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Callosamia promethea ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Pfauenspinner (Saturniidae). Der Grund für die Wahl des Artepithetons ist nicht zweifelsfrei geklärt. Eine Deutung ist jedoch, dass es auf Prometheus, einer Gestalt aus der griechischen Mythologie, zurückgeht, der u. a. als Sinnbild für die Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit des einzelnen Individuums gilt. Die Verbindung zum hier betrachteten Pfauenspinner besteht darin, dass dessen Kokon in einem eingerollten Blatt stets frei an einem Zweig hängt.[1]
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 75 bis 95 Millimetern.[2] Zwischen den Geschlechtern besteht ein deutlicher Sexualdimorphismus. Bei den Männchen ist die Grundfarbe der Oberseiten schwarz. Die Submarginalregion ist gelblich bis ockerfarben und von einer schwarzen Wellenlinie durchzogen. Diskalflecke fehlen. Unterhalb des rotbraunen Apex befindet sich ein dunkler Augenfleck. Die Weibchen sind überwiegend rotbraun bis gelbbraun gefärbt. In der dunkelbraunen Diskalregion befindet sich auf sämtlichen Flügeloberseiten je ein gewinkelter, gelblicher Diskalfleck. Am Apex der Vorderflügel ist außerdem ein kreisrunder dunkler Augenfleck erkennbar. Die Unterseiten sämtlicher Flügel zeigen in leicht abgeschwächter Form ähnliche Zeichnungselemente wie die Oberseiten. Die Männchen haben sehr große und stark gekämmte Fühler. Damit nehmen sie die von den Weibchen emittierten Pheromone auf.
Weibchen
Eier plus 1. Raupenstadium
Raupe, 3. Stadium
Raupe, 4. Stadium
Ausgewachsene Raupe
Junge Raupen sind schwarz und weißgelb geringelt sowie mit kurzen schwarzen Haaren versehen. Ausgewachsene Raupen haben eine grüne Grundfarbe und zeigen auf jedem Körpersegment schwarze Punktwarzen. Am 2. und 3. Segment heben sich je zwei rote, am vorletzten Segment eine gelbe Ausstülpung (Scolus) ab.
Die Männchen von Callosamia angulifera sind dunkel rotbraun gefärbt und besitzen Diskalflecke. Bei den Weibchen überwiegen helle rotbraune und gelbgraue Tönungen. Auf der Hinterflügelunterseite ist die äußere Querlinie rosa angelegt. Die Falter von Eupackardia calleta unterscheiden sich durch eine breite helle Postmedialbinde sowie die oftmals vorhandenen Diskalflecke, die in einer Dreiecksform ausgebildet sind.
Callosamia promethea kommt in den südöstlichen kanadischen Provinzen sowie in den östlichen US-Bundesstaaten bis nach Texas verbreitet vor. Die Art besiedelt bevorzugt Laubwälder.
Die Falter fliegen aufgrund der klimatischen Verhältnisse in den nördlichen Verbreitungsregionen in einer Generation von Mai bis Juli. Die weiter südlich lebenden Populationen bilden zwei Generationen und fliegen von März bis Mai sowie im August. Sie nehmen keine Nahrung zu sich. In der Nacht besuchen ausschließlich die Weibchen künstliche Lichtquellen. Sie legen die Eier in kleinen Gruppen auf den Blättern der Nahrungspflanze ab. Frisch geschlüpfte Raupen leben zunächst gesellig, ältere leben einzeln. Die Raupen ernähren sich von den Blättern vieler verschiedener Laubbaum-Arten, dazu zählen: Wohlriechender Fieberstrauch (Lindera benzoin), Sassafrasbaum (Sassafras albidum), Tulpenbaum (Liriodendron tulipifera), Sumpf-Magnolie (Magnolia virginiana), Weiß-Esche (Fraxinus americana) und Gemeiner Flieder (Syringa vulgaris). Zur Verpuppung verstärkt die Raupe einen Blattstiel mit Seide und spinnt dann ihren Kokon in das gewundene Blatt. Der Kokon hängt während des Winters frei an einem Zweig der Wirtspflanze. Die Puppe wird vielfach von Schlupfwespenarten (Ichneumonidae) befallen, im Besonderen von Gambrus nuncius und Enicospilus americanus . Eine Studie aus Maine zeigt, dass dort 59 % der Sterblichkeitsrate auf diese Parasiten zurückzuführen ist.[3]
Callosamia promethea ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schmetterling (Nachtfalter) aus der Familie der Pfauenspinner (Saturniidae). Der Grund für die Wahl des Artepithetons ist nicht zweifelsfrei geklärt. Eine Deutung ist jedoch, dass es auf Prometheus, einer Gestalt aus der griechischen Mythologie, zurückgeht, der u. a. als Sinnbild für die Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit des einzelnen Individuums gilt. Die Verbindung zum hier betrachteten Pfauenspinner besteht darin, dass dessen Kokon in einem eingerollten Blatt stets frei an einem Zweig hängt.
