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Pseudis és un gènere de granotes de la subfamília Hylinae.
Es troba a l'àrea compresa entre les Guaianes, Veneçuela, Trinitat, sud de Brasil, Paraguai, sud-est del Perú, est de Bolívia, nord-est de l'Argentina i Uruguai.
Pseudis és un gènere de granotes de la subfamília Hylinae.
Es troba a l'àrea compresa entre les Guaianes, Veneçuela, Trinitat, sud de Brasil, Paraguai, sud-est del Perú, est de Bolívia, nord-est de l'Argentina i Uruguai.
Pseudis is a genus of South American frogs (swimming frogs) in the family Hylidae.[1] They are often common and frequently heard, but easily overlooked because of their camouflage and lifestyle, living in lakes, ponds, marshes and similar waters with extensive aquatic vegetation, often sitting at the surface among plants or on floating plants, but rapidly diving if disturbed. Whereas the adults are medium-sized frogs, their tadpoles are large; in some species the world's longest.[2][3][4]
Pseudis species are distributed throughout tropical and subtropical South America, almost entirely east of the Andes (P. paradoxa is the only species with populations west of the Andes, in Colombia). They are found from Trinidad to northern Argentina, being absent only in Ecuador and Chile, highland regions, and the southernmost part of South America. All species occur in Brazil, and P. bolbodactyla, P. cardosoi, P. fusca and P. tocantins are endemic to this country.[1][5]
These frogs have several adaptations to aquatic life, such as protuberant eyes, robust hind limbs, and fully webbed feet.[6] Nevertheless, they belong to the "true" tree frogs, family Hylidae.[1]
Mating and egg-laying in Pseudis is typical of frogs. What sets them apart is their tadpoles that start out as fairly normal, but continue growing until reaching gigantic sizes, sometimes as much as 22–27 cm (9–11 in) in length in P. paradoxa and P. platensis.[3][5][7][8] They are the longest known tadpoles and also large compared to the adult frogs, which are 3.4–7.6 cm (1.3–3.0 in) in snout–to–vent length.[2][5] Less data is available for the tadpoles of most others members of the genus, but they too reach large sizes, although perhaps somewhat less than P. paradoxa and P. platensis.[9] Their adult frogs also average somewhat smaller with snout–to–vent lengths of 2.4–6.6 cm (0.9–2.6 in).[5][10][11] However, there are two outliers in the genus: The closely related P. cardosoi and P. minuta (equalling the proposed genus Podonectes, see Phylogenetic relationships) have more normal tadpoles that are not known to surpass lengths of c. 9 cm (3.5 in).[9][11][12] This is still large compared to the adults of these two species, meaning that they too "shrink" during metamorphosis from tadpole to frog.[9] In most if not all the species, there are noticeable local variations in the final size of the tadpoles, with those in large temporary waters with plenty of food and few aquatic predators growing larger than those in smaller waters with less food or waters with more aquatic predators.[5] In at least the species with very large tadpoles, their final stages have unusually well-developed organs, including nearly ripe reproductive organs. This means that recently metamorphosed frogs rapidly reach maturity and essentially stop growing, whereas most other frogs take more time and growing after metamorphosis before they become mature.[3][5][13]
Pseudis is closely related to a second genus, Lysapsus, that lacks giant tadpoles and in which adults are smaller, up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in).[6][5]
Pseudis tadpoles feed mostly on a wide range of algae, but also take small invertebrates.[14][15] The adult frogs feed mostly on land-based insects and spiders, but also other land-based or aquatic invertebrates, small frogs and—in some species—plant material.[16][17][18][19]
There are seven species in this genus (given that Lysapsus is accepted as a separate genus). Until the late 1990s and early 2000s, most authorities only recognized P. minuta and P. paradoxa, but P. cardosoi was described in 2010 (having formerly been included as a population of P. minuta), while the remaining were considered subspecies, synonyms or populations of P. paradoxa.[1] The validity of P. platensis as a species separate from P. paradoxa is questionable.[5]
Binomial name and author Common name Pseudis bolbodactyla Lutz, 1925 Pseudis cardosoi Kwet, 2000 Pseudis fusca Garman, 1883 Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 lesser swimming frog Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758) paradoxical frog Pseudis platensis Gallardo, 1961 Pseudis tocantins Caramaschi & Cruz, 1998The phylogenetic position of frogs currently included in the genus Pseudis in relation to other anurans was for a long time a matter of debate. They have been placed in Ranidae, Leptodactylidae,[20] Hylidae,[21] and as their own family Pseudidae[22] This results from their highly derived body plan for a hylid frog due to their mostly aquatic habits. Recent morphological[23] and molecular[24] phylogenetic reconstructions have unambiguously placed them within the subfamily Hylinae with Scarthyla as a sister group.
