Tarucus

Tarucus is a butterfly genus in the family Lycaenidae. They are commonly known as blue Pierrots or simply Pierrots. The latter name is often used for the closely related genus Castalius. The delimitation of Castalius versus Tarucus is not yet fully resolved, with some species, such as the dark Pierrot (T. ananda), having been moved between the two genera repeatedly. It may even be that they are eventually regarded as synonymous, and in that case the older name Castalius would supersede Tarucus by the Principle of Priority.

Several species formerly in Tarucus were moved to Leptotes, another closely related lineage (though not quite as close as Castalius).

The caterpillars of this genus typically feed on Zizyphus and are attended by ants.

Species

The genus can be divided in two distinct groups. These are generally separated geographically, but some taxa (such as the black-spotted Pierrot, T. balkanicus nigra), though assigned to one group, occur in the range of the other. Consequently, it is not quite clear whether the groups are clades or merely convenient but paraphyletic assemblages:^[1]

Afrotropical group:

• Tarucus balkanicus – Balkan Pierrot, little tiger blue
  • Tarucus balkanicus nigra – black-spotted Pierrot
• Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen, 1883) – Bowker's blue
• Tarucus grammicus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893) – black Pierrot
• Tarucus kiki Larsen, 1976 – Kiki's Pierrot
• Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955 – Turkana Pierrot
• Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1944 – Le Gras' Pierrot
• Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899
• Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885) – Mediterranean tiger blue, Mediterranean Pierrot
• Tarucus sybaris (Hopffer, 1855) – Dotted blue
• Tarucus theophrastus – pointed Pierrot, African Pierrot, common tiger blue
• Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus, 1764) – Vivid blue
• Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1944 – Ungemach's Pierrot

South Asian group:

• Tarucus ananda – dark Pierrot
• Tarucus callinara – spotted Pierrot
• Tarucus indica – Indian Pierrot
• Tarucus nara – striped Pierrot
• Tarucus venosus – veined Pierrot, Himalayan Pierrot
• Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895
  • Tarucus waterstradti dharta – Assam Pierrot

Others:

• Tarucus alteratus
• Tarucus extricatus

Footnotes

References

Wikispecies has information related to Tarucus.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tarucus.

• Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2008): Tree of Life Web Project – Tarucus Moore 1881. The Blue Pierrots. Version of 19 May 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
• Savela, Markku (2009): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms – Tarucus. Version of 15 August 2009. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
• Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 74 et prae

Tarucus est un genre de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Lycaenidae et de la sous-famille des Polyommatinae.

Taxonomie

Le genre Tarucus a été décrit par l'entomologiste britannique Frederic Moore en 1881, avec pour espèce type Hesperia theophrastus Fabricius, 1793^[1].

Répartition

Les espèces du genre Tarucus sont principalement originaires d'Afrique, d'Asie tropicale et du Moyen-Orient^[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon FUNET Tree of Life (20 juillet 2020)^[1] :

• Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius, 1793) — l'Azuré du jujubier — en Afrique, au Moyen-Orient et dans le Sud de l'Espagne.
• Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848) — en Inde et au Sri Lanka.
• Tarucus indica Evans, 1932 — en Inde.
• Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, [1884]) — en Inde, en Birmanie et en Thaïlande.
• Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895 — de l'Est de l'Inde à l'Indonésie.
• Tarucus venosus Moore, 1882 — dans le Nord-Ouest de l'Inde et au Bangladesh.
• Tarucus hazara Evans, 1932 — au Pendjab et au Cachemire.
• Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1944 — du Sénégal au Kenya.
• Tarucus kiki Larsen, 1976 — dans le Nord du Nigeria.
• Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1948 — du Sénégal à la Somalie.
• Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885) — l'Azuré parme — dans la moitié nord de l'Afrique et au Moyen-Orient.
• Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955 — dans l'Est de l'Afrique.
• Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899 — à Socotra.
• Tarucus grammicus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893) — dans l'Est de l'Afrique.
• Tarucus balkanica (Freyer, 1844) — l'Azuré de l'argolou — en Afrique, dans les Balkans, au Moyen-Orient et jusqu'à l'Inde.
• Tarucus sybaris (Hopffer, 1855) — dans le Sud de l'Afrique.
• Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus, 1764) — en Afrique du Sud.
• Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen, 1883) — en Afrique du Sud.
• Tarucus callinara Butler, 1886 — en Inde, en Birmanie et en Thaïlande.
• Tarucus alteratus Moore, 1882 — en Inde.
• Tarucus extricatus Butler, 1886 — en Inde.
• Tarucus bengalensis Bethune-Baker, [1918] — au Bengale.