Callosamia promethea, commonly known as the promethea silkmoth, is a member of the family Saturniidae, which contains approximately 1,300 species.[2] It is also known as the spicebush silkmoth, which refers to is one of the promethea silkmoth's common host plants, spicebush (Lindera benzoin).[3][4] C. promethea is classified as a silk moth, which stems from its ability to produce silk, which it does in the formation of its cocoon.[5] C. promethea lives in forests in the eastern U.S. and does not damage the trees on which it lives.[5][6][7] The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.
Callosamia promethea hatches from eggs and feeds on its host plants before pupating while hanging from trees during the winter.[3][8][6] It then emerges and mates during a specific time of day.[9][8] The females utilize pheromones to attract males for mating, with both sexes mating multiple times.[4][8] They are the only moth in their family where the sexes are not active at the same time of day, with males being diurnal and females being nocturnal.[4] They only overlap in activity for a few hours in the early evening.[8][9] The males use mimicry of the poisonous pipevine swallowtail butterfly as a form of protection from predators.[8]
The range of C. promethea extends the length of the east coast of the United States and west to the Great Plains.[5] C. promethea is found in deciduous forests.[6]
Callosamia promethea utilizes multiple plant families as their hosts, including Rosaceae, Oleaceae and Lauraceae. There is no negative effect to C. promethea larvae being raised on a host plant different from the one that their parents were raised on, for the specific host plants tested in the study. The nutritional content of the individual host plant matters more to the health of the larvae than feeding on a population’s typical host plant.[10] Some examples of common host plants are the tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), sassafras (Sassafrass albidum) and spicebush (Lindera benzoin).[6]
Callosamia promethea does not consume any food in its adult stage.[6]
Female promethea silkmoths lay their eggs on the leaves of the host plants of the caterpillars. The eggs are laid at night.[6] A female's eggs are laid in groups of 4 to 10 at a time.[4][6] Eggs are white, flat and elliptical.[3]
Once the caterpillars hatch, they are fairly solitary. They eat leaves from the edge inwards.[3] The caterpillars eat from several host plants.[6] Caterpillars begin as yellow with black stripes, but become blue green over time. Once they are blue green, they develop four red and one yellow protuberances. These caterpillars go through several instars or skin shedding, and usually after the fifth shedding the caterpillar is ready to form a cocoon.[11] When the caterpillars form cocoons, they are twice as long as they are wide.[12]
Some caterpillars in the family Saturniidae will pupate in the ground.[2] However, promethea silkmoth caterpillars pupate in trees. The caterpillars attach themselves directly to the branches of trees with their silk. Then, they curl a dead leaf around themselves. C. promethea pupates during the winter.[9]
The wingspan of this moth is 3 to 4 inches (76 to 102 mm). Like most Lepidoptera, females are on average larger than males. Males are darkly pigmented, while females are more brightly colored.[3] The males and females both have tan on the edges of their wings. The males have a set of eyespots on their forewings, but the females have spots on all their wings. In the northern part of the promethea silkmoth's range, there is one brood per year and it occurs during the early summer. In the southern part of the moth’s range, there are two broods, with one occurring in the spring and the other occurring in late summer.[6]
The location of the C. promethea cocoon typically provides the pupae with sufficient protection from possible predators. The cocoons hang from thin branches and are difficult to open, so mice may have difficulty predating because the branches are too thin to hold their weight and woodpeckers could have trouble opening the pupa.[2] Other predators of the cocoons include some flies and wasps.[3]
Callosamia promethea utilizes Batesian mimicry, in which an edible species mimics a toxic species as a form of protection from predators.[13] Promethea silkmoth females are rust and cream colored, but the males have very different coloration. Promethea silkmoth males mimic the pipe vine swallowtail (Battus philenor), a poisonous butterfly. The topside of the wings of promethea silkmoth males is black, as are the wings of the pipe vine swallowtails, which also have a shiny blue pattern on the top surface of their wings. The promethea silkmoth males do not have this reflective blue pattern, but their mimicry is still effective due to the fact that the blue reflective pattern is only visible on pipe vine swallowtails in a certain light, so the blue is not essential for C. promethea's mimicry to be effective.[8]
The effectiveness of this mimicry was tested experimentally. Promethea silkmoth males were painted with various patterns, then released, and the amount of each group that was recaptured showed that mimicry helped the moths survive. The control group was painted black, to match their actual coloration. One experimental group was painted black and yellow to mimic the tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus), which is not a poisonous butterfly and does not mimic the poisonous pipe vine swallowtail. The other experimental group was painted with orange stripes to mimic the poisonous monarch butterfly. The two groups that were painted to be mimetic to a poisonous butterfly both were recaptured more than the group painted to match an edible butterfly. This shows that mimicry, specifically the partial mimic of promethea silkmoth males to pipe vine swallowtails, is adequate protection against predation.[8]
