foraging trips is likely to be because it is the optimal balance of self-feeding and provisioning for chicks.[46] On Christmas Island, birds generally forage far out to sea in the early morning and closer to shore in the afternoon.[45]
Squid and flying fish make up a large portion of this bird's diet, along with some crustaceans, depending on location.[38] Fieldwork in the Mozambique Channel revealed the diet of birds there to be mostly fish by mass but equal numbers of fish and squid caught. Fish recorded include the mirrorwing flyingfish (Hirundichthys speculiger) and spotfin flyingfish (Cheilopogon furcatus) and several other unidentified species of the flying fish family Exocoetidae, the pompano dolphinfish (Coryphaena equiselis) and common dolphinfish (C. hippurus), needleflish including the houndfish (Tylosurus crocodilus), and unidentified members of Hemiramphidae, Scombridae, and Carangidae. The purpleback flying squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) was by far the most common cephalopod eaten, followed by the common blanket octopus (Tremoctopus violaceus).[47] A field study in Hawaii found flying fish dominated the prey species, the tropical two-wing flyingfish (Exocoetus volitans) and members of the genus Cypselurus prominent, followed by squid of the family Ommastrephidae including the purpleback flying squid and the glass squid (Hyaloteuthis pelagica), and carangid fish including the shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma).[48] The red-tailed tropicbird has also been recorded eating porcupinefish (Diodontidae), although adults have been troubled when the victim fish inflates resulting in it being urgently regurgitated.[49]
A strong flyer with large mouth and bill, the red-tailed tropicbird can carry relatively large prey for its size, parent birds commonly bearing dolphin fish that weighed 120 g—16% of their own weight—to their chicks.[47]
When incubating during the day in a shaded nest, this bird has an average temperature of 39 °C (102 °F), compared to its average temperature when incubating at night of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F). The difference is likely due to activity levels, as the air temperature during these times does not differ significantly with a bird in the nest. After flying, the average body temperature is 40.9 °C (105.6 °F). The temperature of the feet is always lower than that of the body temperature during flight, but always higher than the air temperature. Thus, the feet are likely used to dissipate heat during flight.[39]
The red-tailed tropicbird's tail streamers were highly prized by the Maori. The Ngāpuhi tribe of the Northland Region would look for and collect them off dead or stray birds blown ashore after easterly gales, trading them for greenstone with tribes from the south.[50] English naturalist Andrew Bloxam reported that the feathers were valued in Hawaii, where the locals would pull them off the birds as they nested.[51]
The red-tailed tropicbird is classified as a least-concern species according to the IUCN on account of its large range of up to 20 thousand square kilometres (7,700 sq mi).[1] The population in the eastern Pacific has been estimated to be as high as 80,000 birds with a minimum of 41,000 birds.[52] Around 9,000 birds breed on Europa Island,[53] and 9,000–12,000 breed on the Hawaiian islands.[15] Human presence generally affects the species adversely, by the destruction of habitat or introduction of pests.[23] Within Australia, it is classified as near threatened, due to unexpected declines in some populations, the impact of humans, and the yellow crazy ant overrunning Christmas Island.[54] It is listed as vulnerable in New South Wales.[55]
Predators recorded in Western Australia include large raptors such as the white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and the eastern osprey (Pandion cristatus); while silver gulls, and crows and ravens (Corvus spp.) raid nests for eggs and young.[21] Vagrant red-billed tropicbirds (P. aethereus) have been implicated in egg loss of nests in Hawaii.[24] Feral dogs and cats prey on nesting birds on Christmas Island,[21] while feral cats are a severe problem on Norfolk Island.[21] Rats have been a serious problem on Kure Atoll, causing heavy losses.[26] Yellow crazy ants were discovered on Johnston Atoll in the north Pacific Ocean in 2010, hordes of which overrun nesting areas and can blind victims with their spray.[56]
Also on Johnston Atoll, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS) was burning stockpiled chemical weapons until 2000. It was studied over eight years to see if there were effects from potential contaminants. There appeared to be no impact on survival during the study period, although young birds from downwind of the plant were less likely to return there than those upwind of the plant—possibly due to the more intact vegetation at the latter site.[57]
Scientists studying the bird on Lady Elliot Island off the Queensland coast in 2020 say that the lack of knowledge about its habits and populations means that they don't know how much environmental changes are affecting its populations. Their study includes taking DNA samples, banding new chicks and fitting birds with satellite trackers, in a bit to find out more about their movements.[29]
The red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) is a seabird native to tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One of three closely related species of tropicbird (Phaethontidae), it was described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783. Superficially resembling a tern in appearance, it has almost all-white plumage with a black mask and a red bill. The sexes have similar plumage. As referenced in the common name, adults have red tail streamers that are about twice their body length. Four subspecies are recognised, but there is evidence of clinal variation in body size—with smaller birds in the north and larger in the south—and hence no grounds for subspecies.
The red-tailed tropicbird eats fish—mainly flying fish and squid—after catching them by plunge-diving into the ocean. Nesting takes place in loose colonies on oceanic islands; the nest itself is a scrape found on a cliff face, in a crevice, or on a sandy beach. A single egg is laid, then is incubated by both sexes for about six weeks. The parents make long food-foraging trips of about 150 hours during incubation, but once the chick has hatched, the parents specialize their foraging: one forages for the chick for a few hours at a time, while the other makes much longer trips to feed themselves.
This bird is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though it is adversely affected by human contact. Rats and feral cats prey on eggs and young at nesting sites. The bird's tail streamers were once prized by some Hawaiian and Maori peoples.
La Ruĝvosta tropikbirdo aŭ ruĝvosta faetono, Phaethon rubricauda, estas marbirdo kiu nestas tra la Hinda kaj la Pacifika Oceanoj. Ĝi estas la plej rara el la tropikbirdoj, kvankam ĝi estas ankoraŭ disvastigata birdo kiu ne estas konsiderata minacata. Ĝi nestas en kolonioj sur oceanaj insuloj.
La Ruĝvosta tropikbirdo aspektas kiel fortika ŝterno, kaj same ege similas al la aliaj du tropikbirdaj specioj. Ĝi havas longon de 46 cm, al kio oni aldonu 30 al 35 cm de vosto, enverguron de 104 ĝis 119 cm kaj pezon averaĝan de 800 g. Ĉe tiu specio ne estas seksa dimorfismo. Ĝi havas ĝenerale blankan plumaron, ofte kun rozkoloreca nuanco, nigra duonluno ĉirkaŭokula kaj fajna ruĝa vostoplumo. Ĝi havas brilruĝan bekon kaj nigrajn piedojn.
La Ruĝvosta tropikbirdo nestas sur oceanaj insuloj en grandaj kolonioj el Havajaj Insuloj al Kristnaskinsulo kaj al Maŭricio, malgranda insulo de Madagaskaro, Sejŝeloj kaj Reunio en sudorienta Afriko. En Aŭstralio, ili nestas en koralinsuloj de Kvinslando (inklude insulon Lady Elliott) kaj insulojn ĉe Okcidenta Aŭstralio. En Pacifiko ili reproduktiĝas en Paskinsulo, Havajo, Ogasavaroj, Kermadekoj, Sociinsuloj ktp.
Ili disiĝas amplekse post reproduktado. Birdoj ringitaj en Havajo estis retrovitaj tiom for kiom ĝis Japanio kaj Filipinoj. Ili havas teritoriojn de la Ruĝa Maro al Novzelando kaj Ĉilio (Paskinsulo kaj insulo Sala y Gómez). Ĉefa kolonio estas ĉe la Aldabra Atolo de la Aldabra Insularo de Sejŝeloj[1].
Por reproduktado ili ĉefe elektas koralatolojn kun malaltaj arbustoj, nestante inter ili (aŭ foje en kavaĵoj el kalkoŝtono). Tiu specio nestas en izolaj kolonioj ne tre for de marbordo.
