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Maxwell’s duikers most likely aid in the distribution of the seeds of the plants whose fruit they eat. More seeds are destroyed during digestion than are effectively disseminated in the their feces. Small seeds, however, may be effectively dispersed, and seeds of plants in the families Solanaceae and Cecropiaceae are distributed in this manner. Plants of the genus Ficus, whose fruits have small seeds and are heavily consumed by duiker are most likely dispersed this way. Some duiker spit out seeds during rumination.
Duikers are known to interact with baboons (Papio) in areas where the two species overlap. Maxwell’s duikers follow monkeys and eat fruit that the monkeys dislodge from the trees.
Several parasites are known to use P. maxwellii as a host. These include the blood parasite Theileria mutans, the nematodes Thrichuris ovis and Setaria labiata-papillosa, the cestode Avitellina centripunctata, and 8 types of tick. Maxwell’s duiker serve as food for the predators listed above.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Maxwell’s duikers are hunted by local peoples for their skins. The Mano and Gio peoples of the Mount Nimba Range in Liberia use large deadfall traps to catch these duikers. These traps can kill the animals, but duikers are also taken alive and are available for sale. In addition to being hunted and trapped for their skins, they are hunted for meat, which is available in large bushmeat markets and can provide hunters with a large and sustainable income. Maxwell’s duikers are rarely hunted for trophies due to their small size. Methods for trapping Maxwell’s duikers outside the Mount Nimba area include firearms and nets and snares placed on frequently used duiker trails.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
There are no known adverse effects of P. maxwellii on humans.
Duiker populations have decreased from excessive hunting and habitat destruction. Of prime importance in the decreasing populations is the increased use of firearms by native populations in hunting these animals. While Maxwell’s duikers are not endangered, it is certain that their populations are below previous maximum levels. However, it is thought that the species will remain in abundance as long as ample habitat is available.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Of primary importance in communications among Maxwell’s duikers is the use of the suborbital gland in marking both territories and other duikers. Male duikers frequently mark their territories, when most active marking an average of 5.6 objects every ten minutes. Females mark about 2.8 objects every ten minutes. Maxwell’s duikers frequently rub heads, rubbing suborbital secretions on one another. Territorial marking and head rubbing increase when a foreign duiker is introduced into an established group. This indicates that such marking serves not only as a means of advertising territory, but also of reinforcing social relationships. Interestingly, while the behavior of Maxwell’s duikers in using the suborbital gland is well documented, little is reported concerning how Maxwell’s duikers react to these chemical markers.
In addition to suborbital secretions, Maxwell’s duikers smell or taste one another’s urine. When a male samples a female’s urine, he exhibits flehmen behavior, which is characterized by a curled upper lip and open mouth. It is hypothesized that flehmen is somehow useful in helping the animal detect pheromones in the urine. Females also sample male urine, but with less frequency.
Maxwell’s duikers make an “alarm whistle,” though it is not reported in what context these whistles are used or how other duikers react to them.
Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Maxwell’s duikers are small, nocturnal, and skittish, making them difficult to observe in the wild. Humans avidly hunt this species but duikers have several natural predators as well. These predators include crowned eagles (Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) and leopards (Panthera pardus), as well as local species of pythons and other wild cats.
Maxwell’s duikers issue an “alarm whistle,” but can also make a bleating noise when in danger, such as when confronted and cornered by another duiker or handled by a human. When Maxwell’s duikers are nervous or threatened, they freeze as they are, sometimes in mid-stride.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Maxwell’s duikers are small antelopes, averaging about 66 cm in length and 5 to 7 kg in weight. They have short legs and an arched back and stand 35 to 38 cm tall. Females are reported to be larger in length and mass than males.
The pelage of P. maxwellii is grey or grey-brown and paler on the animal’s underside. Maxwell’s duikers are more uniform in color than closely related blue duikers, Philantomba monticola, which are more sharply bicolored and bear areas of white fur on their buttocks. Maxwell’s duikers have short, bushy tails with a fringe of white fur around the edges. Two white stripes run symmetrically down an animal's head from its horns above its eyes, to its nose. Conspicuous suborbital glands are present below each eye.
Maxwell’s duikers have small, pointed horns that extend backwards from the rear of the skull. Horns are present in both sexes and emerge in the male when it is about two and a half months old. The animals also have a small tuft of dark hair on the tops of their heads.