Female promethea silkmoths release pheromones to attract males. The females remain in place, camouflaged, as they wait for the males to sense their pheromones and come to them.[8] Females release their pheromones at a specific time of day called the "calling time". For C. promethea this time is late afternoon and into the early evening.[9] When males sense the pheromones of a female they travel up the gradient of the pheromones and towards the female. Males are able locate females from miles away. One C. promethea male has been found to be able to detect and find a female from 23 miles away. A distance this long is likely to be covered in multiple days.[8]
In terms of locating mates, males cannot find females unless they release pheromones, so the females control how frequently they mate. When females do send out their pheromones, the first male to reach a female will mate with her.[4]
Callosamia promethea are polyandrous, meaning the females mate with multiple males. However, not all females practice this behavior, some only mating with a single male. They are the only moth in the family Saturniidae known to be polyandrous. This is likely because C. promethea is the only moth that is both diurnal (males) and nocturnal (females). This allows for egg laying and mating to occur at different times of day, so there is no trade off between the two activities. Male butterflies are polygamous, as well. Polyandrous females are more fecund, due to laying more eggs. A female's eggs are mostly mature when they are laid.[4]
Callosamia promethea is not endangered and there are no specific management practices in place to maintain or control the species.[6]
While these moths do live on many species of trees as a caterpillar they are not reported to cause any noticeable damage to their host trees.[7]
Adult
Adult female
Adult male
Callosamia promethea, commonly known as the promethea silkmoth, is a member of the family Saturniidae, which contains approximately 1,300 species. It is also known as the spicebush silkmoth, which refers to is one of the promethea silkmoth's common host plants, spicebush (Lindera benzoin). C. promethea is classified as a silk moth, which stems from its ability to produce silk, which it does in the formation of its cocoon. C. promethea lives in forests in the eastern U.S. and does not damage the trees on which it lives. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773.
Callosamia promethea hatches from eggs and feeds on its host plants before pupating while hanging from trees during the winter. It then emerges and mates during a specific time of day. The females utilize pheromones to attract males for mating, with both sexes mating multiple times. They are the only moth in their family where the sexes are not active at the same time of day, with males being diurnal and females being nocturnal. They only overlap in activity for a few hours in the early evening. The males use mimicry of the poisonous pipevine swallowtail butterfly as a form of protection from predators.
Callosamia promethea (Engels: Promethea silkmoth) is een nachtvlinder uit de familie Saturniidae, de nachtpauwogen.
De spanwijdte bedraagt tussen de 75 en 95 millimeter. Er is bij de Callosamia promethea sprake van seksuele dimorfie, de mannetjes hebben een zwart lichaam en donkere bruine vleugels terwijl de vrouwtjes roodbruin zijn.
Waardplanten die door de rupsen worden gebruikt zijn onder meer Lindera benzoin, Sassafras albidum, Liriodendron tulipifera en Magnolia virginiana. De vlinder neemt geen voedsel meer tot zich als imago. De zwaarlijvige vrouwtjes vliegen 's nachts, de donkere mannetjes overdag.
De vlinder komt voor in bosachtige streken in het midden en oosten van Noord-Amerika. In het noordelijk deel van het verspreidingsgebied komt één generatie per jaar voor die vliegt van mei tot en met juli. Meer zuidelijke zijn twee generaties mogelijk, de eerste van maart tot en met mei en de tweede in augustus.
Callosamia promethea (Engels: Promethea silkmoth) is een nachtvlinder uit de familie Saturniidae, de nachtpauwogen.
Prometeusspinner (Callosamia promethea) er en sommerfugl som tilhører familien påfuglspinnere (Saturniidae). Denne store arten lever i det østlige Nord-Amerika.
En ganske stor (vingespenn 75 – 95 mm) spinner med store vinger. Det er stor forskjell i utseende på kjønnene, hunnen er rødbrun mens hannen er svart med lyse vingekanter. Larven er blekgrønn.
Larvene går på en lang rekke forskjellige løvtrær og busker. Hannene flyr om ettermiddagen og tidlig på kvelden på leting etter hunnene, som sitter stille og sender ut feromoner. Hunnene flyr om natten for å legge egg, og de kan da komme til lys. Som andre påfuglspinnere tar de ikke næring til seg som voksne, men lever på fett de har lagret fra larvetiden. Prometeusspinneren flyr i mai – juli i den nordlige delen av utbredelsesområdet, i sør har den to generasjoner hvert år.
Arten er utbredt i det østlige Nord-Amerika, fra Quebec i nord til Florida og Texas i sør.
Prometeusspinner (Callosamia promethea) er en sommerfugl som tilhører familien påfuglspinnere (Saturniidae). Denne store arten lever i det østlige Nord-Amerika.
Callosamia promethea este o specie de molie din familia Saturniidae. Este răspândită în jumătatea estică a Statelor Unite și în zonele joase din Canada de Est.
Pupă
Adult
Adult
Femelă
Materiale media legate de Callosamia promethea la Wikimedia Commons
Acest articol despre o specie din familia Saturniidae este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui.
Callosamia promethea este o specie de molie din familia Saturniidae. Este răspândită în jumătatea estică a Statelor Unite și în zonele joase din Canada de Est.