La nesto situas sur sablo sub malgranda arbusto. La ino demetas unu solan ovon, kiu estas ruĝeca brunmakula, surgrunde en malgranda depresio kovrita per mortaj folioj. La kovado daŭras 41 ĝis 48 tagojn kaj estas farata de ambaŭ gepatroj. La faetonido estas kovrata de blanka lanugo[2]. Tiu specio reproduktiĝas la tutan jaron en Madagaskaro kun pinto de junio al novembro[3].
Ili manĝas ĉemare for el la marbordo, sole pli ol en aroj. Ili estas plonĝistoj kiuj manĝas fiŝojn, ĉefe flugofiŝojn, kaj kalmarojn.
Fortaj ventoj povas blovi ilin internen foje, kio klarigas iujn vidaĵojn for el marbordoj kaj el ties preferataj habitatoj.
Ili povas suferi pro la klimata oscilado rilata al El Niño.
Kovanta tropikbirdo
Kovanta tropikbirdo
Kovanta tropikbirdo
Nesto kun unu sola ovo
ovo de Phaethon rubricauda - Muzeo de Tuluzo
La Ruĝvosta tropikbirdo aŭ ruĝvosta faetono, Phaethon rubricauda, estas marbirdo kiu nestas tra la Hinda kaj la Pacifika Oceanoj. Ĝi estas la plej rara el la tropikbirdoj, kvankam ĝi estas ankoraŭ disvastigata birdo kiu ne estas konsiderata minacata. Ĝi nestas en kolonioj sur oceanaj insuloj.
El faetón colirrojo o rabijunco colirrojo, también llamado ave del trópico de cola roja (Phaethon rubricauda) es una especie de ave de la familia Phaethontidae que se observa en la isla Salas y Gómez y en la isla de Pascua donde se le conoce como Tavake.
Datos: Q756640
Multimedia:
Especies: Phaethon rubricauda
El faetón colirrojo o rabijunco colirrojo, también llamado ave del trópico de cola roja (Phaethon rubricauda) es una especie de ave de la familia Phaethontidae que se observa en la isla Salas y Gómez y en la isla de Pascua donde se le conoce como Tavake.
Phaethon rubricauda Phaethon generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phaethontidae familian sailkatua dago.
Phaethon rubricauda Phaethon generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phaethontidae familian sailkatua dago.
Valkotropiikkilintu, aikaisemmalta nimeltään punapyrstötropiikkilintu[2] (Phaethon rubricauda) on trooppisilla merialueilla elävä pelikaanilintu. Lajista tunnetaan neljä alalajia, joista nimialalaji rubricauda elää Intian valtameren länsiosissa, westralis Intian valtameren itäosissa, roseotincta Tyynenmeren lounaisosissa, ja melanorhynchus Tyynenmeren länsi-, keski- ja eteläosissa. Pieter Boddaert kuvaili lajin holotyypin Mauritiukselta vuonna 1783.[3]
Valkotropiikkilintu, aikaisemmalta nimeltään punapyrstötropiikkilintu (Phaethon rubricauda) on trooppisilla merialueilla elävä pelikaanilintu. Lajista tunnetaan neljä alalajia, joista nimialalaji rubricauda elää Intian valtameren länsiosissa, westralis Intian valtameren itäosissa, roseotincta Tyynenmeren lounaisosissa, ja melanorhynchus Tyynenmeren länsi-, keski- ja eteläosissa. Pieter Boddaert kuvaili lajin holotyypin Mauritiukselta vuonna 1783.
Phaethon rubricauda
Le Phaéton à brins rouges (Phaethon rubricauda) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Phaethontidae. Il est localement appelé paille-en-queue par les francophones, comme les deux autres espèces de Phaethon[1]. Le nom de Phaéton à brins rouges lui a été donné par la CINFO.
Cet oiseau mesure 46 cm de long auxquels s'ajoutent 30 à 35 cm de queue. L'envergure est de 104 cm.
Cette espèce ne présente pas de dimorphisme sexuel.
Elle a une livrée blanche et deux plumes rectrices médianes longues, fines, rigides et rouges qui permettent de la reconnaître facilement.
C'est un oiseau plongeur qui se nourrit de calmars et de poissons (dont les exocets).
Cette espèce niche de l'archipel d'Hawaï et l'île de Pâques à l'est jusqu'à La Réunion et Maurice à l'ouest et de la mer Rouge à la Nouvelle-Zélande au sud.
Elle se reproduit à Madagascar sur Nosy Ve, petite île située au sud de Toliara, au moins depuis 1979[2]. La colonie la plus importante se trouve sur l'atoll d'Aldabra[3].
Les oiseaux se dispersent volontiers, certains spécimens bagués à Hawaï ont été retrouvés au Japon et aux Philippines.
Cette espèce niche en colonies lâches. Non loin du rivage marin, le nid est situé sur le sable sous un buisson bas. L’œuf unique est rougeâtre taché de brun. Il est déposé à même le sol dans une faible dépression aménagée dans le tapis de feuilles mortes. L'incubation est assurée par les deux parents. Le poussin est couvert d'un duvet blanc[4]. Cette espèce se reproduit tout au long de l'année à Madagascar avec un pic de juin à novembre[5].
D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est constituée des quatre sous-espèces suivantes (ordre phylogénique) :
Phaethon rubricauda
Le Phaéton à brins rouges (Phaethon rubricauda) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Phaethontidae. Il est localement appelé paille-en-queue par les francophones, comme les deux autres espèces de Phaethon. Le nom de Phaéton à brins rouges lui a été donné par la CINFO.
Buntut-sate merah (Phaethon rubricauda) adalah spesies burung dalam famili Phaethontidae. Burung ini berbiak di selatan Samudera Indonesia serta Samudera Pasifik tropis dan subtropis. Buntut-sate merah membentuk koloni di Kepulauan Cocos Keeling dan Pulau Christmas (Samudera Indonesia), di Pulau Manuk, dan Gunung Api (Laut Banda). Burung ini pernah tercatat di lepas pantai barat Sumatera dan di laut selatan Jawa, tetapi jarang di jumpai di Laut Jawa.[2]
Buntut-sate merah (Phaethon rubricauda) adalah spesies burung dalam famili Phaethontidae. Burung ini berbiak di selatan Samudera Indonesia serta Samudera Pasifik tropis dan subtropis. Buntut-sate merah membentuk koloni di Kepulauan Cocos Keeling dan Pulau Christmas (Samudera Indonesia), di Pulau Manuk, dan Gunung Api (Laut Banda). Burung ini pernah tercatat di lepas pantai barat Sumatera dan di laut selatan Jawa, tetapi jarang di jumpai di Laut Jawa.
Il fetonte codarossa (Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert, 1783) è un uccello della famiglia Phaethontidae[2], diffuso tra le aree tropicali degli oceani Indiano e Pacifico.
Il fetonte codarossa è un uccello di mare, candido e riconoscibile grazie alle lunghe penne timoniere centrali della coda, che sono di colore rosso. Maschi e femmine hanno livree simili.
Si nutrono di pesci, molluschi e crostacei, che catturano tuffandosi in acqua.
Si radunano in luoghi di nidificazione sulla terraferma, in particolare picchi o falesie. Dopo l'accoppiamento, la femmina depone le uova, che vengono covate per 24 giorni, da entrambi i genitori.
L'areale di questa specie comprende la parte meridionale dell'oceano Indiano e la fascia tropicale dell'oceano Pacifico.[1] Nidifica in numerose isole nonché sulla costa nord-occidentale dell'Australia.
Phaethon rubricauda ha quattro sottospecie:[2]
Il fetonte codarossa (Phaethon rubricauda Boddaert, 1783) è un uccello della famiglia Phaethontidae, diffuso tra le aree tropicali degli oceani Indiano e Pacifico.
Sarkanastes tropu jūrasputns, arī sarkanastes faetonputns (Phaethon rubricauda) ir tropu jūrasputnu dzimtas (Phaethontidae) suga,[1] kas apdzīvo Indijas un Klusā okeāna tropu apgabalus. Šis putns barības meklējumos parasti aizklejo tālu jūrā, veicot simtiem kilometru. Ligzdo kolonijās tropu salās.
