Description
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The snout-vent length is 48.2 to 56.4 mm in adult males from Costa Rica and 60.2 to 71.8 mm in adult females from Costa Rica (Duellman 2001). Panamanian individuals are larger, with males measuring 67.6-75.6 mm and females 81.6 to 86.7 mm, and one female from Colombia measuring 92.8 mm (Duellman 2001). The head is as broad as it is long, with a snout that is subelliptical when viewed from above. The eyes are large, with reticulated lower eyelids. The diameter of the tympanum is equal to about one-half diameter of the eye (Savage 2002). The tympanum is moderately distinct, with the upper and posterior edges covered by a dermal fold (Duellman 2001) This dermal fold runs from the posterior of the eye over the tympanum, and continues as a flap to the axilla (Duellman 2001). The body is thin (Duellman 2001). Dorsally the skin is smooth, as are the ventral surfaces of the limb, while the belly and proximal ventral surfaces of the thigh are granular (Duellman 2001). Upper arms are slender but forearms are robust, with a noticeable dermal fold running across the elbow and along the ventrolateral edge of the forearm down to the disc of finger IV (Duellman 2001). The fingers and toes have discs (Duellman 2001). Fingers are about 3/4 webbed; toes are fully webbed in Panamanian specimens but slightly less so in Costa Rican specimens (Duellman 2001). Savage (2002) reported the webbing formula for fingers as I 2--2 II 1-1 ¾ III 1-1 IV and for toes as I 1-2- II 1-2- III 1-1 ½ IV 1 ½ - IV. There are flattened, bifid subarticular tubercles under fingers III and IV (Duellman 2001). The thenar tubercle is greatly enlarged but the palmar tubercle is not present. On the hindlimbs, skin on the shank tends to form a thin longitudinal fold on the ventrolateral and ventromedian surfaces, and a thin dermal fold extends across the heel and along the outer edge of the tarsus to the base of the disc on the fifth toe (Duellman 2001). There is a strong tarsal fold extending the entire length of the tarsus (Duellman 2001). On the posteroventral surfaces of the thighs, a distinct row of granules is present (Duellman 2001). There are many plantar tubercles, and supernumerary tubercles on proximal segments of the toes (Duellman 2001). The inner metatarsal tubercle is low and elliptical, and there is no outer metatarsal tubercle. In adult males, there are spiny, brown nuptial pads on the base of the thumb, as well as short, paired vocal slits and a slightly distensible single median subgular vocal sac (Savage 2002). The color of the frog changes from day to night (metachrosis). During the day, dorsal surfaces of the head, body, limbs, fourth fingers, and fourth and fifth toes are light, yellowy green, turning darker green at night. Dorsal surfaces often have black-bordered white, pustular spots; this species is the only Agalychnis species in which the white spots may have black outlines, and the black borders seem to be present in all Panamanian and Colombian specimens but lacking in some Costa Rican specimens (Duellman 2001). The upper surfaces of the forearms, flanks, belly, anterior and posterior thigh surfaces, webbing, and most digits are orange (Duellman 2001). Individuals from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, had a yellow chin and throat, while those from Tacarcuna, Panama had a creamy white throat and chest, and those from the Peninsula de Osa, Costa Rica, had a cream throat the chest and a pale orange belly (Duellman 2001). In some individuals there is a dark green stripe separating the green dorsum from the orange flanks (Duellman 2001). Yellowish cream stripes run from the elbow to the disc of finger IV, along the edge of the tarsus from the heel to the disc of toe V, and across the anal flap (Duellman 2001). The iris is dark red, and the palpebral reticulations are greenish gold. Juveniles are green during the day but reddish brown at night (Savage 2002). The length of the larva is 41 mm at stage 35. The body is robust and the tail is moderate, its tip tapering to a thin flagellum. Eyes are located dorsolaterally and directed laterally. Nares are dorsolateral, directed anteriorly (Savage 2002). The mouth is anteroventral, with a small and entire oral disc that has beaks and 1/3 rows of denticles (Savage 2002). Both beaks are serrated, and there are two or three rows of papillae lateral and ventral to the mouth. The spiracle is lateroventral and sinistral, and the vent is dextral. The body coloration is bluish gray with dark brown flecks on the sides and the anterior portion of the fins. The caudal musculature is reticulated brown and gray anteriorly (Savage 2002).The species was first described by Boulenger (1913). The name given is a patronym for Dr. H. G. F. Spurrell, who collected the type series in Colombia (Duellman 2001). Roberts (1994a,b) pointed out similarities between this species and A. saltator in breeding behavior and locomotion.A Spanish-language species account can be found at the website of Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) (http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=4184&-Find).
