Macaca leonina (Blyth 1863)

Macaca leonina^[1] a zo ur spesad makaked eus kerentiad ar Cercopithecidae.

E-pad pell amzer e voe sellet outañ evel un isspesad eus Macaca nemestrina.

Doareoù pennañ

Boued

Annez

██ Tiriad Macaca leonina.

Kavet e vez al loen e Bangladesh, India, Kambodja, Laos, Myanmar, Sina, Thailand ha Viêt Nam.

Liamm diavaez

• Macaca leonina war al lec'hienn Mammal Species of the World.

Muioc'h a restroù diwar-benn

Macaca leonina

a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.

Notennoù ha daveennoù

El macaco de cua de porc septentrional (Macaca leonina) és una espècie de primat catarí de la família dels cercopitècids, que viu a la Indoxina i Bangla Desh. Fins fa poc se'l considerava una subespècie de Macaca nemestrina (el macaco de cua de porc meridional).^[1]

Referències

Makak indočínský (Macaca leonina) je druh úzkonosé opice z čeledi kočkodanovití (Cercopithecidae) a rodu makak (Macaca). Druh popsal Edward Blyth v roce 1863.

Výskyt

Makak indočínský se vyskytuje v jihovýchodní Asii, především pak v Indočíně, jako je Vietnam, Laos, Kambodža, najít ho lze i na území Indie, Číny, Bangladéše a jiné. K životu dává přednost jakýmkoli lesům, včetně těch, které byly narušeny těžbou dřeva, problém mu však nedělá ani život na polích.^[2][3]

Popis a chování

Samci makaka indočínského měří 52−60 cm a váží zhruba 6−12 kg, samice jsou menší, měří kolem 40−50 cm, jejich hmotnost se odhaduje na 4,5−6 kg. Ocas mají tyto opice krátký, což jim vyneslo anglický název Burmese pig-tailed macaque, měří u samců 18−25 cm, u samic 16−20 cm. Srst má žluto-hnědé zbarvení, odlišně zbarvená je pouze na chocholce, tvářích a pruzích kolem očí. Jídelníček těchto makaků tvoří různorodá potrava, jako jsou listy a výhonky, pojídají však i ptáčata, která vybírají z hnízd, kraby nebo hmyz. Vnikají též na pole a plantáže a kradou zde plodiny jako je obilí, papája a kukuřice, díky čemuž jsou považovány za škůdce. Skupinu tvoří 5−40 jedinců. Rozmnožování může probíhat celoročně, hlavní období je však mezi lednem a květnem. Samice láká samce k páření rudým otokem genitálií. Po 162−186 dnech gravidity se samici narodí jedno mládě, mající po narození hnědé zbarvení, o které se stará 8−12 měsíců. V případě, že jde o samce, v období puberty opouští tlupu. Pohlavní dospělosti dosáhnou okolo 4 let věku.^[2]

Ohrožení

Makak indočínský je dle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody zranitelný druh a jeho populace klesá. Nebezpečí představuje především ničení přirozeného prostředí díky těžbě dřeva, stavění silnic a přehrad nebo žďáření, ohroženost však způsobuje také lov probíhající v Laosu, Kambodže a Vietnamu.

Druh je zapsán na seznam CITES II a vyskytuje se v mnoha chráněných oblastech, mimo jiné například v NP Doi Suthep-Pui, NP Intanki, přírodní rezervaci Xishuangbanna a další.^[4]

Synonyma

• Macaca adusta, Miller, 1906
• Macaca indochinensis, Kloss, 1919
• Macaca blythii, Pocock, 1931^[5]

Zajímavosti

V Thajsku jsou samci makaků indočínských cvičeni k trhání kokosů z palem. Jedna takto vycvičená opice stojí i 1000 USD.^[4]

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
2. ↑ ^{a b} Northern pigtail macaque (Macaca leonina) [online]. Arkive.org [cit. 2015-11-26]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
3. ↑ BAKER, Nick. Northern Pig-tailed Macaque [online]. Ecology Asia [cit. 2015-11-26]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
4. ↑ ^{a b} Macaca leonina [online]. Iucn Red List of Threatened Species [cit. 2015-11-26]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
5. ↑ Makak indočínský [online]. Biolib.cz [cit. 2015-11-26]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

• Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu makak indočínský ve Wikimedia Commons
• Taxon Macaca leonina ve Wikidruzích

Der Nördliche Schweinsaffe (Macaca leonina) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Makaken innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Er ist eng mit dem Südlichen Schweinsaffen (M. nemestrina) verwandt und galt ursprünglich als Unterart seines Verwandten.