Sarkanastes tropu jūrasputns ligzdo ļoti plašā areālā[2], kas aptver Havaju salas, Okeāniju, Filipīnas, Lieldienu salu, Sarkano jūru, Maurīciju, Komoras, Reinjonu un Raundu, Čīles piekrasti. Dienvidu virzienā saniedz Kvīnslendas koraļļu salas, Rietumaustrālijas salas un Jaunzēlandi, ziemeļu — Japānu.[3]
Garums 46 — 50 cm. Ārēji līdzinās zīriņiem. Apspalvojums balts, bieži sārtu nokrāsu ar melniem plankumiem ap acīm. Aste tieva, sarkana, knābis — gaiši sarkans, kājas — melnas.[4]
Šādi grāmatā "Noenkurotais šķirsts" sarkanastes tropu jūrasputnus apraksta Džeralds Darels:
"Sarkanastes faetonputni... bija nelielas kaijas augumā, ar zīriņam līdzīgu galvu, lielām mirdzošām acīm un knābi zīmoglakas sarkanumā. Spalvojums uz galvas, krūtīm un spārni galos bija maigā, vizmainā rožsārtā krāsā, it kā putni būtu izpeldināti īpašā krāsas šķīdumā"'.
Lielāko daļu mūža pavada, lidojot virs atklātas jūras. Barības meklējumos veic simtiem kilometru un nereti nokļūst reģionos, kur ir ļoti maz zivju, — no šādām vietām izvairās lielākā daļa jūrasputnu. Taču nelielie faetonputni arī tādā vietā atrod sev barību.
Sarkanastes tropu jūrasputnam, gluži tāpat kā citiem jūrasputniem, pietiek ar vienu ilgāku sauszemes apmeklējumu pārošanās periodā. Pārējā gada laikā viņu lokveida lidojums, kas atgādina tauriņa lidojumu, ieraugāms tikai tālu atklātā jūrā. Šie elegantie putni pārmaiņus vēzē spārnus un brīvi planē gaisā. Kad faetonputns vēlas atpūsties, viņš nolaižas uz ūdens. Putns viegli peld ūdenī, airējoties ar kājām, kas atrodas ķermeņa aizmugurē, savukārt garā astes spalva ir sacelta gaisā.[3]
Pārtiek no mazām vai vidēja lieluma zivīm, kalmāriem, astoņkājiem. Pateicoties savam veiklajam lidojumam, ķer arī lidojošās zivis.
Kad tropu jūrasputns ierauga atbilstošu lomu, viņš plivinās uz vietas apmēram desmit metru augstumā un, nogaidījis īsto brīdi, strauji metas ūdenī. Putna knābis ir nedaudz saliekts, un abām tā malām ir asas malas, tādēļ no knābja neizslīd arī slidens medījums.
Sarkanastes tropu jūrasputniem nav pastāvīga pārošanās perioda. Vecāki dodas uz salu, kurā atrodas ligzda, jau divas līdz sešas nedēļas pirms olas izdēšanas. Atbilstošu vietu nav daudz, tādēļ putni veido ligzdošanas kolonijas.
Riesta laikā redzamas desmitiem tropu jūrasputnu grupas — putni klaigā un ķērc, riņķodami virs klinšu nokarēm, kas būtu atbilstošas ligzdošanai. Viens no putniem uzlido līkumainā lidojumā virs otra un saliec spārnus. Pārošanās laikā putnu vidū dažkārt var sākties niknas cīņas par partneri un ligzdošanas vietu. Perē abi vecāki. Putnēns var pacelties spārnos pēc diviem mēnešiem.
Zināmas četras pasugas.[5]
Daļā sarkanastes tropu jūrasputnu ligzdošanas koloniju putnu skaits ir stabils, taču dažās vietās ligzdojošo putnu skaits ir būtiski samazinājies. Iemesls ir salu dabiskās vides postīšana un medības. Darels raksta: "Kad ar negantajiem brēcieniem mūs aizbiedēt neizdevās, putni palika mierīgi tupam un blenza uz mums. Stulbā paraža sēdēt rāmi ligzdā, pakļaujoties liktenim, ir galvenais cēlonis to apkaušanai, jo šie putni ir pārlieku viegls laupījums zvejniekiem, kas atbrauc uz Raundu, nogalina putnus un pēc tam aizved tos uz Maurīciju, kur pārdod ķīniešu restorāniem". ("Noenkurotais šķirsts").
Sarkanajā grāmatā ierindota sugu sarakstā, kuras šobrīd nav apdraudētas.[6]
Ligzdošana Nosi Ve saliņā, uz ziemeļrietumiem no Madagaskaras
Jaunulis Nosi Ve saliņā, Madagaskara
Sarkanastes tropu jūrasputns, arī sarkanastes faetonputns (Phaethon rubricauda) ir tropu jūrasputnu dzimtas (Phaethontidae) suga, kas apdzīvo Indijas un Klusā okeāna tropu apgabalus. Šis putns barības meklējumos parasti aizklejo tālu jūrā, veicot simtiem kilometru. Ligzdo kolonijās tropu salās.
Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah atau Phaethon rubricauda merupakan burung laut tropika, satu dari tiga spesies burung laut berkait di lautan tropika. Secara luarannya menyerupai rupa burung "Tern", ia memiliki bulu putih keseluruhan yang topeng hitam dan paruh merah. Kebanyakan burung dewasa memiliki ekor menjulur merah yang kira-kira dua kali panjang badan mereka, yang memberikan namanya. Pieter Boddaert menggambarkan spesies ini pada tahun 1783. Terdapat empat subspesies yang diakui, walaupun ada bukti bahawa ini merupakan perubahan klinikal pada burung-burung kecil di utara dan lebih besar di selatan (dengan itu tidak ada alasan bagi sebarang subspesies).
Sarang dibina dalam koloni tersebar luas di pulau-pulau lautan, sarang itu sendiri merupakan tubir pada muka tebing. Hanya satu telur dihasilkan, dieram oleh kedua-dua jantina selama kira-kira enam minggu. Sindbad Ekor Merah memakan ikan, terutamanya ikan terbang, dan cumi-cumi, menangkap mereka dengan terjun menyelam ke dalam lautan. Burung ini dianggap sebagai spesies yang paling kurang dibimbangkan menurut Kesatuan Antarabangsa bagi Pemuliharaan Alam (IUCN), sungguhpun terjejas dengan hubungan manusia. Kucing dan anjing liar memakan telur dan burung muda di tapak bersarang.
Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah ialah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam : haiwan, filum : kordata, sub-filum : bertulang belakang (vertebrata), kelas : burung. Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah ialah haiwan berdarah panas, mempunyai sayap dan badan yang dilitupi bulu pelepah. Paruh Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah tidak bergigi.
