dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 26.8 years (captivity) Observations: One wild born specimen was about 26.8 years of age when it died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Lynx populations are affected by reductions in hare populations through increased mortality among kittens and reduced pregnancy rates. Indeed, the only direct affect on adults seems to be hunger and not increased mortality. Litters are larger and kittens healthier in years when hare populations are large and food is plentiful.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior ( Inglês )

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Communication and perception are probably similar to that of other cats. In addition to having good vision to facilitate hunting, these animals have excellent hearing. Scents are probably used in marking territories. Tactile communication is likely to occur between mates, as well as between mothers and their offspring. Communication through vocalizations occurs as well.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

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Lynx are listed in CITES Appendix II, and they are listed as threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and endangered in the state of Michigan.

US Federal List: threatened

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: endangered

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Canadian lynx are not known to have a negative impact on human economies.

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

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Canadian lynx have been exploited for their fur since the seventeenth century. With restrictions on trade in furs of large cats in the late 1960's, and subsequent reduction of ocelot and margay populations by fur trappers, increased attention has been focused on the pelts of Canadian lynx. However, it seems that the greatest pressure on populations of lynx remains the size of hare populations, not trappers. Lynx help control populations of small mammals, such as snowshoe hares and voles, that are agricultural or silvicultural pests.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

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As predators, Canadian lynx are important in regulating the populations of their prey. This is particularly noticeable in the cycle of populations of lynx and snowshoe hares.

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

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Canadian lynx are strictly carnivores. Snowshoe hares are of particular importance in the diet of these cats, and populations of the two are known to fluctuate in linked cycles with periods of about 9.6 years. In these cycles, there is a slight lag between hare and lynx populations. Although in some areas, such as Cape Breton Island, lynx prey exclusively on hares, in other areas they also take rodents, birds and fish.

In the fall and winter, lynx will kill and eat deer and other large ungulates that are weakened by the rutting season. They also utilize carcasses left by human hunters.

Canadian lynx only eat meat. Snowshoe hares are a very important food for these cats, and when there are fewer hares to eat, the number of lynx decreases. In some areas, such as Cape Breton Island, lynx eat only hares, but in other areas they also feast on rodents, birds and fish. If they can find a deer that is very weak or sick, lynx will kill and eat it. They also feed off carcasses left by human hunters.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; fish; carrion

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Major populations of Canadian lynx, Lynx canadensis, are found throughout Canada, in western Montana, and in nearby parts of Idaho and Washington. There are small populations in New England and Utah and possibly in Oregon, Wyoming and Colorado as well.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat ( Inglês )

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Lynx usually live in mature forests with dense undergrowth but can also be found in more open forests, rocky areas or tundra.

Terrestrial Biomes: tundra ; forest

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

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In the wild, lynx have lived as long as 14.5 years. In captivity, lifespans of 26.75 years have been recorded.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
14.5 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
26.75 (high) years.

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( Inglês )

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The coloration of lynx varies, but is normally yellowish-brown. The upper parts may have a frosted, gray look and the underside may be more buff. Many individuals have dark spots. The tail is quite short and is often ringed and tipped with black. The fur on the body is long and thick. The hair is particularly long on the neck in winter. The triangular ears are tipped with tufts of long black hairs. The paws are quite large and furry, helping to distribute the weight of the animal when moving on snow.

Head-body length is between 670 and 1,067 mm and tail length ranges from 50 to 130 mm. Amimals typically weigh between 4.5 and 17.3 kg. On average, males weigh slightly more than females.

Range mass: 4.5 to 17.3 kg.

Range length: 670 to 1,067 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

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Predators of these cats have not been reported. However, one can assume that young kittens are vulnerable to other large carnivores, such as wolves and bears.

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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction ( Inglês )

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The mating system of these animals is not reported. However, female home ranges are usually encompassed by the home range of a male, and the home ranges of multiple females may overlap. This distribution, in conjuction with the slight sexual dimorphism, indicate that the species is probably polygynous.

Females enter estrus only once per year and raise one litter per year. Estrus lasts 1 to 2 days. Mating in February and March is folowed by a gestation period of from 8 to 10 weeks. Litters typically have 2 or 3 kittens, though the number may range from 1 to 5. Lynx weigh about 200 g at birth. Lactation lasts for 5 months, although kittens eat some meat as early as one month of age.

Males do not participate in parental care. Young remain with the mother until the following winter's mating season, and siblings may remain together for a while after separation from the mother. Females reach sexual maturity at 21 months and males at 33 months.

Breeding interval: Lynx can breed once per year.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in January and February.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 6.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Range gestation period: 56 to 70 days.

Average weaning age: 150 days.

Average time to independence: 10 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 21 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 33 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 204 g.

Average number of offspring: 3.5.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
573 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
498 days.

Females give birth to their young in fallen logs, stumps, clumps of timber, or similar tangles of roots and branches. This, one assumes, helps to protect the young from potential predators.

All parental care is provided by females. Young are altricial at birth, but have well-developed pelage. Nursing lasts for about 5 months, after which the young eat prey. Mothers may help to educate their young in hunting techniques, and cooperative hunting has been observed.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Fox, D. and T. Murphy 2002. "Lynx canadensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lynx_canadensis.html
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David L. Fox, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tiffany Murphy, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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fur trade ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors

the species is valued for its thick fur and their population is declining.it is also threatened by habitat loss.

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петя спасова
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Associated Plant Communities ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
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citação bibliográfica
Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Common Names ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
Canada lynx

Canadian lynx

gray lynx

gray wildcat

lynx

wildcat
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citação bibliográfica
Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Direct Effects of Fire ( Inglês )

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DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS:
There is no reported and probably no significant direct fire-related mortality for Canada lynxes.
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citação bibliográfica
Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals

The Canada lynx occurs from Alaska south to British Columbia and east to the Atlantic Coast of Canada. The southern portion of the Canada lynx's range extends to isolated portions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Colorado. Small populations of Canada lynxes exist in northern Minnesota, northern Wisconsin, New Hampshire, Vermont [28,88,108], and Maine [28]. NatureServe provides a distributional map for the Canada lynx.

Lynx canadensis canadensis occurs in all of the areas listed above except Newfoundland [47,48,106,114], and Lynx canadensis subsolanus occurs in Newfoundland only [47,48,106].

The following lists are speculative and are based on the habitat characteristics and species composition of communities Canada lynxes are known to occupy. There is not conclusive evidence that Canada lynxes occur in all the habitat types listed, and some community types, especially those used rarely, may have been omitted. See Preferred Habitat for more detail.

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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Food Habits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: forest, woodland

Canada lynxes utilize regenerating forest stands for foraging habitat [2] (see Preferred Habitat). Mammals comprise the largest portion of the Canada lynx's diet, followed by birds [98,110]. Snowshoe hares make up the greatest biomass (35-99%) of prey consumed year-round [28,54,57,58,59,70,72,76,100].

Diversity of Canada lynx prey items increases during the summer and during periods of snowshoe hare scarcity [80]. Prey items may include red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) [52,58,73,100,110], ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) [16,90,110], great gray owls (Strix nebulosa) [33], mice (Peromyscus spp.) [58], voles (Clethrionomys spp. and Microtus spp.) [70], fishers (Martes pennanti) [87], red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) [70,101], and moose (Alces alces) and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) carcasses [70].

Canada lynxes may prey on ungulates such as woodland caribou calves, deer (Odocoileus spp.) calves, and Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli) lambs, but ungulate dietary importance is insignificant [58,91,95,101].

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citação bibliográfica
Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Habitat-related Fire Effects ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fire Effects Information System Animals
More info for the terms: cover, fire exclusion, fire regime, forest, frequency, fresh, fuel, prescribed fire, severity, shrub, shrubs, succession, tundra

Fire is important for maintaining high-quality habitat for Canada lynxes and their primary food source, snowshoe hares [44,86]. In the western portion of the Canada lynx's range, fire exclusion may have contributed to the Canada lynx's decline [71]. Fires that create a mosaic of successional stages are most beneficial for providing foraging and denning areas for Canada lynxes [2,38,60,80,86,88,121,121]. Fire may have negative impacts on Canada lynxes and snowshoe hares in the short term due to reduced food and cover [60,80]. As succession progresses, the amount of browse increases, and snowshoe hares become more abundant [121]. Canada lynx populations increase in response to high snowshoe hare densities [50,60,80,86]. The capacity of burned areas to support high snowshoe hare and Canada lynx densities declines over time. In later stages of succession, less herbage is within reach for snowshoe hares, decreasing their population, and subsequently, the Canada lynx population [38,50]. For more information about HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS on the snowshoe hare, see the FEIS review of snowshoe hare.

The Canada lynx requires a landscape containing early [31,51,58,60,86] and late-successional [60] habitats and may be positively or negatively affected by fire [56,86,88,121]. In general, wildlife species that are associated with early successional vegetation may benefit from fuel reduction treatments. Species associated with late-successional habitat with features such as a closed canopy, a dense understory, and/or coarse woody debris may be negatively affected by fuel reduction treatments. The Canada lynx requires both, so the effects of fuel reduction on Canada lynxes may vary with the management history of an area, current habitat condition, landscape setting, and prescribed fire attributes such as size, type, frequency, and season. Canada lynxes may not be affected by fuel reduction on the stand level due to their large home ranges [84].

Snowshoe hares often abandon fresh burns if cover is sparse and nutritious browse is available elsewhere [55]. Snowshoe hares attain peak populations 5 to 30 years following fire, especially in habitat dominated by quaking aspen and birch (Betula spp.) [51]. In northern latitudes, stands approximately 40 years old may provide optimal conditions for snowshoe hares. In southern latitudes where succession occurs at a quicker rate, 15- to 30-year-old stands may provide the best habitat for snowshoe hares [38]. Little data exist on the use of recent burns by Canada lynxes [36]. Fifteen- to 30-year-old burned areas provide optimal foraging habitat for Canada lynxes in boreal forests [36,37,51,58,60,61,80,96,105,122], but 5- to 50-year-old burned areas may be used [79,86]. In the western United States, fire creates seral landscapes that are often dominated by lodgepole pine, which benefit snowshoe hares and Canada lynxes [71]. Canada lynxes require mature forests for denning and raising kittens; however, no information is currently available about the optimal age forest age for denning habitat. On the Okanogan National Forest in Washington, female Canada lynxes utilized 250-year-old subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce or lodgepole pine forests to raise kittens [58,60] (see Preferred Habitat).

Thirty-five of 39 Canada lynx dens were located in 29- to 36-year-old burned areas near Whitehorse, Yukon. Seventy-two percent of the 301 km&sup2 study area had been burned or partially burned prior the study. Details about the severity of the fire were not included. Regenerating trees and shrubs were predominantly lodgepole pine, white spruce, quaking aspen, subalpine fir, and willow (Salix spp.). Of the 35 Canada lynx dens found in burned areas, 33 were located under the deadfall of fire-killed coniferous trees. Four dens were located in unburned areas: 1 was beneath a mature subalpine fir, 2 were beneath willow thickets, and 1 was beneath a mature white spruce blowdown [96].

In northwestern Montana, Canada lynxes and snowshoe hares were found most often in forest stands on an 80-year-old burn. Twenty-three of 29 radio-telemetry locations for 1 adult male and 1 adult female Canada lynx were in densely stocked stands of young (<80 years old), 100% lodgepole pine stands; 3 locations were in mature (>100-year-old) subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce stands, and 3 locations were in young (<80 years old) Douglas-fir-western larch stringers along stream bottoms [61].

On the Nowitna National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, Canada lynxes and snowshoe hares preferred a 25- to 28-year-old burned area to a 6- to 9-year-old burn or a 100- to 115-year-old mature forest. The forest in the 3 study areas consisted of predominantly black spruce with scattered white spruce or tamarack. Most of the 25- to 28-year-old burn (197 km&sup2) was in the midsuccessional stage, but severely burned lowlands were in the shrub-sapling stage. Paper birch and quaking aspen dominated the overstory, and conifer saplings <16  feet (5 m) tall began to shade the understory in areas of dense regeneration. Maximum shrub height was 13.5 feet (4.1 m). Median percent canopy cover was 35%, and most debris piles had collapsed but not yet decayed [79].

The 6- to 9-year old burn (133 km&sup2) was in the early successional tall shrub-sapling stage. The overstory was dominated by paper birch and quaking aspen saplings 16 feet (5 m) tall. Black spruce and tamarack seedlings were <3 feet (1 m) tall and grew among dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa) and beauverd spirea (Spiraea stevenii). Severely burned areas were in the moss-herb stage. Unburned areas comprised 5.9% of the area. Maximum shrub height was 9.2 feet (2.8 m). Median percent canopy cover was 5%, and leaning and fallen trees created debris piles ≤ 4.9 feet (1.5 m) tall [79].

Mature, 100- to 150-year-old coniferous forest was dominated by black spruce and tamarack 2 to 8 inches (5-20 cm) DBH. Maximum shrub height was 5.9 feet (1.8 m), and median percent canopy cover was 30%. Despite Canada lynx's preference for midsuccessional, postfire forest, mature forest stands may be important for denning and finding alternative prey items during snowshoe hare scarcity [79].

Coarse woody debris: Following fire, it is important to leave fire-killed trees to stabilize the soil and contribute to wildlife habitat for the Canada lynx and its prey. If salvage logging is implemented, the following are recommended: 1) strictly limit the removal of dead trees to roaded areas within the urban-wildlife interface; 2) use low-impact logging techniques such as high lead cables to minimize soil damage [30]; 3) maintain sufficient densities and diameter classes of woody debris for wildlife use; and 4) avoid sensitive sites such as severely burned areas, roadless and riparian areas, and sites with erosive or fragile soil [21,104].

Canada lynxes require coarse woody debris for denning and raising kittens [18,20,29,42,58,60,119] (see Preferred Habitat). Eliminating slash by broadcast burning following timber harvest may have a negative impact on the Canada lynx. Leaving piles of slash in an area may compensate for decreased structural diversity in even-aged monocultures and clearcut areas by providing cover. Slash piles may be most valuable when they are located within or near forested cover [2].

The following table provides fire-return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where Canada lynx is important. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Fire-return intervals for plant communities with Canada lynx

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) grand fir Abies grandis 35-200 [4] maple-beech Acer-Fagus spp. 684-1,385 [25,113] maple-beech-birch Acer-Fagus-Betula spp. >1,000 sugar maple Acer saccharum >1,000 [113] birch Betula spp. 80-230 [102] tundra ecosystems Deschampsia caespitosa, Carex bigelowii, Carex macrochaeta, Chamerion latifolium, Festuca altaica, Potentilla nana, Sibbaldia procumbens, Saxifraga spp., Trifolium dasphyllum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea >100 to 500 [32,112,115] beech-sugar maple Fagus spp.-Acer saccharum >1,000 [113] tamarack Larix laricina 35-200 [81] western larch Larix occidentalis 25-350 [5,13,27] Great Lakes spruce-fir Picea-Abies spp. 35 to >200 northeastern spruce-fir Picea-Abies spp. 35-200 [32] Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir Picea engelmannii-Abies lasiocarpa 35 to >200 [4] black spruce Picea mariana 35-200 conifer bog* Picea mariana-Larix laricina 35-200 red spruce* Picea rubens 35-200 [32] whitebark pine* Pinus albicaulis 50-200 [1,3] jack pine Pinus banksiana <35 to 200 [25,32] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* Pinus contorta var. latifolia 25-340 [12,13,103] Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 [4] interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [4,9,64] red pine (Great Lakes region) Pinus resinosa 3-18 (x=3-10) [39] red-white pine* (Great Lakes region) Pinus resinosa-P. strobus 3-200 [25,49,66] eastern white pine-eastern hemlock Pinus strobus-Tsuga canadensis 35-200 eastern white pine-northern red oak-red maple Pinus strobus-Quercus rubra-Acer rubrum 35-200 [113] aspen-birch Populus tremuloides-Betula papyrifera 35-200 [32,113] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-120 [4,46,68] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [4,6,7] coast Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii 40-240 [4,69,89] northern red oak Quercus rubra 10 to <35 [113] western redcedar-western hemlock Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla >200 [4] eastern hemlock-yellow birch Tsuga canadensis-Betula alleghaniensis 100-240 [102,113] eastern hemlock-white pine Tsuga canadensis-Pinus strobus x=47 [25] western hemlock-Sitka spruce Tsuga heterophylla-Picea sitchensis >200 mountain hemlock* Tsuga mertensiana 35 to >200 [4] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types ( Inglês )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [35]:




1 Jack pine

5 Balsam fir

12 Black spruce

13 Black spruce-tamarack

15 Red pine

16 Aspen

17 Pin cherry

18 Paper birch

20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple

21 Eastern white pine

22 White pine-hemlock

23 Eastern hemlock

24 Hemlock-yellow birch

25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch

27 Sugar maple

30 Red spruce-yellow birch

31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech

32 Red spruce

33 Red spruce-balsam fir

34 Red spruce-Fraser fir

35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir

37 Northern white-cedar

38 Tamarack

52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak

55 Northern red oak

57 Yellow-poplar

58 Yellow-poplar-eastern hemlock

59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak

60 Beech-sugar maple

107 White spruce

108 Red maple

201 White spruce

202 White spruce-paper birch

203 Balsam poplar

204 Black spruce

205 Mountain hemlock

206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

207 Red fir

208 Whitebark pine

209 Bristlecone pine

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

215 Western white pine

217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

219 Limber pine

221 Red alder

222 Black cottonwood-willow

223 Sitka spruce 

224 Western hemlock

225 Western hemlock-Sitka spruce

227 Western redcedar-western hemlock

228 Western redcedar

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

237 Interior ponderosa pine

251 White spruce-aspen

252 Paper birch

253 Black spruce-white spruce

254 Black spruce-paper birch
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Inglês )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [41]:




FRES10 White-red-jack pine

FRES11 Spruce-fir

FRES18 Maple-beech-birch

FRES19 Aspen-birch

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES22 Western white pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce

FRES25 Larch

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES37 Mountain meadows
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Inglês )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest, shrub

KUCHLER [62] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:




K001 Spruce-cedar-hemlock forest

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K004 Fir-hemlock forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K007 Red fir forest

K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir forest

K094 Conifer bog

K095 Great Lakes pine forest

K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest

K099 Maple-basswood forest

K102 Beech-maple forest

K106 Northern hardwoods

K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest

K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( Inglês )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, forb, shrubland, woodland

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [94]:




109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

409 Tall forb

411 Aspen woodland

901 Alder

904 Black spruce-lichen

920 White spruce-paper birch

921 Willow
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Management Considerations ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest

Due to their dependence on snowshoe hares, management practices that benefit snowshoe hares will benefit Canada lynxes [80]. This includes maintaining early to midsuccessional habitats [36,58,60,61,80,105,122]. These habitats should be adjacent to mature forests containing coarse woody debris for denning and raising kittens [2,18,20,29,42,58,60,80,119] (see Preferred Habitat). Trapping of Canada lynxes should be flexible, based on the approximate 10-year snowshoe hare-Canada lynx population cycle [80,97] (see Trapping). Management of Canada lynxes in southern latitudes may need to differ from management in northern latitudes, due to the lack of dramatic fluctuations in Canada lynx and snowshoe hare populations in southern populations [59].