Verbreitung

Verbreitungsgebiet des Nördlichen Schweinsaffen

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Nördlichen Schweinsaffen liegt im festländischen Südostasien. Es beginnt im Westen in den östlich und südlich des Brahmaputra gelegenen Teilen von Nordostindien und Bangladesch und reicht über Myanmar (einschließlich des Mergui-Archipels), Thailand, Laos, Kambodscha und Vietnam bis in den Südwesten der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan und im Süden bis zu den thailändischen Provinzen Surat Thani und Krabi auf der Malaiischen Halbinsel. Innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes gibt es große Lücken und in Kambodscha kommt die Art nur in 5 der 24 Provinzen vor. Im Norden überlappt das Verbreitungsgebiet des Nördlichen Schweinsaffen teilweise das des Assam-Makaken (Macaca assamensis).^[1]

Merkmale

Nördliche Schweinsaffen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 40 bis 49 (Weibchen) bzw. 50 bis 59,5 (Männchen) Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist mit 16 bis 20 (Weibchen) bzw. 18 bis 25 (Männchen) Zentimetern sehr kurz. Das Gewicht variiert von 4,4 bis 5,7 (Weibchen) bzw. 6,2 bis 9,1 (Männchen) Kilogramm. Das Fell ist auf dem Rücken und an den Körperseiten olivbraun oder gelbbraun gefärbt, wird nach hinten mehr graubraun und die Bauchseite ist weißlich. Das Kopfhaar ist kurz, ein dunkler Streifen auf der Kopfmitte reicht fast bis zwischen die Augen. Bei den Männchen sind die Haare auf den Schultern 7 bis 10 cm lang. Das Fell ausgewachsener Weibchen ist kürzer, heller und mehr gräulich als das der Männchen. Noch nicht geschlechtsreife Tiere sind noch heller und gräulicher als die Weibchen. Neugeborene sind schwarz, das Fell wird aber schon nach wenigen Monaten bräunlich. Weibliche Nördliche Schweinsaffen entwickeln in der Zeit ihrer Fruchtbarkeit eine auffallende rote Sexualschwellung, die bis zur Schwanzbasis reicht.^[1]

Lebensraum

Nördliche Schweinsaffen leben in dichten, immergrünen tropischen und subtropischen Wäldern bis in Höhen von 2000 Metern, im Tiefland in Primär- und Sekundärregenwäldern und in trockenen von Flügelfruchtbäumen geprägten Wäldern. In Thailand und Laos wird er oft in Wäldern beobachtet, die Flussufer begleiten, im nordöstlichen Indien in Teeplantagen und in der Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen.^[1]

Lebensweise

Er ist tagaktiv und lebt in Gruppen, die sich aus mehreren Weibchen und Männchen samt Nachwuchs zusammensetzen. Die Gruppengröße liegt bei 12 bis 40 Tieren, das Geschlechterverhältnis in Assam bei 1:5,5 (Männchen zu Weibchen). Die Territorien, die eine Gruppe beansprucht, sind etwa 80 bis 350 Hektar goß. Die Territorien benachbarter Gruppen überschneiden sich zu 25 bis 48 %. Größe Gruppen mit 50 bis 150 Exemplaren, die beobachtet wurden, setzen sich wahrscheinlich aus mehreren Gruppen zusammen, die sich vorübergehend zusammengeschlossen haben.^[1]

Im östlichen Assam wurde die Ernährung der Tiere genauer untersucht. Sie besteht zu zwei Drittel aus Früchten, außerdem werden Blätter, Samen, Stängel, Schlingpflanzen, Wurzeln, Blüten, Bambusschößlinge, Baumsäfte, Insekten und deren Larven, Termiteneier und Spinnen verzehrt. Außerdem gehen sie auf Felder und fressen dort Reis und Gemüse. Im thailändischen Khao-Yai-Nationalpark werden Touristen angebettelt um Kekse oder Früchte zu erhalten. Die Weibchen bekommen nach einer Tragzeit von 162 bis 186 Tagen ein einzelnes Jungtier. Im westlichen Thailand werden die meisten Jungen im Juni und im Dezember geboren. Nördliche Schweinsaffen wurden in Gefangenschaft über 30 Jahre alt.^[1]

Hauptsächlich aufgrund der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums wird der Nördliche Schweinsaffe von der IUCN als gefährdet („vulnerable“) gelistet.^[2]

Domestikation

In Thailand werden diese Primaten darauf trainiert, Kokosnüsse zu ernten. Sie sind sehr lernfähig und auch für andere Arbeiten ausgebildet.

Literatur

• Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Elizabeth L. Gadsby, Colin P. Groves, Aoife Healy, K. Praveen Karanth, Sanjay Molur, Tilo Nadler, Matthew C. Richardson, Erin P. Riley, Anthony B. Rylands, Lori K. Sheeran, Nelson Ting, Janette Wallis, Siân S. Waters & Danielle J. Whittaker: Family Cercopithecidae (Old World Monkeys). Seite 636–637 in Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands & Don E. Wilson: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: - Volume 3. Primates. Lynx Editions, 2013 ISBN 978-8496553897
2. ↑ Macaca leonina in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2008. Eingestellt von: R. Boonratana u. a., 2008. Abgerufen am 2. Januar 2009.