Burung Sinbad Ekor Merah kebanyakannya merupakan penyelam junam, menyelam pada kedalam anatara 6 hingga 50 meter (20 hingga 164 kaki) di dalam air. Bagaimanapun, ikan terbang, kadang-kadang ditangkap di udara.[1], Burung ini menyelam sehingga kedalaman kira-kira 4.5 meter (15 kaki), sungguhpun ini mungkin berubah mengikut musim.[2] Ketika menyelam, ia kekal menyelam sekejab-satu kajian di Pulau Krismas memberikan purata masa 26.6 saat-umumnya menelan mangsa sebelum kembali timbul.[3]
Semasa pengeraman, perjalanan mencari makanan agak panjang, dengan purata perjalanan sekitar 153 jam. Perjalanan ini adalah untuk pergi ke kawasan yang sangat produktif. Setelah anak burung menetas, ibu bapa mengamalkan strategi di mana satu mengambil perjalanan panjang (purata ini kira-kira 57 jam) untuk makan sendiri, dan yang lain mengambil perjalanan singkat (kira-kira tiga jam panjang) untuk memberi makan anak burung. Bimodality panjang perjalanan mencari makan mungkin disebabkan oleh hakikat bahawa ia adalah keseimbangan optimum pemakanan sendiri dan peruntukan untuk anak burung.[4] Di Pulau Krismas, burung-burung ini biasanya makan jauh di laut pada waktu pagi dan dekat dengan pantai pada sebelah petang.[3]
Ikan terbang dan cumi membentuk sebahagian besar daripada diet burung ini, sebagai tambahan kepada beberapa krustasea, bergantung kepada lokasi.[1] Kerja lapangan di Saluran Mozambique mendedahkan pemakanan burung di sana kebanyakannya ikan menurut isipadu tetapi seimbang bilangan ikan dan cumi menurut bilangan. Ikan yang direkodkan termasuk ikan terbang terbang mirroring ( Hirundichthys speculiger ) dan spesis ikan terbang spotfish ( Cheilopogon furcatus ) dan beberapa spesies lain yang tidak dikenali dalam keluarga ikan terbang Exocoetidae, pompano dolphinfish ( Coryphaena equiselis ) dan dolphinfish biasa ( C. hippurus ) Tylosurus crocodilus ), dan ahli-ahli Hemiramphidae , Scombridae dan Carangidae yang tidak dikenali. Cumi-cumi terbang belakang ungu ( Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis ) adalah yang paling biasa cephalopod dimakan, diikuti oleh sotong selimut biasa ( Tremoctopus violaceus ).[5] Kajian lapangan di Hawaii mendapati ikan terbang membentuk sebahagian besar spesies mangsa, dengan ikan terbang dua sayap tropika ( Exocoetus volitans ) dan anggota genus Cypselurus ) yang terbanyak, diikuti oleh cumi-cumi keluarga ommastrephidae termasuk cumi terbang belakang ungu dan cumi kaca ( Hyaloteuthis pelagica ), dan ikan carangid termasuk "shortfin scad" (Decapterus macrosoma).[6] inbad Ekor Merah juga telah direkodkan makan ikan landak (Diodontidae), sungguhpun burung dewasa berhadapan masalah apabila ikan mangsa mengembang sehingga menyebabkannya tergesa-gesa dimuntahkan keluar tergesa-gesa.[7]
Burung dewasa yang kuat dengan mulut dan paruh yang besar, burung Sinbad Ekor Merah mampu membawa mangsa yang agak besar berbanding saiznya, dengan burung-burung induk biasanya membawa ikan lumba-lumba yang beratnya 120 g-16% berbanding berat mereka sendiri-kepada anak mereka.[5]
Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah membiak dengan bertelur. Telur Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah bercangkerang keras.
Matang
Burung muda
Burung muda
Sedang terbang
Bersarang
Museum specimen - New Caledonia
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Burung Sindbad Ekor Merah atau Phaethon rubricauda merupakan burung laut tropika, satu dari tiga spesies burung laut berkait di lautan tropika. Secara luarannya menyerupai rupa burung "Tern", ia memiliki bulu putih keseluruhan yang topeng hitam dan paruh merah. Kebanyakan burung dewasa memiliki ekor menjulur merah yang kira-kira dua kali panjang badan mereka, yang memberikan namanya. Pieter Boddaert menggambarkan spesies ini pada tahun 1783. Terdapat empat subspesies yang diakui, walaupun ada bukti bahawa ini merupakan perubahan klinikal pada burung-burung kecil di utara dan lebih besar di selatan (dengan itu tidak ada alasan bagi sebarang subspesies).
Sarang dibina dalam koloni tersebar luas di pulau-pulau lautan, sarang itu sendiri merupakan tubir pada muka tebing. Hanya satu telur dihasilkan, dieram oleh kedua-dua jantina selama kira-kira enam minggu. Sindbad Ekor Merah memakan ikan, terutamanya ikan terbang, dan cumi-cumi, menangkap mereka dengan terjun menyelam ke dalam lautan. Burung ini dianggap sebagai spesies yang paling kurang dibimbangkan menurut Kesatuan Antarabangsa bagi Pemuliharaan Alam (IUCN), sungguhpun terjejas dengan hubungan manusia. Kucing dan anjing liar memakan telur dan burung muda di tapak bersarang.
De roodstaartkeerkringvogel (Phaethon rubricauda) is een zeevogel die behoort tot de keerkringvogels.
Het verenkleed is wit met een roze schijn. Rond de ogen zit een zwarte kring en de staart heeft dunne rode veren. Ook de snavel is rood en de poten zijn zwart.
Ze leven van vis, inktvis en vliegende vissen die ze duikend vangen. Door ferme winden kunnen ze dieper het land inwaaien.
Deze soort komt voor in de Grote Oceaan en in de Indische Oceaan en telt vier ondersoorten:
http://diertjevandedag.classy.be/vogels/keerkringvogels/roodstaartkeerkringvogel.htm Diertje van de dag]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe roodstaartkeerkringvogel (Phaethon rubricauda) is een zeevogel die behoort tot de keerkringvogels.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Faeton czerwonosterny (Phaethon rubricauda) – gatunek średniego ptaka wodnego z rodziny faetonów (Phaethontidae), zamieszkujący tropikalne i subtropikalne okolice zachodniej części Pacyfiku, Oceanu Indyjskiego i Indonezji.
Obie płci ubarwione podobnie. Upierzenie białe (w okresie godowym przybiera zabarwienie lekko różowe). Obecnie dwie szczególnie wydłużone, czerwone sterówki (stąd nazwa gatunku), które występują tylko u dojrzałych osobników. Dziób czerwony, gruby i zakrzywiony, ma ząbkowaną krawędź do przytrzymywania ryb. Nogi stosunkowo krótkie. Między palcami wyrasta błona pławna. Porusza się lekko falistym, podobnym do gołębiego, lotem.
Środowisko życia stanowi ocean, w sezonie lęgowym wyspy. Większość czasu spędza na otwartym morzu, spotyka się go nawet bardzo daleko od lądu. Preferuje obszary o temperaturze wody 24-30 °C[3].
Faeton czerwonosterny żywi się rybami i kałamarnicami, potrafi nurkować. Odnotowano podążanie za statkami przez krótkie okresy[3].
Okres lęgowy trwa od października do kwietnia. Przed dobraniem się w pary wykonywane są w powietrzu popisy. Gniazda mogą być rozmieszczone zarówno pojedynczo, jak i w małych koloniach. Stanowią je wydrapane dołki w ziemi, otoczone kamieniami lub materiałem roślinnym[3].
Zniesienie liczy jedno jajo. Inkubacja trwa 41-51 dni, wysiadują oba ptaki z pary. Młode przez około 3 miesiące jest strzeżone i karmione przez dorosłe, po tym czasie opierza się i staje się niezależne. Nie jest znany wiek osiągania dojrzałości płciowej[3].
Faeton czerwonosterny (Phaethon rubricauda) – gatunek średniego ptaka wodnego z rodziny faetonów (Phaethontidae), zamieszkujący tropikalne i subtropikalne okolice zachodniej części Pacyfiku, Oceanu Indyjskiego i Indonezji.
Rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha (nome científico: Phaethon rubricauda) é uma espécie de ave marinha da família Phaethontidae, nativa das regiões tropicais dos oceanos Índico e Pacífico.[1] Uma das três espécies relacionadas de rabos-de-palha (Phaethontidae), foi descrita por Pieter Boddaert em 1783. Parecendo com uma andorinha-do-mar na aparência, tem plumagem quase toda branca com uma máscara preta e um bico vermelho. Os sexos têm plumagem semelhante. Como referenciado no nome comum, os adultos têm uma cauda em serpentina vermelha com cerca de duas vezes o comprimento do corpo. Quatro subespécies são reconhecidas, mas há evidências de variação clinal no tamanho do corpo - com pássaros menores no norte e maiores no sul - e, portanto, nenhuma base para subespécies.