• Tarucus theophrastus

• Tarucus nara

• Tarucus indica

• Tarucus ananda

• Tarucus venosus

• Tarucus rosacea

• Tarucus balkanica

• Tarucus sybaris

• Tarucus callinara

• Tarucus extricatus

Biologie

Les chenilles de la plupart des espèces de Tarucus ont pour plantes hôtes des Ziziphus (les jujubiers) ou des Phylica^[1].

Noms vernaculaires

Les espèces du genre Tarucus comptent parmi celles appelées Pierrots en anglais^[1], plus précisément Blue Pierrots^[2].

Références

Tarucus est genus papilionum familiae Lycaenidarum. Erucae huius generis Zizypho usitate vescuntur, formicaeque eas comitantur.

Species

Genus dividi potest in duos greges distinctos, qui plerumque geographice separantur, sed nonnulla taxa, sicut Tarucus balkanicus nigra, quamquam ad alium gregem attributa, in terra alius fiunt. Ergo, haud notum est num greges sint cladi aut tantummodo compages commodae quamquam paraphyleticae^[1]

Grex Afrotropicus:

• Tarucus balkanicus
  • Tarucus balkanicus nigra
• Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen, 1883)
• Tarucus grammicus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893)
• Tarucus kiki Larsen, 1976
• Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955
• Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1944
• Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899
• Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885)
• Tarucus sybaris (Hopffer, 1855)
• Tarucus theophrastus
• Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1944

Grex Asiae Meridianae:

• Tarucus alteratusFormula:Verify source
• Tarucus ananda
• Tarucus callinara
• Tarucus extricatusFormula:Verify source
• Tarucus indica
• Tarucus nara
• Tarucus venosus
• Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895
  • Tarucus waterstradti dharta

Notae

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Tarucum spectant.

• Brower, Andrew V.Z. 2008. Tarucus Moore 1881. The Blue Pierrots. Tree of Life Web Project, 19 Maii 2008.
• Savela, Markku. 2009. Tarucus. Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms, 15 Augusti 2009.
• Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 74 et prae.

Tarucus er en slekt av blåvingene. De er sommerfugler i gruppen glansvinger.

Utseende

Små, spraglete blåvinger, bakvingen med en kort stjert. Hannenes overside er blå med en litt perlemorsaktig glans, hunnene er brunspraglete med enkelte blåskimrende felter. Undersiden er hvit med brune tverrstriper.

Levevis

Larvene lever på ulike planter, men særlig på slekten Zizyphus (Rhamnaceae). I alle fall noen av artene er knyttet til maur i slekten Crematogaster.

Utbredelse

Slekten er først og fremst utbredt i Afrika og det sørlige Asia, men to vidt utbredte arter forekommer også i Sør-Europa.

Systematisk inndeling

Tarucus balkanicus

Tarucus nara, hunn

• Ordenen Sommerfugler, Lepidoptera
  • Gruppen Ditrysia
    • Gruppen Storsommerfugler, Macrolepidoptera
      • Overfamilien Dagsommerfugler, Papilionoidea
        • Familien Glansvinger, Lycaenidae
          • Underfamilien Blåvinger, Polyommatinae
            • Stammen Polyommatini
              • Slekten Tarucus Moore, 1881
                • Afrotropiske arter: (inkludert de som forekommer i Europa)
                  • Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1844)
                  • Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen, 1883)
                  • Tarucus grammicus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893)
                  • Tarucus kiki Larsen, 1976
                  • Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955
                  • Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1944
                  • Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899
                  • Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885)
                  • Tarucus sybaris (Hopffer, 1855)
                  • Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius, 1793)
                  • Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus, 1764)
                  • Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1944
                • Sørøstasiatiske arter:
                  • Tarucus alteratus Moore, 1882
                  • Tarucus ananda (de Nicéville, 1884)
                  • Tarucus bengalensis Bethune-Baker, 1918
                  • Tarucus callinara Butler, 1886
                  • Tarucus clathratus Holland, 1891
                  • Tarucus extricatus Butler, 1886
                  • Tarucus fasciatus (Röber, 1887)
                  • Tarucus fluvialis Grose-Smith, 1895
                  • Tarucus indica Evans, 1932
                  • Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848)
                  • Tarucus venosus Moore, 1882
                  • Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895

Kilder

• Fauna Europaea Web Service (2004) Fauna Europaea version 1.1, www.faunaeur.org.
• Brower, Andrew V. Z. 2007. Tarucus i The Tree of Life Web Project, [http://tolweb.org/ http://tolweb.org
• www.funet.fi – Tarucus

Eksterne lenker

• (en) Tarucus i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Tarucus i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Tarucus hos Fauna Europaea
• (en) Tarucus hos NCBI
• (en) Kategori:Tarucus – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Tarucus – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies
• Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa - flott bildesamling.
• www.nhm.uio.no/fakta/zoologi/insekter/norlep/ Norges sommerfugler – Et norskspråklig nettsted om norske sommerfugler.
• Norsk Entomologisk forening – for deg som vil lære mer om insekter.