There is high gene flow among Canada lynxes despite geographic separation of distances up to 1,926 miles (3,100 km), so management should focus on maintaining connectivity of habitat within the core of the Canada lynx's geographic range [74,92]. Slough and Mowat [97] recommend a minimum effective size of 500 km&sup2 of high-quality habitat for a Canada lynx refugium during years when home range sizes for males and females do not fluctuate widely. Coordinating management across multiple ownerships is needed to prevent fragmentation of Canada lynx habitat. For detailed information about providing appropriate habitat to maintain Canada lynx populations, see the website on Canada lynx conservation and assessment strategy.

Silviculture: In intensively managed forests, even-aged regenerating forest stands should be interspersed with mature forest to provide quality habitat for the Canada lynx [2,53,88]. To produce diverse habitat, stripcutting or blockcutting may benefit Canada lynxes in boreal forests [88]. If maximizing the preharvest mammalian community is a management goal, the rate of successional convergence to mature forest may be increased by doing the following: 1) leave "moderate" amounts of downed woody matter in the harvested area; 2) leave snags and dead wood in close proximity to live trees to form clumps; and 3) leave >30% of mature trees as clumped residuals in harvested areas [36].

A short-term result of clearcutting is reducing snowshoe hare and Canada lynx densities [36,80]. In the long term, snowshoe hare abundance generally increases in clearcut areas due to an increase in browse plants and cover [36,58,60,61,80,105,122]. Clearcuts ≤15 years old probably have minimal value to Canada lynxes and snowshoe hares [80] and may not be optimal habitat for either species for 30 years [59]. In Maine, snowshoe hares did not recolonize spruce-fir habitat until 6 to 7 years following clearcutting, and populations peaked 20 to 25 years following clearcutting [65]. Large clearcuts may potentially act as barriers to Canada lynx movement [59]. Parker and others [80] recommend keeping clearcuts relatively small and maintaining a mosaic of clearcuts with mature forest and uneven-aged forest stands.

Recent trends away from clearcutting to partial harvest in northern Maine may negatively affect densities of snowshoe hares and Canada lynxes due to their preference for even-aged forests that regenerate after clearcutting or fire. More research is needed to examine the effects of specific types of partial harvest on the Canada lynx [53].

In west-central Alberta, Canada lynxes would likely benefit from short-rotation harvesting of quaking aspen [83].

Precommercial thinning decreased snowshoe hare abundance in forests dominated by lodgepole pine, subalpine fir, Engelmann spruce, and western larch (Larix occidentalis) in western Montana. This silvicultural practice may lead to an ecologically significant loss of prey available to the Canada lynx. When managing forests for high snowshoe hare abundance, the authors suggest a precommercial thinning method in which 20% of the total stand is retained in uncut 0.62 acre (0.25 ha) patches [45].

Coarse woody debris: Logs and upturned stumps in mature forests are important denning sites for the Canada lynx [18,19,20,29,42,96,119] (see Preferred Habitat). A lack of suitable den sites may reduce Canada lynx recruitment [96]. Forest thinning and salvage logging reduce the availability of coarse woody debris for denning Canada lynxes. They may also reduce the abundance of some prey species, which could be "detrimental" to Canada lynxes [20]. Snowshoe hares also utilize coarse woody debris for denning [22].

Trapping: Trapping is a major cause of Canada lynx mortality in some parts of Canada. However, due to high fecundity, especially following periods of increasing snowshoe hare availability, populations of Canada lynxes may increase rapidly [97].

An important factor in the management of Canada lynx is the vulnerability of family groups to trapping (see Development) [23]. If adult females accompanied by kittens are trapped, orphaned kittens may die of starvation [23]. During periods of prey scarcity, in which kitten survival is low, Canada lynx populations may decrease substantially due to starvation and trapping [15,23,80]. Slough and Mowat [97] and Parker and others [80] suggest restricting trapping during early winter to avoid removing adult females from their kittens.

Parker and others [80] suggest flexible harvest regulations. Controlled trapping should be limited to years of high population recruitment to reduce overexploitation. This is crucial where habitat and immigration from unexploited populations is limited [80]. A closed season should be considered during periods of low snowshoe hare densities [80].
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citação bibliográfica
Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Predators ( Inglês )

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Gray wolves (Canis lupus) [75,116], mountain lions (Puma concolor) [116], and wolverines [15,75] are predators of Canada lynxes.
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Inglês )

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [14]:



2 Cascade Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

12 Colorado Plateau
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

States or Provinces ( Inglês )

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(key to state/province abbreviations)
United States AK CO ID ME MI MN MT NH OR UT VT WA WI WY
Canada AB BC MB NB NF NT NS NU ON PE PQ SK YK
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Synonyms ( Inglês )

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Felis lynx canadensis Kerr

Felis lynx subsolanus Bangs [106]

Lynx lynx Linnaeus

Lynx lynx canadensis Kerr

Lynx lynx subsolanus Bangs [11]

Lynx subsolanus Bangs [106]



Subspecies―

Felis lynx mollipilosus Stone [106]

Lynx canadensis mollipilosis Stone [47] =

   Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Taxonomy ( Inglês )

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The currently accepted scientific name for the Canada lynx is Lynx canadensis
Kerr [10,47,106,118]. It is a member of the family Felidae. The 2 currently
recognized North American subspecies are listed below [47,118]; however,
taxonomic debate exists [106]:

Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr

Lynx canadensis subsolanus Bangs

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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Timing of Major Life History Events ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: litter, natural, parturition, phase

Mating: Canada lynxes mate in late March and early April [58,70,73,88,116]. It is unclear when females and males attain sexual maturity, but most research indicates that breeding does not occur until the second year of life [17,80,91]. On Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, most female Canada lynxes reached sexual maturity at 22 months. They were capable of conceiving as young as 9 months old; however, reproductive success depended on the abundance of snowshoe hares [80].

Reproductive success of Canada lynxes fluctuates in an approximate 10-year cyclical manner corresponding with the snowshoe hare cycle. During periods of snowshoe hare abundance, Canada lynx birth rates typically range from 73% to 93% for adults and 33% to 100% for yearlings [80,97]. One to two years following a snowshoe hare decline, the birth rate declines [97]. Adult females may continue to conceive but live births are few or none [80,97]. Of  3,130 adult female Canada lynx carcasses examined in the Yukon, Tanana, and Copper basins of Alaska, the number of Canada lynx placental scars/female decreased from 3.7 to 1.4 scars during a snowshoe hare decline phase [74].

Gestation period and litter size: Gestation is 60 to 65 days [59,73,91]. Typically, 1 or 2 kittens are born from May to July [58,73,91,96,116]. Yearling and adult lynxes may produce litters 6 weeks earlier than average during periods of snowshoe hare abundance [70]. In western Montana, litter size ranged from 1 to 5 kittens, with an average of 2.75 (n=20) [17]. During periods of snowshoe hare abundance, yearling Canada lynxes may experience increased reproductive rates, and all age classes of females produce larger litters [73,80] that average 4 to 5 kittens [97].

Development: Canada lynx kittens remain with their mother for 9 to 10 months following birth to nurse and learn how to hunt [23,58,80,97].

Social organization: Canada lynxes are generally solitary [11,28]; however, they may travel in groups consisting of a female with her kittens, 2 adult females with their kittens, or an adult female with an adult male during the breeding season [23,80]. An adult female may remain in contact with her offspring for the female's lifetime [23].

Habits: Canada lynxes are most active between dusk and dawn [28,91], and hide during the day [91]. They are active year-round [28].

Dispersal: Dispersal of Canada lynxes is characterized as juveniles dispersing from their natal area or as a response to snowshoe hare declines [85]. Kittens remain with their mother through their first winter, and natal dispersal occurs from late April to early May [97]. Maximum natal dispersal distance for females is 6.0 miles (9.7 km) [91]. Canada lynxes are capable of long-range exploratory movements of up to 600 miles (1,000 km) [97].

Mortality: Mortality of Canada lynxes is influenced primarily by the relative abundance of snowshoe hares and the amount of trapping by humans. During periods of snowshoe hare scarcity, starvation is the most significant cause of natural mortality for lynxes [58]. One year following a snowshoe hare decline near Whitehorse, Yukon, 90% (n=161) of the Canada lynx population was reduced due to starvation, dispersal, and a collapse in recruitment [97]. Female Canada lynxes may lose their litters shortly after parturition during food shortages [70]. The mean mortality rate of 8 Canada lynx kittens over 2 years in north-central Washington during a period of snowshoe hare scarcity was 88% [58]. Mortality for kittens may increase to 100% one to two years following a snowshoe hare decline [80,97]. During periods of snowshoe hare abundance, natural mortality of juvenile and adult Canada lynxes is low. Juvenile mortality may range from 17% to 50% [97].

Trapping may be a significant cause of mortality [23,97]. Mortality rates may range from 50% to 90% in areas where trapping of Canada lynxes is allowed [23,80] and 0% to 27% where Canada lynxes are protected [58]. Because yearling Canada lynxes are dependent on their mothers for survival, mortality may increase if their mothers are trapped [80] (see Trapping).

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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

U.S. Federal Legal Status ( Inglês )

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Threatened [107]
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Use of Fire in Population Management ( Inglês )

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More info for the terms: forest, natural

Canada lynxes require large habitats containing a mosaic of successional stages [2,38,60,80,86,88,121,121]. Early and midsuccessional stages of habitat are necessary to maintain populations of snowshoe hares and Canada lynxes [31,51,58,60,71,86,88]. Burned areas that are approximately 30 years old with unburned inclusions of mature forest generally provide optimal habitat for the foraging and denning requirements of Canada lynxes [36,36,37,56,58,60,61,80,96,105]. To mimic a natural disturbance such as fire, frequent habitat alteration via small patches of clearcuts [45,65,80] or burning small patches may be beneficial [59].
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Ulev, Elena 2007. Lynx canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/mammal/lyca/all.html

Kanada vaşaqı ( Azerbaijano )

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Kanada vaşaqı (lat. Lynx canadensis) - vaşaq cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

Mənbə

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Kanada vaşaqı: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

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Kanada vaşaqı (lat. Lynx canadensis) - vaşaq cinsinə aid heyvan növü.

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Liñs Kanada ( Bretã )

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Liñs Kanada (Lynx canadensis) a zo ur c'hazh tost ouzh liñs Eurazia hag un nebeud klaskourien a gred emaint en hevelep spesad. Heñvel a-walc'h eo ouzh al liñs rous a rann un darn eus e annez gantañ.

E koadegoù Kanada hag Alaska e vez kavet dreist-holl. Bez' ez eus poblañsoù bras e Montana, Idaho ha Washington ma oa bet dineret e-pad an XIXvet kantved. Raloc'h eo en Utah, Minnesota, ha Bro-Saoz Nevez c'hoazh.

Heñvel eo e feson ouzh hini liñs Eurazia. Gell-arc'hant eo e vlevenn daoust ma'z a da c'hell-ruz e-pad an hañv. Berr eo e lost met e bavioù zo hir a-walc'h ha goloet gant blev, ar pezh a skoazell anezhañ da gerzhout en erc'h. Ar pared a zo brasoc'h eget ar parezed.

Gedon, krignerien hag evned a vez hemolc'het gantañ, ha gwechoù zo kirvi ivez. Ober a ra gant e weled hag e gleved da gavout e breizhoù. E-barzh kornioù-bro 'zo eo ar c'had-erc'h (Lepus americanus) e breizh nemetañ. Er rannvroioù-se ez a kementad poblañsoù liñsoù gant hini ar poblañsoù gedon.

Un aneval-noz eo al liñs hag ezhomm en deus eus un dachenn vras. En nevezamzer e par ha genel a ra etre unan ha pemp kolen.

N'eo ket gwarezet al liñs ha war zigresk ez a e boblañs e meur a rannvro abalamour d'ar chase.

Isspesadoù

Lynx canadensis subsolanus zo un isspesad anezhañ. Brasoc'h eo eget e genderv eus ar c'hevandir ha kirvi-erc'h yaouank a chase pa ne gav ket gedon.

 src=
Tiriad liñs Kanada

Liammoù diavaez

Liñs Kanada

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Liñs Kanada: Brief Summary ( Bretã )

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Liñs Kanada (Lynx canadensis) a zo ur c'hazh tost ouzh liñs Eurazia hag un nebeud klaskourien a gred emaint en hevelep spesad. Heñvel a-walc'h eo ouzh al liñs rous a rann un darn eus e annez gantañ.

E koadegoù Kanada hag Alaska e vez kavet dreist-holl. Bez' ez eus poblañsoù bras e Montana, Idaho ha Washington ma oa bet dineret e-pad an XIXvet kantved. Raloc'h eo en Utah, Minnesota, ha Bro-Saoz Nevez c'hoazh.

Heñvel eo e feson ouzh hini liñs Eurazia. Gell-arc'hant eo e vlevenn daoust ma'z a da c'hell-ruz e-pad an hañv. Berr eo e lost met e bavioù zo hir a-walc'h ha goloet gant blev, ar pezh a skoazell anezhañ da gerzhout en erc'h. Ar pared a zo brasoc'h eget ar parezed.

Gedon, krignerien hag evned a vez hemolc'het gantañ, ha gwechoù zo kirvi ivez. Ober a ra gant e weled hag e gleved da gavout e breizhoù. E-barzh kornioù-bro 'zo eo ar c'had-erc'h (Lepus americanus) e breizh nemetañ. Er rannvroioù-se ez a kementad poblañsoù liñsoù gant hini ar poblañsoù gedon.

Un aneval-noz eo al liñs hag ezhomm en deus eus un dachenn vras. En nevezamzer e par ha genel a ra etre unan ha pemp kolen.

N'eo ket gwarezet al liñs ha war zigresk ez a e boblañs e meur a rannvro abalamour d'ar chase.

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Linx canadenc ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El linx canadenc (Lynx canadensis) és una de les dues espècies de linx que habiten a Nord-amèrica. L'altra és el linx vermell (Lynx rufus), que es troba al sud del continent. El seu parent més pròxim és el linx nòrdic (Lynx lynx), encara que pot creuar-se amb èxit amb qualssevol de les altres tres espècies del gènere Lynx.

Taxonomia

Hi ha hagut debats sobre si s'ha de classificar aquesta espècie com a Lynx canadensis o Felis canadensis, com a part d'una qüestió més àmplia pel que fa a si les quatre espècies del Linx han de trobar-se dins del seu propi gènere, o bé s'han d'incloure com un subgènere del gènere Felis,[1][2] encara que actualment el gènere Lynx està acceptat. Johnson et. al diuen que fa uns 7.15 milions d'anys, els Linx va compartir un clade amb el puma, el gat de Bengala i el gat domèstic, i que els Linx se'n van diferenciar per primer cop fa aproximadament uns 3.24 milions d'anys.[3]

Morfologia

 src=
Grup de linx canadenc

L'aspecte del linx canadenc és similar al del linx nòrdic. El seu pelatge de color marró platejat és dens i pot tenir taques fosques. A l'estiu el pelatge varia de color, tornant-se d'un color marró més vermellós. Té un collaret de pèl al voltant del coll que recorda una barba de dues puntes, una cua curta amb l'extrem negre, i flocs de pèls llargs a les orelles. Les seves llargues potes i els seus peus peluts, l'ajuden a viatjar a través de la neu profunda.

És més petit que el seu cosí eurasiàtic, amb un pes mitja que varia entre 8 i 11 quilograms, una mida del cos que oscil·la entre 80 i 105 centímetres, i una cua que fa entre 48 i 56 centímetres. Els mascles són més grans que les femelles. Tot i ser de mitjana més gran que el linx roig, la seva mida és menys variable, fet que fa que els linx roigs més grans el superin en mida.[4]

Com totes les espècies de Linx, té 28 dents, amb 4 canins per perforar i subjectar les preses. També té 4 dents carnisseres que li permeten tallar la carn en parts més petites. Per el linx utilitzi les dents carnisseres, ha de mastegar la carn de costat. Hi ha grans espais entre els quatre canines i la resta de les dents, i un nombre reduït de premolars, per assegurar que la mossegada sobre la presa sigui tan profunda com sigui possible.[5]

Hàbitat i distribució

El linx canadenc es troba als boscos del nord, arreu de gran part del Canadà i Alaska. No obstant això, està absent en les regions amb relativament pocs arbres de les grans planes i les costes, que es troben fora de l'hàbitat natural de la llebre americana. A causa de l'activitat humana, ja no se'l troba a l'illa del Príncep Eduard ni a Nova Escòcia,[6] tot i que hi ha poblacions de linx canadenc a les muntanyes de l'illa del Cap Bretó

També hi ha grans poblacions de linx a Montana, Idaho, Washington i Oregon, així com una població resident al Parc Nacional de Yellowstone,[7] però és rar a Utah, Minnesota i Nova Anglaterra.

Comportament

El linx canadenc és un animal tímid i principalment nocturn, encara que pot estar actiu durant el dia, que s'amaga a les zones boscoses particularment denses. A les regions on conviuen amb altres predadors, com el linx roig o el coiot, tendeix a caçar a zones amb més neu o més elevades. No tendeix a allunyar-se a més d'uns 100 metres dels arbres, encara que no li fa por nedar. Se l'ha vist nadant uns tres quilòmetres a l'extrem del riu Yukon.[8]

Tot i que generalment és un animal solitari, de vegades es poden veure petits grups viatjant junts. El linx recorre entre 2,4 i 4,8 quilòmetres per dia, el qual requereix un bast territori. Els seus dominis ocupen generalment entre 15 i 50 km2, encara que la mida varia molt. S'ha registrat que poden variar entre 3 i 783 km2. Quan l'aliment escasseja, el seu territori creix, i la majoria d'individus es desplacen lluny del seu territori original.[6]

Com altres felins, el linx canadenc fa servir marques d'olor per delimitar el seu territori. Els adults solen dipositar excrements sobre la neu, a les soques dels arbres o altres llocs visibles, i sovint també marquen el seu territori ruixant orina.[6]

Dieta

 src=
Linx canadenc fotografiat prop de Whitehorse, Yukon

El linx canadenc s'alimenta principalment de llebres americanes, les quals representen el 60 i el 97% de la seva dieta. Com a resultat, la mida de les poblacions de linx canadenc tendeix a anar en paral·lel a augment i declivi del nombre de llebres. No obstant això, especialment a l'estiu, també s'alimenten de rosegadors i ocells, i de vegades cacen preses més grans, com el cérvol. Com molts felins, s'alimenten de carronya quan està disponible.

El linx canadenc caça da un o dos dies i menja entre 600 i 1.200 grams per dia.

Cacen tant per emboscada com mitjançant la recerca activa de preses, variant les seves tàctiques en funció de l'abundància relativa preses.[6] Si el menjar és escàs i el linx pot causar la mort com a tantes preses com sigui possible, i emmagatzemar-les. No tenen resistència, i encara que són ràpids en distàncies curtes, no tenen la capacitat de mantenir la velocitat durant més d'uns metres. En el seu lloc, utilitzen les seves grans orelles i ulls per buscar les seves preses. Si el linx no atrapa a la seva presa en els primers segons, en general abandona la persecució per conservar l'energia.

Si el linx mata o troba mort un animal més gran que no pot consumir d'una vegada, l'arrossega a una zona oculta, com pot ser un arbust o sota una roca, i cobreix l'animal amb fulles, per tornar més tard a menjar-se'l. Aquest comportament és particularment habitual quan hi ha abundància de preses.