Philantomba maxwellii has pedal glands in its feet, which consist of a small sac in the interior of the foot that leads to the exterior via a narrow canal. This trait is useful in differentiating P. maxwellii from the related blue duiker, whose pedal glands lack the long canal.
Range mass: 5 to 7 kg.
Average length: 36-40 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger; ornamentation
Little information is known of the lifespan of P. maxwellii in the wild, but they are known to live as long as 10 years in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 10 (high) years.
Maxwell’s duikers inhabit rainforest areas, relic forests in savannas, secondary growth forests and clearings in rainforests. Individual P. maxwellii are able to live in a wide variety of habitats because of their wide and adaptable food habits, which allow them to find adequate supplies of food in both primary and secondary forests as well as cleared areas.
Philantomba maxwellii individuals prefer dense foliage where they can remain concealed. Maxwell’s duikers rarely stray more than 30 m from cover. Individuals make trails through the underbrush in their respective territories.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; rainforest
Maxwell's duikers were considered by some to be the same species as blue duikers, but are argued by others to be different species based on pelage color, the morphology of the pedal gland in the foot, which has a deeper canal in P. maxwellii, and the smaller skull size of P. monticola.
The word duiker was first used by Dutch settlers in Africa and means “diver,” referring to the animal’s propensity for diving into deep foliage when threatened. The generic name of this species, Cephalophus, derives from the Greek words kephale, meaning “head” and lophus, meaning “crest,” referring to the tuft of hair found on top of the animal’s head. Finally, the name maxwellii was given to this species to honor Colonel Charles Maxwell, who captured the P. maxwellii specimen first described by Hamilton Smith in 1827.
Philantomba maxwellii inhabits an area of western Africa extending from Senegal and Gambia to Nigeria. Members of the species generally prefer lowland rainforests, second growth forests and forests relics found in savannas.
Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )
Maxwell’s duikers are herbivores and mainly feed on the leaves of small forest plants such as herbs and shrubs. They rarely graze on grasses and are classified as browsers. They feed heavily on the leaves of Thonningia sanguinea, Canthium vulgare, and Alchornea cordifolia.
Maxwell’s duikers also eat fruit, which varies seasonally in abundance. Over the seasons, a total of 78 different types of fruit were eaten with an average of about 3 different species of fruit being consumed by an individual duiker at any one time. Preference varies seasonally; for example, during January and February, duikers prefer Phoenix reclinata, Griffonia simplicifolia, Nauclea latifolia, Ficus capensis, Alchornea cordifolia and Blighia sapida.
Other foods consumed by P. maxwellii are blossoms, roots, tubers, and fungi, although these foods constitute only a very small portion of the animals’ diets. Although it is speculated that ants are a natural part of the diets of many species of duikers, they have so far been found only in the stomachs of several Maxwell’s duikers. The ant species consumed were Paltothyreus tarsatus and Oecophylla longinoda. Some duikers in captivity have been seen to eat young birds, although this behavior has not been observed in the wild.
Maxwell’s duikers prefer leaves to fruit only during the dry season when tubers and flowers are also present. They show no seasonal variation in the number of species of fruit that they eat.
Animal Foods: birds; insects
Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; fruit; flowers
Other Foods: fungus
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )
A male duiker forms bonds and mates exclusively with one female, even when a surplus of females is present.
Male duikers smell or lick the urine of females and demonstrate flehmen, which is a behavior in which the animal retracts its upper lip and opens its mouth. This behavior is considered to somehow aid the animal in sensing pheromones and ascertaining the sexual status of females.
Male Maxwell’s duikers engage in a simple courtship wherein the male chases and bites the female. After a period of chasing, the male and female circle one another, after which the male approaches the female from behind, kicking its foreleg between the hindlegs of the female. Copulation ensues shortly thereafter.
Mating System: monogamous
Female P. maxwellii breed about once a year and give birth to a single young. Duikers time their mating so that young are born in the dry season (January to March) or the “little dry season” (August to September).
