dcsimg

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
A large-bodied salamander. Terrestrial adults have a light brown to dark brown dorsum with a yellowish to orange belly. The skin is dry with small bumps or warts and costal grooves are not visible. The eyes are large and the lower eyelids are yellow. Adult males in the breeding season develop smooth or slimy skin, a lighter body color, enlarged tail fins, and swollen cloacal glands (Storer, 1925; Stebbins, 1985). Adults are 6.9 - 8.7 cm snout to vent lenght (12.5 - 20 cm total length) (Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998). Two allopatric subspecies are currently recognized based on geographic distribution (see below) and coloration. Taricha t. sierrae, the Sierra newt, is reddish to chocolate brown dorsally and burnt orange to yellow below. The eyelids and snout have conspicuous light coloring. Taricha t. torosa, the Coast Range newt, is yellowish to dark brown dorsally and pale yellow to orange ventrally. The eyelids and snout are not as conspicuously colored as in T. t. sierrae. (Riemer 1958; Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998). Hatchlings are 10-14 mm total length. The larvae are pond type with bushy gills, balancer organs and a well-developed dorsal tail fin which extends forward to the shoulder region (Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998). The dorsum of larvae is light yellow with two dark, narrow bands (Riemer 1958; Stebbins 1985). Taricha torosa may be distinguished from close relatives (T. granulosa and T. rivularis) by the Y-shaped pattern of the vomerine teeth, the light-colored lower eyelids, relatively large eyes, and lack of a tomato red belly. The defensive posture differs between T. torosa and T. granulosa (see below) (Petranka 1998).Extremely warty newts found in many localities in San Diego County have been described as a separate subspecies, T. t. klauberi (Riemer 1958). This subspecies is not currently recognized because the presence of warts is thought to be caused by a pathogenic agent (Stebbins 1951; 1985). This species was formerly a subspecies, Taricha torosa torosa, and now both T. t. torosa and T. t. sierrae are recognized as a full species respectively(Kuchta 2007).UC Berkeley's Botanical Garden Director explains Newts mating onsite:Deep Look into NewtsThis species was featured as News of the Week on March 23, 2020:Climate change is a growing threat to amphibians, in large part because of more frequent extreme heat and drought events. Using 10 years of survey and mark-recapture data, Bucciarelli et al. (2020) recently showed that populations of California newts (Taricha torosa) – a widespread species across California – have been impacted by extreme climate events in recent years, particularly in southern California where climate change is already more pronounced. Specifically, from 2008 to 2016, California newt body condition (body mass relative to newt length) decreased by 20% in response to extreme heat and drought. Newt survival also decreased over time in response to climate change. These effects were not seen in the northern part of the California newt’s range where climate change has been less pronounced. Even so, modeling suggests that climate change in northern California will be as severe or worse for newt populations. This work highlights the critical impact climate change will have on amphibian population declines and extinctions in the coming years, both on its own and also by exacerbating other serious threats like habitat loss and disease (Written by Max Lambert). See other species accounts at www.californiaherps.com.

Referências

  • Anzalone, C. R., Kats, L. B., and Gordon, M. S. (1998). "Effects of solar UV-B radiation on embryonic development in Hyla cadaverina, Hyla regilla, and Taricha torosa." Conservation Biology, 12(3), 646-653.
  • Blaustein, A. R., Hays, J. B., Hoffmann, P. D., and Kiescecker, J. M. (1998). "The role of solar UVB radiation in amphibian population declines." Photochemistry and Photobiology, 67(SPEC. ISSUE), 11S.
  • Gamradt, S. C. and Kats, L. B. (1996). ''Effect of introduced crayfish and mosquitofish on California newts.'' Conservation Biology, 10(4), 1155-1162.
  • Kuchta, S. R. (2007). ''Contact zones and species limits: hybridization between lineages of the California Newt, Taricha torosa, in the southern Sierra Nevada.'' Herpetologica, 63, 332-350.
  • Nussbaum, R. A., and Brodie, E. D., Jr. (1981). ''Taricha torosa (Rathke). California Newt.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 273.1-273.4.

licença
cc-by-3.0
autor
Erica Garcia
autor
Meredith J. Mahoney
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
AmphibiaWeb articles

Distribution and Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The Coast Range newt, T. t. torosa, ranges from Mendocino Co. south through the Coast Range to the western slope of the Peninsular ranges in San Diego Co. The southern-most locality (San Diego Co.) is isolated geographically from the remaining coastal populations. A gap in the distribution also exists in Santa Barbara Co. (Jennings and Hayes 1994; Stebbins 1985). The Sierra newt, T. t. sierrae, has a disjunct population in Shasta Co. and ranges along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada south to Kern Co. (Stebbins 1985). Terrestrial adults are found in mesic forests in relatively mountainous areas of northern California. Further south, they can be found in drier habitats such as oak woodlands or hilly grasslands. Sierran populations are found in habitats dominated by conifers (digger pines-blue oak and ponderosa pine communities) (Petranka 1998). Breeding sites include ponds, reservoirs, and slow moving streams. Sierran populations breed in faster moving streams than coastal populations (Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998).
licença
cc-by-3.0
autor
Erica Garcia
autor
Meredith J. Mahoney
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
AmphibiaWeb articles