Tot i que el linx canadenc és un caçador solitari, les femelles i les cries cacen junts coordinants els seus atacs. Mentre un membre del grup espanta la presa per fer-la sortir d'un lloc ocult, la resta es mantenen a una distància curta, preparats per atacar.[6]

Altres animals fan servir al linx per caçar. És el cas del duc americà que se situa sobre el linx esperant que aquest faci sortir la presa del seu lloc ocult. Quan aquesta surt, el duc ataca i captura la presa abans que el linx la capturi.

Reproducció

 src=
Dos gatets de linx canadenc

La temporada de reproducció del linx canadenc té una durada aproximada de només un mes, entre març i maig, depenent del clima local. La femella entra en zel només un cop durant aquest període, amb una durada entre 3 i 5 dies.[6] La femella atreu al mascle deixant marques de la seva orina on el mascle ha marcat el seu territori, i emeten crits. L'aparellament té lloc sis cops per hora. La femella només s'aparella amb un mascle per temporada, encara que el mascle es pot aparellar amb múltiples femelles.

El període de gestació té una durada d'uns 64 dies, per tant les cries neixen al maig o principis de juny. Abans del part, la femella preparat un cau, que generalment es troba en mig d'una pendent i orientat cap al sud o sud-oest.[9]

Les ventrades estan formades per entre 1 i 8 cries, amb tendència a ser més grans quan les preses són abundants. Aquest fet suggereix un major grau de flexibilitat reproductiva que la d'altres felins, fins al punt que les femelles poden no aparellar-se en una temporada d'escassetat. Quan les cries neixen en anys d'escassetat, la mortalitat infantil pot arribar a ser de fins al 95%.

Les cries de linx canadenc pesen en néixer entre 175 i 235 grams, e inicialment tenen un pelatge grisos amb taques negres. Són cegues i estan indefenses durant els primers 14 dies, i són deslletades a les 12 setmanes.[6] Quan obren els ulls, aquests són de color blau brillant, encara que d'adults, són de color marró avellana. La mare porta el menjar als seus cadells i els permet jugar amb ell abans de menjar, com a formació de les seves habilitats de caça.

Les cries deixen el cau després de 5 setmanes, i comencen a caçar entre els 7 i 9 mesos. Als 10 mesos deixen a la mare, donat que comença la següent temporada de reproducció, però no tenen la mida d'adults fins als 2 anys. Les femelles assoleixen la maduresa sexual als 10 mesos, encara que sovint ajornen l'aparellament per l'altre any, mentre que els mascles arriben a la maduresa sexual als 2 o 3 anys. S'ha registrat que el linx canadenc pot viure fins a 14 anys en captivitat, tot i que l'esperança de vida a la natura és força més curta.[6]

Estat de conservació

El linx canadenc és capturat per la seva pell i ha caigut en declivi a moltes zones a causa de la pèrdua d'hàbitat, encara que la UICN el classifica dins de les espècies en risc mínim.[10] El 24 de març de 2000, el U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service va plantejar la seva legislació definitiva, la qual indicava que el linx canadenc es tracta d'una espècie amenaçada a 48 estats.[11][12] S'ha detectat la presència d'híbrids de linx canadenc i linx roig a la perifèria sud de l'actual distribució (Maine, Minnesota i New Brunswick),[13][14] que podria limitar la seva recuperació al sud.

El 1999, la Colorado Division of Wildlife va començar un programa reintroduint una població de linx salvatge a Colorado. Tot i que els primers senyals són esperançadors, els biòlegs diuen que s'han d'esperar més d'una dècada per determinar l'èxit del programa. No obstant això, el 2006 es va documentar el primer naixement de linx a Colorado des del 1999, en el qual van néixer 2 gatets, confirmant la possibilitat de reproduir-se amb èxit. Des d'aleshores hi ha hagut molts intents amb èxit.

El 2007 alguns d'aquests linx foren morts a trets per desconeguts. En alguns casos només es trobà el radiocollar, fet que feia sospitar el comerç de la pell, en altres casos es trobà el cos intacte.[15]

El 2010, després d'11 anys d'esforç, el linx canadenc ha estat reintroduït amb èxit a Colorado, on s'havia extingit cap als anys 70.[16]

Vegeu també

Referències

  1. Zielinski, William J; Kuceradate, Thomas E. American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection (en anglès). DIANE Publishing, 1998, p. 77–8. ISBN 0788136283.
  2. Carron Meaney; Gary P. Beauvais. «Species Assessment for Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Wyoming» (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, September 2004.
  3. Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. «The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment» (en anglès). Science, 3, 5757, 2006, pàg. 73–77. DOI: 10.1126/science.1122277. PMID: 16400146.
  4. (anglès) Endangered Resources Program Species Information Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis)
  5. (anglès) Macdonald, David W. Velvet claw a natural history of the carnivores. New York: Parkwest: BBC Books, 1993, p. 47–50. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 6,7 (anglès) Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona. Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 154–165. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  7. (anglès) Potter, Tiffany. «Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone». Nature: Year in Review. National Park Service, 13-04-2004. [Consulta: 19 març 2007].
  8. (anglès) Kobalenko, Jerry. Forest cats of North America cougars, bobcats, lynx. Willowdale, Ont: Firefly Books, 1997. ISBN 1-55209-172-4.
  9. (anglès) Slough, BG «(abstract) Characteristics of Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Maternal Dens and Denning Habitat». Canadian Field-Naturalist, 113, 4, 1999, pàg. 605=608 [Consulta: 23 juliol 2007].
  10. Cat Specialist Group (2002). Lynx canadensis. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, 2007. UICN 2007. Consultat el 15 de maig 2008.(anglès)
  11. (anglès) 65 Federal Register 16051 16086
  12. (anglès) Canada Lynx - U.S. FWS
  13. (anglès) Homyack, J.A., et al. (2008) Canada Lynx-Bobcat (Lynx canadensis x L.rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick. Am. Midl. Nat. 159, 504-508.
  14. (anglès) Schwartz, M.K., et al. (2004) Hybridization between Canada Lynx and Bobcats: Genetic results and management implications. Conserv. Genet. 5, 349-355 doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031141.47148.8b
  15. (anglès) Bronski, P. «Environment - Missing Lynx». 5280 Magazine, June 2007. [Consulta: 16 juny 2007].
  16. (anglès) "Lynx reintroduction ruled a success in Colorado" Associated Press story by P. Solomon Banda printed by The Denver Post, September 18, 2010, NY Times

Enllaços externs

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Viquiespècies



licença
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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Linx canadenc: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El linx canadenc (Lynx canadensis) és una de les dues espècies de linx que habiten a Nord-amèrica. L'altra és el linx vermell (Lynx rufus), que es troba al sud del continent. El seu parent més pròxim és el linx nòrdic (Lynx lynx), encara que pot creuar-se amb èxit amb qualssevol de les altres tres espècies del gènere Lynx.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CA

Rys kanadský ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Rys kanadský (Lynx canadensis) je jeden ze čtyř druhů rysů. Vyskytuje se v severní části Severní Ameriky.[2] Je přizpůsoben životu v chladnějších částech lesů mírného pásu a v kanadské tajze. Vyznačuje se velmi hustou a jemnou kožešinou.

Popis

Rys kanadský dosahuje délky 67–107 cm a v kohoutku měří 48–56 cm. Charakteristickým znakem je nápadná srst na tvářích a až 10 cm dlouhý hustý a jemný kožich, v létě světle šedé a v zimě stříbrobílé barvy. Ocas je 5–13 centimetrů dlouhý, pahýlovitý s černým koncem. Dosahuje hmotnosti 4,5–17 kg (průměr 8–11 kg), což je asi poloviční váha oproti rysu ostrovidovi.[3][4] Nohy má rys relativně dlouhé, zadní jsou delší než přední, což kočce dodává charakteristickou siluetu. Typickým morfologickým znakem jsou velmi široké tlapy připomínající sněžnice, které snižují plošné zatížení a umožňují rysovi pohybovat se s jistotou po zasněžené zemi. Srst, jež tlapy pokrývá, je obzvláště hustá a dlouhá.[3]

Biologie

Rysi kanadští jsou samotářská zvířata, která žijí převážně nočním životem. Velikost jejich teritoria se pohybuje od 11 do 300 km² (průměr 15-50 km²).

Jsou to výhradní masožravci. Jejich hlavní kořistí jsou zajíci měniví (Lepus americanus), na jejichž životních cyklech (populační křivka má desetiletý interval) jsou kočky do značné míry závislé. V průměru uloví jednoho za 1–2 dny. Někde je to jejich prakticky jediná kořist (až 97 %), na jiných místech loví i jiná zvířata, především hlodavce, ptáky a ryby. Jsou schopni zdolat i nemocné, slabé či velmi mladé kopytníky (především karibu). Pokud mají příležitost, konzumují i mršiny.[2][4][3]

Rysi se páří v nejčastěji v březnu (některé zdroje udávají leden-únor[4]). Po cca 60-70 dnech březosti vrhnou samice 1-6 mláďat (nejčastěji 2-3). Mláďata zůstávají se svou matkou přibližně 10 měsíců, sourozenci spolu mohou být ještě o něco déle. Pohlavní zralosti dosahují samice (21 měsíců) dříve než samci (33 měsíců). V přírodě se dožívají věku do 15 let, v zajetí to může být až 26.[3][4]

Úmrtnost mláďat silně závisí na hojnosti hlavní kořisti, tedy zajíce měnivého - pokud je jeho populace velké, úmrtnost mláďat je nízká.[3]

Chovy v ZOO

V České republice chovala rysy kanadské např. Zoo Ostrava – od roku 1998 se zde podařilo odchovat téměř třicet mláďat, v roce 2010 však zoo s chovem skončila.[5] Je chován v Zoo Brno, ZOO Dvorec a Zoo Plzeň. Mimo to jej lze najít i v soukromých chovech.

Fotografie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b VASHON, J. Lynx canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online]. 2015 [cit. 2016-02-17]. Dostupné online.
  3. a b c d e SUNQUIST, Mel; SUNQUIST, Fiona. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. S. 154-163. (anglicky)
  4. a b c d FOX, David L.; MURPHY, Tiffany. Lynx canadensis - Canada lynx. Animal Diversity Web [online]. 2002 [cit. 2016-02-17]. Dostupné online.
  5. Zoo Ostrava končí s rysy kanadskými a chová nový druh – vzácného pardála obláčkového

Literatura

  • SUNQUIST, Mel; SUNQUIST, Fiona. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. S. 154-163. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

  • Logo Wikimedia Commons Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu rys kanadský ve Wikimedia Commons
  • FOX, David L.; MURPHY, Tiffany. Lynx canadensis - Canada lynx. Animal Diversity Web [online]. 2002 [cit. 2016-02-17]. Dostupné online.
  • VASHON, J. Lynx canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online]. 2015 [cit. 2016-02-17]. Dostupné online.
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Kočkovití Malé kočky (Felinae) Velké kočky (Pantherinae) Machairodontinae Proailurinae
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Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia CZ

Rys kanadský: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Rys kanadský (Lynx canadensis) je jeden ze čtyř druhů rysů. Vyskytuje se v severní části Severní Ameriky. Je přizpůsoben životu v chladnějších částech lesů mírného pásu a v kanadské tajze. Vyznačuje se velmi hustou a jemnou kožešinou.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Canadisk los ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Canadisk los (latin: Lynx canadensis) er et rovdyr i kattefamilien. Den canadiske los er udbredt i det nordlige USA, det meste af Canada og i store dele af Alaska. Den minder meget om europæisk los, men er fysisk mindre.

Canadisk los har tæt sølvgrå/brun pels som kan have sorte markeringer. Gennemsnitsvægten er cirka 11 kg. Kropslængden er normalt 80-105 cm og skulderhøjden cirka 60 cm hos voksne dyr. Hannen bliver større end hunnen.

Den canadiske los er kendt for at vandre, og en enkelt hanlos (med betegnelsen BC-03-M-02) blev indfanget i British Columbia i 2003 og udsat i Colorado, hvorfra han forsvandt i 2007. I januar 2010 blev han fundet i en fælde i Alberta efter således at have vandret de 2000 kilometer fra Colorado.[1][2]

Underarter

Det regnes med tre underarter. Den såkaldte Newfoundlandlos (L. c. subsolanus) er fysisk større end de to fastlandslosser. Den såkaldte arktiske los (L. c. mollipilosus ) har brunere, tættere, blødere og mere ulden pels end den almindelige canadiske los (L. c. canadensis). Hovedskallen er desuden smallere, højere og noget mere buet.


Kilder

  1. ^ Los med hjemve satte verdensrekord, Jyllands-Posten
  2. ^ Canadian wildcat makes 2,000-kilometre trek home, Randy Boswell, Canwest News Service
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Canadisk los: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Canadisk los (latin: Lynx canadensis) er et rovdyr i kattefamilien. Den canadiske los er udbredt i det nordlige USA, det meste af Canada og i store dele af Alaska. Den minder meget om europæisk los, men er fysisk mindre.

Canadisk los har tæt sølvgrå/brun pels som kan have sorte markeringer. Gennemsnitsvægten er cirka 11 kg. Kropslængden er normalt 80-105 cm og skulderhøjden cirka 60 cm hos voksne dyr. Hannen bliver større end hunnen.

Den canadiske los er kendt for at vandre, og en enkelt hanlos (med betegnelsen BC-03-M-02) blev indfanget i British Columbia i 2003 og udsat i Colorado, hvorfra han forsvandt i 2007. I januar 2010 blev han fundet i en fælde i Alberta efter således at have vandret de 2000 kilometer fra Colorado.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Kanadischer Luchs ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Kanadischer Luchs nahe Whitehorse, Yukon

Der Kanadische Luchs (lat. Lynx canadensis), kurz Kanadaluchs bzw. Kanada-Luchs genannt, ist eine Art der Luchse (Lynx), die zur Familie der Katzen (Felidae) gerechnet werden. Der Kanadische Luchs ist deutlich kleiner als der Eurasische Luchs. Er ernährt sich überwiegend von Schneeschuhhasen. Die Populationszahlen von Schneeschuhhasen unterliegen einem zehnjährlichen Zyklus, die Populationszahlen von Kanadischen Luchsen folgen diesem Zyklus mit einem Abstand von einem bis zwei Jahren. Die IUCN stuft den Kanadischen Luchs als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein.

Merkmale

Die Körperlänge des Kanadischen Luchs beträgt 75 bis 105 Zentimeter. Er wiegt zwischen 8 und 13,5 Kilogramm. Die Schulterhöhe liegt bei 48 bis 56 Zentimeter. Auf den Schwanz entfallen 10 bis 15 Zentimeter. Innerhalb des großen Verbreitungsgebietes gibt es keine eindeutig feststellbaren Größenunterschiede zwischen den einzelnen Populationen. Die Weibchen sind ein wenig kleiner als die Männchen. Insgesamt ist der Kanadische Luchs kleiner als der Eurasische Luchs, auch ist sein Schwanz kürzer als der des eurasischen. Dagegen unterscheidet er sich von der Größe her von dem ebenfalls in Nordamerika beheimateten Rotluchs kaum.[1]

Die Beine des Kanadischen Luchses sind relativ lang, die Hinterbeine sind dabei etwas länger als die Vorderbeine. Unter den Pfoten besitzt er besonders dicke Haarpolster. Kanadische Luchse können außerdem ihre Pfoten besonders weit spreizen. Der Kanadische Luchs ist deshalb, verglichen mit dem Rotluchs, besser in der Lage, eine Schneedecke zu überqueren ohne einzubrechen.[1]

Das Fell ist dicht und lang und hat eine gräuliche Färbung. Es ist auf der Körperoberseite ohne auffällige Abzeichen, auf der helleren Körperunterseite ist es undeutlich dunkel gefleckt. Die Ohren sind auf der unteren Rückseite heller, sie haben die luchstypische Form. Die langen Ohrpinsel werden von einzelnen schwarzen Haaren gebildet. Die einzelnen Individuen unterscheiden sich in ihrer Fellfärbung kaum, lediglich auf Neufundland gibt es Individuen, die ein etwas bräunlicheres Sommerfell haben. Die Ohren sind plüschig und tragen an den Spitzen schwarze Pinsel. Anders als beim Rotluchs ist die Schwanzspitze des Kanadischen Luchses vollständig schwarz, beim Rotluchs ist dies nur auf der Schwanzoberseite der Fall.

Anders als bei vielen anderen Katzenarten gibt es keine Hinweise auf melanistische Kanadische Luchse.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Kanadische Luchs lebt in Kanada, in Alaska, Nord-Oregon, Nord-Idaho und im Gebiet der Rocky Mountains (Wyoming, Nord-Colorado). Er fehlt in Alaska lediglich im Yukon-Kuskokwim-Delta und im Süden der Alaska-Halbinsel sowie der nördlichen Küste des nordamerikanischen Festlands.[2]

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Verbreitungsgebiet

Ursprünglich erstreckte sich das Verbreitungsgebiet von der Baumgrenze zur Arktis über die borealen Wälder Alaskas und Kanadas bis in den Norden der Vereinigten Staaten. Dabei entsprach das Verbreitungsgebiet weitgehend dem des Schneeschuhhasen, des wichtigsten Beutetiers des Kanadischen Luchses. Sie sind mittlerweile in New Brunswick, den südlicheren Regionen von Nova Scotia und auf Prince Edward Island ausgerottet. Die südliche Verbreitungsgrenze verläuft offenbar in Reaktion auf Habitatveränderungen etwas weiter nördlich, daher kommen Kanadische Luchse im Süden nur noch in den US-amerikanischen Bundesstaaten Washington, Idaho und Montana vor. Bis in die 1960er Jahre gab es auf US-amerikanischem Boden auch noch eine kleine isolierte Population in New Hampshire. Es gibt allerdings Versuche, den Kanadischen Luchs wieder im Bundesstaat New York anzusiedeln. Grundsätzlich ist der Kanadische Luchs auf US-amerikanischem Boden aber verhältnismäßig selten.[1]

Kanadische Luchse sind anpassungsfähig und besiedeln eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Lebensräume innerhalb der borealen Waldzone. Wesentlich ist lediglich eine hohe Bestandsdichte an Schneeschuhhasen. Nach einem Zusammenbruch der Schneeschuhhasenpopulation in einer Region verlassen Kanadische Luchse gelegentlich sogar ihr angestammtes Revier und wandern weit umher.[3] In den Regionen, wo sich das Verbreitungsgebiet des Kanadischen Luchses mit dem des Rotluches und Kojoten überlappt, kommt der Kanadische Luchs grundsätzlich in den höheren Lagen vor.[4] Die Reviergröße kann erheblich variieren, die meisten Reviere sind aber lediglich zwischen 15 und 50 Quadratkilometer groß. Männchen haben gewöhnlich deutlich größere Reviere als Weibchen. Tendenziell sind Reviere im Süden des Verbreitungsgebietes größer, was darauf hinweist, dass es sich nicht um optimale Lebensräume handelt.

Nahrung und Nahrungserwerb

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Kanadischer Luchs im Schnee
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Schneeschuhhase im Sommerfell

Jagdverhalten

Luchse sind grundsätzlich Einzelgänger, die nur bei Nacht auf Jagd gehen. Ihre guten Augen und ihr guter Geruchssinn helfen ihnen, ihre Beute aufzuspüren und zu verfolgen. Luchse sind zwar keine besonders schnellen Läufer, dafür aber umso ausdauernder. Manchmal verfolgen sie ihre Beute sogar kilometerweit. Außerdem sind sie gute Schwimmer und Kletterer.