The gestation period is about 120 days. Labor for this species lasts 20 to 30 minutes. After the infant duiker is born, the mother cleans it thoroughly with its tongue and eats any membranous material clinging to it. Newborns are capable of standing and walking within hours of birth, and one was reported as being able to run within 25 minutes of birth. Newborn Maxwell's duikers are "hiders" and generally remained concealed. A young duiker gains about 50 g per day by drinking its mother’s milk. Female duikers nursing their young must drink ample quantities of water. After about 2 weeks, young Maxwell’s duikers are able to begin foraging on their own. Weaning follows soon afterwards, although young duiker continue to nurse occasionally until 2 months of age. Full maturity is reached in about three years.
Breeding interval: Maxwell's duikers breed about once a year.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.
Range gestation period: 4 (low) months.
Average gestation period: 4 months.
Average weaning age: 0.47 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Maxwell’s duikers provide little in terms of parental care. Young duikers usually spend their time in concealed areas and seek out their mothers only for nursing; female duikers were not witnessed to seek out their offspring even to nurse them. Maxwell’s duikers nurse with mother and young antiparallel to one another. Soon after a young Maxwell's duiker begins foraging on its own, at about 2 weeks of age, its mother begins to discourage it from nursing. Female duikers lick their infants as a method of grooming them.
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)
Maksvel dukeri (lat. Philantomba maxwellii) - philantomba cinsinə aid heyvan növü.
Məməlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
Maksvel dukeri (lat. Philantomba maxwellii) - philantomba cinsinə aid heyvan növü.
El duiquer de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) és un petit duiquer de l'oest d'Àfrica. Aquest animal assoleix una mida de 75 centímetres de llarg, amb una alçada típica a l'espatlla d'uns 35 centímetres i pesa uns 5 quilograms. Té un pelatge marró grisós o gris, amb la regió ventral blanca i marques blanques a la cara. Tanmateix, hi ha casos rars que tenen un pelatge blavós, gairebé porpra. Els duiquers de Maxwell viuen en selves pluvials de plana, on s'alimenten d'herbes, fruits i arbustos.
El duiquer de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) és un petit duiquer de l'oest d'Àfrica. Aquest animal assoleix una mida de 75 centímetres de llarg, amb una alçada típica a l'espatlla d'uns 35 centímetres i pesa uns 5 quilograms. Té un pelatge marró grisós o gris, amb la regió ventral blanca i marques blanques a la cara. Tanmateix, hi ha casos rars que tenen un pelatge blavós, gairebé porpra. Els duiquers de Maxwell viuen en selves pluvials de plana, on s'alimenten d'herbes, fruits i arbustos.
Der Maxwell-Ducker (Philantomba maxwellii, Syn.: Cephalophus maxwellii) ist eine kleine Antilope, die in Westafrika vorkommt. Die Art bildete früher zusammen mit dem Blauducker (Philantomba monticola) eine Untergattung innerhalb der Gattung Cephalophus. Neuere Taxonomien listen Philantomba als selbstständige Gattung, in der 2010 mit dem Verheyen-Ducker (Philantomba walteri) eine dritte Art beschrieben wurde.[1]
Der Maxwell-Ducker erreicht eine Gesamtlänge von 63 bis 100 cm, inklusive eines etwa 13 cm langen Kopfes und des 8 bis 10 cm langen Schwanzes. Die Schulterhöhe liegt bei 35 bis 38 cm und das Gewicht zwischen 8 und 10 kg. Die 3,5 bis 6,0 cm langen Hörner kommen bei allen Männchen und vielen Weibchen vor. Die Tiere wirken nach vorn geneigt mit einem etwas höheren Hinterkörper. Weibchen sind etwas größer als Männchen und besitzen vier Zitzen.[2]
Die Fellfarbe variiert stark zwischen den Exemplaren und ist am Oberkörper meist graubraun bis blaugrau. Am Kopf bei den Hörnern gibt es hellere Streifen. Die Unterseite ist weißlich und der dunkle, leicht buschige Schwanz hat helle Kanten. Vom Blauducker unterscheidet sich die Art durch die Konstruktion der Drüsen an den Hufen und durch das abweichende Verbreitungsgebiet.[2]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet streckt sich über einen breiten Saum an der westafrikanischen Küste vom Cross River in Niger bis Gambia und Senegal. Als Habitat dienen Regenwälder, Sekundärwälder, feuchte Buschsavannen und Plantagen.[3]