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Loss and degradation of stream habitats, and predation on eggs and larvae by introduced predators such as crayfish and mosquitofish, are a serious concern for populations of T. t. torosa in southern California (Jennings and Hayes 1994; Gamradt and Kats 1996). Road-kill is also a large source of adult mortality. Furthermore, UV-B radiation has been shown to cause reduced hatching success (Anzalone et al. 1998; Blaustein et al. 1998).
licença
cc-by-3.0
autor
Erica Garcia
autor
Meredith J. Mahoney
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
AmphibiaWeb articles

Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The breeding season ranges from late December and early May, depending on location, and lasts 6-12 weeks. Breeding aggregations form primarily in ponds and lakes. Stream-breeding is more common in sierran populations and tends to occur late in the season for coastal populations. Courtship involves amplexus of the female by the male who then rubs his head on hers. Eventually the male deposits a spermatophore on the substrate which the female picks up in her cloaca. Shortly after mating, the female lays her eggs in small clusters containing 7-30 eggs. Time to hatching ranges from 2 weeks to 2 1/2 months, depending on water temperature. Diet items include earthworms, snails, slugs, insects, and conspecific eggs and larvae. See Petranka (1998) for references. All species of Taricha possess the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, that is used as an antipredator defense (Brodie et al. 1974). Tetrodotoxin is also harmful to humans (e.g. Petranka 1998). When harassed, Taricha assume the “unken reflex” where the head is raised, the tail is turned up and held straight over the body, the limbs are extended, and the eyes are closed (Riemer 1958; Brodie 1977). This action exposes the bright aposomatic coloration found on the newt's belly. The exact pattern of this reflex is a species-specific character, distinguishable from sympatric T. granulosa, which curls the tip of the tail (Stebbins 1985; Petranka 1998).
licença
cc-by-3.0
autor
Erica Garcia
autor
Meredith J. Mahoney
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
AmphibiaWeb articles

Relation to Humans ( Inglês )

fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
No known relation.
licença
cc-by-3.0
autor
Erica Garcia
autor
Meredith J. Mahoney
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
AmphibiaWeb articles

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 21.8 years (captivity)
licença
cc-by-3.0
direitos autorais
Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
editor
de Magalhaes, J. P.
site do parceiro
AnAge articles

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The adult California Newt is typically 12.5-20 cm (4.9-7.8 inches) in total length with males slightly larger than females. California Newts vary in color from a yellowish brown to a dark brown warty textured skin dorsally and a pale yellow to orange bottom on its ventral side. The aquatic larvae have a black stripe on either side of their dorsal fins and have gills in younger stages of development. They have large eyes that protrude beyond the edge of their head and light colored lower eyelids. (Petranka, 1998; Stebbins & Cohen, 1998).

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
21.8 years.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The California Newt of the northern population prefers the mesic forests as opposed to the southern population newts which prefer a drier climate (Petranka, 1998).

Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The California Newt Taricha torosa is one of 5 members of the newt family (Salamandridae) which inhabit California. The California Newt is primarily located on the Coastal Range of California from Humbolt County to the Mexican border. Other isolated populations are also located in California, along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range (Petranka, 1998; Stebbins 1985; Dudek and Assoc., Inc. 2000).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The diet of an adult California Newt consists of earthworms, snails, slugs, and sowbugs. Adult newts have also been known to cannibalize their own eggs and larvae. There is little known about the diets of the California Newt during the larvae stage.

The California Newt has an adhesive texture to its tongue and projects it out to capture its prey.

(Petranka, 1998; Dudek and Assoc., Inc. 2000, Deban 1996).

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The California Newt is not currently listed as an endangered species but there is to be a significant problem in the Santa Monica Mountains with non-native crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and mosquitofish (Gambusia affiinis) feeding on the eggs and larvae of the California Newt. (Petranka, 1998).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are 2 recognized subspecies of Taricha torosa . The Coast Range Newt Taricha torosa torosa occupies the Coast range while the Sierra Newt, Taricha torosa sierrae is found in the Sierra Nevada mountain ranges (Petranka, 1998; Stebbins, 1985).

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Mating for the California Newt takes place from December to early May. The California Newt often migrates back to breed where they developed as larvae. Courtship of the California Newt involves a dance ritual in which the male mounts the female and rubs his chin over her nose and flutters his tail. After approximately an hour the male dismounts and leaves a spermatophore, in the form of a small mound, for the female move over and retrieve with her cloaca. The female California Newt will lay their eggs in ponds, lakes, and slow moving streams in water typically not deeper than 15 cm (5 inches). They lay from 7-30 eggs (approximately 1.9-2.8mm in diameter), attached to exposed roots or unattached on the bottom. The eggs are protected by a gel-like membrane that is toxic. The incubation period is usually 14-21 days and often longer depending on weather conditions. The size and amount of time in the larvae stage depends on the food sources and environmental conditions of their habitat (Petranka, 1998; Duellman, 1986).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Espinoza, A. 2001. "Taricha torosa" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html
autor
Anthony Espinoza, Fresno City College
editor
Carl Johansson, Fresno City College
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

California newt ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The California newt or orange-bellied newt (Taricha torosa), is a species of newt endemic to California, in the Western United States. Its adult length can range from 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm).[2] Its skin produces the potent toxin tetrodotoxin.[3]

Subspecies

Taricha torosa was divided into two subspecies until 2007, when it was determined that the Sierra and coastal populations represent distinct evolutionary lineages.[4] The former subspecies Taricha torosa sierrae was elevated to full species level and it is now known as Taricha sierrae, the Sierra newt. Taricha torosa torosa has been retired and now all coastal populations are simply known as Taricha torosa, the California newt.