Phylogenetic relationships among species of the group were recently proposed using molecular evidences.[6][25][23] Both publications found identical trees, but proposed different taxonomic solutions for the nonmonophyly of Pseudis, either resurrecting the genus Podonectes[6] or placing Lysapsus as a junior synonym of Pseudis.[25] More recent molecular evidence did not find Pseudis paraphyletic with respect to Lysapsus, so the synonymy is unnecessary.[1]
Pseudis is a genus of South American frogs (swimming frogs) in the family Hylidae. They are often common and frequently heard, but easily overlooked because of their camouflage and lifestyle, living in lakes, ponds, marshes and similar waters with extensive aquatic vegetation, often sitting at the surface among plants or on floating plants, but rapidly diving if disturbed. Whereas the adults are medium-sized frogs, their tadpoles are large; in some species the world's longest.
Pseudis e un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Hylidae, subfamilia Pseudinae.[1]
Las ranas de este género se encuentran en el área comprendida entre las Guayanas, Venezuela, Trinidad, sur de Brasil, Paraguay, sudeste de Perú, este de Bolivia, nordeste de Argentina y Uruguay.
Estas ranas tienen los renacuajos más grandes de todas las ranas del mundo. Inmediatamente antes de la metamorfosis, sus órganos reproductivos son casi funcionales. A veces, los animales individuales son un poco más pequeños cuando son ranas jóvenes que cuando son renacuajos mayores. A diferencia de la mayoría de las ranas, que continúan creciendo antes de alcanzar la madurez sexual, las ranas de este género pueden aparearse y poner huevos muy rápidamente después de la metamorfosis.
Los científicos tuvieron grandes dificultades para determinar en qué familia se debe colocar este género. Esto se debe a que los cuerpos de las ranas están adaptados a sus estilos de vida acuáticos, pero, como demostraría más tarde la evidencia del ADN, están más estrechamente relacionadas con las ranas de árbol, que trepan. A principios del siglo XXI, los estudios morfológicos y de ADN mostraron que estas ranas están relacionadas con otras ranas de la subfamilia Hylinae.
Se reconocen las siguientes siete especies:[2]
Pseudis e un género de anfibios anuros de la familia Hylidae, subfamilia Pseudinae.
Las ranas de este género se encuentran en el área comprendida entre las Guayanas, Venezuela, Trinidad, sur de Brasil, Paraguay, sudeste de Perú, este de Bolivia, nordeste de Argentina y Uruguay.
Estas ranas tienen los renacuajos más grandes de todas las ranas del mundo. Inmediatamente antes de la metamorfosis, sus órganos reproductivos son casi funcionales. A veces, los animales individuales son un poco más pequeños cuando son ranas jóvenes que cuando son renacuajos mayores. A diferencia de la mayoría de las ranas, que continúan creciendo antes de alcanzar la madurez sexual, las ranas de este género pueden aparearse y poner huevos muy rápidamente después de la metamorfosis.
Los científicos tuvieron grandes dificultades para determinar en qué familia se debe colocar este género. Esto se debe a que los cuerpos de las ranas están adaptados a sus estilos de vida acuáticos, pero, como demostraría más tarde la evidencia del ADN, están más estrechamente relacionadas con las ranas de árbol, que trepan. A principios del siglo XXI, los estudios morfológicos y de ADN mostraron que estas ranas están relacionadas con otras ranas de la subfamilia Hylinae.
Pseudis est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae[1].
Les sept espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Amérique du Sud[1].
Selon Amphibian Species of the World (9 juin 2017)[2] :
Les espèces de ce genre ont :
Pseudis est un genre d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae.
Pseudis (Wagler, 1830) è un genere di rane della famiglia delle Hylidae, distribuite in tutto il Sudamerica, ad est delle Ande.
La maggior parte delle specie è diffusa in Brasile e le specie P. fusca, P. tocantins, P. cardosoi e P. bolbodactyla sono endemiche di questo paese.
Si tratta di specie prevalentemente acquatiche, comuni negli stagni e nelle paludi. Sono particolarmente adattate alla vita lacustre e hanno occhi sporgenti, arti posteriori robusti e dita palmate. Nonostante ciò, esse sono classificate tra le Hylidae, solitamente di abitudini arboricole.