ဘင်္ဂလားဒေ့ရှ်နိုင်ငံ၊ ကမ္ဘောဒီးယားနိုင်ငံ၊ တရုတ်နိုင်ငံ၊ အိန္ဒိယနိုင်ငံ၊ လာအိုနိုင်ငံ၊ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ၊ ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံ နှင့် ဗီယက်နမ်နိုင်ငံတို့တွင် တွေ့ရလေ့ ရှိသည်။ အမြီးသည် တိုသဖြင့် အခြား မျောက်မျိုးများမှ ခွဲခြားနိုင်သည်။ နဖူးနှင့် ငယ်ထိပ်တွင် ညိုနက်ရောင် အမွှေးရှိသည်။ ကပ်ဦးထုပ် သဏ္ဌန် ဖြစ်နေသည်။ ၂ နှစ်တွင် အရွယ်ရောက်ပြီး ၁၅၀ ရက် ကိုယ်ဝန်ဆောင်သည်။ သက်တမ်းမှာ ၂၀နှစ် ဖြစ်သည်။

ကိုးကား

The northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonina) is a vulnerable species of macaque in the subfamily Cercopithecidae.^[3] It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Traditionally, M. leonina was considered a subspecies of the southern pig-tailed macaque (M. nemestrina), but is now classified as an individual species.^[2] In the 21st century, the pig-tailed macaque was split into the northern pig-tailed macaque species Macaca leonina and the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque species M. nemestrina.^[4] This reclassification was aided by the observation of sexual swellings and basic attributes that distinguish the two.^[4] The northern pig-tailed macaque is frugivorous and their social grouping is matriarchal, where sexual dimorphic traits can distinguish males and females.^[5][6] Their adaptation to omnivorous diets occur in periods of fruit scarcity, munching on wild vegetation and crops, human foods, and small insects and mammals.^[5][7] Despite their adaptability, northern-pig tailed macaques experience viral threats such as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1, pathogenic simian immunodeficiency, and coronavirus.^[8] Human impacts are also present, such as agricultural expansions, aquaculture, transportation infrastructure, hunting and logging for meat and trophies, and the illegal pet trade; that result in habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and a reduced well-being.^[7][9][3]

Physical characteristics

Alpha male northern pig-tailed macaque in Khao Yai national park

Appearance

Female northern pig-tailed macaque in Khao Yai

Physical characteristics identifiers in distinguishing the northern and the southern pig-tailed macaques.^[10] Northern pig-tailed macaques have a round greyish pelage from the side of their cheeks all the way around to the top of their head and beneath their chin, which is called a crown.^[10] A brown pelage patch is found on the centre of their crowns followed by white triangular forms beneath this patch and along the top of their eyes.^[10] One red stripe is found at each exterior corner of their eyes which are angled upwards and diagonally meeting at the ending point of the white triangular eye extremities.^[10] Their elongated muzzle is still shorter when compared to southern pig-tailed macaques.^[10]

On their backs, for mostly males, a black streak is found at the centre; and can sometimes have a red hue towards the top and black towards the bottom.^[10] Moving downwards, their tails are composed of a thin pelage in a dark blackish hue and are shorter and skinner than southern pig-tailed macaques.^[10] Tail shapes vary, however, the most common is a 90 degree point to the back, followed by a 45 degree, a forward and parallel, a forward arch meeting its back, pointed downwards.^[10] Beneath their tail, on their backside, there are oval shaped thick sitting pads that cover their hip bones, known as ischial callosities.^[10]

Sex differences

The northern-pig tailed macaques have sexual dimorphic traits.^[10] Body weight is the most obvious indicator to distinguish males from females, where males are found over eight kg give or take, and females below six kg.^[11] Adult males are identified with defined shoulder musculature and exhibit red coloured sexual organs, such as their penis and anus.^[12] Their tails are also found to be longer relative to females and their pelage has more darker contrast to it.^[10] Adult females are smaller in size and are found to have sexual swelling in the same regions, yet are more vibrant red than in males.^[12]

Male teenagers, known as subadult males, do not have red coloured sexual organs, yet have dropped testicles.^[12] Infants fit into the age range of five to eight weeks old and are usually found eating solid foods, yet those older than nine weeks are studied to be independent of their mothers until a certain distance is travelled.^[12] Newborns are up to four weeks old usually found feeding on breast milk, and are usually near their mother's stomachs while in motion or are cradled in their arms.^[12]

Distribution and habitat

China

The Macaca leonina can also be found in tropical forests in southwestern China.^[13] A study conducted in the Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve found that the species has a wider distribution and greater niche breath than Macaca mulatta based on camera trapping data within the area.^[13] Groups of Macaca leonina were found scattered in forests with higher elevations, more specifically broadleaved evergreen forests when compared to the other species.^[13] Yet, they avoided rubber plantations as a result of their habitat being severely reduced in size, which restricted their ability to access food resources and blocked travel to other regions of the reserve.^[13] With extensive data collection, the results showed that both species were well adapted to their degraded environment by consistently following daily activity budgets, including the regions chosen for preferred elevation and vegetation.^[13] However, the season had an impact on both species activity budgets as it altered due to the presence of rainfall within monsoonal periods.^[13] In the dry-hot season, the space became more restricted to both species because the once vegetation rich region became limited and required a change of activity patterns for both species.^[13]