Range and habitat

California newts reside in the coastal counties of California and in the southern Sierra Nevada and occupy a diverse array of habitats found near the small ponds and creeks where they breed, including woodlands and chaparral.[5][6]

Description

The California newt has warty, slate-gray skin on its back and bright orange-yellow skin underneath. It is very similar in appearance to the rough-skinned newt and they are often indistinguishable without dissection, but in general, the California newt has orange skin around the bottom of its eye while the Rough-skinned has gray skin at the bottom of its eye. The California newt also has eyes that protrude beyond the edge of the jaw line when viewed from above, while the eyes of the rough-skinned do not protrude, giving its head a more bullet-like appearance. The red-bellied newt is also similar but has dark irises vs. yellow in the California newt, more red coloration underneath, and a dark band across the vent that is lacking in the California newt..Newts are amphibians. They are related to salamanders (in a subfamily called Pleurodelinae). They live in North America, Europe and Asia. Their skin tends to be rougher than the skin of salamanders.

Reproduction

Reproduction occurs generally between December and early May. Typically, the adult newts will return to the pool in which they hatched. After a mating dance, the male mounts the female and rubs his chin on her nose. He then attaches a spermatophore to the substrate, which she will retrieve into her cloaca.

The egg mass released by the female contains between seven and 30 eggs, and is roughly the consistency of a thick gelatin dessert. Typically, the egg masses are attached to stream plant roots or to rocky crevices in small pools of slow-moving water, but they have also been known to be attached to underwater rocks or leaf debris. While shallow in a wide sense, these pools are rather deep relative to the average depth of a Southern California stream, varying in depth from about 1–2 metres (3.3–6.6 ft).

Adult newts typically leave the pools shortly after breeding has concluded, however, some adults may remain in the pools for an additional few months to feed.[7] Larvae hatch sometime in early to midsummer, depending on local water temperature. Larvae are difficult to find in streams, as they blend in well with the sandy bottom, to which they usually stay close.

Toxicity and predation

Like other genus Taricha members, the glands in the skin of Taricha torosa secrete the potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, which is hundreds of times more toxic than cyanide. This is the same toxin found in pufferfish and harlequin frogs. Researchers believe bacteria synthesize tetrodotoxin, and the animals that employ the neurotoxin acquire it through consumption of these bacteria. This neurotoxin is strong enough to kill most vertebrates, including humans.

Due to their toxicity, California newts have few natural predators. Garter snakes are the most common, and some species have developed a genetic resistance to tetrodotoxin. The mutations in the snake's genes that conferred resistance to the toxin have resulted in a selective pressure that favors newts that produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply a selective pressure favoring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. This evolutionary arms race has resulted in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.[8][9][10][11]

Diet

Earthworms, snails, slugs, woodlice, bloodworms, mosquito larvae, crickets, and other invertebrates are among the California newt's prey. Adult newts have also been known to cannibalize their own eggs and larvae.[12] In the Sierra Nevada, the newt will also consume trout eggs. In an aquarium habitat, earthworms provide the newt with all necessary nutrients. Other natural prey items would benefit the captive newt. Pellets tend to be inappropriate for terrestrial caudates, and fish food should be avoided completely.

Conservation status

California newt in a Southern Californian riparian habitat.

Taricha torosa, the California newt, is currently a California Special Concern species (DFG-CSC). Some populations have been greatly reduced in southern California coastal streams due to the introduction of non-native, invasive species and human habitation. The mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) and red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) have caused the greatest reduction in newt populations.[13]