Queste rane sono note soprattutto per le insolite dimensioni dei girini, che possono raggiungere i 26 cm di lunghezza. Sono vicine ad un secondo genere, Lysapsus o rane arlecchino, che comunque si differenziano per le minori dimensioni dei girini (che crescono di grandezza) e degli individui adulti (attorno ai 2 cm).
Comprende le seguenti 7 specie:[1]
Prima della revisione tassonomica del 2010, il genere comprendeva anche le specie ora inserite nel genere Lysapsus che era considerato un sinonimo di Pseudis.[2][3]
Pseudis (Wagler, 1830) è un genere di rane della famiglia delle Hylidae, distribuite in tutto il Sudamerica, ad est delle Ande.
Ūdensvardes, ūdensvaržu ģints (Pseudis) ir viena no kokvaržu dzimtas (Hylidae) ģintīm, kas apvieno 7 mūsdienās dzīvojošas varžu sugas.[1] Tās ir izplatītas Dienvidamerikas tropu un subtropu joslā. Sastopamas Gajānā, Gviānā, Surinamā, Kolumbijā, Venecuēlā, Trinidādā, Brazīlijā, Paragvajā, Peru, Bolīvijā, Argentīnā un Urugvajā. Lielākā daļa sugu izplatītas uz austrumiem no Andu kalniem. Tikai paradoksālā varde (Pseudis paradoxa) dzīvo uz rietumiem no Andiem.[2]
Šīs vardes sastopamas zemienēs un nedzīvo augstkalnos, kā arī pašos Dienvidamerikas dienvidos. Visas ūdensvaržu sugas apdzīvo mierīgas, stāvošu ūdeņu ūdenstilpes. Lielākā sugu dažādība mīt Brazīlijā, no kurām četras (Minasžeraisas ūdensvarde, Tokantinsas ūdensvarde, Riugrandi ūdensvarde un Brazīlijas ūdensvarde) ir endēmas Brazīlijas varžu sugas.[1]
Lai arī ūdensvardes pieder pie "īstajām kokvardēm" (kokvaržu apakšdzimtai (Hylinae)), tās lielāko daļu dzīves pavada ūdenī un krastā izkāpj ļoti reti.[3] Ģints pazīstama, pateicoties lielajiem kurkuļiem, īpaši lieli tie ir paradoksālajai vardei. To ķermeņa garums var sasniegt 25 cm. Kurkuļiem attīstoties, tie kļūst mazāki un pieaugušas vardes ir apmēram 8 cm lielas.[4] Ūdensvaržu tuvākās radiniekces ir arlekīnvardes (Lysapsus), ar kurām tās kādreiz tika iedalītas kopīgā ģintī.[3]
Ūdensvardes, ūdensvaržu ģints (Pseudis) ir viena no kokvaržu dzimtas (Hylidae) ģintīm, kas apvieno 7 mūsdienās dzīvojošas varžu sugas. Tās ir izplatītas Dienvidamerikas tropu un subtropu joslā. Sastopamas Gajānā, Gviānā, Surinamā, Kolumbijā, Venecuēlā, Trinidādā, Brazīlijā, Paragvajā, Peru, Bolīvijā, Argentīnā un Urugvajā. Lielākā daļa sugu izplatītas uz austrumiem no Andu kalniem. Tikai paradoksālā varde (Pseudis paradoxa) dzīvo uz rietumiem no Andiem.
Šīs vardes sastopamas zemienēs un nedzīvo augstkalnos, kā arī pašos Dienvidamerikas dienvidos. Visas ūdensvaržu sugas apdzīvo mierīgas, stāvošu ūdeņu ūdenstilpes. Lielākā sugu dažādība mīt Brazīlijā, no kurām četras (Minasžeraisas ūdensvarde, Tokantinsas ūdensvarde, Riugrandi ūdensvarde un Brazīlijas ūdensvarde) ir endēmas Brazīlijas varžu sugas.
Pseudis is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie boomkikkers (Hylidae).[1] De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Johann Georg Wagler in 1830.
Er zijn zeven soorten die voorkomen in delen van Zuid-Amerika en leven in de landen Argentinië, Bolivia, Brazilië, Guyana, Frans-Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Uruguay, en Venezuela.[2]
Geslacht Pseudis
Pseudis is een geslacht van kikkers uit de familie boomkikkers (Hylidae). De groep werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Johann Georg Wagler in 1830.