Der Maxwell-Ducker entfernt sich nie weiter als 20 bis 30 Meter von Büschen oder Baumgruppen, wo er sich verstecken kann. Er frisst hauptsächlich Blätter, Früchte, junge Triebe, Rinde und Samen sowie andere Pflanzenteile. Manchmal folgt er lautstarken Affengruppen, die meist Früchte zu Boden fallen lassen. Ist das Angebot an frischen Blättern gut, trinkt der Maxwell-Ducker nur gelegentlich, säugende Weibchen trinken dagegen häufiger. Zu den Feinden dieser Antilope zählen der Kronenadler (Stephanoaetus coronatus), Pythons (Pythonidae), kleinere Wildkatzen (Felis) und der Leopard (Panthera pardus).[4]
Weibchen haben gewöhnlich nur einen Wurf pro Jahr, bei dem nach einer etwa 120-tägigen Trächtigkeit in einer der Trockenzeiten (Januar bis März oder August/September) ein einzelnes Junges geboren wird. Das Junge wiegt bei der Geburt 710 bis 955 Gramm und hat, ungewöhnlich für Ducker, dieselbe Fellfarbe wie erwachsene Tiere. Maxwell-Ducker in menschlicher Obhut wurden bis 10 Jahre alt.[5]
Die größten Gefahren für diese Antilope bestehen in der Zerstörung des Habitats und in der Jagd für Bushmeat. In begrenzten Gebieten, wie im Nationalpark Comoé sank die Population in den letzten 20 Jahren um 90 Prozent. Der Gesamtbestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingeschätzt.[3]
Der Maxwell-Ducker (Philantomba maxwellii, Syn.: Cephalophus maxwellii) ist eine kleine Antilope, die in Westafrika vorkommt. Die Art bildete früher zusammen mit dem Blauducker (Philantomba monticola) eine Untergattung innerhalb der Gattung Cephalophus. Neuere Taxonomien listen Philantomba als selbstständige Gattung, in der 2010 mit dem Verheyen-Ducker (Philantomba walteri) eine dritte Art beschrieben wurde.
Ẹtù (Philantomba maxwellii tàbí Cephalophus maxwellii)
Ẹtù (Philantomba maxwellii tàbí Cephalophus maxwellii)
The Maxwell's duiker (Philantomba maxwellii) is a small antelope found in western Africa.
Maxwell's duiker
Phylogenetic relationships of Maxwell's duiker, including Walter's duiker[4]The scientific name of Maxwell's duiker is Philantomba maxwelli. It is classified in the genus Philantomba along with the blue duiker (P. monticola) and Walter's duiker (P. walteri). It was first described by English naturalist Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827.[5][6] The species is sometimes treated as a species of Cephalophus,[2][7] another genus of duikers, although Philantomba has been recognised as a genus by zoologists such as Peter Grubb and Colin Groves.[8] Theodor Haltenorth has considered this species to be a race of the blue duiker due to their identical features.[5][6]
In 2012, Anne R. Johnston (of the University of Orleans) and colleagues constructed a cladogram of the subfamily Cephalophinae (duiker), that includes the three genera Cephalophus, Philantomba and Sylvicapra, based on mitochondrial analysis. Philantomba was shown to be monophyletic. It is sister to the rest of the subfamily, from which it diverged nearly 8.73 million years ago (in the late Miocene). Maxwell's duiker split from blue duiker 2.68 to 5.31 million years ago.[9] This cladogram, however, did not include the newly discovered Walter's duiker. Marc Colyn (of the University of Rennes 1) and colleagues, who had discovered this species in 2010, had prepared a similar cladogram that included it.[4]
Three subspecies are identified:[5][7][10]
Maxwell's duiker is a small antelope, as are the others in its genus. It is characterised by a slightly elevated back, short legs, a small head and short, round ears. According to measurements by Haltenorth, the head-and-body length is typically between 63 and 100 centimetres (25 and 39 in), and between 55 and 90 centimetres (22 and 35 in) excluding the head. It reaches 35–38 centimetres (14–15 in) at the shoulder, and weighs around 8–10 kilograms (18–22 lb). The tail, 8–10 centimetres (3.1–3.9 in) long, is bushy and lined with white.[7][11] The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, as the females are slightly larger than the males.[10] The coat is grayish brown, sometimes with a bluish tinge; the colour varies with individuals. A short tuft of hair circles the base of the horns and covers the area between them. The underbelly, in contrast with the dorsal parts, is generally white. Four teats are present.[7]
Males, and sometimes females, possess straight, short, spiky horns. Heavily ringed and thick at the base, these measure 3.5–6 centimetres (1.4–2.4 in) in length.[7][11] The length of the horns of the subspecies P. m. maxwelli rises from east to west, though this is not apparent in Ghana and the longest horns are observed in the western extremes of the range. The proportion of horned females reduces sharply from 100 percent in Nigeria and Togo to 5 out of 80 in Liberia.[12] P. m. libriensis females generally lack horns; in populations where female grow horns, the males are observed to have longer horns.[7] The broad skull, with a narrow, bare muzzle, is nearly 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) long and 6.4 centimetres (2.5 in) wide.[13] In P. m. maxwelli, the skull measurements tend to increase from east to west between Togo and Liberia, though this trend is not observed in the eastern and western extremes of the range.[12]
