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The twin-spotted tree frog (Rhacophorus bipunctatus Ahl, 1927) is a species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae).It occurs in the eastern Himalayans of India, Bangladesh, southeastern China, Myanmar and possibly south to Malaysia mostly between 1000-2000 meters in altitude.
This species has a complex and confusing taxonomy as a large number of closely related and similar-looking species exist, some in overlapping ranges.Due to the identification problems surrounding this species, the eastern and southern limits of its range require more work to fully determine.Recent work has synonymized R. maculatus, bimaculatus and htunwini into R. bipunctatus and removed R. rhodopus from synonymy as proposed by Inger et al. 1999 (Bordoloi et al. 2007; Frost 2016; Yu et al. 2007); however some taxonomic disagreement still exists.
The dorsal side of Rhacophorus bipunctatus is green to brown in color.Its slightly larger size and coloring distinguish it from the often confused red-brown to yellow R. rhodopus that Bordoloi et al. (2007) separated as a distinct species.Rhacophorus bipunctatus almost always has one or more black spots on its flanks and its feet have orange webbing without black spots.A small frog, adults measure 37–60mm (males smaller than females).It inhabits subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, high-altitude shrubland, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, and also can be found in plantations and rural gardens (Ohler et al. 2008; Wikipedia 2016).
Rhacophorus bipunctatus is an arboreal species.Frogs in this genus have extensive webbing between their toes, which allows it to glide from tree to tree.The adults spawn in bubble nests hung on branches over standing water so hatching tadpoles fall into puddle or stream below to develop (Ohler et al. 2008; Wikipedia 2016).
Rhacophorus bipunctatus is generally common, and considered of least concern by the IUCN.It frequents human-impacted environments.In India it is collected for food and medicine (Ohler et al. 2008).
Rhacophorus htunwini (Htun Win’s treefrog) was originally described in 2005, as an 11th species of brown treefrogs (Rhacophorus) found in Myanmar.It was named for U. Htun Win, late herpetologist from Myanmar who initially recognized the species as potentially new to science from specimens he collected as part of an expedition in 2002 and 2003 from Rakhine State in western Myanmar near the Bay of Bengal, and from Kachin State in northeastern Myanmar near the Chinese border. However, in 2007 a study synonymized R. htunwini as junior subjective synonym of the red-webbed R. maculates (Bordoloi et al. 2007); Frost (2014) lists R. htunwini as no longer recognized rather it is included in R. bipunctatus Ahl, 1927 along with R. maculates.
The 2005 analysis of Rhacophorus htunwini described it as a mid-sized treefrog (snout-vent length 37.8-50.4 mm; 1.5-2 inches), with smooth dorsal skin and large disc-shaped finger and toe pads living in bamboo shoots near springs or streams, consistently about two meters (6 feet) off the ground (Wilkinson et al. 2005).Recognizing its closest relative as R. bipunctatus, also found in Myanmar, Wilkinson et al. (2005) described characters distinguishing (male) Htun Win’s treefrogs from R. bipuntatus, as well as other Rhacophorus, and species of the closely related Polypedates.These characters included extensive yellow webbing between its toes, a pointed snout, bright green dorsal coloring, yellow coloring on the top of the eye, and two dark black spots on the sides of their bodies fringed at the top with blue dots.(While Polypedates has been established as a separate genus by molecular means, there is still confusion of species placement between these two genera; Wilkinson et al. 2002).
This 2005 paper suggested that R. htunwini inhabited the Indoburman mountain range along the western border of Myanmar and India north through the eastern Himalayas in Northern Myanmar, and hypothesized its presence in the Chin Hills of Western Myanmar (Wilkinson et al. 2005).Suprio Chakma (2007) extended the range of R. htunwini to Bangladesh, in Kaptai National park at about 350 m in elevation.Bangladesh specimens were found on trees 3-8 meters above ground, near a rainwater pool.
The range of R. bipunctatus (as revised by Bordoloi et al. 2007) is listed by Frost (2014) as: “Eastern Himalayan region of northeastern India (Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Tripura, and Nagaland), adjacent northern Bangladesh, and eastern Xizang [= Tibet] (China) to Yunnan, Hunan, Hainan, and Guangxi, China, and Laos and Vietnam in the Annam Mountains and the Tay-Nguyen Plateau; Cardomom Mountains of southwestern Cambodia; Karin Hills of Myanmar; northern peninsular, western and eastern Thailand and Perak, Malaya.”
Rhacophorus bipunctatus és una espècie de granota que es troba a Bangladesh, Cambodja, Xina, Índia, Malàisia, Birmània, Tailàndia, Vietnam i, possiblement també, a Laos.
Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus és una espècie de granota que es troba a Bangladesh, Cambodja, Xina, Índia, Malàisia, Birmània, Tailàndia, Vietnam i, possiblement també, a Laos.
Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.