Mixed bamboo and semi-evergreen forest in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary

India

In India, the northern pig-tailed macaque is found south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country.^[14] Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Aruanchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.^[15] A detailed report on the ecology and behaviour of northern pig-tailed macaque has been published in 2008.^[16]

Although no global population estimate is available, some site-based estimates are, including Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary in Cambodia, where an increasing population of almost 4,000 is reported.^[17][18]

Thailand

Tropical evergreen grassland, Khao Yai National Park, Thailand

Northern pig-tailed macaques are also found in Northeastern Thailand shown to be impacted by anthropogenic influences such as deforestation and forest alterations.^[5] Their home range sizes vary from 62 to 828 hectares, similar to the southern pig-tailed macaques Macaca nemestrina.^[5] However, their ability to travel is often limited due to habitat degradation and transformation with no limit to elevation unless there is less canopy cover per area.^[13]

In the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, the region was about eighty kilometres of dry evergreen forest, old growth acacia forest, and dry dipterocarp forest; yet it slowly transformed into fragments of eucalyptus plantations, agricultural expansions, highway constructions, and human settlements.^[19] This change of native habitat eventually led to a study in 2017 and 2018 by Gazagne et al., observing a range of 128 and 150 northern pig-tailed macaques and their selection of 107 sleeping sites.^[19] Some examples of potential predators in this region are the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa and two species of pythons known as Python reticulatus and Python bivittatus.^[19] The authors found that the macaques still preferred sleeping sites with two layers of canopy for protection, however no predator conflicts were recorded nor impacting site selection.^[19] The authors then concluded that food proximity had a larger influence on the sleeping site selection than canopy, since food sites were often found near their sleeping sites or they were sleeping within them.^[19] The scattered food availability and reduced sleeping sites also contributed to forming the largest social group of northern pig-tailed macaques observed.^[19]

Ecology and behaviour

Diet

Northern pig-tailed macaques are frugivorous as they tend to forage for hundreds of fruit species such as fleshy and dry; as well as flowers and buds, piths, leaves, and shoot species that makeup more than fifty percent of their diet.^[5] Due to limited fruit availability in colder seasons or with habitat degradation, the macaques are found to become more omnivorous due to reliance on human food resources such as "rice, bread, biscuits"; and can also be found munching on fungi, ants, termites, spiders, stickbuds, grasshoppers, caterpillars, beetles, mushrooms, barks, eggs, lizards, and squirrels.^[5][7]

Group of Macaca leonina socializing in the wild on a branch.

Female and infant northern-pig tailed macaque at Khao Yai National Park

Group strategies

Despite their limited and varied accessibility to their main food resources and habitat transformations, the northern pig-tailed macaques adapt to their environments by altering how their social groups are formed and composed.^[7] Group sizes are shown to increase as a response to low connectivity within feeding sites, and tend to become more sedentary when relying on human food resources for nutrition.^[7] The opposite is true for their group sizes and lifestyle within more wild environments, where smaller groups and nomadic patterns are more common.^[7]

Groups are fairly large within this species which can exceed over one hundred fifty individuals.^[20] However, they split into smaller groups when feeding and rejoin for larger group travel.^[20] They are also found to vary their home range depending on the season, as the fruit availability and quality varies.^[7] In low fruit abundance periods, the macaques are shown to travel to human settlements, which Gazagne et al., say is a practice of a "high-cost, high yield foraging strategy" as seen within plantation forests.^[5][7] Northern pig-tailed macaques are found to prefer fruits from plantation forests when wild ones are scarce.^[7] Their home range, however, increases as a result of high fruit abundance periods, where they are found settling near specific fruits species within forest habitats.^[5][7] Therefore, they use different strategies to forage for food depending on what environments show abundance or low abundance, and their seasonality.^[20] When plantations are abundant, they are found using more energy costs to travel to the region due to its high yields, therefore they are likely to increase their travels and trajectories.^[20] When wild resources are abundant, such as within dry evergreen forests, the species uses less energy costs as they remain in smaller ranges to gain more yields.^[12] However, with low abundance in both regions, the strategy is to create a balance between both strategies described above.^[20]

Mating and reproduction

Social groups are matriarchal just like all macaque species are, therefore females exercise dominance within social groups.^[6] Mating occurs when females attract males with reddened sexual skin swellings which occur due to hormone fluctuations during ovulation, their receptive period.^[21][10] Female swellings are common signs of fertility that can continue past the periovulatory period.^[21] The receptive period is identified with continuous mating patterns, where males practice a single or multiple mount process, within a few days in a row.^[21] A visible sperm plug can also be identified during this period of copulation.^[21] The duration of female pregnancies exceed the eight-month period for a single offspring and are followed by lactation for feeding newborns and infants up to two years of age.^[21]

