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The California carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica, is a species of carpenter bee in the order Hymenoptera, and it is native to western North America.[1]
There are approximately 400 species worldwide of the genus Xylocopa.[2] X. californica is typically found in California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Northwestern Mexico, with outlying records in Montana, Kansas, and Louisiana.[3] It is especially abundant, along with X. sonorina, in the Central Valley and in Southern California, including the Mojave Desert. They are agriculturally beneficial insects and pollinators of diverse California chaparral and woodlands and desert native plant species.[4][5] This carpenter bee is active during hot seasons. Therefore, they are considered an endothermic insect as it absorbs heat in the desert conditions. As the bee absorbs too much heat in its body, it has to limit the time it flies and fly in the time of day in which it is cooler.[6]
Their head is larger and thicker than their thorax; however, the size of the head differs between females and males. Female carpenter bees have bigger heads than males with more narrow heads.[7] The California carpenter bee is all black, with bluish/greenish reflections. The males typically have at least a few light hairs on the pronotum (dorsal prothorax) and the abdominal segments.[8] California carpenter bees have hair on their heads; most of their hair lays in the lower part of their head and cheeks compared to the sparse hairs on the top of the head. The female carpenter bees' hair is black, while the male carpenter bees' hair is yellow and yellowish colors.[7] They have dark wings without stigma and are 13–30 mm long overall.[2]
X. californica has been observed to rob nectar from ocotillo, Fouquieria splendens, and are determined to be their primary pollinator in the Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA.[9] They rob the nectar from flowers by chewing a hole on the side of the flower and taking the nectar without participating in pollination.[2] They like both nectar and pollen, except the pollen sources seem more specific; they prefer the pollen from the creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa).[10] They tend to visit larger open flowers due to their large size.[2] The foraging behavior consists of three movements- fast forward flight, hovering and perching or walking on the flower blossoms [11]
Floral sonication is essential for the foraging of many Hymenoptera.[12] X. californica performs floral sonication to obtain pollen.[13] They do this by gripping the poricidal anthers with their mandibles and contracting their flight muscles, rapidly vibrating their body and the flower's anthers, releasing the pollen onto the abdomen and legs of the bees.[12] This process allows for pollination to happen.
The vibration frequency is different throughout their body; their head's natural vibration is 87 Hz, and their abdominal terga is 163 Hz.[13]X. californica can adjust its frequency to different types of flowers.[12]
X. californica inhabit the deserts of southwestern North America and endure high temperatures while they forage.[11] Foraging in these high temperatures may cause thermoregulatory problems for the bee, which is increased by the heat released from the muscular activity needed for their flight.[11] Unlike other insects, they can fly in temperatures as high as 48°C, which would be deadly for others, but can fly for a short period of time.[11] On the other hand, they can not withstand temperatures lower than 10-15 °C.[11]
X. californica has many types of mating behaviors.[14] These include hovering near sites and chasing away other males, exhibiting female-defense polygyny.[14] Multiple males may try to grasp the female when she returns to the nest, then a struggle between the males may happen to be able to grasp the female midair to copulate; in particular, they look for virgin females because females only mate once in their lifetime.[14][15] After a few seconds, they separate, and the male returns to its hovering area.[15] Other males may patrol more than one nest and shuttle throughout many sites in a day.[14] If they are not patrolling the nests, then they may exhibit scramble competition at flowering sites, where they hope to catch a female.[14] The males are territorial, but they do not have a stinger.[2]
X. californica carve their nest in wood.[2] They dig into the wood using their sharp mandibles while they vibrate their body- they do not eat the wood.[2] They dig a tunnel in substrates such as live or dead wood and hollow stems of the Yucca and Agave plants, then dig to the right and left, creating a T-shape nest.[2]
Their nest's success depends on the available pollen and nectar found in the area.[10] A suitable nest substrate is needed for their reproduction and survival; the quantity of stalks in the area is important in determining their total nest density.[10]
X. californica does not have many predators, but in the southwest of Northern America, the ladder-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos scalaria, has been observed to attack their nests.[10] And the bee fly, Anthrax simson, is a parasite of their nests [10]
There are reports of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, having negative effects on X. californica populations. The carpenter bees are attracted to the floral scents of the honey produced by the honey bees; X. californica may come near or inside their hives and get attacked by the hive resulting in the death of the carpenter bee.[16]
The fungus Ascosphaera apis is generally found in the larva of the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, causing the larva to be mummified.[17] It has also been found in X. californica, except the infected larva does not look the same as the honey bee's; they develop spore cysts beneath the larval integument.[17] X. californica are not the natural hosts of this fungus, but they may be infected if they visit the same plants as other infected honey bees.[17]
The species has three named subspecies, defined solely by coloration and geography:[1]
Female Xylocopa californica
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Xylocopa californica
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Xylocopa californica
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Xylocopa californica
Xylocopa californica
The California carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica, is a species of carpenter bee in the order Hymenoptera, and it is native to western North America.