সেউজীয়া পাত বেং (ইংৰাজী: Twin-spotted Tree Frog, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Rhacophorus bipunctatus)'Rhacophoridae' পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এটা ভেকুলীৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ এই ভেকুলীবিধ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷
সেউজীয়া পাত বেং এটা সৰু আকাৰৰ পাত বেং৷ ইয়াৰ দেহৰ দৈৰ্ঘ্য পূৰ্ণবয়স্ক অৱস্থাত প্ৰায় ৩৭-৬০ মিমি ৷ সাধাৰণতে মাইকী সেউজীয়া পাত বেঙৰ আকাৰ মতাটোতকৈ ডাঙৰ হয়৷ ইয়াৰ ঠি অংশ গাঢ় সেউজীয়া আৰু কেতিয়াবা নীলা বা বেঙুণীয়া হোৱাও দেখা যায়৷
এই ভেকুলীবিধ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াৰ দেশসমূহত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷ possibly to southeastern China and south to Malaysia. Due to the identification problems surrounding this species, the eastern and southern limits of its range remain undetermined; all that is known is that the species certainly occurs in the border region of India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar; its range might extend south to Malaysia, as similar frogs have been reported from Pahang.[1]
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations and rural gardens. It is known from altitudes of several hundreds of meters ASL to more than 2,000 meters ASL; it is unclear whether this species is ever found in the lowlands.
সেউজীয়া পাত বেং (ইংৰাজী: Twin-spotted Tree Frog, বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম-Rhacophorus bipunctatus)'Rhacophoridae' পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এটা ভেকুলীৰ প্ৰজাতি৷ এই ভেকুলীবিধ দক্ষিণ-পূব এছিয়াত বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷
Rhacophorus bipunctatus is a frog species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae) found from eastern India into Southeast Asia, possibly to southeastern China and south to Malaysia. Due to the identification problems surrounding this species, the eastern and southern limits of its range remain undetermined; all that is known is that the species certainly occurs in the border region of India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar; its range might extend south to Malaysia, as similar frogs have been reported from Pahang.[2]
This species is notable for having a highly confusing taxonomy, discussed in detail in the Taxonomy section below. It had its scientific name changed twice, was described under different names two times and more than 130 years apart, and has had a second species confused with it. Only in 2007, some degree of certainty about what kind of frog to which the name R. bipunctatus actually applies was achieved.[2]
R. bipunctatus is a smallish tree frog with a pointed snout and body length of about 37–60 mm when adult, with females being larger than males. Its back is intensely green to violet-brown in living animals; in preserved specimens, this becomes blue to violet. No conspicuous pattern is visible on the back, though there may be a few tiny whitish and/or dark speckles. The arms and legs have very faint darker bands. The sides, belly and toes are brilliant yellow, becoming dull pink in preserved specimens. Behind the arms, there is almost always a conspicuous large black spot on the flanks; towards the hind legs there may be another one or two such spots, but very rarely the flank spots are absent entirely. The well-developed webbing of the toes is bright orange-red and not spotted, becoming whitish in preserved specimens. The eyes are dull green, sometimes with yellow rims.
It can be distinguished from R. rhodopus, with which it was long confused, by the larger size (R. rhodopus has a body length of about 31–55 mm[3]) and unspotted back with at least some trace of green or olive, often being entirely green (R. rhodopus has a reddish-brownish back with darker spots and lacks greenish hues). In individuals of similar size, R. bipunctatus has a much larger head.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations and rural gardens. It is known from altitudes of several hundreds of meters ASL to more than 2,000 meters ASL; it is unclear whether this species is ever found in the lowlands.
The IUCN classified R. bipunctatus as a Species of Least Concern in 2004.[4] However, they include R. rhodopus under the name. It is not known whether the true R. bipunctatus occurs across the whole of Southeast Asia like R. rhodopus; the available data indicate it is only known with certainty from a rather restricted area in the hills and mountains of the India-China-Myanmar border region, but the status of the similar frogs from Pahang in Malaysia needs to be determined. Therefore, it is probably most appropriate to consider this frog a Data Deficient species. Indeed, R. htunwini – a junior synonym of R. bipunctatus as it seems – was in fact evaluated as Data Deficient by the IUCN in 2006 for precisely these reasons.[5]
This frog has a highly convoluted taxonomy, even by the standards of the taxonomically confusing genus Rhacophorus. Believed at its discovery in 1870 to represent a population of the black-webbed tree frog (Rhacophorus reinwardtii),[6] it was first described in 1871 as R. maculatus by John Anderson.[7] His five syntypes, from the Khasi Hills in India, were placed in the ZSI collection, with the numbers 2753, 2754, 2755, 2756, and 10291; seven other Khasi Hills specimens collected by Thomas C. Jerdon were deposited in the NMH and are also considered part of the syntypical series because they were referred to in Anderson's description. The ZSI specimens might subsequently have become lost; NMH specimen 1872.4.17.127, collected by Jerdon in 1870, was designated a lectotype in 2007.