The blue duiker bears a striking resemblance to Maxwell's duiker. However, the latter is nearly twice as large and heavier as the former, with a larger skull. While colouration is more uniform in Maxwell's duiker, the blue duiker shows two different colourations - there is a marked transition from the dorsal parts and the flanks to the rump. Another point of difference is the pedal gland (in the hooves), which has a simpler opening in the blue duiker.[7][10][12]
The Maxwell duiker prefers areas with fresh and dense growth of shrubs and other plants. It inhabits the warm, moist lowland forests prevalent in western African countries such as Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. The habitat also includes forest fringes, secondary, scrub and gallery forests and farmlands. The western limits of the range lie in southwestern Senegal and western Gambia, from where it extends as far east as the Cross River in Nigeria.[2][14]
The Maxwell duiker's diet mostly consists of fruits, seeds, secondary vegetation and shrubs. Maxwell's duiker and other duikers present in the same geographical area were found to have similar diets. Diets are subject to seasonal changes, with a shift towards vegetation and parts of flowers at the beginning of winter.
The animal's small size is reflected in its food choices. Due to its smaller mouth, body anatomy, and masseter muscle, it tends to concentrate on food items up to 3 cm in diameter, while larger species eat items up to 6 cm in diameter.[15]
Maxwell's duiker has a preorbital gland known to be used for marking objects and members of the same species, especially by dominant males. It was one of the first animals observed using its preorbital gland for scent marking. It was shown that scent marking is also associated with individual recognition or social appeasement as male and females will often press these glands together on both sides of each other's faces.[16]
Calves are born mainly during the two dry seasons in Africa. Females birth a single calf once per year, after a gestation period of 120 days. Offspring usually weigh around 1/10 the weight of their mother and are similar in color to calves from other duiker species. Maxwell's duikers can survive up to 10 years in captivity.[17]
Maxwell's duiker is listed as Least Concern, though with the population trend decreasing, by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).
El duiker de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae que habita en Senegal y Gambia al sudoeste de Nigeria.[2]
Se describen tres subespecies:
El duiker de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae que habita en Senegal y Gambia al sudoeste de Nigeria.
Se describen tres subespecies:
Philantomba maxwellii danei (Hinton, 1920) Sierra Leona. Philantomba maxwellii maxwellii (Hamilton-Smith, 1827) Senegal, Gambia y Sierra Leona. Philantomba maxwellii liberiensis Hinton, 1920 Liberia.Philantomba maxwellii Philantomba generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cephalophinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Philantomba maxwellii Philantomba generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Cephalophinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Céphalophe de Maxwell
Le céphalophe de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) est une petite antilope de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.
Il atteint 75 cm de long et 35 cm au garrot pour environ 5 kg. Sa robe est grise à gris-brun, tendant parfois vers le pourpre, avec un ventre blanc et des marques blanches sur la face.
Ils vivent dans la forêt humide, où ils se nourrissent d'herbe, fruits ou buissons.
Le Céphalophe de Maxwell possède un pelage d’une couleur pouvant varier d’un individu à l’autre. Le manteau peut être gris ou gris-brun, généralement plus foncé sur le dos et plus pâle au niveau ventral[1]. Il présente un dos arrondi, de courtes pattes ainsi qu’une queue courte touffue dotée de lignes blanches de part et d’autre. Les cornes sont souvent présentes chez les deux sexes, mais parfois plus courtes ou manquantes chez certaines femelles[2].