Scott, N.J. and Starrett, A. (1974). ''An unusual breeding aggregation of frogs, with notes on the ecology of Agalychnis spurrelli (Anura: Hylidae).'' Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 73(2), 86-94.
Distribution and Habitat
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Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
This species is found in tropical and subtropical humid lowlands, as well as the lower portions of premontane zones of southeastern and southwestern Costa Rica, through Panama, the Pacific lowlands of Colombia and northwestern Ecuador, at elevations ranging from 15-750 m (Savage 2002; Jungfer et al. 2008). It is also found in inland intermittent freshwater marshes and pools smaller than 8 ha (Sutart et al. 2008).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The current Red List status for this species is Least Concern (LC). The species' population trend is decreasing, but not at a fast enough rate to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Possible threats include habitat loss due to agricultural development, illegal crops, logging, and human settlement. More research is needed on population trends, as well as the establishment of additional protected areas (Jungfer et al. 2008).All five Agalychnis species (A. annae, A. callidryas, A. moreletii, A. saltator, and A. spurrelli) have just received CITES protection, under Appendix II (as of March 21, 2010). Within the past decade the U.S. alone has imported 221,960 Agalychnis frogs, according to the Species Survival Network (http://www.ssn.org/Meetings/cop/cop15/Factsheets/Tree_Frogs_EN.pdf) (SSN).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Agalychnis spurrelli is a nocturnal, arboreal canopy-dwelling species, with unusual methods of locomotion (Savage 2002). It moves through the canopy by climbing vines and branches using a hand-over-hand locomotion. It also parachutes while leaping, to move horizontally (Savage 2002). The parachuting leaps are accomplished by spreading out the hands and feet so that the frog's large, extensively webbed feet are parallel to the substrate (Savage 2002). The frog can maintain an angle of descent up to 45º from the vertical for considerably long distances (Savage 2002). It can also execute turns during the descent, about 2 m from the ground (Duellman 2001). Gliding Leaf Frog: slow motion gliding footage (fast forward 1 minute)This species is associated with temporary ponds with dense foliage hanging over the water, where explosive breeding takes place (IUCN 2006). Breeding occurs with the rainy season, usually May through October. It breeds in woodland pools and water-filled cavities in logs (Duellman 2001). Male calls are described by Savage (2002) as a "single, low-pitched moan" repeated every 10 to 17 seconds, and by Scott and Starrett (1974) as a very weak, sometimes erratic "Wuk! Wuk! Wuk!". Call duration is 340 to 400 milliseconds with a pulse rate of 60 to 90 per second. The dominant frequency is 0.44 to 0.7 kHz (Duellman 2001). Females lay egg masses on leafy foliage, mostly 1.5 - 3 m above the water but as high as 8 m (Scott and Starrett 1974). Egg masses are generally deposited on the upper side of the leaf (Duellman 2001). Clutches vary in size from 14-67 eggs each (Scott and Starrett 1974). Males have been observed scraping eggs off the leaves with rotary movements of the feet (Scott and Starrett 1974). The eggs hatch six days after oviposition, and the tadpoles "hang" head up in the open midwater (Scott and Starrett 1974). Common egg predators include dragonfly nymphs, dytiscid beetles and aquatic hemipterans. Scott and Starrett (1974) have observed adult Purple Gallinules (Porphyrio porphyrio)eating eggs and Green Kingfishers (Chloroceryle americana) eating tadpoles. Arboreal snakes prey on the adult frogs.