Introduced as fish bait and stock pond prey, red swamp crayfish are an incredibly aggressive, prolific, and stalwart species that will prey upon newt larvae and egg masses. The crayfish will also disrupt newt breeding via competition for space during the summer mating season and physically antagonizing adults. Crayfish will typically maul the adult newts with their claws, and subsequent infection can lead to death. Taricha torosa that are present in streams with introduced crayfish often sport tails with several notches removed.[13]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022). "Taricha torosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T59471A118999074. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T59471A118999074.en. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  2. ^ "SDNHM - California Newt".
  3. ^ "California Newt - Taricha torosa". Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
  4. ^ Shawn R. Kuchta (2007). "Contact zones and species limits: hybridization between lineages of the California Newt, Taricha torosa, in the southern Sierra Nevada". Herpetologica. 63 (3): 332–350. doi:10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63[332:CZASLH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86112746.
  5. ^ "California Newt (Taricha torosa) aCFNEx_CONUS_2001v1 Habitat Map - ScienceBase-Catalog". www.sciencebase.gov. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  6. ^ Marchetti, Michael P.; Hayes, Abigail (20 June 2020). "Life History Variation in Two Populations of California Newt, Taricha torosa". Western North American Naturalist. 80 (2): 165. doi:10.3398/064.080.0204. ISSN 1527-0904. S2CID 220962750.
  7. ^ Elliott, Sean A.; Kats, Lee B.; Breeding, Jennifer A. (12 January 1993). "The Use of Conspecific Chemical Cues for Cannibal Avoidance in California Newts (Taricha torosa)". Ethology. 95 (3): 186–192. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1993.tb00469.x. ISSN 1439-0310.
  8. ^ Feldman, C. R.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie, E. D.; Pfrender, M. E. (2009). "The evolutionary origins of beneficial alleles during the repeated adaptation of garter snakes to deadly prey". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (32): 13415–13420. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10613415F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901224106. PMC 2726340. PMID 19666534.
  9. ^ Hanifin, Charles T. (2010). "The Chemical and Evolutionary Ecology of Tetrodotoxin (TTX) Toxicity in Terrestrial Vertebrates". Marine Drugs. 8 (3): 577–593. doi:10.3390/md8030577. PMC 2857372. PMID 20411116.
  10. ^ Feldman, C. R.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie, E. D.; Pfrender, M. E. (2010). "Genetic architecture of a feeding adaptation: garter snake (Thamnophis) resistance to tetrodotoxin bearing prey". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1698): 3317–3325. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.0748. PMC 2981930. PMID 20522513.
  11. ^ Charles T Hanifin; Edmund D Brodie Jr.; Edmund D Brodie III (2008). "Phenotypic mismatches reveal escape from arms-race coevolution". PLOS Biology. 6 (3): 60. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060060. PMC 2265764. PMID 18336073.
  12. ^ "Taricha torosa (California Newt)". Animal Diversity Web.
  13. ^ a b Seth C. Gamradt; Lee B. Kats (1996). "Effect of Introduced Crayfish and Mosquitofish on California Newts". Conservation Biology. 10 (4): 1155–1162. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041155.x.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

California newt: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The California newt or orange-bellied newt (Taricha torosa), is a species of newt endemic to California, in the Western United States. Its adult length can range from 5 to 8 in (13 to 20 cm). Its skin produces the potent toxin tetrodotoxin.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Taricha torosa ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El tritón de California (Taricha torosa) es una especie de anfibio urodelo de la familia Salamandridae. Su rango de distribución se incluye en el estado norteamericano de California, y quizás también en Baja California, México.[2]

Taxonomía y sistemática

Fue descrita por el zoólogo alemán M. H. Rathke como Triton torosa en 1833. Tras numerosos cambios de nombre, en 1953 K. P. Schmidt la adscribió a su actual género Taricha.[2]

Hasta 2007 se hablaba de dos subespecies T. torosa torosa y T. torosa sierrae —tritón de Sierra Nevada—, pero estudios llevados a cabo por Shawn R. Kuchta demostraron que se trataba de dos especies que comparten el sur de la cordillera de Sierra Nevada, con una zona de hibridación en el río Kaweah, en el condado de Tulare.

Las poblaciones de San Diego y península de San Francisco, a veces denominadas T. klauberi, no han sido tenidas en cuenta como especies diferentes. Sin embargo, estudios recientes de Shawn R. Kuchta y An-Ming Tan apuntan a que sí pueda tratarse de una especie distinta.[3]

Distribución y hábitat

Se distribuye por la costa de California cerca del norte de San Diego hasta la mitad del condado de Mendocino, al norte de San Francisco; y por la vertiente occidental de Sierra Nevada, al sur de la bifurcación principal del río Kaweah. Quizá también esté presente en Baja California.[2]

Son terrestres y diurnos, excepto en la época de reproducción, durante la que son acuáticos. Se encuentran en lugares húmedos, bajo maderas o leñas, en grietas de rocas y madrigueras abandonadas.

Descripción

 src=
Su piel es áspera y granulada

Los adultos alcanzan de 12,5 a 20 cm de longitud, de los que de 5,5 a 9 son de la cola. De aspecto robusto y piel áspera y granulada sin surcos costales, son de color marrón o marrón amarillento dorsalmente y amarillo pálido a naranja ventralmente. La zona de los ojos es más pálida y aparecen saltones vistos desde arriba. Durante el celo, que alcanzan al tercer año, los machos pierden las rugosidades, desarrollando una piel lisa y más clara, cola aplanada que les ayuda en la natación, cloaca hinchada y almohadillas duras en la parte inferior de las patas traseras para sujetar a las hembras durante el amplexo. Los renacuajos son amarillo claro por encima, con dos estrechas líneas en la espalda.