O o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha come peixes - principalmente peixes-voadores e lulas - depois de capturá-los mergulhando no oceano. A nidificação ocorre em colônias esparsas em ilhas oceânicas; o ninho em si é um arranhão encontrado na face de um penhasco, em uma fenda ou em uma praia arenosa. Um único ovo é posto e depois incubado por ambos os sexos por cerca de seis semanas. Os pais fazem longas viagens de busca de alimento de cerca de 150 horas durante a incubação, mas uma vez que o filhote eclode, os pais especializam seu forrageamento: um alimenta o filhote por algumas horas de cada vez, enquanto o outro faz viagens muito mais longas para se alimentar.
Esta ave é considerada uma espécie pouco preocupante de acordo com a União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), embora seja adversamente afetada pelo contato humano. Ratos e gatos selvagens se alimentam de ovos e filhotes nos locais de nidificação. As serpentinas da cauda do pássaro já foram apreciadas por alguns povos havaianos e maoris.
O naturalista britânico Sir Joseph Banks encontrou o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha no Oceano Pacífico em março de 1769 na primeira viagem de James Cook, observando que era uma espécie diferente do conhecido rabo-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho. Ele deu o nome de Phaeton erubescens.[2] Foi o polímata francês Georges-Louis Leclerc, conde de Buffon, que descreveu formalmente a espécie em sua Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux em 1781, observando que era natural da Ilha de França (Ilhas Maurício).[3] A ave também foi ilustrada em uma placa colorida à mão gravada por François-Nicolas Martinet nos Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle, produzidos sob a supervisão de Edme-Louis Daubenton para acompanhar o texto de Buffon.[4] Buffon não incluiu um nome científico em sua descrição, mas em 1783 o naturalista holandês Pieter Boddaert cunhou o nome binomial Phaethon rubricauda em seu catálogo dos Planches Enluminées.[5] O nome do gênero é derivado do grego antigo phaethon, "sol", enquanto o epíteto da espécie vem das palavras latinas ruber "vermelho" e cauda "cauda".[6] O ornitólogo inglês John Latham escreveu sobre o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha em 1785 em sua Sinopse Geral dos Pássaros, registrando-o como comum em Maurício e no Pacífico sul. Ele também relatou um rabo-de-palha de bico preto coletado na Ilha de Palmerston que acabou na coleção de Banks.[7] Latham não deu a eles nomes binomiais, no entanto. Coube ao naturalista alemão Johann Friedrich Gmelin descrever a espécie, o que ele fez como Phaeton phoenicuros e P. melanorhynchos, respectivamente, na 13ª edição do Systema Naturae em 1788.[8] Latham mais tarde descreveu este espécime de bico preto como o pássaro tropical da New Holland,[9] dando-lhe o nome de Phaethon novae-hollandiae.[10]
O naturalista britânico Walter Rothschild revisou os nomes e espécimes descritos em 1900 e concluiu que o uso original de P. erubescens era um nomen nudum . Ele concluiu que as populações de Lord Howe, Norfolk e Kermadec Islands pertenciam a uma subespécie distinta que ele chamou de P. rubicauda erubescens, devido ao seu maior tamanho geral, bico mais robusto e coloração avermelhada proeminente em sua plumagem. Ele também classificou P. melanorhynchus e P. novae-hollandiae como juvenis.[10] O ornitólogo amador australiano Gregory Mathews aplicou o nome P. rubricauda roseotinctus a P. rubricauda erubescens de Rothschild.[11]
Os maori da Nova Zelândia chamam-no de amokura[12] e os havaianos nativos koaʻ eʻ ula .[13]
Seu parente mais próximo é o rabo-de-palha-de-bico-laranja (P. lepturus), sendo que a divisão entre seus ancestrais ocorreu cerca de quatro milhões de anos atrás.[14]
Quatro subespécies são reconhecidas pelo COI: [15]
O ornitologista Mike Tarburton revisou as subespécies conhecidas em 1989 e concluiu que nenhuma era válida, observando que havia uma mudança clinal no tamanho das espécies: as do Atol Kure no Pacífico Norte sendo as menores, e as das ilhas Kermadec no Pacífico Sul, sendo as maiores. Ele também notou que a coloração rosa era mais intensa na nova plumagem e desbotava após alguns anos em espécimes de museu.[16]
O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha mede de 95 a 104 cm em média, que inclui os 35 cm (14 in) da cauda em serpentina, e pesa cerca de 800 g (28 oz) . Tem uma envergadura de 111 a 119 cm . Tem uma construção aerodinâmica, mas sólida, com plumagem quase toda branca, [6] muitas vezes com uma coloração rosa.[18] Os sexos são semelhantes em plumagem.[6] Uma faixa marrom-escura em forma de vírgula se estende desde as loro, passando pelos olhos e alcançando as proteções das orelhas.[18] A íris é marrom escura. [19] O bico é vermelho brilhante, ligeiramente mais pálido na base e preto ao redor das narinas. As pernas e a base dos dedos são azul-claro-malva, enquanto a membrana e o resto dos dedos são pretos.[19] As penas brancas da cabeça e da garupa ocultam as bases marrom-escuras, enquanto as do manto, dorso, retrizes da cauda e abrigos da cauda têm bases do eixo marrom-escuras. As duas penas da cauda longa são laranja ou vermelhas com bases brancas em cerca de um décimo de seu comprimento,[20] e podem ser difíceis de ver quando o pássaro está voando. As asas brancas são marcadas por manchas escuras em forma de V nos terciais, e as hastes escuras das penas de voo primárias são visíveis. [18] O tom rosado é geralmente mais pronunciado nos remanescentes da asa superior.[20] A muda ocorre fora da época de reprodução, as serpentinas sendo substituídas antes do resto das penas. Serpentinas são substituídas a qualquer momento, uma crescendo enquanto a outra é perdida, e velhas serpentinas podem espalhar-se pela área ao redor de uma colônia de reprodução. [19]
Os pintinhos recém-nascidos são cobertos por uma penugem fina, longa e cinza-esbranquiçada, que é mais clara na cabeça. A penugem é mais grisalha em pintinhos mais velhos. Os pintinhos sua maioria têm penas residuais nas partes inferiores e sob as asas após seis semanas, e se tornam totalmente emplumados por 11 semanas. [20] Aves juvenis têm testa, queixo, garganta e parte inferior de um branco brilhante,[19] e barragens e escamas pretas proeminentes na coroa, nuca, manto, dorso, nádega e na asa superior. [18] Seus bicos são cinza-escuro com base cinza-azulada clara e pernas e pés cinza [19]
Nas águas australianas, o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha pode ser confundido com a gaivota prateada (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) ou várias espécies de andorinhas-do-mar, embora seja maior e mais pesado, com uma cauda em forma de cunha. Seu bico vermelho e asas mais totalmente brancas o distinguem do pássaro tropical adulto de cauda branca. Os rabos-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelho imaturos também podem ser distinguidos dos pássaros tropicais de cauda branca imaturos por seus bicos parcialmente vermelhos em vez de amarelos. [18]
O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha é geralmente silencioso durante o voo. Além das exibições durante o namoro, os pássaros podem dar um grito curto de saudação ao parceiro ao chegar ou sair do ninho. Os pássaros dão um grunhido baixo como um grito de defesa, e os jovens tagarelam repetidamente como um grito implorando - feito sempre que os pais estão por perto. [21]
O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha abrange o sul do Oceano Índico e o Pacífico oeste e central, da costa africana à Indonésia, as águas ao redor do sul do Japão, passando pelo Chile [22] e pelas ilhas havaianas, onde são mais comuns nas ilhas do noroeste.[23] Frequenta áreas do oceano com temperaturas de água de 24 a 30 graus Celsius, salinidade abaixo de 35% no hemisfério sul e 33,5% no hemisfério norte. No Oceano Pacífico, o limite sul de sua faixa estende-se ao longo da isoterma de superfície de verão de 22 graus Celsius. [18]