Jagende Kanadische Luchse legen zwischen 0,775 und 1,46 Kilometer pro Stunde zurück. Die typische Streckenlänge beträgt pro Tag etwa acht bis neun Kilometer. Sie wenden eine Reihe sehr unterschiedlicher Jagdmethoden an. Auf Neufundland ist der Kanadische Luchs überwiegend ein Überraschungs- oder Lauerjäger. Bei 60 Prozent der getöteten Beutetiere hatte er der Beute zuvor aufgelauert. Im Yukon ist sowohl diese Lauerjagd als auch ein aktives Suchen nach Beute gleichermaßen zu beobachten. Im Süden des Yukons, wo die Vegetation verhältnismäßig dicht ist, ist die Lauerjagd dagegen weniger erfolgreich.[4] Die Zahl der erfolgreichen Jagdversuche variiert mit der Bestandsdichte an Beutetieren. Bei einer hohen Zahl an Schneeschuhhasen war im Yukon jeder zweite Jagdversuch erfolgreich, bei geringer Schneeschuhhasendichte dagegen nur zwei von zehn Versuchen.[5]

Für den Luchs wird auch eine gemeinschaftliche Jagd von mehreren Individuen beschrieben, dabei handelt es sich vermutlich um Familiengruppen. Bei dieser Form von Jagd laufen zwei bis vier Luchse parallel zueinander über eine Lichtung oder eine Stelle mit geringer Vegetation. Es liegt auch eine Beobachtung aus dem Glacier-Nationalpark vor, bei der ein adulter Luchs Beutetiere auf zwei wartende Luchse zutrieb. Bei den wartenden Tieren handelte es sich um ein adultes und ein Jungtier.[5] Täglich frisst ein adulter Luchs zwischen 600 und 1.200 Gramm Nahrung. Nicht gefressene Teile ihrer Beute verstecken sie gelegentlich.

Beutespektrum

Als Nahrung dienen dem Kanadischen Luchs beispielsweise Hasen, Kaninchen, Grau-, Rot- und Gleithörnchen, Mäuse, Wühlmäuse sowie Fische und Vögel. Das Hauptbeutetier ist jedoch der Schneeschuhhase, der im Winter durchschnittlich 60 und im Sommer 40 % der Beute ausmacht.[6] Dieser Anteil variiert abhängig von Verbreitungsgebiet und Jahreszeit und kann bis zu 97 Prozent betragen.[4] Schneeschuhhasen spielen entsprechend insbesondere im Winter eine große Rolle, während des Sommerhalbjahres ist das Beutespektrum des Kanadischen Luchses tendenziell etwas größer und umfasst dann auch Mäuse und kleinere Vögel. In der Regel machen Schneeschuhhasen jedoch auch in dieser Jahreszeit mindestens die Hälfte der Nahrung aus.[4] Huftiere spielen in der Regel keine wesentliche Rolle, auch wenn sie gelegentlich Kälber von Maultierhirsche, Karibus und Dall-Schafen erbeuten[6] und einige Hinweise darauf deuten, dass Kanadische Luchse auch ausgewachsene Tiere getötet haben. Allerdings spielen Karibujungtiere und -kälber auf der Insel eine zentrale Rolle für die Ernährung der Luchse auf der Insel Neufundland.[6] Aas spielt in der Ernährung von Luchsen gleichfalls nur eine untergeordnete Rolle,[4] gelegentlich fressen die Luchse allerdings an frischtoten Kadaver.[6]

Die Abhängigkeit der Kanadischen Luchse führt wie bei den Schneeschuhhasen zu einem etwa zehnjährlichen Zyklus der Bestandszahlen.[2][6] Die Bestandszahlen der Schneeschuhhasen sind abhängig von der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit und bei einem hohen Nahrungsangebot steigen die Bestände aufgrund der kurzen Reproduktionsdauer und der hohen Wurfzahlen der Tiere sehr schnell an. Auf dem Höhepunkt des Zyklus beträgt die Schneeschuhhasendichte in der Regel 100 bis 400 Hasen pro Quadratkilometer und kann sogar 1700 Tiere pro Quadratkilometer erreichen. Dies führt verzögert zu einem Wachstum der Bestände der Luchse, die auf einen bis fünf Tiere pro 10 Quadratkilometer ansteigen.[6] Wenn die Hasenpopulation aufgrund der entstehenden Konkurrenz zusammenbricht, sinkt ihre Bestandsdichte auf drei bis 30 Hasen pro Quadratkilometer und erholt sich nur langsam wieder. Der Bestand an Luchsen folgt dem Schneehasenzyklus mit einer Verzögerung von einem bis zwei Jahren, da die Weibchen bei geringen Beutezahlen weniger Jungtiere bekommen.[4][6]

Fortpflanzung

Über das Fortpflanzungsverhalten des Kanadischen Luches ist verhältnismäßig wenig bekannt. Die Paarungszeit des Kanadischen Luchses beginnt Anfang März und dauert bis Anfang/Mitte April. Der Östrus dauert bei in Gefangenschaft gehaltenen Luchsen lediglich drei bis fünf Tage.[7] Es kommen nach einer Tragezeit von 63 Tagen durchschnittlich zwei bis vier Junge auf die Welt. In seltenen Fällen werden sogar bis zu acht Junge geboren.[7] Anders als die meisten anderen Katzen zeigen Kanadische Luchse eine Anpassung an ihre Lebensbedingungen. Ist die Zahl der Beutetiere gering, geht die Zahl trächtiger Weibchen und die Wurfgröße deutlich zurück. Im Yukon-Delta warfen in einem Jahr mit einer hohen Schneeschuhhasendichte von 7,4 Tieren je Hektar die Weibchen durchschnittlich 5,3 Jungtiere, und auch einjährige Weibchen trugen Junge aus. Bei einer Schneeschuhhasendichte von lediglich 1,3 Tieren je Hektar blieb Nachwuchs dagegen vollständig aus.[7]

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Jungtiere des Kanadischen Luchses

Bislang ist wenig darüber bekannt, welche Stellen Weibchen für den Wurf ihrer Jungen präferiert aufsuchen. Bei den wenigen Verstecken, die in Alaska bekannt geworden sind, fanden sich diese unter Wurzeltellern oder im dichten Gewirr umgestürzter Fichten. Allen Verstecken war zu eigen, dass sie eine gute Sicht auf die Umgebung boten.[7] Die Jungtiere sind bei der Geburt 175 bis 235 Gramm schwer. Sie sind blind, aber schon gut behaart. Die Augen öffnen sich nach dem 14. Lebenstag, sie werden bis in das Alter von drei Monaten gesäugt. Das Wachstum der Jungen ist abhängig von der Verfügbarkeit von Nahrung. Bei ausreichender Nahrung haben sie in der Mitte ihres ersten Winters ein Gewicht von 4,5 Kilogramm.[8] In Jahren mit einer geringen Anzahl von Beutetieren ist dagegen die Sterblichkeit der Jungtiere sehr hoch und liegt bei 60 bis 95 Prozent.[7]

Die Jungtiere beginnen dem Muttertier ab einem Alter von etwa fünf Wochen zu folgen. Sie nehmen etwa in einem Alter von sieben Monaten erstmals aktiv an der Jagd teil. Sie halten sich bei ihrem Muttertier bis in einem Alter von etwa 10 Monaten. Völlig ausgewachsen sind junge Luchse allerdings erst im Alter von zwei Jahren. Junge Weibchen sind bei hoher Nahrungsverfügbarkeit jedoch bereits mit 10 Monaten empfängnisbereit. Bei einem geringen Nahrungsangebot werfen sie allerdings Junge erstmals mit knapp zwei Jahren. Männchen dagegen erreichen ihre Geschlechtsreife erst in ihrem zweiten oder dritten Lebensjahr.

Junge Luchse etablieren ihre eigenen Reviere zum Teil sehr weit vom eigenen Geburtsort. In wenigen Fällen liegt ihr eigenes Revier mehr als 1000 Kilometer vom Geburtsort entfernt. Die Lebensdauer von Luchsen ist ebenfalls abhängig vom Nahrungsangebot. Ein beobachtetes Weibchen erreichte in freier Wildbahn ein Alter von 14 Jahren und elf Monaten.[8]

Kanadischer Luchs und Mensch

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Fell des Kanadischen Luchses

Auf dem Gebiet der Vereinigten Staaten ist der Kanadische Luchs seit dem Jahr 2000 geschützt. In Kanada wird er im größten Teil seines Verbreitungsgebietes wegen seines Felles gejagt. Die Jagd wird durch die Vergabe von Lizenzen, Schonzeiten und Quoten reguliert.[8]

Auf die starke Abhängigkeit des Kanadischen Luchses vom Bestand an Schneeschuhhasen wurde man erstmals durch die Fangraten der Hudson’s Bay Company aufmerksam. Sie ist seit den 1950er Jahren durch zahlreiche Studien bestätigt und weiter belegt worden.[4] Wegen ihres Fells wurden und werden Kanadische Luchse zum Teil sehr intensiv gejagt. Untersuchungen zu den Auswirkungen auf die jeweilige Population sind widersprüchlich. In einigen Regionen nahm die Zahl an Luchsen in einem Zeitraum mit einer hohen Beutetierdichte sogar zu, obwohl vierzig Prozent der Population gejagt wurde. In einem anderen Gebiet kam es trotz hoher Beutedichte zu einem Zusammenbruch der lokalen Population, nachdem hier Luchse über einen Zeitraum von zehn Jahren sehr intensiv bejagt wurden.[3]

Siehe auch

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– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Belege

Literatur

  • Richard Sale: A Complete Guide to Arctic Wildlife. Verlag Christopher Helm, London 2006, ISBN 0-7136-7039-8.
  • Mel Sunquist und Fiona Sunquist: Wild Cats of the World. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 2002, ISBN 0-226-77999-8.

Einzelbelege

  1. a b c d Sunquist, S. 155.
  2. a b Sale, S. 399.
  3. a b Sunquist, S. 158.
  4. a b c d e f g Sunquist, S. 156.
  5. a b Sunquist, S. 157.
  6. a b c d e f g „Food and Feeding“. In: M.E. Sunquist, F.C. Sunquist: Family Felidae (Cats) In: Don E. Wilson, Russell A. Mittermeier (Hrsg.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 1: Carnivores. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2009, ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1, S. 83–91; hier S. 87.
  7. a b c d e Sunquist, S. 159.
  8. a b c Sunquist, S. 160.
 title=
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wikipedia DE

Kanadischer Luchs: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Kanadischer Luchs nahe Whitehorse, Yukon

Der Kanadische Luchs (lat. Lynx canadensis), kurz Kanadaluchs bzw. Kanada-Luchs genannt, ist eine Art der Luchse (Lynx), die zur Familie der Katzen (Felidae) gerechnet werden. Der Kanadische Luchs ist deutlich kleiner als der Eurasische Luchs. Er ernährt sich überwiegend von Schneeschuhhasen. Die Populationszahlen von Schneeschuhhasen unterliegen einem zehnjährlichen Zyklus, die Populationszahlen von Kanadischen Luchsen folgen diesem Zyklus mit einem Abstand von einem bis zwei Jahren. Die IUCN stuft den Kanadischen Luchs als nicht gefährdet (least concern) ein.

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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
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visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Canadae lynx ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

The Canadae lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a lynx species native tae North Americae. It ranges athort Canadae an Alaska extendin intae the Rocky Muntains an New Mexico. It haes been leetit as Least Concern on the IUCN Reid Leet syne 2002.[2]

References

  1. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Lynx canadensis". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Vashon, J. (2016). "Lynx canadensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN: e.T12518A101138963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Canadae lynx: Brief Summary ( Escoceses )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

The Canadae lynx (Lynx canadensis) is a lynx species native tae North Americae. It ranges athort Canadae an Alaska extendin intae the Rocky Muntains an New Mexico. It haes been leetit as Least Concern on the IUCN Reid Leet syne 2002.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Kanadana linco ( Ido )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Kanadana linco (Lynx canadensis) esas esas speco di linco (mez-staturo felino) ke vivas de Alaska til l'esto di Kanada e nordo di Usa. L'averajala pezo di la speco esas 11 kg, ed animali havas 28 denti.

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Loki en Nord-Amerika ube vivas kanadana linco.

Adulta linci havas solitara kustumi, dormas dum dio e chasas dum nokto. Dum chasado o periodi di riprodukto, ol povas voyajar kelkafoye 30 km per dio.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Kanadeeske lynks ( Frísio Ocidental )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

De Kanadeeske lynks (Latynske namme: Lynx canadensis) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), de famylje fan 'e kateftigen (Felidae) en it skaai fan 'e lynksen (Lynx), dat lânseigen is yn it grutste part fan Kanada en fan 'e Amerikaanske steat Alaska. Dit bist is nau besibbe oan 'e Jeraziatyske lynks (Lynx lynx), en moat net betize wurde mei in oar lid fan it lynkseskaai dat yn Noard-Amearika foar in diel yn itselde gebiet foarkomt, de reade lynks of bobcat (Lynx rufus).

Fersprieding

De Kanadeeske lynks is in bewenner fan 'e boreäle nullewâlden, dy't lânseigen is yn hast hiel Kanada, mei útsûndering fan it Arktyske noarden, de beamleaze prêrjes, de westkust fan Britsk Kolumbia en Súd-Ontario. Ek komt er tsjintwurdich net mear foar op ferskate eilannen oan 'e eastkust (wêrûnder Prins Edwardeilân), it súdwestlike diel fan Nij-Breunswyk en it fêstelân fan Nij-Skotlân, hoewol't der yn 'e bergen fan it ta de Nij-Skotlân hearrende Kaap Bretoneilân noch wol in populaasje libbet. Ek op Nijfûnlân komt er noch foar.

Yn 'e Feriene Steaten beslacht syn areaal hast de hiele steat Alaska, útsein it uterste noarden, de súdwestkust, de Aleoeten en it grutste part fan sawol it Alaska-skiereilân as de Alaskaanske Panhandle. Yn 'e legere 48 steaten besteane florearjende populaasjes yn 'e steaten Montana en Idaho, en fierders yn it Cascadesberchtme yn it Amerikaanske Noardwesten en yn it Nasjonaal Park Yellowstone en it Nasjonaal Wâld Medicine Bow, beide yn 'e steat Wyoming. Yn 'e súdliker Rocky Mountains (yn Utah en Kolorado) is de Kanadeeske lynsk seldsum, krekt as yn Opper-Michigan en yn it noarden fan Minnesota, Wiskonsin en Nij-Ingelân.

Uterlike skaaimerken

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It ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks.

De Kanadeeske lynks hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 70-100 sm, mei in sturtlingte fan 5-14 sm, in skofthichte fan 50-60 sm en in gewicht fan 8-11 kg. De mantsjes binne wat grutter as de wyfkes. Kanadeeske lynksen hawwe in tichte pels dy't normaal sulverich brún is mei mooglik swarte plakken, al skaait er simmerdeis faak wat readbrunich út. Under it kin hawwe se in oan wjerskanten nei ûnderen ta útstekkende hierrige kraach mei swarte úteinen, dy't liket op in twapuntich burd. De yn ferhâlding ta oare kateftigen lytseftige earen binne elk toaid mei in nei boppen ta wizend toefke. De Kanadeeske lynks hat lange skonken mei oergrutte, swierbehierre poaten, dy't bedoeld binne om it gewicht fan it bist sa te ferdielen dat er net sa gau troch in sniedek hinne sakket.

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In ferliking fan 'e koppen fan 'e reade lynks (boppe) en de Kanadeeske lynks.

Al mei al liket de Kanadeeske lynks tige by tige op 'e Jeraziatyske lynks (Lynx lynx), dy't yn Jeropa en Aazje foarkomt. Dat is ek net sa nuver, want dy beide soarten binne nau besibbe. It súdlike diel fan it ferspriedingsgebiet fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks oerlapet dat fan 'e reade lynx of bobcat (Lynx rufus), wêrmei't er net betize wurde moat. Oer it generaal binne Kanadeeske lynksen grutter fan stal as reade lynksen, mar de grutte fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks is in stik minder fariabel, mei as gefolch dat grutte reade lynksen grutter wêze kinne as Kanadeeske lynksen. It dúdlikst ferskille de beide soarten yn it oansjen fan 'e kop, mei't de kinkraach fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks folle grutter is, en de reade lynks boppedat amper toeften oan 'e earen hat.

Biotoop

Kanadeeske lynksen binne wâldbewenners, dy't har it bêst thúsfiele yn 'e útstrutsen nullewâlden fan it noarden. Se weagje har wolris bûten de bosk, mar fiele har dêr neat te noflik en bliuwe yn sokke gefallen frijwol altyd binnen 100 m fan 'e wâldsigge, en by gefaar of fersteuring lûke se har gau-gau tusken de beammen werom. Yn gebieten dêr't har areaal dat fan oare rôfdieren fan ferlykbere grutte oerlapet (lykas de reade lynks of de prêrjewolf) jeie Kanadeeske lynksen benammen op terrein mei djippere snie of dat heger yn 'e bergen leit.

Hâlden en dragen

De Kanadeeske lynks is almeast nachts aktyf, hoewol't er strikt nommen gjin nachtdier is om't er ek oerdeis wol foar 't ljocht komt. It grutste part fan 'e dei bringt er lykwols yn rêst yn in útsûnderlik ticht stik wâld troch. Kanadeeske lynksen hawwe in grut territoarium, fan trochinoar 15-50 km², ôfhinklik fan 'e gesteldheid fan it terrein en de beskikberens fan proaidieren. It territoarium wurdt ôfset mei geurflaggen fan urine of kjitte. Hoewol't de Kanadeeske lynks eins in solitêr libjend bist is, jeie wyfkes en healfolwoeksen jongen soms mienskiplik. Iepen terrein hâlde Kanadeeske lynksen net fan, mar swimmen wurde se net oars fan; der is in gefal bekend fan in lynks dy't waarnommen waard by in swimtocht fan 2½ km by it oerstekken fan 'e rivier de Yukon.

 src=
In Kanadeeske lynks fan deunby.

De peartiid duorret foar de Kanadeeske lynks likernôch in moanne, fan maart oant maaie, ôfhinklik fan it pleatslike klimaat. Dêrby binne yndividuële wyfkes mar 3-5 dagen maartsk. Mantsjes wurde oanlutsen trochdat sokke wyfkes geurflaggen fan mantsjes oerdekke mei har eigen urine en trochdat se om it hoartsje leven jouwe. Wyfkes pearje mar mei ien mantsje per pearseizoen, mar mantsjes binne faak polygaam.

Nei in draachtiid fan sa'n 64 dagen wurde der yn maaie of begjin juny 1-4 jongen berne yn in nêst dat it wyfke oanlein hat yn in tichte pôle strewelleguod, ornaris op 'e súdlike of súdwestlike skeante fan in heuvel of berch. As der in protte proaidieren foarhâns binne, is de smeet grutter as wannear't dat net it gefal is. Sterker noch, as fretten krap is, reitsje wyfkes faak hielendal net maartsk. De jongen weagje by de berte 175-235 g, hawwe in griisbêzje pels mei swarte plakken, en binne de earste fjirtjin blyn en helpleas. Mei 5 wiken ferlitte de jongen it nêst, en mei 12 wiken wurde se ôfwûn. Yn 't earstoan bringt de mem harren dan libbene proai, dêr't se mei omboartsje meie foar't se it opfrette. Dit wrede hâlden en dragen is ûnmisber foar it oanlearen fan jachtfeardichheden. De jongen begjinne te jeien as se 7-9 moannen âld binne, en kinne dan selsstannich oerlibje. Se ferlitte har mem mei 10 moannen, oan it begjin fan it folgjende pearseizoen.