Cette espèce présente un dimorphisme sexuel, les femelles étant généralement plus grandes et plus lourdes que les mâles[3].
Céphalophe de Maxwell
Le céphalophe de Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii) est une petite antilope de l'Afrique de l'Ouest.
Il atteint 75 cm de long et 35 cm au garrot pour environ 5 kg. Sa robe est grise à gris-brun, tendant parfois vers le pourpre, avec un ventre blanc et des marques blanches sur la face.
Ils vivent dans la forêt humide, où ils se nourrissent d'herbe, fruits ou buissons.
Il cefalofo di Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii C. H. Smith, 1827) è un piccolo cefalofo originario dell'Africa occidentale.
Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono due sottospecie di cefalofo di Maxwell[1]:
Il cefalofo di Maxwell misura 63–76 cm di lunghezza, 35–42 cm di altezza al garrese e pesa 5–10 kg; la coda è lunga 12–15 cm[3]. Il mantello, liscio, è di colore grigio ardesia o grigio-marrone, e si fa più chiaro sulla parte inferiore del collo e sul ventre[4]. Rispetto al cefalofo azzurro, ha la maschera facciale più scura e la testa più spigolosa[3]. La fronte e il naso sono di colore marrone scuro o nero fumo e sono circondati da strisce grigio-biancastre che da sopra gli occhi scendono fino al naso[4]. Le ghiandole mascellari, presenti sulla guancia, davanti agli occhi, sono estremamente grandi e caratteristiche[4]. La coda è sottile ed è contornata da peli bianchi[4]. Le brevi corna a forma di spina, presenti in entrambi i sessi, sono situate tra le orecchie e si ergono quasi verticalmente[3]. Corrugate alla base, possono raggiungere una lunghezza di 5 cm, ma possono essere nascoste dal ciuffo frontale marrone scuro[4].
Il cefalofo di Maxwell è diffuso in tutte le foreste umide di pianura dell'Africa occidentale, fino alle savane adiacenti[2]. Il suo areale si estende dal Gambia occidentale e dal Senegal sud-occidentale fino al fiume Cross, in Nigeria[2].
Oltre che nelle foreste pluviali, vive anche nelle foreste rivierasche e nei mosaici di foresta e savana[2]. Gran parte del suo habitat originario è stato distrutto dall'avanzata degli insediamenti umani e dell'agricoltura, ma il cefalofo di Maxwell si è adattato benissimo anche a vivere nelle boscaglie o perfino nelle aree agricole, in prossimità degli insediamenti[2].
Come molte piccole antilopi di foresta, il cefalofo di Maxwell è una specie notturna che per la sua prudenza è molto difficile da osservare[3]. Si muove convulsamente, spesso muovendo qua e là la coda[4]. Quando è allarmato, corre subito al riparo[4]. Le coppie occupano territori i cui confini vengono marcati attivamente da ambo i sessi con le secrezioni delle ghiandole preorbitali[4]. Si ritiene che la specie sia molto territoriale, dal momento che coppie vicine non sovrappongono mai i confini dei territori[4]. Gli esemplari sconosciuti vengono solitamente cacciati via dai proprietari dello stesso sesso[4]. Sono comuni marcature mutue tra due individui (generalmente membri della stessa coppia), effettuate strofinando insieme le teste[4]. Luoghi particolari, utilizzati come latrine, sono collegate ai luoghi dove gli animali riposano frequentemente da una serie di sentieri ben definiti[4].
Questa specie si nutre di frutta, erbe, arbusti e germogli freschi, e probabilmente anche di piccoli animali[3].
La maggior parte delle nascite avviene tra gennaio e marzo, con una seconda «mandata» in agosto-settembre[4]. Generalmente ogni femmina partorisce un unico piccolo all'anno, dopo una gestazione di 120 giorni[3]. I piccoli sono in grado di stare in piedi poco tempo dopo la nascita, e nel giro di qualche ora possono perfino camminare[4]. Generalmente rimangono con i genitori per tutto il primo anno di vita[4]. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 9-12 mesi, i maschi a 12-18[3]. Il cefalofo di Maxwell può vivere fino a 10-12 anni[4].
Tra i predatori di questo animale ricordiamo leopardi, gatti dorati, serval, gatti selvatici africani, civette, grossi rapaci, coccodrilli, varani e pitoni[3].