Agalychnis spurrelli
(
Catalão; Valenciano
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fornecido por wikipedia CA
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Pink-sided tree frog
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
The gliding tree frog (Agalychnis spurrelli) is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Other common names are the gliding leaf frog, Spurrell's leaf frog, and pink-sided tree frog. The specific name, spurrelli, is in honour of British zoologist Herbert George Flaxman Spurrell.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Description
The gliding tree frog grows to a snout to vent length of 48 to 56 mm (1.9 to 2.2 in) for males and 60 to 72 mm (2.4 to 2.8 in) for females. The head is broad and the eyes are large, with reticulated lower eyelids. The body is slim with smooth skin on the dorsal surface and limbs and granular skin on the belly. The limbs are slim and the fingers and toes have adhesive discs. The fingers are about three-quarter webbed and the toes fully webbed. The colour of the dorsal surface of this frog changes at nightfall from pale green to dark green. The underparts are cream and orange.[3]
Distribution
The gliding tree frog is native to the humid forests of south-eastern and south-western Costa Rica, Panama, the Pacific lowlands of Colombia, and north-western Ecuador.[1]
Biology
The gliding tree frog is a nocturnal species that lives in the tree canopy. It moves about by climbing using a hand-over-hand form of locomotion. It also glides while leaping which it does by spreading out its hands and feet when the extensive webbing acts as a parachute. It can maintain an angle of descent of up to 45° for some distance.[3]
Explosive breeding takes place in the rainy season. The eggs are laid in small clusters on the upperside of leaves overhanging temporary pools and water-filled cavities in logs. The eggs hatch in about six days and the tadpoles fall into the water below.[3]
References
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Pink-sided tree frog: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
The gliding tree frog (Agalychnis spurrelli) is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Panama. Other common names are the gliding leaf frog, Spurrell's leaf frog, and pink-sided tree frog. The specific name, spurrelli, is in honour of British zoologist Herbert George Flaxman Spurrell.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and intermittent freshwater marshes. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Agalychnis litodryas
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Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
La rana deslizadora (Agalychnis spurrelli) o rana del Chocó es una especie de anfibio anuro perteneciente a la familia Hylidae. Se distribuye extensamente en las tierras bajas húmedas y las porciones más bajas de zonas de Costa Rica del sudeste y al sudoeste, a través de Panamá y de las tierras bajas pacíficas de Colombia hasta el noroeste de Ecuador.[2] Esta especie es muy poco visible debido a sus hábitos arbóreos.
Hábitat
Se trata de una especie nocturna de bosque húmedo imperturbado de la tierra baja. La crianza explosiva ocurre en piscinas temporales de lluvia sin peces que siguen, o durante, las fuertes lluvias. Depositan los huevos en el haz de las hojas.
Amenazas
Se encuentra amenazada debido a la tala de árboles para desarrollo agrícola, cosechas ilegales, registro y establecimiento humano, y contaminación resultando del rociado de cultivos ilegales. Los lugares conocidos en Ecuador están haciendo frente a la presión humana considerable. Han encontrado a los especímenes del museo de esta especie infectados con la quitridiomicosis, pero el impacto actual de este patógeno en la especie no se sabe (porque es una especie de la tierra baja, el impacto es poco probable sea serio).
Referencias
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↑ Jungfer, K.-H., Bolívar, W., Kubicki, B., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C. & Fuenmayor, Q. (2004). «Agalychnis spurrelli». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 12 de mayo de 2013.
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↑ Frost, Darrel R. 2013. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6 (9 January 2013). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/?action=references&id=16573. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
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Agalychnis litodryas: Brief Summary
(
Espanhol; Castelhano
)
fornecido por wikipedia ES
La rana deslizadora (Agalychnis spurrelli) o rana del Chocó es una especie de anfibio anuro perteneciente a la familia Hylidae. Se distribuye extensamente en las tierras bajas húmedas y las porciones más bajas de zonas de Costa Rica del sudeste y al sudoeste, a través de Panamá y de las tierras bajas pacíficas de Colombia hasta el noroeste de Ecuador. Esta especie es muy poco visible debido a sus hábitos arbóreos.
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Agalychnis litodryas
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Agalychnis litodryas: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Agalychnis litodryas Agalychnis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Agalychnis spurrelli
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Agalychnis spurrelli: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Agalychnis spurrelli Agalychnis generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.
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Glidande trädgroda
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Glidande trädgroda (Agalychnis spurrelli) är en groda som tillhör familjen lövgrodor och finns i Latinamerika.