Kanadeeske lynksen binne folgroeid as se twa jier âld binne. Wyfkes binne al geslachtsryp mei 10 moanne, mar plantsje har yn 'e regel pas yn har twadde jier fuort. Mantsjes binne pas mei 2-3 jier geslachtsryp. Yn finzenskip kin de Kanadeeske lynks wol 14 jier âld wurde; hoewol't oer de libbensspanne yn it wyld gjin sifers foarhâns binne, is dy nei alle gedachten folle koarter. Natuerlike fijannen hawwe Kanadeeske lynksen net in protte; soms falle se ta proai oan wolven of poema's, mar dêr hâldt it wol mei op. De Amerikaanske oehoe, dy't himsels faak boppe jeiende Kanadeeske lynksen stasjonearret en dan besiket en gean mei de proai oan 'e haal foar't de lynks dy gripe kin, is mear in ergernis as in gefaar.

 src=
In pear jongen fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks.

Fretten

Fierwei it wichtichste proaidier fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks is de Amerikaanske hazze (Lepus americanus), dy't 60% oant wol 97% fan syn dieet útmakket. Sadwaande folget de populaasjegroei en -ôfname fan 'e Kanadeeske lynks de tsienjierrige hazzepopulaasjesyklus. Fral simmerdeis, lykwols, frette Kanadeeske lynksen ek wol oare proaien, lykas kjifdieren en beskate fûgels. Soms snippe se ek wolris in grutter bist, lykas in hartejong. Ek frette se wol ies as dat beskikber is. Om geande te bliuwen moatte Kanadeeske lynksen trochinoar 600-1.200 g fleis deis ite. Se jeie sawol fanút mûklagen as troch efterfolging en litte har strategy fierhinne ôfhingje fan 'e terreinsgesteldheid. As se in efterfolging prebearje, moatte se de proai gau te pakken krije, want lynksen binne sprinters dy't gjin úthâldingsfermogen hawwe. As in Kanadeeske lynks in proai oerweldige hat dy't te grut is om yn ien kear te beplúzjen, ferskûlet er de rest ûnder in strûk of in rots, sadat er der letter nochris fan ite kin.

Status

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In Kanadeeske lynks yn 'e neite fan Whitehorse, yn 'e Yukon.

De Kanadeeske lynks hat de IUCN-status fan "net-bedrige", mei't er yn syn ferspriedingsgebiet noch rûnom foarkomt. Lykwols is dizze soarte troch habitatferlies en oerbejaging (foar de pels) op in protte plakken yn 'e knipe kommen. Sûnt 2000 hat de Kanadeeske lynks yn 'e legere 48 steaten fan 'e Feriene Steaten de status fan in bedrige bistesoarte. Behalven fan 'e minske hat de Kanadeeske lynks ek te lijen fan konkurrinsje mei de reade lynks en mei krusings tusken de Kanadeeske lynks en de reade lynks, de saneamde "blynks" (in gearlûking fan bobcat en lynx). Sûnt 1999 is der in programma geande om 'e Kanadeeske lynks te reyntrodusearjen yn Kolorado, dêr't er yn 'e 1970-er jierren útstoarn wie. Nettsjinsteande tsjinwurking troch streupers en bistehaters, dy't ferskate fan 'e útsette lynksen deaskeaten, waard dit programma yn 2011 útroppen ta in súkses.

Undersoarten

Der binne 3 erkende ûndersoarten fan 'e Kanadeeske lynx:

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • de Nijfûnlânske lynks (Lynx canadensis subsolanus): dizze ûndersoarte is grutter fan stal as de fêstelânske Kanadeeske lynks, en jaget wol op rindierkeallen as der gjin Amerikaanske hazzen foarhâns binne.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Kanadeeske lynks: Brief Summary ( Frísio Ocidental )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

De Kanadeeske lynks (Latynske namme: Lynx canadensis) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e rôfdieren (Carnivora), de famylje fan 'e kateftigen (Felidae) en it skaai fan 'e lynksen (Lynx), dat lânseigen is yn it grutste part fan Kanada en fan 'e Amerikaanske steat Alaska. Dit bist is nau besibbe oan 'e Jeraziatyske lynks (Lynx lynx), en moat net betize wurde mei in oar lid fan it lynkseskaai dat yn Noard-Amearika foar in diel yn itselde gebiet foarkomt, de reade lynks of bobcat (Lynx rufus).

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Kanadiski rys ( Baixo Sorábio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Kanadiski rys jo zwěrje ze swójźby kóckow (Felidae).

Nožki

  1. Starosta: Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik, Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch, Bautzen 1999, ISBN 3-7420-1096-4, bok 432
  2. W internetowem słowniku: Luchs
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Kanadiski rys: Brief Summary ( Baixo Sorábio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Kanadiski rys jo zwěrje ze swójźby kóckow (Felidae).

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Linx canadian ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Eth linx canadian (lynx canadensis)(1) ei un mamifèr d'America deth Nòrd dera familha des gats, es Felidae. Ei un parent proche deth linx aurasian (lynx lynx). Totun, quauques de sòns traches hèn que seja mès proche deth linx roche mès que non pas deth linx euroasian. Coma sosespècia arreconeguda eth sòn territori s'espandís des de Canadà e Alaska enquia quauques lòcs des Estats Units.

À ua pèth de color marron-plata plan dens, ua cara plan peluda e ues aurelhes longues. Eth linx canadian sembla tanben ua espècia de tamanh miei deth genre Lynx. ei mès gran qu'eth linx roche damb qui comparteish quauques traches e ei dus còps mès gran qu'un gat domestic.

Taxanomia

I a agut força discussions tà classar aguesta espècia coma Lynx canadensis o coma Felis canadensis laguens d'ua discussion mès grana sus se es quate espècies de linx an d'aver eth sòn pròpi genre o an d'éster classats damb eth sosgenre Felis (4)(5). Enquia aué, eth genre Lynx ei eth que s'a acceptat.

Johnson e d'autes díden qu'eth linx a de traches damb eth Puma, eth Leopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) e tanben eth gat domestjau, es linatges des quaus son de hè 7,15 milions d'ans. Eth linx se desseparèc eth prumèr, hè d'aperaquí uns 3,24 milions d'ans (6).

Sosespècies

Es tres sosespècies de linx canadian arreconegudes:

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx candensis subsolanus (1)

Eth linx de Tèrranova ei mès gran qu'es sosespècies continentalas e ei conegut pr'amor que caça vedèths de ren quan pòt pas caçar lebes americanas.

Caracteristicas fisicas

Eth linx canadian ei plan parièr ath linx eurasian: à ua pèth densa e de color marron plata e plan d'eri an marques neres. En ostiu era sua pèth à un corar doble que sembla ua barba damb dus ponches, ua coa cuerta damb ua linha nera e ua meca de pèu sus es aurelhes. Es sues pates son caperades damb un pèu plan long. Açò hè qu'es pès sejan plan amples tà viatjar pera nhèu prigonda.

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Es linx canadians son uns animals nocturns e timides. Tostemps solitari, de còps se poden trapar petits grops familhars que viatgen amassa.

Ei mès petit que sòn cosin aurasian e pesa demest 8 a 11 kg e hè de 80 a 105 cm de longada e deth pè ara espatla de 48 a 56 cm. Es mascles son mès grani qu'es hemelhes. Tot e que l'espècia ei mès grana qu'eth linx roche ei mens variable en mesura e un linx roche gran pòt éster mès gran qu'un linx canadian (7).

Coma toti es linx, à 28 dents e 4 canins tà nhacar e gahar es sues predes. Eth linx pòt saber on nhaca era sua preda damb es sòn canins pr'amor qu'an mès nervis. Eth linx tanben a quate dents tà copar era carn en petits troçi. Ta hèr açò à de nhacar plan. Que i à plan de horats grani demest es quate canins e era rèsta des dents. À un nombre petit de premolars tà nhacar tan hòrtament coma pòt (8).

Es adaptacions deth linx son poder moir-se plan viste laguens era nhèu damb sòns pès pr'amor qu'à uns pès damb un horat demest eth prumèr e eth dusau det deth pè e damb açò pòt virar plan viste ena nhèu.

Conducta

Es linx canadians son uns animals nocturns e timides. Totun, tanben son plan actius pendent eth jorn. S'aniden en airaus de bòsqui plan denses. En diverses regions era sua estension se crotza damb es d'autes predators coma es linx roches o es coyotes. Normalaments caçen en airaus damb ua nhèu prigonda o en territoris de nautada. Aguesti gats s'aluenhen pas mès de 90 m dera linha d'arbes e tanben shauten nadar. Un testimoni poguec vèder un linx nadant proche de 2 kms en er arriu Yukon (9).

Tot e que tostemp ei solitari, de còps ei dens petits grops que viatgen amassa. Eth linx hè de 2,4 a 4,8 km cada jorn e açò vò díder un territori plan gran. Sòns territoris poden hèr demest 1,5 a 50 km2 mès son plan desparièrs damb cases extrems demest 3 a 783 km2. Quan i à pas d'aliment en sòn territori es linx marchen encara mès luenh e paucs demoren en sòn territori original (10).

Coma d'autes gats, es linx canadians utilizen era sua aulor tà mercar eth sòn territori. Es adults deishen es materies fecals sus era nhèu o sus soques d'arbes e d'autes lòcs nauts e tanben deishen orina tà mercar eth sòn territori (10). Tanben utilizen marques visuals sus es arbes (11).

Caça e dieta

Es linx canadians mingen basicauments lebes dera nhèu, enquia un 60 a 90% dera sua dieta qu'ac son. Coma resulta, era populacion de linx ei parallela pendent dètz ans ara des lebes. Totun, e sustot en ostiu, tanben mingen rosegaires e audèths, e de còps, caçen quauque cèrvi. Coma fòrça gats mingen tanben carronha quan poden.

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Era distribucion deth linx canadian s'espandís per tot Canada e Alaska mès tanben demora en estats americans deth nòrd coma Montana, Idaho, Washington e Oregon.

Es linx canadians utilizen es sues granes aurelhes e uelhs tà cercar era preda. Caçen un còp cada un o dus jorns e mingen enquia 600 a 1200 g de carn per jorn. Caçen damb emboscades o perseguint es predes (10). Es linx poden pas còrrer plan pendent plan de temps pr'amor qu'an pas estamina en sòns cossi. Atau, que poden còrrer plan, mès sonque pendent pauc temps, dilhèu sonque pas mès d'un dotzenat de pès. S'eth linx gaha pas era preda pendent es prumères segondes normauments ac deisha estar tà conservar era energia.

S'eth linx caça un animal mès gran qu'eth e pòt pas minjar tot de còp, qu'eth portarà enquia un airau damb arroques e dempús eth caperarà damb huelhes tà minjar dempús. Aguesta actitud ei plan comuna quan i à plan de predes amassa e qu'en tuarà tantes coma poda tà poder minjar-se-las dempús.

Tot e qu'es linx canadians son caçaires solets s'a vist hemelhes e petits caçant amassa en atacs coordinats. Un linx hè qu'era preda corra mentres qu'es autes son preparats tà la tuar (10).

D'autes animals utilizen tanben eth linx tà caçar. Eth Chot de Granes Banhes demora enquia eth lynx hè gèsser era presa deth lòc. Alavetz gaha era preda abantes qu'eth linx e marcha.

Reproduccion e cicle vital

Era sason de reproduccion des lynx sonque demora un mes, de Mars a Mai, segontes eth climat local. Es hemelhes sonque ovulen un còp pendent aguest periode demest 3 a 5 jorns (5). Era hemelha sona eth mascle en tot deishar era sua orina on eth mascle a mercat eth sòn territori e lo sona diversi còps. Poden s'acoplar enquia sieis viatges pendent ua òra. Era hemelha de linx sonque s'acopla damb un mascle cada sason mès un mascle pòt s'acoplar damb diverses hemelhes.

Eth prenh demora enquia 64 jorns e, atau, es petits son vaduts en mai o junhsega. Avans deth neishement es hemelhes hèn un niu damb branques e troçi de soques o de husta caduda. Aguesti son plaçats a mieja nautada e de cara ath sud o ath sud-oèst (12).

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Eth linx canadian a sigut introdusit recentaments en er estat american de Colorado e adara se pòt díder qu'à sigut ua vertadièra escaduda.

Venen ath mond d'un a quate petits e son fòrça mès grani quan i a plan de predes (13). Açò suggereish un grad de flexibilitat reproductiva mès gran qu'en d'autes gats e es hemelhes s'acoplen pas quan era caça ei escasa. Quan i a pauques predes, era mortalitat demest es petits ei tan nauta coma un 95%.

Es petits de linx canadian pesen de 175 a 235 g quan son vaduts e de prumèr an una pèth grisa damb marques neres. Son cecs e an de besonh ajuda pendent es prumères dues setmanes e deishen de préner let as 12 setmanes. Quan dubren es uelhs son d'ua color blu hòrta mès quan se hèn grani se tornen de color marron.

Era mair que porta er aliment as petits e permèt que i joguen avans de se'l minjar e atau que practiquen es sues abilitats coma caçaires. Es petits deishen er horat as cinc setmanes e començen a caçar demest es set e nau mesi d'edat.

Deishen era mair as dètz mesi quan era seguenta sason comença mès an pas era mesura d'adults enquiath dusau an. Es hemelhes son sexualment madures un aute an dempús mentres qu'es mascles ja son madurs as dus o tres ans. Eth linx canadian a sigut vist en tot demorar enquia es catorze ans en captivitat mès quan son salvatges demoren pas tant (10).

Distribucion e abitat

Eth linx canadian pòt demorar en es bòsqui deth nòrd canadian e d'Alaska. N'i a pas enes regions sens arbes des Granes Planures e es costes deth nòrd qu'es on i à pas lebes dera nhèu. Pr'amor des umans eth lynx canadian demora pas mès ena Isla Princep Eduard o en Nòva Escòcia (10). Totun, que i à dus airaus on òc demoren linx canadians enes Tèrres nautes de Cap Breton.

I a grans poblaments de lynx en Montana, Idaho, Washington e Oregon e tanben en Yellowstone National Park, en Wyoming. Aguesta populacion s'estén per tot er ecosistema de Yellowstone (14). Que n'i a paucs en Utah, Minnesota e Nòva Anglaterra. Ei ua espècia en perilh d'escantiment en tot es Estats Units. Tanben n'i à en Medicine Bow National Forest, en Wyoming.

Un linx canadian siguec tuat prèp de Newton Abbot en eth Reiaume Unit en 1903 dempús d'atacar dus cans. Eth linx siguec portat ath Museu de Bristol e es scientifics lo classaren pas enquia cent ans dempús. Dideren qu'avia demorat en captivitat pendent un temps coma un animal exotic mès qu'aurie demorat tanben liura pendent un temps. Siguec considerat coma er esemple mès ancian d'una gat exotic en eth Reiaume Unit (15).

 src=
Enqüera aué se pòt díder que i a comerci de pèths de linx canadian. Açò hè qu'era sua supervivencia seja encara fragil.

En 1999 era Division de Vida Salvatge de Colorado començèc un programa tà reintrodusir eth linx salvatge en Colorado. En aquera epòca sonque n'i avia 96. Tot e que i avia esperances es biològs dideren qu'èren de besonh mès de dètz ans per a saber s'açò podie éster ua escaduda. Totun, es visites a horats de lynx hètes en 2003 classaren 16 petits naus linx en Colorado e en 2004 39. Pr'açò semblava qu'era operacion podie éster ua escaduda (16).

En 2007 quauques d'aguesti linx sigueren tuats per desconeguts. En quauques quasi sonque sigueren trapats es sòns colhars e se pensèc qu'avuia avut comerç illegal de pèths. En d'autes casi se traparen es animals mòrts intactes (17).

En 2010, dempús d'onze ans d'esforç, era operacion avia sigut ua escaduda en Colorado, lòc on s'avia escantit eth linx des des annades 70. Es prumèrs linx liberats qu'ac sigueren enes montanhes de San Juan en eth sud-oèst de Colorado mès tanben enes Montanhes Rocasas, en eth centre-sud de Colorado e enquia tant ath nòrd coma en eth centre-sud de Colorado e enquia tant ath nòrd com en eth comtat de Summit en 2010. En colorado er esquiròu roche ei ua dusau hònt d'aliment quan es lebes dera nhèu son escasas (18)(19)(20). I a linx solitàris qu'an marchat d'aguests airaus entàth sud des Rocosas on avien tanben sigut reintrodusits en lòcs coma Colorado, Iowa, eth nòrd d'Idaho e er èst de Nevada. En aguesti casi se deishaven dromir e minjar es animals avans d'éster aliberats (21).

Eth cicle d'abondància deth lynx

En eth nòrd de Canada era populacion de linx pòt éster contrarotlada cada un pes sues pèths. Era Companhia dera Bahia de Hudson e eth govèrn canadian qu'ac hèn des de 1730 (22). Era sua abondància ei confermada per creishements e cadudes enes pèths dètz còps mès deth normal cada cinc annades.

 src=
Malurosament es linx demoren cicles d'abondancia estacats damb eth dera lebe des nhèus. Quan n' ia plan i a enquia dètz còps mès neishements de linx en un an.

Eth linx ei un predator especialista que minja lebes dera nhèu quasi tostemps. Era sua populacion e era dera lebe dera nhèu son un esemple deth cicle de predator-preda. Factors environamentals coma eth climat o es bòsqui poden hèr qu'aguesta populacion seja mès grana o mès petita.

Conservacion

Eth linx canadian ei caçat pera sua pèth e n'i a mens en fòrça airaus pr'açò madeish. Totun, a sigut classat coma espècie en pèrilh d'escantiment (2). Eth 24 de març de 2000 eth Servici de Caça e Pesca des Estats Units classèc aguest animal coma espècia en perilh d'escantiment en 48 estats (23)(24). Es ibrids de lynx eurasian (boreal) e de lynx roche tanben an sigut vists ena perifera des populacions de linx (Maine, Minnesota e Nòva Brunswick) (25)(26). Açò que poderie cambiar eth sòn nombre en eth sud.