Su piel secreta una sustancia venenosa que contiene tetrodotoxina con la que se defiende de los posibles predadores. Cuando se sienten amenazados adoptan una postura defensiva arqueando el cuerpo hacia arriba de forma que el color anaranjado del vientre se hace visible.[3]

Alimentación

En tierra se alimentan proyectando su lengua para cazar las presas, entre las que se cuentan los gusanos, lombrices, caracoles, babosas, cochinillas, insectos y otros invertebrados pequeños. En el medio acuático las absorben abriendo la boca, pudiendo comer huevos y renacuajos de otros anfibios. Los adultos también pueden predar sobre sus propios renacuajos, que no son venenosos; para evitarlo, los adultos secretan sustancias que los renacuajos reconocen para ponerse a cubierto.[3]

Reproducción y crecimiento

 src=
Se aprecia el cambio de aspecto del macho, con piel lisa y más clara, durante el celo
 src=
Masa de huevos globular sobre ramita

La reproducción es acuática, dura de seis a doce semanas, desde diciembre hasta febrero. Los adultos migran desde sus cuarteles terrestres a charcas, lagunas y remansos de arroyos donde se congregan. Posteriormente, de marzo a abril, regresan a tierra. Los machos llegan antes a las zonas de freza y permanecen más tiempo. Las hembras ponen de diez a cincuenta huevos en de tres a seis masas esféricas independientes que se adhieren a vegetación, raíces, ramas o rocas sumergidas hasta alcanzar de 130 a 160 huevos en total. Los renacuajos eclosionan al cabo de 14 a 52 días y mantienen su forma durante varios meses. A finales de verano o principios de otoño tiene lugar la metamorfosis, que dura un par de semanas. Estos tritones recién metamorfoseados no volverán al agua hasta alcanzar su madurez sexual.[3]

Referencias

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson (2008). «Taricha torosa». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 2 de mayo de 2017.
  2. a b c Frost (2013)
  3. a b c d Nafis, Gary (2013)

Bibliografía

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Taricha torosa: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El tritón de California (Taricha torosa) es una especie de anfibio urodelo de la familia Salamandridae. Su rango de distribución se incluye en el estado norteamericano de California, y quizás también en Baja California, México.​

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ES

Taricha torosa ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Taricha torosa Taricha generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EU

Taricha torosa: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Taricha torosa Taricha generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EU

Kaliforniansalamanteri ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kaliforniansalamanteri (Taricha torosa) on Pohjois-Amerikan länsiosissa elävä salamanterilaji.[2]

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kaliforniansalamanteri voi saavuttaa jopa 20 cm:n pituuden. Lajin selkäpuoli on punertavan ruskea ja vatsapuoli on oranssi. Silmät ovat keltaiset ja silmäluomet kellertävän vaaleat.[3] Ulkonäöltään kaliforniansalamanteri on hyvin samannäköinen kuin sukulaisensa länsirannikonsalamanteri.

Levinneisyys

Kaliforniansalamanteri elää nimensä mukaisesti luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Amerikan länsirannikolla Kaliforniassa.[2]

Elintavat

Kaliforniansalamanteri asustaa metsien pohjakerroksissa ja niityillä. Keväisin laji siirtyy kutulammelle lisääntymistä varten. Yksilöstä riippuen laji viihtyy suurimman osan ajastaan joko maalla tai vedessä.[3]

Ravinto

Muiden salamantereiden tapaan kaliforniansalamanterin ruokavalio koostuu pienistä selkärangattomista.

Lemmikkieläimenä

Suomessa kaliforniansalamantereita on harvoin myynnissä eläinkaupoissa, mutta Keski-Euroopassa ja Amerikassa niitä pidetään terraariossa melko yleisesti. Kaliforniansalamanterin terraarion tulisi olla vähintään 80 x 40 cm kokoinen. Terraario sisustetaan sen mukaan, viihtyykö yksilö enemmän vedessä vai maalla. Kaliforniansalamanterin terraariossa tulee aina olla vesialue, jonne eläin mahtuu kokonaan. Vettä täytyy vaihtaa päivittäin, salamanterin herkän ihon vuoksi. Sopiva lämpötila on noin 18-21 astetta, joka voi laskea muutaman asteen yöllä. Jos kaliforniansalamanteri viettää suurimman osan ajastaan maalla, tulisi terraariota sumuttaa päivittäin.[4]

Lähteet

  1. Geoffrey Hammerson: Taricha torosa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 6.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History: Taricha Gray, 1850 Amphibian Species of the World 6.0. 2018. Viitattu 3.6.2018. (englanniksi)
  3. a b Niina & Joonas Gustafsson: Kaliforniansalamanteri Sammakkolampi.net. 2005-2007. Viitattu 3.6.2018.
  4. Niina & Joonas Gustafsson: Kaliforniansalamanterit Sammakkolampi.net. 2006. Viitattu 3.6.2018.

Aiheesta muualla

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Kaliforniansalamanteri: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kaliforniansalamanteri (Taricha torosa) on Pohjois-Amerikan länsiosissa elävä salamanterilaji.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Taricha torosa ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Taricha torosa ou triton de Californie est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de Californie aux États-Unis. Elle se rencontre dans les chaînes côtières californiennes[1].

Description

 src=
Taricha torosa
 src=
Taricha torosa

Sa peau secrète de la tétrodotoxine et son principal prédateur est la Couleuvre rayée.