Threats

Viruses

Viruses are a common threat among northern pig-tailed macaques within degraded environments. For example, nonpathogenic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1NL4-3) and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency (SIVmac239) viruses present in northern pig-tailed macaques can determine their survival rates.^[8] These two viruses were evaluated by Wen-Quiag et al. (2022), to understand how interferon (IFN)-a had an impact on both viruses.^[8] The result of both infections were taken from tissue samples from either euthanized individuals with chronic infection or those who experienced natural death.^[8]

The researchers found that HIV-1 performed better, meaning that the infectious qualities and viral activity were less replicated within the immune system with (IFN)-a when compared to the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus.^[8] They hypothesized that HIV's lower impact on the immune system in northern pig-tailed macaques can explain how HIV-1 does not reproduce and evolve into AIDS within the species.^[8] The results show that naturally derived IFN-a is effective at preventing HIV-1 from further long term reproduction, yet SIVmac239 needs to be monitored to prevent further chronic illness.^[8] Northern pig-tailed macaques were also reported to be affected by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and was shown to be fatal and highly transmissible.^[9]

Northern pig-tailed macaque sharing the environment with humans

Vietnam

Human impacts

According to the ICUN red list, the northern pig-tailed macaque is considered vulnerable and declining.^[3] This species is affected by human impacts such as agricultural expansions, aquaculture, transportation infrastructure, hunting and logging for meat and trophies, and the illegal pet trade; that result in habitat loss and forest fragmentation.^[7][3] With these influences, this species is found raiding crops and their main sources of fresh nutrition are limited, minimally available, and less accessible depending on the season.^[19]

Pet trade

A study done between 2015 and 2019 in Vietnam, reported that the illegal pet trade of hundreds of primates were confiscated, released, and rescued and kept specific species at higher risk of physical and emotional threats.^[9] The study reported that "32 Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis), 158 long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), 291 Northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina), 65 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and 110 stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)" were involved; showing that macaques are subject to the highest threats to pet trade in Vietnam.^[9] The rare distribution of illegal pet permits can be one consequence, however the widespread misinformation on keeping smaller non-human primates as pets was found to be the underlying reason for such trades.^[9] Macaques were also observed to be the least protected due to the misconception of their abundance and invasive qualities in human settlements.^[9] The psychological impacts vary, however the researchers evaluated common roots of the cause such as maternal deprivation and social isolation.^[9] In consequence, macaques were found to have "neophobia, persistent abnormal or stereotypical behaviors, anaclitic depression and withdrawal, negatively affect plasma-cortisol levels, cell-mediated immunity, and survivorship" (Aldrich & Neale, 2021).^[9]

Additionally, northern pig-tailed macaques were observed as the highest kept macaque out of the range of captive macaque species in Vietnam; and were found in various locations from cages on personal property to hotels and restaurants.^[9] Due to exposure from non-governmental organizations, this issue started to gain awareness among the public and authorities, yet rescue centres are often at full capacity; which continues the cycle of releasing macaques without proper identification, protection, and disease screening.^[9] The authors suggest data collection on the macaque species within Vietnam to address the severity of the pet trade on their survival and conservation, increasing the accessibility of confiscation and release records, training on confiscation and rehabilitation, and improving the global spread of information addressing the impacts of the pet trade on non-human primates survival and well-being.^[9]

Gallery

• Mother with infant in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand

• 

  Male adult in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand

• 

  Female adult at a monkey school on Ko Lanta Yai, Thailand

• 

  Female adult at Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, India

• 

  Pet juvenile grooming household chicken on Khong Island, Laos

• 

  Female by the tree trunk in her natural habitat

• 

  Female and an infant breastfeeding

References

El macaco cola de cerdo norteño (Macaca leonina) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae extendido por Indochina y Bangladés. Fue considerado hasta hace poco tiempo una subespecie de Macaca nemestrina.^[2]​

Referencias

Macaca leonina Macaca generoko primate Cercopithecidae espezie bat da. Bangladesh, Kanbodia, Laos, Myanmar, Laos, Malaysia, Thailandia eta Vietnamen aurki daitezke.

Ikus, gainera

• Macaca

Macaque à queue de cochon du Nord

Le macaque à queue de cochon du Nord^[1] (Macaca leonina) est un singe catarhinien de la famille des cercopithécidés.

Description

Macaca leonina ♂

Macaca leonina est un macaque trapu et puissant de couleur brun agouti^[2] à brun olive ou gris doré avec le ventre blanc^[3], à queue courte et poilue^[2]. La queue est normalement pendante mais elle est dressée lorsque l'animal est fortement excité^[2].