Referències

  1. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Nowell, K. (2008). Lynx canadensis. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved March 22, 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  3. "Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)". Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  4. Zielinski, William J; Kuceradate, Thomas E (1998). American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection. DIANE Publishing. pp. 77–8. ISBN 0-7881-3628-3.
  5. Carron Meaney; Gary P. Beauvais (September 2004). "Species Assessment for Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Wyoming"(PDF). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  6. Johnson, W.E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W.J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277.PMID 16400146.
  7. Canada Lynx, Arkive
  8. "How to Avoid Incidental Take of Lynx While Trapping or Hunting Bobcats and other Furbearers". United States Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. September 2003. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  9. Macdonald, David W. (1993). Velvet claw a natural history of the carnivores. New York: Parkwest: BBC Books. pp. 47–50.ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
  10. Kobalenko, Jerry (1997). Forest cats of North America cougars, bobcats, lynx. Willowdale, Ont: Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55209-172-4.
  11. Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 154–165.ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  12. "Chemical Communication". NatureWorks. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  13. Slough, BG (1999). "Characteristics of Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Maternal Dens and Denning Habitat". Canadian Field-Naturalist 113 (4): 605–608. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  14. "Lynx, Lynx Pictures, Lynx Facts". National Geographic.
  15. Potter, Tiffany (April 13, 2004). "Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone". Nature: Year in Review. National Park Service. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  16. Morelle, Rebecca (April 24, 2013). "'Big cat' Canadian lynx was on the loose in UK in 1903". BBC News. Retrieved July 16,2013.
  17. Martin, Jared (2013-01-29). "Endangered Species Program | ESA Success Story". Fws.gov. Retrieved 2014-07-19.
  18. Bronski, P (June 2007). "Environment – Missing Lynx". 5280 Magazine. Retrieved June 16, 2007.
  19. Banda, Solomon (September 18, 2010) Associated Press story printed as Lynx reintroduction ruled a success in Colorado byThe Denver Post and Colorado: Lynx No Longer Missing by The NY Times
  20. "DOW Declares Colorado Lynx Reintroduction Program a Success" press release Colorado Division of Wildlife September 17, 2010, accessed September 18, 2010
  21. "Success of the Lynx Reintroduction Program" Colorado Division of Wildlife Sep 7, 2010, accessed September 18, 2010
  22. "Success of the Colorado Division of Wildlife’s lynx reintroduction program" report by the Colorado Division of Wildlife, accessed September 18, 2010
  23. Weinstein, MS (1977). "Hares, Lynx, and Trappers". The American Naturalist 111 (980): 806–808. doi:10.1086/283212.JSTOR 2460337.
  24. Fish and Wildlife Service (March 24, 2000). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the Contiguous U.S. Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx and Related Rule". Federal Register 65 (58): 16052.
  25. Canada Lynx. U.S. FWS.
  26. Homyack, J.A., et al. (2008). "Canada Lynx-Bobcat (Lynx canadensis x L.rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick". American Midland Naturalist 159 (2): 504–508. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[504:CLLCLR]2.0.CO;2.
  27. Schwartz M.K. et al. (2004). "Hybridization between Canada Lynx and Bobcats: Genetic results and management implications". Conservation Genetics 5 (3): 349–355. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031141.47148.8b.

Pàgines web

  • Species portrait Canada lynx; IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group
  • U.S. Fish & Wildlife "Species Profile" and lynx article index
  • Canada Lynx research at the University of Minnesota – Duluth
  • What Drives the 10-year Cycle of Snowshoe Hares?
  • Medicine Bow National Forest (A Habitat of the Canada Lynx)-Biodiversity Conservation Alliance
  • Forest Service Canada Lynx research
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Linx canadian: Brief Summary ( Occitano (desde 1500) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Eth linx canadian (lynx canadensis)(1) ei un mamifèr d'America deth Nòrd dera familha des gats, es Felidae. Ei un parent proche deth linx aurasian (lynx lynx). Totun, quauques de sòns traches hèn que seja mès proche deth linx roche mès que non pas deth linx euroasian. Coma sosespècia arreconeguda eth sòn territori s'espandís des de Canadà e Alaska enquia quauques lòcs des Estats Units.

À ua pèth de color marron-plata plan dens, ua cara plan peluda e ues aurelhes longues. Eth linx canadian sembla tanben ua espècia de tamanh miei deth genre Lynx. ei mès gran qu'eth linx roche damb qui comparteish quauques traches e ei dus còps mès gran qu'un gat domestic.

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Lynx canadensis ( Interlingua (Associação Internacional de Línguas Auxiliares) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Lynx canadensis es un specie de Lynx.

Nota
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Lynx canadensis ( Aragonesa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

O gato cerval canadiense (Lynx canadensis en clasificación scientifica (Kerr, 1792), ye una especie de mamifero carnivoro d'o chenero Lynx, en a familia Felidae y subfamilia Felinae, que tiene a suya aria de distribución en o norte d'America d'o Norte, estendillando-se por Canadá, por Alaska y por belatros estatos d'Estatos Unitos en o noreste y en o norueste d'o país.

Se considera que en fan parte tres subespecies: L.c.canadensis, L.c.mollipilosus y L.c.subsolanus.

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Rrëqebulli kanadez ( Albanês )

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Rrëqebulli i Kanadas ( Lynx canadensis ) është një rrëqebullit specie amtare në Amerikën e Veriut . Ai shkon përtej Kanadasë dhe Alaskës që shtrihet në malet Roki dhe New Mexico . Ёshtë renditur si shqetësimi më i vogël në listën e kuqe të IUCN që nga viti 2002.[2]

Me një pallto të dendur argjendtë-kafe, fytyrë të zhveshur dhe veshë të mbushur, rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ngjan me speciet e tjera të gjinisë Lynx . Ёshtë pak më i madhe se bobkati , me të cilën ndan pjesë të rangut të saj, dhe mbi dy herë madhësinë e maceve shtëpiake .

Taksonomia

Në veprën e tij në vitin 1792 , Mbretëria e Kafshëve , shkrimtari shkencor skocez Robert Kerr përshkroi një rrëqebull nga Kanadaja, duke i dhënë asaj emrin Felis lynx canadensis . Taksonomia e rrëqebullit kanadez mbeti i kontestuar gjatë shekujve 20-të dhe fillim të 21-të. Më 1912, zoologu amerikan Gerrit Miller vendosi rrëqebullin e Kanadasë nën gjininë Lynx , me emrin L. canadensis . Deri në fillim të viteve 2000, shkencëtarët ishin të ndarë nëse Lynx duhet të konsiderohet një nëngjini i Felis, ose një nënfamilje e vetë; disa madje dyshuan nëse rrëqebulli i Kanadasë duhet të konsiderohet një specie më vete. Zoologisti amerikan WC Wozencraftri shikoi klasifikimin e Karnivora në 2005, dhe njohu rrëqebullin e Kanadasë si një specie nën Lynx , së bashku me bobkat ( L. rufus ),rrëqebullin euroaziatik ( L. rrëqebulli ) dhe rrëqebulli Iberian ( L. pardinus ). Në vitin 2017, Task Force për Klasifikimin e Maceve të Grupit Specialist të Maceve IUCN rishikoi taksonominë e falimentit, duke marrë parasysh rrëqebullin e Kanadasë aspecie monotipike .

Wozencraft njohu tre specie të rrëqebullit të Kanadasë në Llojet e gjitarëve të botës (2005):

  • L. c. canadensis Kerr, 1792 - Gjetur në kontinentin e Amerikës së Veriut.
  • L. c. mollipilosus (rrëqebulli Arktik) Stone, 1900 - Përshkruar nga mamografisti amerikan Witmer Stone nga një lëkurë dhe kafkë e një rrëqebulli mashkull të vrarë afër Wainwright , Alaska .
  • L. c. subsolanus (rrëqebulli i Newfoundland) Bangs, 1897 - Përshkruar nga zoologu amerikan Outram Bangs nga një lëkurë rrëqebulli dhe kafkë e mbledhur pranë Codroy në Newfoundland .

Një studim i dallimeve (në faktorë të tillë si ngjyra e pallto, matjet e kranit dhe peshat) midis L. c. canadensis dhe L. c. subsolanus tregoi se përveç disa variacioneve (për shembull, rrëqebulli i Newfoundland përmban një pallto më të errët sesa speciet e kontinentit), matjet standarde nuk janë dukshëm të dallueshme. Studiuesit vunë re se, duke pasur parasysh se ekzistojnë vetëm disa dallime midis dy formave, L. c. subsolanus duket se ka devijuar vetëm kohët e fundit nga forma kontinentale. Mungesa e dallimeve të konsiderueshme nën-specifike i bëri ata të dyshojnë në identitetin e rrëqebullit të Newfoundland si një nënspecie të veçantë.

Evolucioni

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Fosilet e rrëqebullit Issoire ( L. issiodorensis ), që besohet të jetë paraardhësi i katër specieve të rrëqebullit modern

Sipas një studimi të vitit 2006, bazuar në analizën gjenetike, paraardhësi i pesë linja felide - Lynx , Leopardus , Puma , Felis dhe Prionailurus plus Otocolobus - arritën në Amerikën e Veriut, pas kalimit të Bering Strait 8.5-8 Mya . Lynx u largua nga linjat e Puma , Felis dhe Prionailurus plus Otocolobus rreth 3.24 mi.Rrëqebulli Isoire( L. issiodorensis), që me siguri ka origjinën në Afrikë 4 milion vjet më parë dhe ka jetuar në Evropë dhe Azinë veriore, derisa u shua rreth 1 milion, besohet të jetë paraardhësi i katër specieve moderne të Rrëqebullit .Një studim i vitit 1987 sugjeroi që popullsitë e rrëqebullit euroaziatik që arritën në Amerikën e Veriut 20,000 vjet më parë fillimisht u zhvendosën drejt gjysmës jugore të kontinentit, pasi pjesa veriore ishte e mbuluar nga akullnajat. Popullsitë jugore evoluan gradualisht në bobketin moderne ( L. rufus ). Më vonë, kur kontinenti u pushtua nga rrëqebulli Euroaziatik për herë të dytë, popullsitë që u vendosën në pjesën veriore të kontinentit, tani të mbetur pa akullnajat, evoluan në rrëqebullin e Kanadasë.

Karakteristikat fizike

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Një pamje e afërt e fytyrës së rrëqebullit të Kanadasë. Tufat e veshit të zi janë karakteristikë e rrëqebujve.

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është një mace me madhësi të mesme, e ngjashme në shumë mënyra me bobketin. Ky rrëqebulli është midis 80 dhe 100 centimetra (31 dhe 39 in) në gjatësi kokë dhe trup, qëndron 48–56 centimetra (19–22 in) i gjatë mbi sup dhe peshon 5-18 kilogramë (11–40 lb). Me afërsisht gjysmën e madhësisë së rrëqebullit euroaziatik, përmasat fizike nuk ndryshojnë në mënyrë të konsiderueshme në shkallën e tij dhe ndoshta janë zgjedhur natyrisht për të lejuar që kafsha të mbijetojë me gjah më të vogël. Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është seksualisht seksual , me meshkuj më të mëdhenj dhe më të rëndë se femrat. Ashtu si bobketi, rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ka parakrahët më të shkurtër se pjesët e pasme, në mënyrë që pjesa e prapme të duket e pjerrëta poshtë në drejtim të përparme. Bishti i vogël, tipik i rrëqebujve, matet rreth 5.5 centimetra.

Gzofi është përgjithësisht i verdhë kafe (megjithëse pjesa e pasme ndonjëherë është gri), dhe mund të ndryshojë ngjyrën sezonalisht. Leshi i dendur dhe i gjatë e izolon atë në habitatin e tij të ngrirë. Megjithëse nuk dihen forma melaniste ose albinistike të rrëqebullit të Kanadasë, rrëqebujt "blu" janë raportuar nga Alaska. Tufat e flokëve të zeza (4 centimetra (1.6 in) të gjatë), një tipar i zakonshëm për të gjitha rrëqebujt, dalin nga majat e veshëve, të cilat janë të veshura me të zez. Në dimër, flokët në faqet e poshtme rriten aq gjatë sa duket se formojnë një rufle që mbulon fytin. Disa pika të errëta mund të shihen në pjesën e poshtme, ku lesh është i gjatë dhe i bardhë (nganjëherë me një aluzion të bufës). Ka katër thithka.Gzofi është kafe e shkurtër dhe e kuqërremtë për të grirë në verë, por bëhet veçanërisht më e gjatë dhe më e errët në dimër, me një përzierje të qimeve kafe- gri dhe bujë; njollat ​​mund të bëhen më të dallueshme gjatë verës. Bishti është i shënuar me unaza të errëta dhe, ndryshe nga bishti i bobketit, përfundon në një majë plotësisht të zezë.Putrat, të mbuluara me lesh të gjatë dhe të trashë, mund të mbështesin gati dyfishin e peshës që putrat e një bobketin mund të mbajnë.

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Ndërsa pjesët e përparme të rrëqebullit të Kanadasë janë më të shkurtër se pjesët e pasme, pjesa e pasme duket se është e pjerrët në drejtim të përparme. Vini re gjithashtu bishtin kokëfortë dhe leshin e dendur.

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ka 28 dhëmbë,i njëjtë si në rrëqebujt e tjerë, por ndryshe nga felidët e tjerë, është me katër kanina të gjata për punksion dhe mbërthim. Ai gjithashtu ka katër dhëmbë karnasialë që e presin mishin në copa të vogla. Në mënyrë që rrëqebulli të përdorë mishrat e tij, duhet të përtyp mishin me kokën në anën e tij. Ekzistojnë hapësira të mëdha midis katër kanineve dhe pjesës tjetër të dhëmbëve, dhe premolarët e dytë të sipërm mungojnë, për të siguruar që kafshimi të shkojë sa më thellë në pre.Kthetrat janë të mprehta dhe plotësisht të tërheqshme (të afta për t'u tërhequr brenda). Putrat, të zgjeruara nga metatarsalet me hapësirë ​​të gjerë , mund të përhapen deri në 10 centimetra (3.9 in) dhe të lejojnë që rrëqebulli të lëvizë shpejt dhe me lehtësi në dëborë.

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ndryshon nga bobketi në mbajtjen e tufave më të gjata të veshit, një pallto gri dhe më pak të kuqe, njollë më pak të dallueshme në pallto, një bisht pak më të shkurtër krejtësisht të zi në majë sesa vetëm në anën e sipërme, dhe putra më të mëdha. Bobketi është përgjithësisht më i vogël se rrëqebulli i Kanadasë, por mund të jetë akoma i hutuar në zonat ku rrezet e tyre mbivendosen, sepse bobketët kanë tendencë të jenë më të mëdhenj në zona të tilla.Karakali ngjan me rrëqebujt në të paturit e tufa të ngjashëm në veshët.

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Gjurmët e rrëqebullit të Kanadasë në Alaska, me gjurmë leshi

Gjurmët e rrëqebullit të Kanadasë mund të tregojnë gjurmë të leshit që zvarritet në dëborë, dhe padët e këmbëve mund të mos jenë aq të dukshme sa e bobketit për shkak të leshit të trashë. Të dy speciet ecin me këmbën e pasme, që zakonisht ndjek këmbën e përparme, dhe shpesh nuk ndjekin një rrugë të linjës së drejtë. Hapësira, ose ndarja midis gjurmëve të së njëjtës këmbë, është 12-18 në (30-46 cm) për rrëqebullin, ndërsa ajo e bobketit ndryshon midis 5 dhe 16 në (13 dhe 41 cm). Gjurmët e rrëqebullit janë përgjithësisht më të mëdha se ato të bobketit, me përshtypje dukshëm më të madhe të leshit të vëzhgueshme. Në papastërti gjurmët e rrëqebullit janë 3–3,75 në (7,6–9,5 cm) e gjatë dhe 3,5–4,5 in (8,9–11,4 cm) e gjerë, ndërsa në dëborë ato janë më të mëdha (4,5 në (11 cm) të gjata dhe 5 në ( 13 cm) e gjerë). Zona e madhe e putrave siguron mbështetje të mirë në dëborën e butë.

Ekologjia dhe sjellja

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ka tendencë të jetë i natës si preja e tij kryesore, lepuri i borës . Sidoqoftë, aktiviteti mund të vërehet gjatë ditës. Rrëqebulli mund të mbulojë 8–9 kilometra (5.0–5,6 mi) çdo ditë për të vrarë prenë,duke lëvizur me 0.75–1.46 km / orë (0,47–0,91 mph). Rrëqebujt janë notarë të mirë; një llogari regjistron një rrëqebulli duke notuar dy milje përtej lumit Yukon . Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është një alpinist efikas dhe do të shmangej grabitqarët duke u ngjitur lart në pemë; megjithatë, ata gjuajnë vetëm në tokë. Këto rrëqebuj janë kryesisht të vetmuar, me ndërveprim minimal shoqëror, përveç lidhjes së nënave dhe pasojave të shoqërimit të përkohshëm midis individëve të gjinive të kundërta gjatë sezonit të bashkimit. Individët e të njëjtit seks në veçanti kanë tendencë për të shmangur njëri-tjetrin, duke formuar territore-një "intrasexual" strukturën sociale të ngjashme me atë të gjetur tek bobketët, kougarët, shqarthave dhe ursidëve . Agresiviteti ndërpecifik dhe kanibalizmi pasues (më i zakonshëm kur ushqimi është i pakët) janë të rralla.

Në vitin 2018 u zbulua se në Maine , peshkatari do të gjuante herë pas here edhe rrëqebuj kanadaez, me mustaqet që shpesh përfundojnë duke pasur sukses kur takimet regjistrohen të dy pjesërisht për shkak të agresionit të peshkatarit dhe natyrës më pak agresive të rrëqebullit në krahasim me bobketin amerikane, i cili nga ana tjetër shërben si grabitqari i peshkut në zonat ku takohen dy mishngrënësit.

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Numri i lepurëve të dëborës( Lepus americanus , i verdhë) dhe rrëqebulli i Kanadasë (vija e zezë, në plan të parë) i shiten kompanisë Hudson's Bay

Marrëdhënia me lepurin e dëborës

Një grabitqar specialist , rrëqebulli i Kanadasë varet shumë nga lepujt e borës për ushqim. Popullsitë e lepujve të dëborës në Alaska dhe Kanada qendrore pësojnë ngritje ciklike dhe bie — në disa raste denduritë e popullsisë mund të bien nga 2.300 për kilometër katror (6.000 / km katror) në të ulët sa 12 për kilometër katror (31 / sq mi). Si pasojë, një periudhë e mungesës së lepujve ndodh çdo 8 deri në 11 vjet. Një shembull i një cikli grabitqar të preve, ndryshimet ciklike në popullsinë e lepujve të dëborës ndikojnë ndjeshëm në numrin e grabitqarëve të tyre - rrëqebujt dhe kojotat në rajon. Kur popullsitë e lepujve bien, rrëqebujt kanë tendencë të lëvizin në zona me më shumë lepuj, dhe kanë tendencë të mos prodhojnë këlysh. Në Kanadanë veriore, bollëku i rrëqebullit mund të vlerësohet nga të dhënat e mbajtura të numrit të kapur çdo vit për leshin e tyre; regjistrimet janë mbajtur nga kompania Bay Hudson dhe qeveria kanadeze që nga vitet '30. Këto cikle janë cituar si një nga shembujt e paktë të ekuacioneve grabitqare-grabitqare Lotka-Volterra , të shkaktuara nga bashkëveprimi i tre faktorëve kryesorë - ushqimit, grabitqarit dhe bashkëveprimit shoqëror. Një studim që përfshin modelimin statistikor të marrëdhënieve interspecifike të lepurit të dëborës, speciet bimore në të cilat ushqehet dhe grabitqarët e tij (përfshirë rrëqebullin e Kanadasë) sugjeruan që ndërsa demografia e rrëqebullit varet kryesisht nga lepuri, dinamika e lepurit varet si nga specie bimore në dietën e saj dhe grabitqarët, nga të cilët rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është vetëm një.

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Rrëqebujt janë zakonisht të vetmuar me lidhje shoqërore minimale.