Publication originale

  • Rathke, 1833 : Triton torosus. Zoologischer Atlas, enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten, während des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt, auf Russisch-Kaiserlich Kriegsschupp Predpriaetië in den Jahren 1823-1826, Berlin, p. 12-14 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Taricha torosa: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Taricha torosa ou triton de Californie est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Taricha torosa ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il tritone della California (Taricha torosa Rathke, 1833) è un anfibio caudato appartenente alla famiglia Salamandridae.[2]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Taricha torosa, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Frost D.R. et al., Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833), in Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0, New York, American Museum of Natural History, 2014. URL consultato il 5 ottobre 2014.

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Taricha torosa: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il tritone della California (Taricha torosa Rathke, 1833) è un anfibio caudato appartenente alla famiglia Salamandridae.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IT

Californische salamander ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Herpetologie

De Californische salamander[2] (Taricha torosa) is een salamander uit de familie echte salamanders (Salamandridae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Martin Heinrich Rathke in 1833. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Triton torosa gebruikt.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Deze salamander heeft een slank, langgerekt lichaam met een ruwe, wrattige huid. Deze is op de rugzijde bruin of steenrood en van onderen oranje. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 12,5 tot 20 cm. Er zijn verschillende kleurvariaties, die samenhangen met een bepaald deel van het verspreidingsgebied.

Leefwijze

Deze in hoofdzaak terrestrische soort beweegt zich voort door middel van golvende bewegingen van zijn lichaam. Overdag schuilt hij tussen vochtige vegetatie of boomwortels, ‘s nachts komt hij tevoorschijn om naar wormen, spinnen en andere ongewervelde dieren te zoeken. Ze worden beschermd door een toxische uitscheiding, die zowel de huid als het vlees giftig maakt.

Voortplanting

In de paartijd migreren ze massaal naar plassen en beekjes. De mannetjes krijgen dan een gladde, slijmerige huid, zwarte kussentjes op de tenen en een verdikte cloaca. Een legsel bestaat meestal uit 4 tot 21 eieren, die worden afgezet onder stenen, daartoe opgewekt door regenval. De eieren komen in het voorjaar uit; de larven hebben geen stadium in het water.

Verspreiding en habitat

Deze soort komt endemisch voor in delen van het westen van de Verenigde Staten, meer specifiek in de staat Californië.[4] De habitat bestaat uit sequoiabossen, grasland, bergen en heuvels.

Referenties
  1. (en) Californische salamander op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. David Burnie (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp), Animals (Dieren), Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, 2001. ISBN 90-18-01564-4.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Taricha torosa.
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Taricha torosa.
Bronnen
  • (nl) - David Burnie (2001) - Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Taricha torosa - Website Geconsulteerd 30 maart 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Taricha torosa - Website
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Californische salamander: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Californische salamander (Taricha torosa) is een salamander uit de familie echte salamanders (Salamandridae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Martin Heinrich Rathke in 1833. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Triton torosa gebruikt.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Taricha torosa ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Taricha torosa é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Salamandridae. Endêmica dos Estados Unidos da América.

Subespécies

Taricha torosa foi dividida em duas subespécies até 2007, quando foi determinado que a Serra e as populações costeiras representam linhagens evolutivas distintas. Os autores elevaram a antiga subespécie Taricha torosa ssp. sierrae ao nível cheio da espécie e é sabido agora como Taricha Sierrae, Sierra Newt. Taricha torosa ssp. Torosa foi aposentado e agora todas as populações costeiras são simplesmente conhecidas como Taricha torosa, o Newt de Califórnia.

Referências

  • Hammerson, G. 2004. Taricha torosa. In: IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 13 de setembro de 2008.
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Taricha torosa: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Taricha torosa é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Salamandridae. Endêmica dos Estados Unidos da América.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia PT

Kalifornisk salamander ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Kalifornisk salamander (Taricha torosa) är en salamanderart av släktet Taricha som finns i västra USA.

Utseende

Salamandern har en beige till rödbrun ryggsida och en gul till orange buk. Ögonen är stora, utan några mörka markeringar på ögonlocken (till skillnad från dess släkting vårtskinnad salamander). De vuxna salamandrarna har vårtig hud, utom hanen under parningstiden, då han får slät hud, svullen kloak och en ihoptryckt, fenliknande svans.[3] Längden är mellan 12,5 och 20 cm, hanarna något längre än honorna.[4]

Utbredning

Den kaliforniska salamandern finns i Kaliforniens kustområden och i södra Sierra Nevada.[2]

Vanor

Salamandern lever i kustnära berg, på Sierra Nevadas sluttningar och, i norra delen av dess utbredningsområde, i fuktig skog. I bergen kan den gå upp till 2 000 m.[3] Den är landlevande och kan iakttas mitt på dagen; den uppsöker vatten endast under parningstiden.[5] Larverna lever i vatten, som dammar, reservoarer och vattendrag.[6]

Föda och predation

De vuxna salamandrarna lever av daggmaskar, små sniglar och snäckor, insekter (både vuxna och larver), gråsuggor och andra ryggradslösa djur. De äter även sitt eget ömsade skinn. Larverna lever av olika, mindre, ryggradslösa djur. Den exakta livslängden är okänd, men det antas att den kan bli över 20 år gammal. Liksom sin släkting vårtskinnad salamander är den mycket giftig och innehåller neurotoxinet tetrodotoxin. (Den är dock inte lika giftig som den vårtskinnade salamandern). Som en följd av detta har den få fiender; den enda egentliga predatorn är strumpebandssnoken, som förefaller immun mot tetrodotoxin.[6]