Denne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .

Самец Tarucus nara

Род насчитывает около 20 видов, обитающих в Южной Европе, Африке, Передней и Центральной Азии.

Африканская группа видов:

• Tarucus balkanicus
  • Tarucus balkanicus nigra
• Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen, 1883)
• Tarucus grammicus (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893)
• Tarucus kiki Larsen, 1976
• Tarucus kulala Evans, 1955
• Tarucus legrasi Stempffer, 1944
• Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899
• Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885)
• Tarucus sybaris (Hopffer, 1855)
• Tarucus theophrastus
• Tarucus thespis (Linnaeus, 1764)
• Tarucus ungemachi Stempffer, 1944

Южно-Азиатская группа видов:

• Tarucus ananda
• Tarucus callinara
• Tarucus indica
• Tarucus nara
• Tarucus venosus
• Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895
  • Tarucus waterstradti dharta

Прочие:

• Tarucus alteratus
• Tarucus extricatus

Примечания

Hesperia theophrastus
Fabricius, 1793

有20多種，詳見正文。

藤灰蝶屬（Blue Pierrots，學名：Tarucus）是灰蝶科眼灰蝶亞科中的一個屬。物種廣泛分佈在舊大陸。幼蟲寄主皆為棗屬植物，會與螞蟻共生。

物種

非南種團

• 巴爾幹藤灰蝶 （Tarucus balkanicus） (Freyer, 1844)
  • 褐脈藤灰蝶 （T. b. nigra） Bethune-Baker, 1918 —— 又視為一個種
• 三色藤灰蝶 （Tarucus bowkeri） (Trimen, 1883)
• 格藤灰蝶 （Tarucus grammicus） (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1893)
• 柯藤灰蝶 （Tarucus kiki） Larsen, 1976
• 庫藤灰蝶 （Tarucus kulala） Evans, 1955
• 萊藤灰蝶 （Tarucus legrasi） Stempffer, 1944
• Tarucus quadratus Ogilvie-Grant, 1899
• 多斑藤灰蝶 （Tarucus rosacea） (Austaut, 1885)
• 素藤灰蝶 （Tarucus sybaris） (Hopffer, 1855)
• 藤灰蝶 （Tarucus theophrastus） (Fabricius, 1793)
• 苔藤灰蝶 （Tarucus thespis） (Linnaeus, 1764)
• 溫藤灰蝶 （Tarucus ungemachi） Stempffer, 1944

南亞種團

• 緣斑藤灰蝶 （Tarucus alteratus） Moore, 1882
• 安娜藤灰蝶 （Tarucus ananda） (de Nicéville, 1884)
• Tarucus bengalensis Bethune-Baker, 1918
• 凱麗藤灰蝶 （Tarucus callinara） Butler, 1886
• Tarucus clathratus Holland, 1891
• 艾斯藤灰蝶 （Tarucus extricatus） Butler, 1886
• 橫帶藤灰蝶 （Tarucus fasciatus） (Röber, 1887)
• Tarucus fluvialis Grose-Smith, 1895
• 印度藤灰蝶 （Tarucus indica） Evans, 1932
• 娜拉藤灰蝶 （Tarucus nara） (Kollar, 1848)
• 多脈藤灰蝶 （Tarucus venosus） Moore, 1882
  • 褐脈藤灰蝶 （T. v. hazara） Evans, 1932 —— 又視為一個種
• 瓦特藤灰蝶 （Tarucus waterstradti） Druce, 1895
  • 大塔藤灰蝶 （T. w. dharta） Bethune-Baker, [1918] —— 又視為一個種

參考文獻

• Bethune-Baker, G. T., 1917. A revision of the genus Tarucus. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 65: 269-296.
• Evans, W. H., 1955. A revision of the genus Tarucus. Entomologist, 88: 179-187.
• Fabricius, J. C., 1792 - 1799. Entomologia systematica… C.G. Proft, Copenhagen. 4 vols. + Suppl.
• Hirowatari, T. 1992: A generic classification of the tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and Australian regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture (B), 44(Suppl.)
• Moore, F., 1881. Lepidoptera of Ceylon Volume 1. L. Reeve & Co., London. 190 pp. 71 pls.
• Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (ed.) 1995 Carcasson's African butterflies. Canberra: CSIRO.
• Corbet, A. S., Pendlebury, H. M. & Eliot, J. N. 1992 The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur: Malayan Nature Society.
• Larsen, T. B. 2005 Butterflies of West Africa. Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books.