However, Polypedates maculatus, originally described by John E. Gray as Hyla maculata some decades earlier[8] was known as Rhacophorus maculatus in the late 19th century. Thus it was a senior homonym, preoccupying Anderson's name.
This was soon noticed and in 1882, George A. Boulenger proposed R. bimaculatus as a new name for Anderson's frogs.[9] But in 1927, Ernst Ahl realized the frog described by Wilhelm Peters as Leptomantis bimaculata in 1867[10] was also a member of Rhacophorus and thus Boulenger's replacement name was also preoccupied.[11] Ahl solved the issue by establishing the currently valid name, Rhacophorus bipunctatus, for the frog species that had first come to the notice of scientists 50 years earlier.
Often, R. rhodopus (described in 1960[12]) is considered a junior synonym of the present species. However, when proposing this synonymy in 1999,[13] neither the holotypes nor verified specimen from the type locality were examined. In fact, the alleged specimens of R. bipunctatus were from localities where that species is not known to occur. When the appropriate comparisons were finally done almost 10 years later, it turned out the R. rhodopus actually refers to the frogs described as R. namdaphaensis in 1985,[14] which therefore is properly known by the older name R. rhodopus.
This confusion has had further consequences. In 2005, a moss frog similar to R. rhodopus – then known as R. bipunctatus and R. namdaphaensis – was described as Htun Win's tree frog (Rhacophorus htunwini).[15] But the describers believed that the taxon R. rhodopus was a junior synonym of R. bipunctatus; therefore, they compared the new species only with misidentified R. rhodopus, but not with the actual R. bipunctatus. That was still fortuitous, however, as they did not compare their "new" species to frogs assigned to the taxon R. namdaphaensis (as they might have wanted to, given the similarities and close geographic proximity). In any case, this situation was resolved in 2007, when the differences between R. htunwini and the original R. bipunctatus were found to be too slight and varied too much between individuals to consider the former anything but a junior synonym of the latter.
Thus, the failure to compare R. rhodopus with the original type specimens of R. bipunctatus led to the long-known species being described once again under a new name, more than 130 years after it first became known to science. There are still a few doubts regarding the taxonomy of all these frogs, given they look quite similar and are partly sympatric. Ancient DNA sequence analyses of the original type specimens would be necessary to resolve the remaining questions.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus is a frog species in the moss frog family (Rhacophoridae) found from eastern India into Southeast Asia, possibly to southeastern China and south to Malaysia. Due to the identification problems surrounding this species, the eastern and southern limits of its range remain undetermined; all that is known is that the species certainly occurs in the border region of India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar; its range might extend south to Malaysia, as similar frogs have been reported from Pahang.
This species is notable for having a highly confusing taxonomy, discussed in detail in the Taxonomy section below. It had its scientific name changed twice, was described under different names two times and more than 130 years apart, and has had a second species confused with it. Only in 2007, some degree of certainty about what kind of frog to which the name R. bipunctatus actually applies was achieved.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus es una especie de ranas que habita en Bangladés, Camboya, China, India, Malasia, Birmania, Tailandia, Vietnam y, posiblemente, también en Laos.
Esta especie está en peligro de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus es una especie de ranas que habita en Bangladés, Camboya, China, India, Malasia, Birmania, Tailandia, Vietnam y, posiblemente, también en Laos.
Esta especie está en peligro de extinción por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus Rhacophorus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Rhacophoridae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus Rhacophorus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Rhacophoridae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Rhacophoridae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :
C'est une espèce arboricole, qui vit près de la canopée dans les forêts de plaine et de montagne[2].
Rhacophorus bipunctatus est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Rhacophoridae.
Rhacophorus bipunctatus là một loài ếch trong họ Rhacophoridae. Chúng được tìm thấy ở miền đông Ấn Độ đến Đông Nam Á, có thể đến đông nam Trung Quốc và phía nam đến Malaysia.[1]
Rhacophorus bipunctatus là một loài ếch trong họ Rhacophoridae. Chúng được tìm thấy ở miền đông Ấn Độ đến Đông Nam Á, có thể đến đông nam Trung Quốc và phía nam đến Malaysia.
双斑树蛙（学名：Rhacophorus bipunctatus）为树蛙科树蛙属的两栖动物，分布于亚洲东南部。该物种的模式产地在印度。[1]已经确定分布区包括印度，缅甸和中国南部西藏等地，但可能分布区范南达马来西亚[2]。
这是一篇與两栖动物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 双斑树蛙（学名：Rhacophorus bipunctatus）为树蛙科树蛙属的两栖动物，分布于亚洲东南部。该物种的模式产地在印度。已经确定分布区包括印度，缅甸和中国南部西藏等地，但可能分布区范南达马来西亚。