Utseende
Grodans färg varierar med dygnet: Under dagen är huvud och ovansida, inklusive benen och de yttre fingrarna och tårna ljust gulgröna. Under natten mörknar färgerna. Sidor, inre fingrar och tår, simhud samt buk är brandgula till krämfärgade, buken vanligtvis med vita fläckar som ofta har en svart kontur. Färgen på haka och strupe vaierar från gult till krämfärgat beroende på geografisk lokalisation. Kroppen är slank, med ett stort huvud och stora, mörkröda ögon med vertikal pupill. Bakben, fötter och underarmar är kraftiga. Bakfötterna är helt simhudsförsedda, framfötterna i något mindre utsträckning. Huden på ovansidan är slät, medan den är grynig på undersidan. Längden ligger mellan 4,8 och 7,6 cm för hanar, 6 till 9,5 cm för honor, dock med stor geografisk variation.[3] [4]
Utbredning
Den glidande trädgrodan finns i sydöstra och sydvästra Costa Rica (eftersom den inte går upp i de högre bergen skills de två populationerna åt av Talamanca Chiquiri-bergskedjan[4]), Panama och lågländerna längs Colombias och nordvästra Ecuadors atlantkuster.[2]
Vanor
Grodan är en nattaktiv art, som lever i de översta trädkronorna i fuktiga, tropiska och subtropiska skogar på låglandet (upp till 855 m). Förutom att klättra med hjälp av framfötterna[3], använder den en slags glidflykt där de stora, simhudsförsedda fötterna används som fallskärm. Förutom dessa, använder den även den kraftiga lårmuskulaturen för att erhålla en hög utgångshastighet. Skelettet är även anpassat för att bättre ta emot stöten vid landning: Revbenen, som är reducerade hos alla groddjur, saknas helt, och ryggraden är kort och orörlig. Det är framför allt då stora mängder av grodor samlas inför leken som glidflykten kommer till användning. Grodan kan ändra kursen under glidflykten.[4]
Fortplantning
Leken sker under regntiden, i regel under maj till oktober. Lokalerna för larvutveckling är vanligen vattensamlingar med skuggande vegetation i skogar, vattenfyllda hål i trädstammar och -stockar och liknande.[3] Leken sker nära permanenta och temporära vattensamlingar, och är beroende av vattensamlingens varaktighet. Vid permanenta sådana är individtätheten låg, speciellt i fråga om hanar. Vid mera temporära vattensamlingar är individtätheten stor (13 000 individer vid en omkring 35 ar stor damm har konstaterats) och det råder en frenetisk konkurrens om partners. Det är framför allt under sådana senare förhållanden man kan se glidflygande grodor.[4] Honorna lägger mellan 14 och 67 ägg på löv ovan vattnet, vanligtvis 1,5 till 3 m, även om 8 m har konstaterats. Grodynglen kläcks efter knappt en vecka och ramlar ner i vattensamlingen. Man har även iakttagit hanar som aktivt skrapat äggen från bladen ner i vattnet.[3]
Status
Den glidande trädgrodan är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") av IUCN. Populationen minskar dock, främst beroende på skogsavverkning, illegal uppodling av marken och den därmed följande föroreningen genom olaglig besprutning samt byggnation. Vissa farhågor finns också att populationen kan ha drabbats av svampsjukdomen chytridiomykos.[2]
Referenser
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^ ”Statens jordbruksverks allmänna råd (1999:2)...” (PDF). Statens jordbruksverks författningssamling. 20 oktober 1999. http://www.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.26424bf71212ecc74b08000952/allmannarad_1999-002.PDF. Läst 26 november 2009.
- ^ [a b c] Agalychnis spurrelli IUCN (2008). Auktorer: Karl-Heinz Jungfer et al. (engelska) Läst 2009-12-27
- ^ [a b c d] Sarah Richman, UC Berkeley (2008-04-07; uppdaterad 2009-11-02). ”Anotheca spurrelli” (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Agalychnis&where-species=spurrelli. Läst 27 december 2009.
- ^ [a b c d] Kathryn Godfrey (april 2009). [http://frogblogmanchester.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/agalychnis-spurrelli.pdf ”The gliding ability of Agalychnis spurrelli (Anura: Hylidae) and the significance of size and morphology”] (PDF (547 kB)). Manchester Museum. http://frogblogmanchester.files.wordpress.com/2009/04/agalychnis-spurrelli.pdf. Läst 27 december 2009.
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Glidande trädgroda: Brief Summary
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Glidande trädgroda (Agalychnis spurrelli) är en groda som tillhör familjen lövgrodor och finns i Latinamerika.
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Agalychnis spurrelli
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Agalychnis spurrelli (tên tiếng Anh: Gliding Tree Frog) là một loài ếch thuộc họ Nhái bén. Loài này có ở Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, và Panama. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.
Hình ảnh
Tham khảo
- Jungfer, K.-H., Bolívar, W., Kubicki, B., Bolaños, F., Chaves, G., Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Savage, J., Jaramillo, C. & Fuenmayor, Q. 2004. Agalychnis spurrelli. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Truy cập 21 tháng 7 năm 2007.
Liên kết ngoài
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Phương tiện liên quan tới Agalychnis spurrelli tại Wikimedia Commons
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Agalychnis spurrelli: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Agalychnis spurrelli (tên tiếng Anh: Gliding Tree Frog) là một loài ếch thuộc họ Nhái bén. Loài này có ở Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, và Panama. Môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là rừng ẩm vùng đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và đầm nước ngọt có nước theo mùa. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.
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Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Glidande trädgroda.
Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nhái bén (Hylidae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 