Perimetri i shtëpis

Rrëqebujt e Kanadasë krijojnë vargje shtëpish që ndryshojnë shumë në madhësi, në varësi të metodës së matjes. Dy metodat e zakonshme janë ekzaminimi i gjurmëve të rrëqebullit në dëborë (ndjekja e borës) dhe radio telemetria ; gjurmimi i borës në përgjithësi jep madhësi më të vogla për nivelet e shtëpive. Studimet e bazuara në gjurmimin e borës kanë vlerësuar madhësitë e rangut të shtëpisë prej 11,1–49,5 kilometra katrorë (4,3–19,1 km katrorë), ndërsa ato të bazuara në radio telemetri kanë dhënë sipërfaqen midis 8 dhe 783 kilometra katrorë (3,1 dhe 302,3 mi katrorë). Si macet e tjera, rrëqebujt e Kanadasë shënojnë aromën e tyre duke spërkatur urinën dhe duke depozituar feçe në trungje dëbore ose pemësh dhe vende të tjera të shquara brenda dhe përreth tyre.

Meshkujt kanë tendencë të zënë shkallë më të mëdha sesa femrat; për shembull, bazuar në të dhënat nga një analizë telemetrike e radios në 1980 në Minesota , vargjet shtëpiake të meshkujve mbuluan 145–243 kilometra katrorë (56–94 m sq katror), ndërsa ato të femrave mbuluan 51–122 kilometra katrorë (20–47 km mi ). Studimi përkoi me një emigrim të rrëqebujve në Minesota, ku lepujt ndodhen në numër të vogël.Në një studim tjetër radio telemetrik në 1985 në Montana , vargjet shtëpiake të meshkujve mesatarisht 122 kilometra katrorë (47 km katrorë) dhe ato të femrave mesatarisht 43.1 kilometra katrorë (16.6 mi katrorë). Në një studim në Territoret Jugperëndimore të Jugut, u zbuluan se varg individësh të gjinive të kundërta mbivendosen gjerësisht, ndërsa radhët e individëve të të njëjtit seks vështirë se përkonin. Studimi sugjeroi që individët nuk tregojnë ndonjë tendencë domethënëse për të shmangur ose përzihen me njëri-tjetrin, dhe kështu mbrojnë vetëm pasivisht gamën e tyre. Shtëpitë e grave rriten me kontratë në madhësi kur femrat kanë pasardhës për t'u kujdesur dhe të zgjerohen në madhësinë e tyre origjinale në kohën e marrjes së gjirit.

Faktorë të tillë si disponueshmëria e gjahut (kryesisht lepuri i borës), dendësia e rrëqebujve dhe topografia e habitatit përcaktojnë formën dhe madhësinë e diapazonit të shtëpisë. Studimet janë përpjekur të lidhen me bollëkun e lepurëve të dëborës në një zonë me madhësitë e shkallëve të rrëqebullit në atë zonë. Një studim i vitit 1985 tregoi se madhësia mesatare e zonave të shtëpisë u trefishua — nga 13.2 në 39.2 kilometra katrorë (5.1 në 15.1 mi km) - kur densiteti e lepujve ra nga 14.7 në 1 për hektar (5.95 në 0.40 / hektarë). Sidoqoftë, disa studime të tjera kanë raportuar përgjigje të ndryshme nga rrëqebujt në kohën e mungesës së gjahut; disa rrëqebuj nuk tregojnë ndonjë ndryshim në rangjet e tyre, ndërsa të tjerët mund të përdorin gjueti në zona të vogla, duke zënë varg të vogla shtëpish. Rrëqebujt e Kanadasë në përgjithësi nuk e lënë shtëpinë e tyre shkon shpesh, megjithëse disponueshmëria e kufizuar e preve mund të jetë një faktor mjaft i fuqishëm për të bërë që rrëqebujt të shpërndahen ose zgjerojnë rrezet e tyre.

Një studim gjenetik tregoi se linçet në periferi të një popullate, duke pasur parasysh madhësinë e tyre më të vogël dhe ndjeshmërinë më të lartë ndaj variacioneve në diapazon, përballen me më shumë vështirësi në shkëmbimin gjenetik dhe kështu tregojnë heterozigozitetmë të ulët .

Dieta dhe gjuetia

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Lepuri i dëborë, preja kryesore e rrëqebullit të Kanadasë

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë gjuan kryesisht dhe pothuajse ekskluzivisht lepurin e borës; këta lepuj përbëjnë 35 deri në 97 përqind të dietës së tyre, dhe proporkioni ndryshon sipas stinës dhe bollëkut të lepujve. Megjithatë, në kohë kur numri i lepurit bie,rrëqebujt do të përfshijë kafshët e tjera në dietën e tyre - të tilla si rosat, thëllëza , urithët, ptarmigani , ketrat e kuq ,mijntë dhe të rinjtë e thundrakëve ( , dreri brilopat dhe karibuja) - megjithëse lepujtë e borës vazhdojnë të jenë përbërësi kryesor. Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ka tendencë të jetë më pak selektive në verë dhe vjeshtë, duke vrarë gjitarë të vegjël si një përbërës të vogël të dietës së tyre përveç lepurave. Arsyeja pas kësaj është e paqartë - mund të jetë për shkak të bollëkut më të madh të gjahut alternative, ose suksesit të zvogëluar në lepujt e gjuetisë. Një studim në Alaska zbuloi se rrëqebujt luanin një rol në zvogëlimin e popullsisë së dhelprave të kuqe , karibuve dhe deleve dall kur lepujt ishin shumë të ulët në numër. Ata konsumojnë çdo ditë 600–1.200 gram (21–42 oz) ushqim.Rrëqebujt janë raportuar edhe të ushqehen herë pas here me bar.

Të dy kojotat dhe rrëqebujt e Kanadasë janë grabitqarët kryesorë të lepujve të dëborës. Një studim tregoi se në krahasim me rrëqebujt, këmbët e koiotës fundosen më thellë në dëborë për shkak të madhësisë së tyre më të vogël dhe kështu një raport më të madh të zonës në këmbë në masë të trupit, duke i bërë ata të zënë pritë e tyre në vend që ta ndiqnin atë si rrëqebulli shpesh. Një studim i dy specieve në Territorin Yukon në jugperëndim tregoi se kur u rrit numri i lepujve, të dy grabitqarët vranë më shumë lepuj sesa ishin të nevojshëm për jetesën e tyre; rrëqebujt duhet të vrasin 0.4 deri në 0.5 lepur në ditë për të përmbushur kërkesat e tyre për energji, por u vëzhguan për të vrarë 1.2 hare në ditë gjatë kësaj periudhe. Koiotës, me një normë suksesi prej 36.9%, dolën si gjahtarë më të suksesshëm sesa rrëqebujt (megjithëse kjo mund të jetë shkaktuar për shkak të numrit më të madh të kojotave të rritur në popullatën e studiuar), që patën sukses në 28.7% të gjuetive të tyre. Rrëqebujt rrallë i ruanin vrasjet e tyre, ndryshe nga kojotat, dhe kjo mund të ketë çuar në konsum jo të plotë të disa vrasjeve. Gjatë rënies ciklike në numrat e lepujve të dëborës, të dy grabitqarët gjuanin për të njëjtën periudhë kohore siç bënë kur harqet ishin të bollshme, por rrëqebujt vranë më shumë lepuj sesa ata më parë.

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Një rrëqebulli që gjuan prenë e tij

Rrëqebujt kanadezë gjuajnë rreth muzgut ose natës, koha kur lepurjet e borës kanë tendencë të jenë aktiv. Rrëqebujt mbështeten në vizionin dhe sensin e tyre të të dëgjuarit për të gjetur gjahun. Rrëqebulli do të bredh ose do të presë (në atë që studiuesit shpesh e quajnë "shtretër pritë") në shtigje të caktuara ku mblidhen lepurjt e dëborës, hidhen në një lepur dhe e vrasin atë nga një kafshim në kokë, fyt ose napa e qafës. Ndonjëherë një ndjekje prej rreth dhjetë kufijve mund të jetë e nevojshme për të bllokuar prenë. Rrëqebulli ndihmohet nga vizioni i tij stereoskopik në zbulimin e preve dhe në matjen e distancave. Qëndrimi në mbulesë ndërsa gjuan ndihmon rrëqebullin të ruajë energjinë në habitatin e tij të ngrirë duke shmangur lëvizjen e panevojshme.Thundrakët e rinj u jepet një kafshim në fyt për t'i mbytur ata deri në vdekje. Rrëqebulli mund ta hajë vrasjen e tij menjëherë ose ta mbajë në dëborë ose gjethe për ta ngrënë gjatë ditëve në vazhdim. Rrëqebujt do të gjuajnë herë pas here së bashku, megjithëse studimet ndryshojnë se si kjo ndikon në nivelin e suksesit të gjuetisë në krahasim me kur një individ gjuan vetëm. Në fakt, ata mund të gjuajnë në grupe kur lepujtë janë të pakta.

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Kotele të rrëqebullit të Kanadasë lindin me sy blu.

Riprodhimi

Sezoni i mbarështimit të rrëqebullit të Kanadasë zgjat vetëm një muaj, nga marsi deri në maj, në varësi të klimës lokale. Femrat hyjnë në estrus vetëm një herë gjatë kësaj periudhe, duke zgjatur tre deri në pesë ditë. Femra tërheq një bashkëshort duke thirrur në mënyrë të përsëritur dhe duke lënë disa nga urina e saj, ku mashkulli ka shënuar territorin e tij. Miftëzimi mund të ndodhë gjashtë herë në një orë. Femra do të çiftëzohet me vetëm një mashkull në sezon, por mashkulli mund të bashkohet me femra të shumta.

Shtatzania zgjat rreth 64 ditë, në mënyrë që të rinjtë të lindin në maj ose në fillim të qershorit. Para lindjes, femra përgatit një pus për nënën, zakonisht në një furçë shumë të trashë, dhe zakonisht brenda copëzave të shkurreve ose pemëve ose mbeturinave të drurit. Pendat janë përgjithësisht të vendosura në mes të shpatit dhe përballen në jug ose jug-perëndim.

Pjella përbëhet nga një deri në katër kotele, dhe kanë tendencë të jenë shumë më të mëdha kur preja është e bollshme. Për më tepër, femrat shpesh nuk bashkohen kur preja është e pakët, duke sugjeruar një shkallë më të madhe të fleksibilitetit riprodhues sesa te macet e tjera. Në vitet e ligët, vdekshmëria e foshnjave mund të jetë deri në 95%.

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Një i ri me të ëmën

Kotelet peshojnë nga 175 në 235 g (6.2 deri 8.3 oz) gjatë lindjes, dhe fillimisht kanë lesh gri me shenja të zeza. Ata janë të verbër për 14 ditët e para, dhe zhduken në 12 javë. Kur sytë e tyre hapen, ato janë blu të ndritshme, por ndërsa piqen, ngjyra ndryshon në kafe ose lajthi. Nëna u sjell ushqim koteleve të saj dhe i lejon ata të luajnë me të para se ta hanë atë për të grirë aftësitë e tyre të gjuetisë.

Kotelet e lenë gropën pas rreth pesë javësh, dhe fillojnë të gjuajnë në moshë midis shtatë dhe nëntë muajsh. Ata e lënë nënën në rreth dhjetë muaj, pasi fillon sezoni i ardhshëm i mbarështimit, por nuk e arrijnë madhësinë e plotë për të rritur deri në moshën rreth dy vjeç. Femrat arrijnë pjekurinë seksuale në dhjetë muaj, megjithëse shpesh vonojnë rritjen e një viti tjetër, ndërsa meshkujt arrijnë pjekurinë në dy ose tre vjet. Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është raportuar të jetojë deri në 14 vjet në robëri, megjithëse jetëgjatësia ka të ngjarë shumë më të shkurtër në natyrë.

Shpërndarja dhe habitati

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë gjendet në pyje veriore dhe të përziera në të gjithë Kanadanë dhe Alaskën . Sidoqoftë, mungon në rajonet relativisht të pajetë të Rrafshit të Madh dhe brigjeve veriore, të cilat janë jashtë rrezes natyrore të lepurit. Për shkak të veprimtarisë njerëzore, rrëqebulli i Kanadasë nuk gjendet më në ishullin Prince Edward ose në territorin e Nova Scotia, edhe pse ekzistojnë dy zona të njohura të popullsisë së rrëqebullit të Kanadasë në malet Cape Breton.

Përveç kësaj, ka një popullsi të madhe të këtij rrëqebulli në Montana , Idaho , Washington , dhe Oregon , dhe një popullsi rezident ekziston në Parkun Kombëtar Yellowstone dhe Medicine Bow National Forest , Wyoming, që shtrihet në Ekosistemin më të Madh të Yellowstonit. Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është i rrallë në Utah , Minesota dhe në Anglinë e Re . Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është një specie e kërcënuar në Shtetet e Bashkuara të Aamerikës .

Një rrëqebull i Kanadasë u qëllua pranë Newton Abbott në Mbretërinë e Bashkuar në 1903 pasi sulmoi dy qen. Rrëqebulli i vdekur u ruajt nga Muzeu i Bristol dhe Galeria e Arteve dhe shkencëtarët e identifikuan atë pas analizave mbi një shekull më vonë. Ata arritën në përfundimin se ndoshta kishte qenë rob për ca kohë, mbase si një kafshë ekzotike ose pjesë e një managerie udhëtimi, por mund të ketë mbijetuar për një periudhë të konsiderueshme pas arratisjes. Ata e konsideruan atë "shembullin më të hershëm të regjistruar të një maceje ekzotike të lirshme në Mbretërinë e Bashkuar ".

Duke filluar në vitin 1999, Divizioni i Kolorados së Kafshëve të egra filloi një program duke rivendosur një popullsi të rrëqebullit të egër prej 96 në Kolorado. Ndërsa tregojnë shenjat e hershme të premtimit, biologët thonë se do të duhet më shumë se një dekadë për të përcaktuar nëse programi është një sukses. Sidoqoftë, në 2003 vizitat e rrëqebullit identifikuan 16 rrëqebull të Kolorados, të lindur në vend, dhe vitin e ardhshëm, u identifikuan 39 kotele të reja rrëqebulli, duke konfirmuar mundësinë e riprodhimit të suksesshëm.

Në 2007 disa nga këto rrëqebuj u qëlluan dhe u vranë nga persona të panjohur. Në disa raste u gjetën vetëm kollaret e përcjelljes së radios, duke çuar në dyshime për copëtimin e leshit; në raste të tjera kafshët u qëlluan dhe trupi mbeti i paprekur.

Deri në vitin 2010, pas një përpjekjeje 11-vjeçare, rrëqebulli ishte rikthyer me sukses në Kolorado , ku ishte zhdukur në vitet '70. Paraqitja fillestare ishte në Malet San Juan në Kolorado jugperëndimore, por popullata vetë-mbajtëse u krijuan në të gjithë Koloradon jug-qendrore në veri, si Summit County deri në vitin 2010. Në Kolorado ketri i kuq është një burim i rëndësishëm dytësor i ushqimi kur lepujt e dëborës janë të pakta.Rrëqebulli i izoluar individual ka endur gjerësisht nga zona thelbësore në Rockies Jugore, ku ato u rivendosën, duke rezultuar në vëzhgimin e rrëqebullit të futur në Kolorado aq larg sa Iowa, Idaho veriore dhe Nevada Lindore.

Konservimi

Rrëqebulli i Kanadasë është gjuajtur për leshin e tij, dhe ka rënë në shumë zona për shkak të humbjes së habitatit; sidoqoftë, IUCN i rendit ato si një lloj shqetësimi më i vogël. Më 24 mars 2000, Shërbimi i Peshkut dhe i Jetës së egër amerikane nxori Rregullin e saj Përfundimtar, i cili përcaktoi rrëqebullin e Kanadasë një Lloji të Kërcënuar në 48 shtetet më jugore. Hibridët e rrëqebullit të kanadas-bobketit në Kanada janë zbuluar gjithashtu në periferinë jugore të diapazonit aktual të popullsisë për rrëqebullin (Maine, Minnesota dhe New Brunswick),të cilat mund të kufizojnë rikuperimin e tyre në jug.

Në Janar 2018, zyrtarët e jetës së egër thanë që rrëqebulli i Kanadasë nuk ka më nevojë për mbrojtje të veçantë në Shtetet e Bashkuara pas masave për të ruajtur popullsinë e tyre.

Shiko dhe

Referimet

  1. ^ "Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)". Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Marrë më maj 6, 2013.
  2. ^ "Vashon, J. (2016). "Lynx canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T12518A101138963. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en". Mungon ose është bosh |url= (Ndihmë!)
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Rrëqebulli kanadez: Brief Summary ( Albanês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Rrëqebulli i Kanadas ( Lynx canadensis ) është një rrëqebullit specie amtare në Amerikën e Veriut . Ai shkon përtej Kanadasë dhe Alaskës që shtrihet në malet Roki dhe New Mexico . Ёshtë renditur si shqetësimi më i vogël në listën e kuqe të IUCN që nga viti 2002.

Me një pallto të dendur argjendtë-kafe, fytyrë të zhveshur dhe veshë të mbushur, rrëqebulli i Kanadasë ngjan me speciet e tjera të gjinisë Lynx . Ёshtë pak më i madhe se bobkati , me të cilën ndan pjesë të rangut të saj, dhe mbi dy herë madhësinë e maceve shtëpiake .

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Autorët dhe redaktorët e Wikipedia
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site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Tawurta n Kanada ( Cabila )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Tawurta n Kanada (Assaɣ ussnan: Lynx canadensis) d aɣersiw amseksum yeṭṭafaren tawsit n twurta deg twacult n tserɣuda, Yettili-d s waṭas i twurta n Urasya ɣer tfesniwt anda imusnawen ttwalin d akken-itent d yiwet n telmest, Maca tawurta n Kanada tettemcabi i twurta tazeggaɣt deg kra n iylan ugar n twurta n Urasya
Deg telmest-a llan-t 3 n tdefrin yettidiren seg Alaska deg ugafa ar Kanada ar Marikan deg uneẓul

Aglam

Tafekka n twurta n Kanada n tin yettemcabin ar wagla n tawurta n Urasya acku aglim-is d aras imal ar uzunɣid akken i llan dges kra n izmulen iberkanen, azuk-is yettawaṭ ar 11 kg, Teɣzi-ynes gar n 80 ar 105 cm ma d addud-is ar tuyat 60 cm, asallaf-is meẓẓiy
Awtem yugar tawtemt seg teɣzi d waddud d wazuk Tawurta n Kanada tla (tesɛa) 28 n telmas deg-sent 4 n uglan i tesseqdac i wegzam n weksum d tuṭṭfa n tgemrawin-is

Asismel

Tidefrin

Tamezduɣt d tudert

Taggaẓt n telmest

Ẓeṛ daɣen

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wikipedia emerging languages

Tawurta n Kanada: Brief Summary ( Cabila )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Tawurta n Kanada (Assaɣ ussnan: Lynx canadensis) d aɣersiw amseksum yeṭṭafaren tawsit n twurta deg twacult n tserɣuda, Yettili-d s waṭas i twurta n Urasya ɣer tfesniwt anda imusnawen ttwalin d akken-itent d yiwet n telmest, Maca tawurta n Kanada tettemcabi i twurta tazeggaɣt deg kra n iylan ugar n twurta n Urasya
Deg telmest-a llan-t 3 n tdefrin yettidiren seg Alaska deg ugafa ar Kanada ar Marikan deg uneẓul

licença
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
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site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Καναδικός λύγκας ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο Καναδικός Λύγκας (Lynx canadensis) είναι ένα σαρκοφάγο θηλαστικό, που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Αιλουρίδων και στο γένος του Λύγκα. Ο Καναδικός λύγκας είναι στενός συγγενής του Ευρασιατικού λύγκα. Το ζώο αυτό ζει σε όλο τον Καναδά και την Αλάσκα και σε βόρεια τμήματα των ΗΠΑ. Στο ίδιο γένος ανήκουν ο Ευρασιατικός λύγκας,ο Ιβηρικός λύγκας και ο Ερυθρός λύγκας.