As aves se dispersam amplamente após a reprodução. Evidências sugerem que as aves no Oceano Índico seguem ventos predominantes para oeste e indivíduos jovens marcados em Sumatra e na Austrália Ocidental foram recuperados nas Ilhas Maurício e Reunião, respectivamente.[24] A marcação de aves no Atol de Kure sugere que os pássaros no Pacífico Norte se dispersam na direção leste, seguindo os ventos predominantes ali.[25] Ventos fortes podem levá-los para o interior ocasionalmente, o que explica alguns registros de avistamentos fora da costa e seus habitats preferidos. [6]
O Atol Johnston é a maior colônia mundial de pássaros tropicais de rabos-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha, com 10 800 ninhos em 2020.[26] Na área do Pacífico, nidifica nos territórios australianos das ilhas Norfolk e Lord Howe, e nas ilhas de coral de Queensland (incluindo a Ilha Raine e a Ilha Lady Elliot). [27] Em meados de 2020, cientistas australianos encontraram um pássaro na Ilha Lady Elliott que eles haviam marcado 23 anos antes como um filhote, mas não tinham visto desde então, que voltou para se reproduzir na ilha.[28] Em território da Nova Zelândia, reproduz-se nas ilhas Kermadec . [27] Em outras partes do Pacífico, ele se reproduz em Fiji, Nova Caledônia, Polinésia Francesa, Havaí [22] - com uma grande colônia no Atol Kure[25] - as Ilhas Cook, Ilha Pitcairn e ilhas ao largo do Japão e Chile. [22]
Existem grandes colônias de reprodução na Ilha Europa,[29] Aldabra[30] e na Ilha Christmas no Oceano Índico, com colônias menores em Madagascar, onde nidifica na pequena ilha de Nosy Ve,[31] nas Seychelles e nas Ilhas Maurício. [22] Também é encontrado no território australiano das Ilhas Cocos (Keeling) no Oceano Índico.[27] As águas quentes da Corrente de Leeuwin facilitam a nidificação das espécies no Cabo Leeuwin, no sudoeste da Austrália, embora seja apenas um visitante raro de New South Wales em latitudes correspondentes na costa leste australiana. [18] Também nidifica em Ashmore Reef e Rottnest Island ao largo da Austrália Ocidental, bem como Sugarloaf Rock em Cape Naturaliste e Busselton no próprio litoral da Austrália Ocidental. [27]
É um visitante ocasional de Palau, e a reprodução na região foi registrada em ilhas do sudoeste,[32] e pela primeira vez em Guam em 1992.[33] É uma ave incomum na Nova Zelândia propriamente dita, onde foi registrado no norte da Ilha do Norte, especialmente nas Ilhas dos Três Reis.[34] É muito raro na América do Norte, com registros da Califórnia e na Ilha de Vancouver.[35]
Ritual de namoro voando para trás. Kīlauea Point, Havaí
Acredita-se que o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha seja monogâmico,[28] e que pares permaneçam ligados ao longo de sucessivas temporadas de reprodução, embora informações como idade no primeiro cruzamento e formação de pares não sejam conhecidas.[36] Nidifica em colônias soltas,[37] em ilhas, penhascos rochosos, atóis de coral e ilhotas. Raramente nidifica em grandes extensões de terra, embora o tenha feito no sul da Austrália Ocidental.[18] O ninho em si é um arranhão raso, na areia sombreada[38] ou em uma fenda rochosa,[37] ou embaixo de um arbusto. Como o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha não anda bem, ele pousa voando contra o vento, parando e caindo no chão. O ninho está muitas vezes localizado dentro de 1 metro da borda do arbusto (ou outra área sombreada) para minimizar a distância a pé. O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha geralmente escolhe arbustos com menos hastes para acessibilidade.[39]
A espécie é territorial até certo ponto, defendendo agressivamente o local do ninho e bicando o raio ao redor dele, começando cerca de três meses antes da reprodução. [36] pássaros são mais agressivos em colônias com muitas aves ou quando locais adequados para ninhos são menos comuns. Eles adotam uma postura de defesa, que consiste em levantar o úmero e aproximar os punhos, puxar o pescoço para o corpo e balançar a cabeça para os lados, afofar as penas da cabeça e grasnar. Golpes e lutas podem acontecer, os dois combatentes travando os bicos e lutando por até 90 minutos. [40]
A escolha do companheiro provavelmente se baseia parcialmente no comprimento das flâmulas da cauda, sendo que um pássaro com flâmulas mais longas é mais atraente como parceiro. Este rabo-de-palha também provavelmente se acasala de forma preferencial para o comprimento da cauda da cauda, o que significa que os parceiros provavelmente têm serpentinas de comprimento aproximadamente igual.[41]
Antes da procriação, os machos iniciam uma exibição aérea de cortejo, voando em grandes círculos, alternando entre planar, curtos períodos de batimento rápido das asas e voo baixo a poucos metros da água, enquanto fazem gritos estridentes. Voando inicialmente em pequenos grupos, os pássaros formam pares para repetir a exibição aos pares antes de se unirem. Depois que os pares estabelecem um ninho, eles não executam a exibição. [40]
O momento da reprodução depende da localização; em alguns lugares, os pássaros se reproduzem em uma estação de reprodução definida, enquanto em outros, não há nenhuma. Ao sul da linha do equador, a última condição provavelmente é verdadeira. Em ilhas próximas ao equador, a postura geralmente ocorre de junho a novembro, a maioria dos filhotes emplumam por volta de janeiro a fevereiro.[37] Na Ilha Christmas, a reprodução ocorre em momentos diferentes em diferentes partes da ilha devido às condições climáticas prevalentes.[21] Algumas aves podem permanecer no local de reprodução durante todo o ano.[40] Na ilha subtropical de Lady Elliott, perto de Queensland, eles fazem ninhos no inverno, o que os cientistas acham que pode ser programado para evitar os tempos comuns de reprodução da maioria das espécies migratórias de aves marinha. Ainda não se sabe muito sobre seus hábitos.[28]
A fêmea do rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha põe um único ovo, que ambos os pais incubam[42] por 42 a 46 dias.[37] O macho geralmente dá o primeiro turno no ovo depois que ele é posto.[40] Variando de 5,4 a 7,7 centímetros de comprimento e 4,5 a 4,8 centímetros de largura, os ovos ovais são castanho-claros com manchas marrons e vermelho-pretas que são mais proeminentes na extremidade maior. [21]
Nascidos indefesos e incapazes de se mover (nidícolas e semialtriciais), os pintinhos são inicialmente cegos, abrindo os olhos após 2–3 dias. Até a idade de uma semana, eles abrem o bico apenas ao toque, então os pais têm que acariciar a base do bico para iniciar a alimentação. A alimentação ocorre uma ou duas vezes ao dia, geralmente por volta do meio-dia. Eles são constantemente ciuidados pelos pais até a idade de uma semana, após o que são protegidos sob as asas dos pais. Eles também se levantam e ficam de bico aberto com qualquer pássaro próximo para se alimentar. [20] Ambos os pais alimentam os filhotes,[36] enfiando o bico no do filhote e regurgitando a comida.[43] Cobertos inicialmente com penugem cinza ou branca, eles crescem suas primeiras penas - escapulários - aos 16-20 dias. Seus pés e bicos crescem rapidamente, ultrapassando o resto de seus corpos.[20] Filhotes permanecem no ninho por 67 a 91 dias até emplumar.[37]
O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha é principalmente uma ave mergulhadora, mergulhando em qualquer lugar de uma altura acima da água de 6 a 50 metros até [37] a uma profundidade de cerca de 4,5 metros, embora isso possa mudar sazonalmente.[44] Ao mergulhar, ele permanece brevemente submerso - um estudo na Ilha Christmas apresentou um tempo médio de 26,6 segundos - geralmente engolindo sua presa antes de emergir.[45] O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha às vezes pega peixes-voadores no ar.