Le dimorphisme sexuel est important avec des mâles plus gros que les femelles^[3]. Les mâles ont une large chevelure grisâtre autour du visage avec une tache concave et sombre sur la calotte faite de poils verticaux plus courts^[2]. Le visage nu est généralement rose mais bleuâtre au-dessus des yeux. Les mâles présentent cette zone bleue pour donner des signaux de menace en levant les sourcils^[2]. Des stries rouges sont parfois présentes entre l’œil et l'oreille^[3]. La crête supra-orbitale du crâne est discrète. Le bord postérieur de la dernière molaire supérieure présente une petite cuspide^[2].

Les petits sont sombres, presque noirs, pendant les deux ou trois premiers mois avant de prendre la coloration adulte^[3].

Il se distingue de Macaca assamensis et de Macaca mulatta par sa chevelure foncée et divisée composée de poils courts et par sa courte queue nue dressée et légèrement incurvée à la pointe, qui lui donne son nom vernaculaire de singe à queue de cochon^[3].

Mensurations

Macaca leonina ♀

Macaca leonina ♂

Écologie et comportement

Macaca leonina est un animal diurne^[5] principalement arboricole^[6]. Il se nourrit dans les arbres mais se déplace principalement sur le sol^[2],[6]. Il vit au sein de groupes non territoriaux d'une trentaine d'individus qui passent la plupart de leur temps, hors période de reproduction, à se nourrir et à se toiletter^[6]. La surface de leur espace vital peut atteindre plusieurs kilomètres carrés^[6].

Les individus semblent présenter une préférence manuelle^[7].

Les mâles peuvent être agressifs et sont connus pour pouvoir tuer des chiens^[2].

Cette espèce de macaque présente la faculté de débarrasser certaines espèces de chenilles de leurs poils urticants par friction sur un substrat approprié avant de les consommer^[8].

Nutrition

Macaca leonina est omnivore mais consomme une majorité de fruits^[5],[9],[10] comme Lagerstroemia flosreginae, Artocarpus chaplasha, Sapium baccatum, Anthocephalus cadamba ou Castanopsis indica et incorpore à son alimentation de nombreuses espèces de plantes^[6]. Il se nourrit également de feuilles et de pousses, de graines^[6], d'insectes, de larves^[6], d'oeufs de termites^[6], d'araignées^[6], de petits animaux comme de petits lézards, des grenouilles^[11] et d'œufs d'oiseaux^[10] qu'il consomme dans les arbres^[2] et des rats^[12],[13]. Il consomme également des tiges de bambou, des plantes grimpantes comme les orchidées épiphytes, des fleurs, de la gomme et de la terre probablement pour les minéraux qu'elle contient^[6].

Ce macaque est un disperseur de graines efficace en termes quantitatifs et qualitatifs^[14].

Cette espèce s’attaque aux cultures et en particulier aux champs de maïs^[2] et mange également de la canne à sucre^[6]. Des scientifiques ont toutefois observé qu'en mangeant les rats qui s'attaquent aux cultures de palmiers à huile, ils pouvaient jouer un rôle globalement positif pour ces cultures^[12],[13].

Macaca leonina se nourrit de chenilles des familles Erebidae et Limacodidae des genres Macrobrochis, Phlossa et Scopelodes^[8].

Biologie

Macaca leonina possède une vision binoculaire stéréoscopique trichromatique^[15].

Reproduction

Mère et son petit

L’œstrus des femelles à lieu entre août et février. Pendant cette période elles ont la partie nue du postérieur qui enfle et devient rouge^[6]. Elles copulent à plusieurs reprises avec plusieurs mâles qui restent en suspension pendant l'accouplement leurs jambes s'appuyant sur celles de la femelle. La copulation dure moins de 18 secondes et s'achève par un faible aboiement du mâle. La femelle toilette le mâle après chaque accouplement^[6]. Les femelles donnent naissance à un seul petit^[2] après 171^[2],[6] à 180^[6] jours de gestation.

Organisation sociale

Macaca leonina vit au sein de groupes à plusieurs niveaux hiérarchiques, composés de 30 animaux ou plus, qui couvrent un très vaste domaine vital de plusieurs kilomètres carrés^[2]. Lorsqu'ils sont dispersés les sous-groupes restent en contact avec de petits cris et des grognements. Lorsqu'ils sont alarmés, les animaux tombent des arbres et fuient sur le sol^[2]. Le ratio mâle femelle chez les adultes est biaisé en faveur des femelles généralement philopatriques^[5].

Habitat et répartition

Ce macaque habite les forêts tropicales et subtropicales sempervirentes et semisempervirentes sur des terrains vallonnés^[2]. Il se rencontre dans les forêts de basse altitude et de montagne jusqu'à 2 000 m, parfois dans les marécages et les forêts secondaires^[3] ainsi que dans des forêts de pins de basse altitude^[5].

Il se rencontre en Asie du Sud-Est continentale^[16],[10], notamment en Inde^{[17],[2],[18],[3],[6]}, au Bangladesh^[2],[18],[6], en Birmanie^[18],[6], au Vietnam^[19],[6], au Cambodge^[6], en Chine^[20],[2],[6], au Laos^[6] et en Thailande^[8],[6],[10].