Generalmente abbondante in tutta la zona delle foreste della Guinea, quello di Maxwell è il cefalofo più numeroso della Costa d'Avorio, dove nei pressi del Parco Nazionale di Taï ne è stata registrata una densità di 79 capi/km²[2].
La popolazione totale è stata stimata sui 2.137.000 capi, ma nonostante la resilienza alla pressione venatoria e la sua adattabilità ad habitat forestali degradati, i numeri mostrano una generale tendenza alla diminuzione in molte zone, specialmente al di fuori delle aree protette[2].
Il cefalofo di Maxwell viene inserito dalla IUCN tra le specie a basso rischio[2]. La principale minaccia per la sua sopravvivenza è costituita dalla caccia datagli per il commercio del bushmeat[2].
Il cefalofo di Maxwell (Philantomba maxwellii C. H. Smith, 1827) è un piccolo cefalofo originario dell'Africa occidentale.
Maksvelo dukeris (lot. Philantomba maxwellii, angl. Maxwell's Duiker, vok. Maxwell-Ducker) – dukerių (Cephalophinae) pošeimio dykaraginių (Bovidae) žinduolis.
Šis su teriologija susijęs straipsnis yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį. Maksvelo dukeris (lot. Philantomba maxwellii, angl. Maxwell's Duiker, vok. Maxwell-Ducker) – dukerių (Cephalophinae) pošeimio dykaraginių (Bovidae) žinduolis.
Maxwells duiker (Philantomba maxwellii) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae) en de onderfamilie van de duikers (Cephalophinae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door C.H. Smith in 1827. Voorheen werd de soort ingedeeld in het geslacht Cephalophus.[2]
Deze duiker van gemiddelde grootte komt voor in grote delen van West-Afrika, waaronder Ghana, Ivoorkust, Liberia, Burkina Faso Sierra Leone, Guinee, Guinee-Bissau, Senegal, Togo en Gambia.[3] De soort prefereert laaggelegen regenwouden en voedt zich voornamelijk met kruiden, fruit, en struiken. Hoewel de soort niet bedreigd is, is de soort de afgelopen 20 jaar sterk in aantal afgenomen door stropers, die uit zijn op de horens van het mannetje. Het vrouwtje heeft meestal geen horens.
Doorgaans worden er twee ondersoorten erkend:
In 2010 werd door middel van DNA-onderzoek en morfologisch onderzoek van de schedels en tanden een variant van Maxwells duiker afgesplitst en als aparte soort beschouwd. Deze soort staat bekend als Walters duiker[4] (Philantomba walteri) en komt voor in Togo, Benin en Nigeria ten westen van de Niger.[5]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Dujkerczyk karłowaty[3] (Philantomba maxwellii) – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, zaliczany do podrodziny dujkerów[4] .
Obecny zasięg występowania gatunku obejmuje zachodnią Afrykę – od Senegalu i Gambii po Nigerię.
Jego siedliskiem są nizinne lasy deszczowe i sawanny drzewiaste.
Mały dujkerczyk karłowaty osiągająca do ok. 66 cm długości przy wysokości w kłębie do 38 cm i 5–7 kg masy ciała. Samice są większe i cięższe od samców. Ubarwienie szare lub szarobrązowe, z jaśniejszym spodem. Rogi występują u przedstawicieli obydwu płci.
Gatunek roślinożerny, aktywny głównie nocą. Żyją w parach lub samotnie. Zjadają liście i owoce, rzadziej trawy i inne gatunki roślin.
Gatunek monogamiczny. Samica rodzi raz w roku jedno młode po ok. 120-dniowej ciąży. Młode jest zdolne do samodzielnego poruszania się po kilku godzinach od urodzenia. Przez dwa tygodnie pobiera wyłącznie mleko matki.
Długość życia tego dujkerczyka w warunkach naturalnych nie jest znana. W niewoli notowano osobniki żyjące do 10 lat.
Dujkerczyk karłowaty jest poławiany przez człowieka. Stanowi pokarm zwierząt drapieżnych, m.in. ptaków drapieżnych, dużych kotów i węży.
Gatunek nie jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii LC (last concern – niższego ryzyka)[2].