Fortplantning

Parningstiden äger rum under december till maj, och sker, som hos många groddjur, ofta i samma vattendrag ur vilka salamandern en gång kläckts. Under leken positionerar hanen sig ovanpå honan, stryker sin haka mot hennes nos och viftar på svansen. Efter omkring en timme avsätter han en spermatofor framför honan, som denna tar upp med sin kloak. Efter leken lägger honan mellan 7 och 30 ägg på grunt vatten, antingen fästade vid vattenväxter eller fritt på bottnen.[4] Äggen kläcks efter mellan 2 och 7 veckor. Larverna förvandlas under sensommaren till tidiga hösten.[5]

Referenser

  1. ^ ”Statens jordbruksverks allmänna råd (1999:2)...” (PDF). Statens jordbruksverks författningssamling. 20 oktober 1999. http://www.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.26424bf71212ecc74b08000952/allmannarad_1999-002.PDF. Läst 21 september 2009.
  2. ^ [a b] Geoffrey Hammerson. 2008. Taricha torosaIUCN:s rödlista (engelska). Läst 2009-09-21
  3. ^ [a b] Jacquelynn Vanderlip; Bradford Hollingsworth. ”Taricha torosa” (på engelska). San Diego Natural History Museum. http://www.sdnhm.org/fieldguide/herps/tari-tor.html. Läst 21 september 2009.
  4. ^ [a b] Anthony Espinoza (2001). Taricha torosa (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Taricha_torosa.html. Läst 21 september 2009.
  5. ^ [a b] Taricha torosa torosa - Coast Range Newt” (på engelska). CaliforniaHerps.com. http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/t.t.torosa.html. Läst 20 september 2009.
  6. ^ [a b] Shawn R. Kuchta (2009). Taricha torosa (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?where-genus=Taricha&where-species=torosa. Läst 21 september 2009.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Kalifornisk salamander: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Kalifornisk salamander (Taricha torosa) är en salamanderart av släktet Taricha som finns i västra USA.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia SV

Тритон каліфорнійський ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 16—19 см. Голова середнього розміру. Очі великі з округлими зіницями. Присутні невеликі нижні повіки. Верхні зуби утворюють формі «Y». Тулуб кремезний. Шкіра гладенька, іноді трохи шорстка. Вона виділяє отруйний слиз. Забарвлення спини коричнево-палеве. Черево помаранчеве.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє повільні струмки уздовж морського узбережжя. Активні вночі. Мешкають як на суходолі, так й у воді. Живиться переважно равликами, слимаками, хробаками, двокрилими та личинками комах.

У грудні-березні під час розмноження каліфорнійські тритони збираються в дрібних лісових озерах. Першими приходять самці, у яких з'являється яскраве шлюбне забарвлення і хвостові плавникові складки. Вони зустрічають кожну самиці, оточуючи її щільним кільцем, і починають шлюбні ігри. Один із самців передніми лапами схоплює самку, сідає на неї верхи, і пара тритонів довгий час плаває разом. У цей час самець треться клоакою об спину самки, а підборіддям гладить її морду. На підборідді самця є особливі залози, що виділяють секрет, який збуджує самицю. Потім самець виділяє сперматофори, які самиця захоплює клоакою. Самка відкладає невеликі порції ікри, що містять від 7 до 29 яєць діаметром 2-2,5 мм, на підводні рослини. Ікра цих тритонів також отруйна. Личинки в момент появи завдовжки 11—12 мм під час метаморфоза личинки увесь час проводять у воді.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у штаті Каліфорнія (США).

Джерела

  • Hammerson (2004). Taricha torosa. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia UK

Sa giông California ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Sa giông California hay Sa giông bụng cam (tên khoa học Taricha torosa) là một loài sa giông tìm thấy chủ yếu ở California. Chiều dài lớn nhất của nó có thể nằm trong khoảng từ 5 đến 8 inch (13–20 cm).[1] Da của nó tạo ra một loại độc tố mạnh.

Độc tính

Như các thành viên khác Taricha, các tuyến trong da của T. torosa tiết ra các chất độc thần kinh mạnh tetrodotoxin, mạnh gấp hàng trăm lần so với xyanua. Đây là chất độc được tìm thấy trong cá nóc và ếch harlequin. Các nhà nghiên cứu tin rằng vi khuẩn tổng hợp tetrodotoxin và các động vật có sử dụng các chất độc thần kinh có được nó thông qua mức tiêu thụ của các vi khuẩn. Chất độc thần kinh này là đủ mạnh để tiêu diệt hầu hết các vật có xương sống, kể cả con người. Tuy nhiên, chúng chỉ nguy hiểm khi nuốt phải, và có thể được giữ lại an toàn như là vật nuôi.

Do độc tính của chúng, sa giông California có vài kẻ thù tự nhiên. rắn sọc là phổ biến nhất, và một số loài đã phát triển một sức đề kháng di truyền đến tetrodotoxin.