Aire de répartition du macaque à queue de cochon du Nord

Systématique

Macacus Leoninus (planche de 1870^[21])

L'espèce Macaca leonina a été décrite par le zoologiste britannique Edward Blyth en 1863 sous le protonyme Innus leoninus^[22].

Considéré comme une sous espèce de Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus, 1766)^[2],[18], elle a été élevée au rang d'espèce par Groves en 2001^{[23],[18],[6],[10]} notamment sur la base d'indices génétiques^[24],[5]. Bien que des exemples d’hybridation sont observés^[16],[10], les différences morphologiques entre Macaca leonina et Macaca nemestrina sont évidentes^[16] et regroupent le patch de la couronne, la couleur blanche du triangle au-dessus des yeux, la rayure rouge au bord externe des yeux, la couleur du pelage, la callosité ischiatique, la longueur de la queue et le port, la taille du visage et la longueur des membres chez les deux sexes^[5],[25]. Les schémas de gonflement et de rougissement de la peau du postérieur chez les femelles en œstrus sont également différents^{[16],[25],[5]}. De plus, Macaca leonina est essentiellement arboricole alors que Macaca nemestrina est principalement terrestre^[16]. La frontière de répartition géographique entre Macaca leonina et Macaca nemestrina, qui est partiellement sympatrique^[25], se situe en Thaïlande dans la vallée reliant Surat Thani et Krabi (entre 8 et 9°30'N)^[16],[25].

Nom vernaculaire

• Macaque à queue de cochon du Nord^[1]

Synonymie

• Innus leoninus Blyth, 1863 (protonyme)
• Macacus leoninus (Blyth, 1863)
• Macaca andamanensis (Bartlett, 1869)
• Macaca coininus (Kloss, 1903)
• Macaca adusta Miller, 1906
• Macaca insulana Miller, 1906
• Macaca indochinensis Kloss, 1919
• Macaca nemestrina blythii Pocock, 1931

Macaca leonina et l'Homme

Macaca leonina est utilisé comme animal de laboratoire notamment pour des recherches sur le Virus de l'immunodéficience humaine^[26].

Cette espèce est considérée comme vulnérable du fait de la perte et de la fragmentation de son habitat^[10], de sa chasse pour la viande^[6],[27], de sa capture pour servir d'animal de compagnie^[27] et de sa population déclinante^[5].

Notes et références

Annexes

Il macaco nemestrino settentrionale (Macaca leonina, Blyth, 1863) è un primate della famiglia Cercopithecidae. Si tratta di una specie strettamente imparentata con il macaco nemestrino (Macaca nemestrina), del quale fino a poco tempo fa era ritenuta una sottospecie.

Descrizione

Il colore è bruno-olivastro o grigiastro sul lato dorsale e biancastro su quello ventrale. La coda, lunga tra 15 e 25 cm e curva, ricorda vagamente quella di un maiale e da questa caratteristica è tratto il nome comune della specie (come quello di ‘'Macaca nemestrina'’) in diverse lingue.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale comprende Bangladesh, Cambogia, Laos, Malaysia, Birmania, Thailandia e Vietnam.

L'habitat è la foresta pluviale tropicale.

Biologia

Le abitudini sono poco note, ma si pensa che coincidano con quelle del macaco nemestrino.

Stato di conservazione

La specie è considerata dalla IUCN ad alto rischio di estinzione nel medio periodo.

Bibliografia

• Scheda in (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
• (EN) Primate Specialist Group, Macaca leonina, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

Šiaurinė kiauliauodegė makaka (lot. Macaca leonina, angl. Northern Pig-tailed Macaque, vok. Nördlicher Schweinsaffe) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos primatas, priklausantis markatų pošeimiui.

Šis straipsnis apie zoologiją yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.

De leeuwmakaak (Macaca leonina) is een soort van het geslacht makaken (Macaca). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Blyth in 1863.

Macaco-de-cauda-de-porco-do-norte (Macaca leonina) é uma espécie de Macaco do Velho Mundo da subfamília Cercopithecinae. Ocorre em Bangladesh, Camboja, China, Índia, Laos, Birmânia, Tailândia, e Vietnã. Tradicionalmente, era considerado subespécie de Macaca nemestrina. Na Índia, é encontrado ao sul do rio Brahmaputra, no nordeste deste país.^[3] Sua distribuição nesse mesmo país se estende desde Assm e Meghalaya até o leste de Aruanchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram e Tripura. ^[4] Um detalhado estudo sobre sua ecologia e comportamento foi publicado recentemente.^[5]

Galeria

• No Parque Nacional Khao Yai

• Em Ko Lanta Yai

Referências

Macaca leonina är en art i släktet makaker som i sin tur tillhör familjen markattartade apor. Den är nära släkt med arten Macaca nemestrina och godkänns sedan 2001 som självständig art.^[2]