Er zijn zeven soorten die voorkomen in delen van Zuid-Amerika en leven in de landen Argentinië, Bolivia, Brazilië, Guyana, Frans-Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad, Uruguay, en Venezuela.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Pseudis – rodzaj płaza bezogonowego z podrodziny Pseudinae w rodzinie rzekotkowatych (Hylidae).
Rodzaj obejmuje gatunki występujące w Gujanie, północno-wschodniej Wenezueli (i przypuszczalnie w południowo-wschodniej Wenezueli), na Trynidadzie i w południowej Brazylii, Paragwaju, południowo-wschodnim Peru, wschodniej Boliwii, północno-wschodniej Argentynie i Urugwaju[7].
Do rodzaju należą następujące gatunki[7]:
Pseudis – rodzaj płaza bezogonowego z podrodziny Pseudinae w rodzinie rzekotkowatych (Hylidae).
Pseudis é um gênero de anfíbios da família Hylidae.
As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:[1]
Pseudis é um gênero de anfíbios da família Hylidae.
As seguintes espécies são reconhecidas:
Pseudis bolbodactyla Lutz, 1925 Pseudis cardosoi Kwet, 2000 Pseudis fusca Garman, 1883 Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758) Pseudis platensis Gallardo, 1961 Pseudis tocantins Caramaschi & Cruz, 1998Загальна довжина досягає 7 см. Голова середнього розміру або велика. Морда трикутної форми. Мають довгий язик. Присутні 2 групи зубів між внутрішніми отворами ніздрів. Помітна барабанна порожнина. Тулуб м'язистий. Кінцівки з плавальними перетинками та 4 пальцями. Забарвлення переважно світлих колір, перш за все зеленого з різними відтінками.
Полюбляють тропічні та субтропічні ліси. Майже все життя проводять у воді. Активні переважно вночі або у сутінках. Живляться безхребетними.
Це яйцекладні земноводні. Мають найбільших пуголовок серед земноводних.
Мешкають у Південній Америці.
Pseudis là một chi lưỡng cư không đuôi thuộc họ Nhái bén (Hylidae), sinh sống ở Guianas, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Paraguay, đông nam Peru, đông Bolivia, đông bắc Argentina, và Uruguay.[1]
Các loài Pseudis có mặt khắp vùng nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới Nam Mỹ, gồm gần toàn bộ phần phía đông Andes (P. paradoxa là loài duy nhất xuất hiện ở phía tây Andes). Chúng hay cư ngụ trong những ao nối với vùng đất lầy quanh sông. Hầu hết các loài có mặt ở Brasil, và P. fusca, P. tocantins, P. cardosoi, và P. bolbodactyla đặc hữu nước này.
Những loài nhái này đã thích ứng với đời sống dưới nước, với mắt lồi hẳn lên, chân sau khỏe và màn chân dài.[2]
Pseudis sp. nổi bật với nòng nọc rất lớn, dài đến 26 cm (10 in).[3] Lysapsus, một chi có quan hệ gần, không có nòng nọc lớn và con trưởng thành nhỏ hơn, chỉ chừng 2,4 cm (0,94 in) so với 7,5 cm (3,0 in) ở các loài Pseudis.[2] Lysapsus từng bị cho là ]đồng nghĩa với Pseudis, nhưng bằng chứng phân tử ủng hộ cho sự tách riêng giữa hai chi.[1]
Có bảy loài trong chi này:[1]
Binomial name and author Common name Pseudis bolbodactyla Lutz, 1925 Pseudis cardosoi Kwet, 2000 Pseudis fusca Garman, 1883 Pseudis minuta Günther, 1858 lesser swimming frog Pseudis paradoxa (Linnaeus, 1758) paradoxical frog Pseudis platensis Gallardo, 1961 Pseudis tocantins Caramaschi & Cruz, 1998
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nhái bén (Hylidae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Pseudis là một chi lưỡng cư không đuôi thuộc họ Nhái bén (Hylidae), sinh sống ở Guianas, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Paraguay, đông nam Peru, đông Bolivia, đông bắc Argentina, và Uruguay.
Các loài Pseudis có mặt khắp vùng nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới Nam Mỹ, gồm gần toàn bộ phần phía đông Andes (P. paradoxa là loài duy nhất xuất hiện ở phía tây Andes). Chúng hay cư ngụ trong những ao nối với vùng đất lầy quanh sông. Hầu hết các loài có mặt ở Brasil, và P. fusca, P. tocantins, P. cardosoi, và P. bolbodactyla đặc hữu nước này.
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