Durante a incubação, as viagens de forrageamento são relativamente longas, com uma excursão média de 153 horas. Essas viagens são para áreas muito produtivas. Após a eclosão dos filhotes, por outro lado, os pais adotam uma estratégia em que um fazem viagens longas (em média cerca de 57 horas) para se alimentar, e o outro faz viagens curtas (cerca de três horas de duração) para alimentar os filhotes. A bimodalidade da duração das viagens de forrageamento provavelmente ocorre porque é o equilíbrio ideal entre a alimentação própria e a dos pintinhos.[46] Na Ilha Christmas, as aves geralmente procuram alimentos em alto-mar no início da manhã e mais perto da costa à tarde.[47]
Lulas e peixes voadores constituem grande parte da dieta desta ave, juntamente com alguns crustáceos, dependendo da localização.[37] O trabalho de campo no Canal de Moçambique revelou que a dieta das aves ali era principalmente de peixes em termos de massa, mas igual número de peixes e lulas em termos de número. Os peixes registrados incluem o peixe-voador de asa de espelho (Hirundichthys speculiger) e o peixe-voador de barbatana (Cheilopogon furcatus) e várias outras espécies não identificadas da família de peixes-voadores Exocoetidae, a dourada-amarela (Coryphaena equiselis ) e dourado-do-mar (C. hippurus), peixes-agulha, incluindo o Tylosurus crocodilus, e membros não identificados das famílias Hemiramphidae, Scombridae e Carangidae. A lula voadora roxa (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) foi de longe o cefalópode mais comum comido, seguido pelo polvo de manto comum (Tremoctopus violaceus).[48] Um estudo de campo no Havaí descobriu que peixes-voadores dominavam as espécies de presas, o peixe-voador tropical de duas asas (Exocoetus volitans) e membros do gênero Cypselurus proeminente, seguido por lulas da família Ommastrephidae, incluindo a lula voadora roxa e a lula de vidro (Hyaloteuthis pelagica) e peixes carangídeos, incluindo Decapterus macrosoma.[49] O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha também foi registrado comendo baiacus (Diodontidae), embora os adultos tenham ficado incomodados quando o peixe inflou, resultando em sua regurgitação urgente.[50]
Um voador forte com boca e bico grandes, o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha pode carregar presas relativamente grandes para seu tamanho, e aves com filhotes comumente carregando douradas que pesavam 120 g - 16% de seu próprio peso - para seus filhotes.[51]
Ao incubar durante o dia em um ninho à sombra, esta ave tem uma temperatura corporal média de 39 graus Celsius, em comparação com sua temperatura média durante a incubação à noite de 37,1 graus. A diferença provavelmente se deve aos níveis de atividade, já que a temperatura do ar durante esses períodos não difere significativamente com uma ave no ninho. Depois de voar, a temperatura corporal média é de 40,9 graus. A temperatura dos pés é sempre inferior à temperatura corporal durante o voo, mas sempre superior à temperatura do ar. Assim, os pés provavelmente são usados para dissipar o calor durante o voo.[42]
As flâmulas da cauda do rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha eram muito apreciadas pelos Maori. A tribo Ngāpuhi da região de Northland procurava e as coletava de pássaros mortos ou perdidos que chegavam à costa após ventos fortes de leste, trocando-as por pedras verdes com tribos do sul.[52] O naturalista inglês Andrew Bloxam relatou que as penas eram valorizadas no Havaí, onde os habitantes locais as arrancavam dos pássaros enquanto faziam seus ninhos.[53]
O rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha é classificado como uma espécie pouco preocupante de acordo com a IUCN devido à sua grande área de abrangência de até 20 mil quilômetros quadrados.[54] A população no Pacífico oriental foi estimada em até 80 000 pássaros com um mínimo de 41 000 pássaros.[55] Cerca de 9 000 pássaros se reproduzem na Ilha Europa,[56] e 9 000-12 000 se reproduzem nas ilhas havaianas.[13] A presença humana geralmente afeta as espécies adversamente, pela destruição do habitat ou introdução de pragas.[22] Na Austrália, é classificado como quase ameaçado, devido a quedas inesperadas em algumas populações, o impacto de humanos e a formiga amarela louca que invadiu a Ilha de Christmas.[57] Ele está listado como vulnerável em New South Wales.[58]
Predadores registrados na Austrália Ocidental incluem grandes aves de rapina, como a águia-marinha de barriga branca (Haliaeetus leucogaster) e a águia-pesqueira oriental (Pandion cristatus), enquanto gaivotas prateadas e corvos (Corvus spp.) invadem ninhos para atacar ovos e filhotes.[20] Rabos-de-palha-de-bico-vermelho (P. aethereus) errantes foram implicados na perda de ovos de ninhos no Havaí.[59] Cães e gatos selvagens atacam pássaros em nidificação na Ilha Christmas,[20] enquanto os gatos selvagens são um problema grave na Ilha Norfolk.[20] Ratos têm sido um problema sério no Atol Kure, causando grandes perdas.[60] Formigas amarelas loucas foram descobertas no Atol Johnston, no norte do Oceano Pacífico, em 2010; hordas de formigas invadem áreas de nidificação e podem cegar as vítimas com seu spray.[61]
Também no Atol Johnston, o Sistema de Descarte de Agentes Químicos do Atol Johnston (JACADS) estava queimando armas químicas armazenadas até 2000. Foi estudado durante oito anos para ver se havia efeitos de contaminantes potenciais. Pareceu não haver impacto sobre a sobrevivência durante o período de estudo, embora as aves jovens vindas a favor do vento da planta fossem menos propensas a retornar lá do que aquelas contra o vento da planta - possivelmente devido à vegetação mais intacta no último local.[62]
Cientistas que estudaram a ave na Ilha Lady Elliot, na costa de Queensland, em 2020, dizem que a falta de conhecimento sobre seus hábitos e populações significa que eles não sabem quantas mudanças ambientais estão afetando suas populações. O estudo inclui a coleta de amostras de DNA, anilhamento de novos filhotes e adaptação de pássaros com rastreadores de satélite, em uma tentativa de descobrir mais sobre seus movimentos.[28]
Rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha (nome científico: Phaethon rubricauda) é uma espécie de ave marinha da família Phaethontidae, nativa das regiões tropicais dos oceanos Índico e Pacífico. Uma das três espécies relacionadas de rabos-de-palha (Phaethontidae), foi descrita por Pieter Boddaert em 1783. Parecendo com uma andorinha-do-mar na aparência, tem plumagem quase toda branca com uma máscara preta e um bico vermelho. Os sexos têm plumagem semelhante. Como referenciado no nome comum, os adultos têm uma cauda em serpentina vermelha com cerca de duas vezes o comprimento do corpo. Quatro subespécies são reconhecidas, mas há evidências de variação clinal no tamanho do corpo - com pássaros menores no norte e maiores no sul - e, portanto, nenhuma base para subespécies.
O o rabo-de-palha-de-cauda-vermelha come peixes - principalmente peixes-voadores e lulas - depois de capturá-los mergulhando no oceano. A nidificação ocorre em colônias esparsas em ilhas oceânicas; o ninho em si é um arranhão encontrado na face de um penhasco, em uma fenda ou em uma praia arenosa. Um único ovo é posto e depois incubado por ambos os sexos por cerca de seis semanas. Os pais fazem longas viagens de busca de alimento de cerca de 150 horas durante a incubação, mas uma vez que o filhote eclode, os pais especializam seu forrageamento: um alimenta o filhote por algumas horas de cada vez, enquanto o outro faz viagens muito mais longas para se alimentar.
Esta ave é considerada uma espécie pouco preocupante de acordo com a União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (IUCN), embora seja adversamente afetada pelo contato humano. Ratos e gatos selvagens se alimentam de ovos e filhotes nos locais de nidificação. As serpentinas da cauda do pássaro já foram apreciadas por alguns povos havaianos e maoris.