Utseende

Hannar är med en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 52 till 60 cm och en vikt av 6 till 12 kg tydlig större än honor. De senare blir 40 till 50 cm lång (utan svans) och 4,5 till 6 kg tung. Djurets svans är 15 till 25 centimeter lång och påminner om grisens svans. Pälsens färg är på ovansidan agouti och på buken vitaktig. Ungdjur föds med svart päls som blir ljusare efter några dagar. Innan individen når könsmognaden är pälsen ofta blekare än hos vuxna djur.^[3]

Utbredning och habitat

Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig från nordöstra Indien (bland annat Assam) och Bangladesh till södra Kina, Thailand och Vietnam. Habitatet utgörs främst av fuktiga skogar men även av andra skogar. Arten vistas vanligen i låglandet. I Kina finns den även i medelhöga bergstrakter upp till 2000 meter över havet.^[1]

Ekologi

Det är inte mycket känt om artens levnadssätt men det antas att den har ungefär samma beteende som den besläktade arten som lever längre söderut. Individerna är aktiva på dagen och lever i grupper av flera honor, hannar och ungdjur. Flocken har oftast 15 till 22 medlemmar och ibland upp till 40 medlemmar. I gruppen finns en hierarki som är beroende av släktskapet till den dominanta honan. Födan utgörs av frukter och andra växtdelar samt smådjur som insekter och fågelungar.^[3]

Honor kan para sig hela året. När de är parningsberedda blir regionen kring deras könsorgan rosa och större. Dräktigheten varar 162 till 186 dagar och sedan föds ett enda ungdjur. Efter 8 till 12 månader slutar honan med digivning. Könsmognaden infaller efter cirka fyra år. Hannar måste lämna flocken vid denna tidpunkt. De lever en tid ensam och ansluter sig senare till en annan flock.^[3]

Macaca leonina och människor

Arten hotas genom förstöringen av levnadsområdet. I sydöstra delen av utbredningsområdet jagas Macaca leonina för köttets skull. IUCN befarar hat hela beståndet minskar med 30 procent under de nästa 30 till 36 åren (tre generationer) och listar arten som sårbar (vulnerable).^[1] I Kambodja, Laos och Vietnam undervisas hannar av Macaca leonina i skörden av kokosnötter. Därför fångas flera ungdjur.^[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 2 januari 2009.

Noter

1. ^ [a b c d] Macaca leonina på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Boonratana, R. et. al. (2008), besökt 17 februari 2009.
2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). ”Macaca leonina” (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
3. ^ [a b c] M. Richardson (3 april 2006). ”Northern pigtail macaque”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 17 december 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151217235124/http://www.arkive.org/northern-pigtail-macaque/macaca-leonina/. Läst 19 mars 2014.

Tryckta källor

• Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3540436456.

• 1 Опис
• 2 Поширення
• 3 Поведінка
• 4 Загрози та охорона
• 5 Посилання

Khỉ đuôi lợn phương bắc (danh pháp hai phần: Macaca leonina) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Blyth mô tả năm 1863.^[2] Loài này được tìm thấy ở Bangladesh, Campuchia, Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Lào, Myanmar, Thái Lan, và Việt Nam. Theo truyền thống, nó đã được coi là một phân loài của M. nemestrina. Tại Ấn Độ, nó được tìm thấy ở phía nam sông Brahmaputra, ở phần đông bắc của đất nước. Phạm vi của nó ở Ấn Độ kéo dài từ Assam và Meghalaya để đông Aruanchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram và Tripura.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Con khỉ dữ cắn du khách trên đỉnh Sơn Trà từ đâu ra?
• Phương tiện liên quan tới Macaca leonina tại Wikimedia Commons

Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

• x
• t
• s

• Macaca adusta Miller, 1906
• Macacus andamanensis Bartlett, 1869
• Macacus coininus (Kloss, 1903)
• Macaca insulana Miller, 1906
• Macaca nemestrina blythii Pocock, 1931
• Macaca nemestrina indochinensis Kloss, 1919

• 1 Описание
• 2 Распространение
• 3 Образ жизни
• 4 Угрозы
• 5 Литература

北方豚尾獼猴（學名：Macaca leonina），獼猴屬的一种，主要分布在亞洲南部的孟加拉國、柬埔寨、老撾、馬來西亞、緬甸、泰國和越南等地，中國南部也有少量分佈。體型比豚尾獼猴略小。

북부돼지꼬리마카크 또는 북부돼지꼬리원숭이(Macaca leonina)는 구세계원숭이에 속하는 영장류의 일종이다. 방글라데시와 캄보디아, 라오스, 말레이시아, 미얀마, 태국 그리고 베트남에서 발견된다. 전통적으로 남부돼지꼬리마카크(M. nemestrina)의 아종으로 간주되었다. 천적은 호랑이, 표범, 구름표범, 비단구렁이 다.

사진

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  카오 야이 국립공원 내의 마카크

• 

  코 란타 야이의 한 원숭이 학교의 마카크

각주