Dujkerczyk karłowaty (Philantomba maxwellii) – gatunek ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, zaliczany do podrodziny dujkerów .
A cabra-do-mato-preta (Philantomba maxwellii) [1] é um pequeno antílope encontrado do Senegal e Gâmbia ao sudoeste da Nigéria.
Duas subespécies são descritas:
A cabra-do-mato-preta (Philantomba maxwellii) é um pequeno antílope encontrado do Senegal e Gâmbia ao sudoeste da Nigéria.
Duas subespécies são descritas:
Philantomba maxwellii danei (Hinton, 1920) Philantomba maxwellii maxwellii (Hamilton-Smith, 1827)Maxwells dykare (Cephalophus maxwellii eller Philantomba maxwellii) är en liten antilop som förekommer i västra Afrika. Arten räknas tillsammans med blå dykare (Cephalophus monticola) till undersläktet Philantomba som ibland räknas som självständig släkte.
Arten når en absolut kroppslängd av 63 till 100 cm som inkluderar ett cirka 13 cm långt huvud och en 8 till 10 cm lång svans. Mankhöjden är 35 till 38 cm och vikten ligger mellan 8 och 10 kg. De 3,5 till 6 cm långa hornen förekommer hos hannar och ibland hos honor. Bakre delen av kroppen är något högre än den främre. Honor har fyra spenar och är lite större än hannarna.[1]
Pälsfärgen varierar mycket mellan individerna och kan vara gråbrun till blågrå på ovansidan. Vid hornen finns ibland ljusare strimmor. Buken är vitaktig och den mörka och något yviga svansen har ljusa kanter. Från den blåa dykaren skiljer sig arten genom konstruktionen av körtlarna vid hovet samt genom utbredningsområdet.[1]
Maxwells dykare lever i västra Afrika i en bred strimma längs kustlinjen från floden Cross River i Niger till Gambia och Senegal. Habitatet utgörs av regnskogar och fuktiga savanner samt av trädodlingar.[2]
Maxwells dykare förflyttar sig aldrig längre än 20 till 30 meter från buskar eller trädansamlingar, där den kan gömma sig. Den äter främst löv, frukter, unga växtskott, bark och frön samt i viss mån andra växtdelar. Ibland följer dykaren högljudda primater som oavsiktlig kastar frukter till marken. När löven är färska dricker arten sällan vatten men honor som diar sina ungar dricker oftare vatten. Artens naturliga fiender utgörs kronörn (Stephanoaetus coronatus), pytonormar, vildkatter och leoparder.[3]
Honor kan para sig en gång per året och ett ungdjur föds efter cirka 120 dagars dräktighet under en av torrperioderna mellan januari och mars eller augusti/september. Ungen väger vid födelsen 710 till 955 gram och har samma pälsfärg som vuxna individer, vad som är ovanlig för dykare. Den äldsta individen i fångenskap levde 10 år.[4]
Arten hotas av habitatförstörelse och jakt för köttets skull. I vissa regioner som Comoé nationalpark minskade beståndet med 90 procent under de senaste 20 åren. Hela populationen listas dock av IUCN som livskraftig (LC).[2]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Maxwells dykare.
Maxwells dykare (Cephalophus maxwellii eller Philantomba maxwellii) är en liten antilop som förekommer i västra Afrika. Arten räknas tillsammans med blå dykare (Cephalophus monticola) till undersläktet Philantomba som ibland räknas som självständig släkte.
Philantomba maxwellii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được C. H. Smith mô tả năm 1827.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Cephalophus maxwellii tại Wikimedia Commons
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Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Philantomba maxwellii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được C. H. Smith mô tả năm 1827.
맥스웰다이커(Philantomba maxwellii)는 서아프리카에서 발견되는 작은 다이커이다.[2] 소과에 속하는 유제류의 일종이다. 몸길이는 76cm, 어깨 높이는 14.5~16cm, 몸무게는 약 5kg 정도이다. 가장 작은 다이커 중의 하나이다.
맥스웰다이커(Philantomba maxwellii)는 서아프리카에서 발견되는 작은 다이커이다. 소과에 속하는 유제류의 일종이다. 몸길이는 76cm, 어깨 높이는 14.5~16cm, 몸무게는 약 5kg 정도이다. 가장 작은 다이커 중의 하나이다.
_Cephalophus_maxwelli.png)