El chocorrón o abejorro negro (Xylocopa californica) es una especie de himenóptero apócrito de la familia Apidae.
Polinizan una variedad de plantas silvestres del Chaparral del suroeste de Norteamérica.[1][2] Son los principales polinizadores de muchas orquídeas y bromelias. Viven en los huecos de los troncos sobre los que habitan dichas plantas.
Se encuentran en California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Arizona, y el noroeste de México.[3]
Datos: Q2767792
Multimedia:
Especies: Xylocopa californica
El chocorrón o abejorro negro (Xylocopa californica) es una especie de himenóptero apócrito de la familia Apidae.
Polinizan una variedad de plantas silvestres del Chaparral del suroeste de Norteamérica. Son los principales polinizadores de muchas orquídeas y bromelias. Viven en los huecos de los troncos sobre los que habitan dichas plantas.
Se encuentran en California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Arizona, y el noroeste de México.
Xylocopa californica is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1864 door Cresson.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Xylocopa californica ou Abelha carpinteiro da Califórnia, é uma espécie de abelha carpinteiro na ordem Hymenoptera. É nativa do oeste América do Norte.[1]
Xylocopa californica é encontrado nos Estados Unidos da América nos estados da California, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Arizona e no noroeste do México. [2] É encontrado, junto com Xylocopa varipuncta, no Vale Central da Califórnia e no Sul da Califórnia, incluindo o Deserto de Mojave. Eles são benéficos a agricultura e polinizadores de diversas espécies de chaparrais e florestas da Califórnia e do deserto [plantas nativas][3][4] Esta abelha de carpinteiro é ativa durante as estações quentes.
A abelha de carpinteiro da Califórnia é toda preta, como outras espécies de Xylocopa as grandes carpinteiras são, e tem algumas reflexões azuladas/esverdeadas. O macho tem algumas marcas mais claras no dorsal prothorax e nos segmentos abdominais.[5]
A espécie tem três subespécies nomeadas:[1]
Media relacionados com no Wikimedia Commons
Xylocopa californica ou Abelha carpinteiro da Califórnia, é uma espécie de abelha carpinteiro na ordem Hymenoptera. É nativa do oeste América do Norte.
Xylocopa californica[2][3] är en biart som beskrevs av Cresson 1864. Den ingår i släktet snickarbin och familjen långtungebin.[4][5]
Arten delas in i följande underarter:[4]
Xylocopa californica är ett stort bi, nominatunderarten blir mellan 20 och 24 mm lång. Könen är tämligen lika, med metallglänsande, blå eller grön grundfärg och mörka vingar. Arten är i huvudsak naken, men hanen har vit, gul eller orange päls på mellankroppens främre del, och vitaktig päls på första tergiten (det främsta segmentet på bakkroppens ovansida). Vingarna är mörka.[6]
Underarten Xylocopa c. arizonensis är mindre, 15 till 20 mm lång, och med mörkblå grundfärg. Den vita pälsen på tergit 1 hos hanen finns bara på sidorna, och vingarna är svartvioletta.[6]
Underarten Xylocopa c. diamesa påminner om Xylocopa c. arizonensis, men grundfärgen drar åt grönt, och vingarna är ljusare.[6]
Arten är i hög grad polylektisk, den hämtar pollen och nektar från många olika växtfamiljer, som agaveväxter, oleanderväxter, sparrisväxter, korgblommiga växter, katalpaväxter, korsblommiga växter, vindeväxter, ljungväxter, ärtväxter, strävbladiga växter, malvaväxter, vallmoväxter, videväxter, slideväxter, rosväxter, flenörtsväxter, potatisväxter, tamariskväxter och pockenholtsväxter.[1]
Som alla snickarbin är arten ett solitärt (icke samhällsbildande bi där honan gräver ut larvbon i trävirke i form av långa gångar med larvceller, som fylls med en blandning av pollen och nektar. Snickarbin är långlivade, de bli upp till 3 år gamla, och bogångarna används därför även för övervintring.[7]
Nominatunderarten, X. c. californica är en bergsart som främst gräver ut sitt larvbo i amerikansk sekvoja och Calocedrus-arter, medan X. c. arizonensis är en ökenart som inrättar sina bon i agave och palmlilje-arter. X. c. diamesa, slutligen, bygger framför allt sina bon i sparrisväxten Hesperoyucca whipplei.[6]
X. c. californica förekommer i bergskedjorna California Coast Ranges (norra delen) och den kaliforniska delen av Sierra Nevada.[6]
X. c. arizonensis finns i öknarna i Kalifornien, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas, och Mexiko.[6]
X. c. diamesa lever i bergen i södra Kalifornien norrut till Monterey County.[6]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Xylocopa californica.
Xylocopa californica är en biart som beskrevs av Cresson 1864. Den ingår i släktet snickarbin och familjen långtungebin.
Xylocopa californica là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Cresson mô tả khoa học năm 1864.[1]
Bài viết phân họ ong Xylocopinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Xylocopa californica là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Cresson mô tả khoa học năm 1864.
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