Chế độ ăn uống

Giun đất, ốc, ốc sên, sowbugs, trùn đất, ấu trùng muỗi, và không xương sống khác là những con mồi của Sa giông California. Tại Sierra Nevada, những con sa giông cũng ăn trứng cá hồi.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Sa giông California  src= Wikispecies có thông tin sinh học về Sa giông California


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Có đuôi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Sa giông California: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Sa giông California hay Sa giông bụng cam (tên khoa học Taricha torosa) là một loài sa giông tìm thấy chủ yếu ở California. Chiều dài lớn nhất của nó có thể nằm trong khoảng từ 5 đến 8 inch (13–20 cm). Da của nó tạo ra một loại độc tố mạnh.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Калифорнийский тритон ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Salamandroidea
Семейство: Саламандровые
Подсемейство: Pleurodelinae
Вид: Калифорнийский тритон
Международное научное название

Taricha torosa Rathke, 1833

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 173622NCBI 36314EOL 331137

Калифорнийский тритон[1] (лат. Taricha torosa) — вид тритонов из рода западноамериканских тритонов (лат. Taricha) отряда хвостатых земноводных.

Описание

Взрослые животные могут достигать 20 сантиметров в длину (самцы крупнее самок). Цвет тритонов может колебаться от светло-коричневого до тёмно-коричневого. Брюхо имеет желтоватую окраску.

Ареал

Обитают представители данного вида на юго-западе США: на Калифорнийском побережье и в горах Сьерра-Невада. Предпочитают более сухой климат, чем другие хвостатые амфибии данного региона. Вне брачного сезона скрываются в земляных расщелинах и норах. Во время спаривания (происходящего с декабря по май) перебираются в медленно текущие ручьи и небольшие озерца.

Питание

Рацион животных состоит из насекомых, слизней, червей, улиток и других мелких беспозвоночных.

Токсичность

Среди других хвостатых земноводных этот вид выделяется своей токсичностью — кожа животных способна выделять тарихотоксин, идентичный тетродотоксину. Особо ядовиты икринки, где содержание яда может достигать 25 мкг/г (из 100 кг яиц удалось получить 200 мг токсина с активность 300 м.е./кг). Однако токсичность тритонов сугубо пассивная — средств для повреждения кожных покровов противников они не имеют.

Примечания

  1. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 33. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Калифорнийский тритон: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Калифорнийский тритон (лат. Taricha torosa) — вид тритонов из рода западноамериканских тритонов (лат. Taricha) отряда хвостатых земноводных.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

カリフォルニアイモリ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
カリフォルニアイモリ カリフォルニアイモリ
カリフォルニアイモリ Taricha torosa
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 有尾目 Urodela 亜目 : イモリ上科 Salamandroidea : イモリ科 Salamandridae : カリフォルニアイモリ属 Taricha : カリフォルニアイモリ T. torosa 学名 Taricha torosa (Rathke, 1833) 和名 カリフォルニアイモリ 英名 California newt

カリフォルニアイモリTaricha torosa)は、イモリ科カリフォルニアイモリ属に分類される有尾類

分布[編集]

  • T. t. torosa

アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州沿岸部)固有亜種

  • T. t. sierrae シェライモリ

アメリカ合衆国(カリフォルニア州シエラネバダ山脈固有亜種

形態[編集]

全長12-20cm。体色は背面は黒から淡褐色で、腹面は黄色やオレンジ色。眼は大型。

[編集]

体内にテトロドトキシンを持ち、腹部の色彩は警戒色になると考えられている。毒は卵や幼生も持つ。

分類[編集]

  • Taricha torosa torosa (Rathke, 1833) カリフォルニアイモリ Coastal range newt
  • Taricha torosa sierrae (Twitty, 1942) シェライモリ Sierra newt

生態[編集]

森林湿原などに生息する。陸棲。

食性は動物食で、昆虫節足動物甲殻類、陸棲の貝類、小型両生類やその卵などを食べる。

繁殖形態は卵生。12-翌5月に水中の水草や木の枝などに、1回に5-30個の卵塊を1-2回に分けて産む。卵は2-6週間で孵化する。生後5-8年で性成熟する。

人間との関係[編集]

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。生息地では保護されている。有毒種のためなるべく素手では持たないようにし、万が一素手で触ってしまった場合はすぐに手を洗うようにする。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、カリフォルニアイモリに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにカリフォルニアイモリに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、236頁。
  • 山崎利貞 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド イモリ・サンショウウオの仲間 有尾類・無足類』、誠文堂新光社2005年、92頁。
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生・はちゅう類』、小学館2004年、25頁。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

カリフォルニアイモリ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

カリフォルニアイモリ(Taricha torosa)は、イモリ科カリフォルニアイモリ属に分類される有尾類

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 日本語

캘리포니아영원 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

캘리포니아영원은 도롱뇽목(―目 Urodela) 영원과(蠑蚖科, Salamandridae)에 속하며 북아메리카 서부의 습한 지역에서 발견된다. 크기는 15cm 정도까지 자라며 복어보다 훨씬 더 많은 양의 테트로도톡신을 체내에서 만들어내기 때문에 맹독성 동물로 분류된다.[1]

각주

  1. Jorg Zittlau, 《다윈, 당신 실수한 거야》, 뜨인돌출판사, 2007, 26쪽
 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자