Rödstjärtad tropikfågel[2] (Phaethon rubricauda) är en fågel i familjen tropikfåglar inom ordningen tropikfåglar.[3]
Tropikfåglar är säregna huvudsakligen havslevande tärnliknande fåglar som precis som namnet avslöjar trivs i subtropiska och subtropiska områden. De tre arterna är huvudsakligen vita, har förlängda stjärtfjädrar och fötter placerade så långt bak på kroppen att de inte kan gå på land. Rödstjärtad tropikfågel är med en kroppslängd på 46 cm bara något mindre än rödnäbbad tropikfågel (P. aethereus). Den har en unik kombination av röd näbb och röda förlängda stjärtfjädrar. Den är också ljusast av alla och saknar svart bandning på mantel, rygg och övergump. Vingarna är vidare vita, endast mörka teckningar på tertialerna och handpennornas bas (stora delar av handpennorna är svarta hos både vitstjärtad och rödnäbbad tropikfågel). Ungfågeln har grå eller svart näbb (gul hos aethereus) och saknar svart band i nacken.[4]
Rödstjärtad tropikfågel förekommer i tropiska delar av Stilla havet och Indiska oceanen. Den delas in i fyra underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
Den har tillfälligt påträffats i Brasilien, Fiji, Kenya, Peru och Thailand.[1] Fynd finns även fån västra Nordamerika, i Kalifornien och kanadensiska Vancouver.[5]
Rödstjärtad tropikfågel lever mestadels av fisk, framför allt flygfisk, men också stora mängder av bläckfisk och ibland kräftdjur. Den fångar sitt byte genom att dyka, från mellan sex och 50 meters höjd till ett djup av ungefär 4,5 meter. Flygfisk tas dock i flykten. Fågeln häckar i lösa kolonier på otillgängliga klippor på små och avlägsna öar. Adulta fåglar ses nära kolonin året om.[6]
Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling.[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till mer än 32.000 individer.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör rödstjärtad tropikfågel.
Wikispecies har information om Phaethon rubricauda.
Rödstjärtad tropikfågel (Phaethon rubricauda) är en fågel i familjen tropikfåglar inom ordningen tropikfåglar.
Phaethon rubricauda là một loài chim trong họ Phaethontidae.[2] Một trong ba loài chim nhiệt đới có liên quan chặt chẽ, được Pieter Boddaert mô tả vào năm 1783. Nhìn bề ngoài trông giống như chim nhàn biển, loài chim này có bộ lông hầu như trắng với lông mặt đen và mỏ màu đỏ. Chim trống và chim mái có bộ lông tương tự. Chim trưởng thành có lông đuôi đỏ có chiều dài khoảng hai lần, dẫn đến tên chung của loài này. Có bốn phân loài được công nhận, mặc dù có bằng chứng cho thấy có sự thay đổi lớn với các loài chim nhỏ ở phía Bắc và lớn hơn ở phía nam (và do đó không có căn cứ cho bất kỳ phân loài nào).
Museum specimen - New Caledonia
Phaethon rubricauda là một loài chim trong họ Phaethontidae. Một trong ba loài chim nhiệt đới có liên quan chặt chẽ, được Pieter Boddaert mô tả vào năm 1783. Nhìn bề ngoài trông giống như chim nhàn biển, loài chim này có bộ lông hầu như trắng với lông mặt đen và mỏ màu đỏ. Chim trống và chim mái có bộ lông tương tự. Chim trưởng thành có lông đuôi đỏ có chiều dài khoảng hai lần, dẫn đến tên chung của loài này. Có bốn phân loài được công nhận, mặc dù có bằng chứng cho thấy có sự thay đổi lớn với các loài chim nhỏ ở phía Bắc và lớn hơn ở phía nam (và do đó không có căn cứ cho bất kỳ phân loài nào).
Краснохвостый фаэтон[1] (лат. Phaethon rubricauda) — морская птица из семейства Фаэтоновые. Самый крупный вид семейства.
Размах крыльев около 1 м. Окраска белая. Клюв оранжево-жёлтый или красный. Белое оперение птицы после линьки имеет выраженный розовый налет. На голове от клюва к затылку через глаз проходит чёрная полоса. Узкие опахала двух центральных рулевых красного цвета, отсюда и название. Эти перья долгое время были желанной добычей островитян Тихого океана. Молодые птицы имеют буроватые полосы на верхней стороне тела.
Индийский океан и западный и центральный тропический регион Тихого океана. Гнездится на океанских островах в больших колониях от Гавайских островов до острова Пасхи и Маврикия.
Фаэтоны обычно ведут одиночный или парный образ жизни отдельно от гнездовых колоний, где они участвуют в брачных ухаживаниях, устраивая театральные представления. В течение нескольких минут, группы из 2—20 птиц одновременно и часто летают друг вокруг друга в больших вертикальных кругах, размахивая хвостами из стороны в сторону. Если самке нравится презентация, она спаривается с самцом в его будущем гнезде. Иногда случаются и споры между самцами, пытающимися защитить свою пару и место гнездования.
Фаэтоны в основном гнездятся в дырах или трещинах на голой земле. Яйцо пурпурно-коричневого цвета, к концу насиживания, которое длится 41—45 дней, оно светлеет. Высиживание осуществляется обоими родителями, но по большей части самкой, в то время как самец добывает еду, чтобы кормить самку. Птенец вылупляется покрытым серым пушком и остаётся в гнезде один, пока оба родителя добывают пищу. Затем они выкармливают птенца два раза каждые 3 дня до тех пор, пока он сам не сможет летать, что происходит примерно после 12—13 недель после вылупления. Поначалу молодняк не способен летать, вместо этого они выплывают в океан на несколько дней, чтобы сбросить вес перед полётом.
Краснохвостый фаэтон (лат. Phaethon rubricauda) — морская птица из семейства Фаэтоновые. Самый крупный вид семейства.
红尾热带鸟（学名：Phaethon rubricauda）为鹲科熱帶鳥屬的鸟类，俗名红尾鹲。分布于太平洋和印度洋的热带和亚热带部分、南从大洋洲、北至日本、台湾岛等地，主要生活于海洋性岛屿峭壁上。该物种的模式产地在印度洋毛里求斯。[2]
红尾热带鸟包括以下亚种[3]
红尾热带鸟（学名：Phaethon rubricauda）为鹲科熱帶鳥屬的鸟类，俗名红尾鹲。分布于太平洋和印度洋的热带和亚热带部分、南从大洋洲、北至日本、台湾岛等地，主要生活于海洋性岛屿峭壁上。该物种的模式产地在印度洋毛里求斯。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 鳥綱 Aves 目 : ペリカン目 Pelecaniformes 科 : ネッタイチョウ科 Phaethontidae 属 : ネッタイチョウ属 Phaethon 種 : アカオネッタイチョウアカオネッタイチョウ（赤尾熱帯鳥、Phaethon rubricauda）は、ペリカン目ネッタイチョウ科ネッタイチョウ属に分類される鳥類。
日本では北硫黄島、西之島、南鳥島、南硫黄島で繁殖例がある。また仲御神島に飛来する。
全長78-105cm。尾羽は16枚。全身は白い羽毛で被われる。嘴基部から眼を通り側頭部へ続く黒い筋模様（過眼線）が入る。中央の尾羽2枚は赤い。種小名rubricaudaは「赤い尾の」の意で、和名や英名（red-tailed）と同義。初列風切の羽軸や三列風切の外縁（羽縁）は黒い。
嘴の色彩は赤い。後肢の色彩は淡青色で、趾やその間にある水かきの色彩は黒い。
幼鳥は上面や雨覆に黒い斑紋が入る。嘴の色彩は黒く、下嘴基部は黄色みを帯びる。
熱帯や亜熱帯の海洋に生息する。単独もしくは小規模な群れを形成し生活する。
食性は動物食で、魚類、軟体動物を食べる。主に停空飛翔しながら水中の獲物を探し、獲物を発見すると急降下して捕らえる。
繁殖形態は卵生。集団繁殖地（コロニー）を形成する。岩の隙間や木の根元などに、火山列島では5-7月に1回に1個の卵を産む。熱帯では周年繁殖する地域もある。雌雄交代で抱卵し、抱卵期間は約28日。
日本では1972年に仲御神島が「仲の神島海鳥繁殖地」として国の天然記念物に指定されている（本種の繁殖例は無いが、少数の営巣が確認されている）。
絶滅危惧IB類 (EN)（環境省レッドリスト）
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