Περιγραφή

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Πορτραίτο καναδικού λύγκα

Η εμφάνιση του Καναδικού λύγκα είναι παρόμοια με του Ευρασιατικού λύγκα όπως η ουρά του που έχει ασημένιο και καφετί χρώμα και φέρει μαύρα σημάδια. Το καλοκαίρι η γούνα του παίρνει ένα καφεκόκκινο χρώμα. Το ζώο αυτό έχει ένα γούνινο περιλαίμιο που μοιάζει με διπλό μούσι, μια κοντή ουρά με μαύρη άκρη και μακριές γούνινες τούφες στα αυτιά του. Τα μακριά και τριχωτά του πόδια του επιτρέπουν να ταξιδεύει μέσα στο βαθύ χιόνι.

Σε μέγεθος ο Καναδικός λύγκας είναι μικρότερος από τον ευρασιατικό συγγενή του, με μέσο βάρος τα 8 έως 11 κιλά, τα 80 έως 105 εκατοστά μήκος και με ύψος του ώμου από 48 έως 56 εκατοστά. Τα αρσενικά είναι μεγαλύτερα από τα θηλυκά.

Όπως όλοι οι λύγκες,έχει 18 δόντια, με 4 μεγάλους κυνόδοντες για να δαγκώνει το θήραμά του. Επίσης έχει 4 σελινόδοντες (πίσω δόντια που υπάρχουν στα σαρκοφάγα) για να κόβουν το κρέας σε μικρά κομμάτια.Υπάρχουν μεγάλα διάκενα ανάμεσα στους 4 κυνόδοντες και στα υπόλοιπα δόντια, ενώ έχει μειωμένο αριθμό προγομφίων ώστε να δαγκώνει όσο το δυνατόν πιο βαθιά το θήραμα.

Συμπεριφορά

Ο Καναδικός λύγκας είναι κυρίως νυκτόβιο ζώο αν και μπορεί να είναι ενεργός κάθε στιγμή της ημέρας. Ζουν επίσης σε ιδιαίτερα πυκνά δάση. Σε περιοχές όπου το φάσμα τους συμπίπτει με αυτό των άλλων ζώων, κυνηγούν σε περιοχές με πολύ χιόνι ή σε μεγαλύτερα υψόμετρα. Αυτά τα ζώα μπορούν να παραμείνουν σε μία απόσταση 100 μέτρων αλλά παρ'όλα αυτά δεν διστάζουν να κολυμπούν.

Αν και συνήθως είναι μοναχικά ζώα,μερικές φορές ταξιδεύουν σε μικρές ομάδες. Οι λύγκες περιφέρονται περίπου 1,5 με 3 μίλια κάθε μέρα. Οι περιοχές που κατοικούν κυμαίνονται μεταξύ 15 έως 50 χιλιομέτρων, αλλά είναι εξαιρετικά μεταβλητές. Όταν το φαγητό γίνεται δυσεύρετο, το μεγαλύτερο μέρος του πληθυσμού περιπλανιέται μακριά και αφήνουν μερικούς πίσω, στην αρχική περιοχή. Όπως όλα τα αιλουροειδή, οι Καναδικοί λύγκες σημαδεύουν την περιοχή τους. Οι ενήλικες συνήθως σημαδεύουν με κόπρανα πάνω στο χιόνι ή με διάφορα αρώματα.

Διατροφή και Κυνήγι

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Ο Καναδικός λύγκας κατά τη διάρκεια αναζήτησης τροφής

Οι Καναδικοί λύγκες τρέφονται κυρίως με λαγούς. Το καλοκαίρι όμως τρέφονται με τρωκτικά και πτηνά, ενώ μερικές φορές κυνηγούν και μεγαλύτερα θηράματα όπως ελάφια.

Οι Καναδικοί λύγκες χρησιμοποιούν τα μεγάλα αυτιά και τα μάτια τους για να αναζητήσουν το θήραμα. Οι λύγκες θα κυνηγήσουν κάθε 1 με 2 μέρες και θα καταναλώσουν 600 έως 1200 γραμμάρια των τροφίμων ανά μέρα. Οι λύγκες κυνηγούν κυρίως με ενέδρες, ενώ αλλάζει η τακτική τους ανάλογα με το έδαφος και την αφθονία των θηραμάτων. Οι Καναδικοί λύγκες δεν έχουν μεγάλη αντοχή στο κυνήγι, ενώ είναι γρήγοροι σε μικρές αποστάσεις, δεν έχουν την ικανότητα να διατηρήσουν την ταχύτητά τους για περισσότερα από μερικές δεκάδες μέτρα. Αν και ο Καναδικός Λύγκας είναι μοναχικός κυνηγός, τα θηλυκά μαζί με τα μικρά κυνηγούν μαζί.

Αναπαραγωγή

Η εποχή αναπαραγωγής στον Καναδικό λύγκα διαρκεί έναν μήνα,που κυμαίνεται μεταξύ Μαρτίου και Μαΐου ανάλογα με το κλίμα. Κατά τη διάρκεια της εποχής αυτής το θηλυκό προσελκύει το αρσενικό.Το ζευγάρωμα μπορεί να γίνει 6 φορές σε 1 ώρα. Ο θηλυκός λύγκας μπορεί να ζευγαρώσει μόνο με ένα αρσενικό κάθε τέτοια εποχή, αλλά το αρσενικό μπορεί να ζευγαρώσει με πολλά θηλυκά.

Η κύηση διαρκεί περίπου 64 μέρες, οπότε τα μικρά γεννιούνται μεταξύ Μαΐου και Ιουνίου. Τα θηλυκά συνήθως γεννούν 4 μικρά. Τα μικρά ζυγίζουν 175-235 γραμμάρια κατά τη γέννησή τους και αρχικά είναι τυφλά και ανήμπορα για τις πρώτες 14 μέρες και απογαλακτίζονται στις 12 εβδομάδες. Όταν αρχίζουν και βλέπουν, τα μάτια τους έχουν ένα φωτεινό μπλε χρώμα αλλά, καθώς μεγαλώνουν τα μάτια τους αποκτούν ένα καστανό χρώμα. Τα μικρά φεύγουν από το καταφύγιό τους μετά τις 5 εβδομάδες και αρχίζουν το κυνήγι μεταξύ 7-9 μηνών. Τα μικρά αφήνουν τη μητέρα τους στους 10 μήνες, καθώς αρχίζει η επόμενη περίοδος αναπαραγωγής, αλλά τα μικρά δεν φτάνουν το πλήρες μέγεθος των ενηλίκων μέχρι τα 2 τους χρόνια. Τα θηλυκά φτάνουν στην σεξουαλική ωριμότητα στους 10 μήνες, αν και συχνά αναπαράγονται στον πρώτο τους χρόνο, ενώ τα αρσενικά φτάνουν στην σεξουαλική ωριμότητα στα 2 ή 3 τους χρόνια. Οι Καναδικοί λύγκες μπορούν να ζήσουν 14 χρόνια σε αιχμαλωσία, ενώ η διάρκεια ζωής τους στη φύση είναι πολύ μικρότερη.

Οικότοποι

Ο Καναδικός λύγκας ζει στα βόρεια δάση σε όλο σχεδόν τον Καναδά και την Αλάσκα. Επίσης μεγάλος πληθυσμός ζει στην Μοντάνα, στο Αϊντάχο, στην Ουάσινγκτον και στο Όρεγκον. Υπάρχουν επίσης και στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Γιέλοουστοουν. Ο Καναδικός λύγκας είναι σπάνιος στη Γιούτα, στη Μινεσότα και στη Νέα Αγγλία. Επίσης ζει και στον Εθνικό δρυμό Medicine Bow στο Ουαϊόμινγκ.

Υποείδη

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx canadensis subsolanus
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Καναδικός λύγκας: Brief Summary ( Grego, Moderno (1453-) )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Ο Καναδικός Λύγκας (Lynx canadensis) είναι ένα σαρκοφάγο θηλαστικό, που ανήκει στην οικογένεια των Αιλουρίδων και στο γένος του Λύγκα. Ο Καναδικός λύγκας είναι στενός συγγενής του Ευρασιατικού λύγκα. Το ζώο αυτό ζει σε όλο τον Καναδά και την Αλάσκα και σε βόρεια τμήματα των ΗΠΑ. Στο ίδιο γένος ανήκουν ο Ευρασιατικός λύγκας,ο Ιβηρικός λύγκας και ο Ερυθρός λύγκας.

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Канаданал цӀиникь ( Lak )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
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Канаданал цӀиникь

Канаданал цӀиникь (латӀин Lynx canadensis ) – Felidae кулпат Ухссавнил Американал чӀириссар вахӀшисса цӀиникьри.

Журарду

  1. Lynx canadensis canadensis
  2. Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  3. Lynx canadensis subsolanus


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Канадысе шурмаҥше ( Meadow Mari )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Канадысе шурмаҥше (лат. Lynx canadensis ) – Йӱдвел Америкын пырыс-влак (Felidae) йамагатын гыч кугу янлык. Капше 86–117 см, нелытше 8–14 кг.

Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx canadensis subsolanus
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Канадысе шурмаҥше: Brief Summary ( Meadow Mari )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Канадысе шурмаҥше (лат. Lynx canadensis ) – Йӱдвел Америкын пырыс-влак (Felidae) йамагатын гыч кугу янлык. Капше 86–117 см, нелытше 8–14 кг.

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Рысь канадзкая ( Bielorrussa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Канадзкая рысь або Паўночнаамэрыканская рысь (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792), — від рысяў, якія насяляюць паўночнаамэрыканскую тайгу. Бліжэйшы сваяк рысі звычайнай (Lynx lynx).

Зьнешні выгляд

Гэты від рысі напалову менш звычайнай: даўжыня яе цела 86-117 см, вышыня ў карку 60-65 см; маса 8-14 кг. У жывёлаў у няволі маса можа даходзіць да 20 кг у абодвух полаў.

Афарбаваньне поўсьці попельна-бурае, летам рудое адценьне; па асноўным фоне россыпы белых плямак, якія ствараюць ўражаньне прысыпанасьці сьнегам. Сустракаецца незвычайна сьветлая, «блакітная» афарбоўка.

Крыніцы

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Рысь канадзкая: Brief Summary ( Bielorrussa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Канадзкая рысь або Паўночнаамэрыканская рысь (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792), — від рысяў, якія насяляюць паўночнаамэрыканскую тайгу. Бліжэйшы сваяк рысі звычайнай (Lynx lynx).

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ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ ( Panjábi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ (Lynx canadensis, ਲਿੰਕਸ ਕੈਨੈਡੈਨਸਿਜ਼) ਜਾਂ ਕੈਨੇਡੀਆਈ ਲਿੰਕਸ ਉਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਬਿੱਲੀ ਪਰਿਵਾਰ, ਫੀਲਡੇ, ਦੀ ਧਣਧਾਰੀ ਜੀਵ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਜੀਵ ਕੈਨੇਡਾ, ਅਲਾਸਕਾ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਤਰੀ ਅਮਰੀਕਾ ਦੇ ਕੁਝ ਭਾਗਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਪਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

ਇਹ ਜੀਵ ਭੂਰੇ-ਸਿਲਵਰ ਰੰਗ ਦਾ, ਗੁੱਸੈਲ ਚਹਿਰਾ ਤੇ ਗੁੱਛੇਦਾਰ ਕੰਨ ਹਨ। ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ, ਮੱਧ-ਆਕਾਰੀ ਲਿੰਕਸ ਜਾਤਿ ਦੇ ਬਾਕੀ ਜੀਆਂ ਨਾਲ ਮੇਲ ਖਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ। ਇਸਦਾ ਆਕਾਰ ਬਾਬਕੈਟ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਥੋੜ੍ਹਾ ਜਿਹਾ ਅਤੇ ਘਰੇਲੂ ਬਿੱਲੀ ਤੋਂ ਦੁੱਗਣਾ ਹੈ।

 src=
ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ ਦੇ ਬੱਚੇ
 src=
ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ
 src=
ਕੈਨੇਡਾ ਲਿੰਕਸ

ਵਰਗੀਕਰਨ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ

ਸਰੀਰਕ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ

ਪਰਿਸਥਿਤੀਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਵਰਤਾਉ

ਵੰਡ ਅਤੇ ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਨਿਵਾਸ

ਇਹ ਵੀ ਦੇਖੋ

ਹਵਾਲੇ

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. Nowell, K. (2008). Lynx canadensis. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2008. Retrieved on March 22, 2009.
  3. "Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)". Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Retrieved May 6, 2013.

ਬਾਹਰੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ

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Pısınga yabania Kanada ( Diq )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages

Pısınga yabania Kanada (Lynx canadensis) felidê zımey Amerikao, mêşan u warey tundra de, Kanada u Alaska cıwiyeno, tayê inan zımey DAYi de zi şenê bêrê vênayış. Hetê verori ra weşaqê Kanada Alaska ra heta Kanada u uca ra zi zafêrê eyaletanê DAYi de amey vênayış. Eyaletanê rocvetışi de o mêşey be pelanê gırdan ra mêşey heta pelanê qıtekan, wareyê do gırd de cıwiyo. 2010 ra nat, be ğeyretanê reyna-gan dayışi (cı rê vanê reintroduction) merdıman des u yew serre gureo u dıma şao gan bıdo cı u coka zi Kolorado de zi cıwiyeno.[1]

Weşaqê Kanada zaf hewl tıllo keno u asnaw keno, asnawkero hewlo. O cayanê vêranan de, darê ke rıciy u bınê salekanê verênan de cıwiyeno. O waherê payanê hirano, postê cı wışko u bobcat ra dına (dı reyi zêde) leze pay şıno. Werdê weşaqê Kanada arwêşo deştıno. Amarê weşaqanê Kanada zi arwêşanê deştınan ra bestiyeno. Key arwêşê deştıni benê zaf, weşaqi zi benê zaf key ê benê tayn, weşaqi zi kemiyenê u benê tayn. Teberê arwêşanê deştınan de ganiy be gırdiya miyani zi benê werdê weşaqê Kanada.

Referansi

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Pısınga yabania Kanada: Brief Summary ( Diq )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages

Pısınga yabania Kanada (Lynx canadensis) felidê zımey Amerikao, mêşan u warey tundra de, Kanada u Alaska cıwiyeno, tayê inan zımey DAYi de zi şenê bêrê vênayış. Hetê verori ra weşaqê Kanada Alaska ra heta Kanada u uca ra zi zafêrê eyaletanê DAYi de amey vênayış. Eyaletanê rocvetışi de o mêşey be pelanê gırdan ra mêşey heta pelanê qıtekan, wareyê do gırd de cıwiyo. 2010 ra nat, be ğeyretanê reyna-gan dayışi (cı rê vanê reintroduction) merdıman des u yew serre gureo u dıma şao gan bıdo cı u coka zi Kolorado de zi cıwiyeno.

Weşaqê Kanada zaf hewl tıllo keno u asnaw keno, asnawkero hewlo. O cayanê vêranan de, darê ke rıciy u bınê salekanê verênan de cıwiyeno. O waherê payanê hirano, postê cı wışko u bobcat ra dına (dı reyi zêde) leze pay şıno. Werdê weşaqê Kanada arwêşo deştıno. Amarê weşaqanê Kanada zi arwêşanê deştınan ra bestiyeno. Key arwêşê deştıni benê zaf, weşaqi zi benê zaf key ê benê tayn, weşaqi zi kemiyenê u benê tayn. Teberê arwêşanê deştınan de ganiy be gırdiya miyani zi benê werdê weşaqê Kanada.

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Канадалъул цӀиркъ ( Avar )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging_languages
 src=
Канадалъул цӀиркъ

Канадалъул цӀиркъ (латиназул мацӀалда Lynx canadensis) — Felidae хъизан цӀиркъ.

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Canada lynx ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), or Canadian lynx, is a medium-sized North American lynx that ranges across Alaska, Canada, and northern areas of the contiguous United States. It is characterized by its long, dense fur, triangular ears with black tufts at the tips, and broad, snowshoe-like paws. Its hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs, so its back slopes downward to the front. The Canada lynx stands 48–56 cm (19–22 in) tall at the shoulder and weighs between 5 and 17 kg (11 and 37 lb). The lynx is a good swimmer and an agile climber. The Canada lynx was first described by Robert Kerr in 1792. Three subspecies have been proposed, but their validity is doubted; it is mostly considered a monotypic species.

A specialist predator, the Canada lynx depends heavily on the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) for food. This leads to a prey-predator cycle, as Canada lynxes respond to the cyclic rises and falls in snowshoe hare populations over the years in Alaska and central Canada. The Canada lynx population increases with an increasing hare population; if the hare population decreases in a given area, it moves to areas with more hares and has fewer offspring. The Canada lynx hunts mainly around twilight, or at night, when snowshoe hares tend to be active. The lynx waits for the hare on specific trails or in "ambush beds", then pounces on it and kills it by a bite on its head, throat or the nape of its neck. Individuals, particularly of the same sex, tend to avoid each other, forming "intrasexual" territories. The mating season is roughly a month long (from March to early April). After a gestation of two to three months, a litter of one to eight kittens is born. Offspring are weaned at 12 weeks.

This lynx occurs predominantly in dense boreal forests, and its range strongly coincides with that of the snowshoe hare. Given its abundance throughout the range and lack of severe threats, the Canada lynx has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. This lynx is regularly trapped for the international fur trade in most of Alaska and Canada but is protected in the southern half of its range due to threats such as habitat loss.

Taxonomy

The scientific name Felis lynx canadensis was proposed by Robert Kerr in 1792 who described a lynx from Canada.[3] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, several lynx zoological specimens were described:

The placement of the Canada lynx in the genus Lynx was supported by Gerrit Miller in 1912.[6] Until as late as the early 2000s, scientists were divided over whether Lynx should be considered a subgenus of Felis, or a subfamily itself; some even doubted if the Canada lynx should be considered a species on its own.[2][7][8] It was recognized by Wallace Christopher Wozencraft in 2005 as a valid Lynx species along with the bobcat (L. rufus), the Eurasian lynx (L. lynx) and the Iberian lynx (L. pardinus).[9] Wozencraft recognized three subspecies of the Canada lynx:[9]

  • L. c. canadensis in Canadian mainland
  • L. c. subsolanus in Newfoundland
  • L. c. mollipilosus in Alaska

The validity of the subspecific status of the Newfoundland lynx was questioned in 1975, as results of a study of coat colour, cranial measurements and weights of Canada lynx specimens showed that the standard measurements are not significantly distinct, apart from a few variations like the Newfoundland lynx's darker coat.[10]

In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group considered the Canada lynx a monotypic species, since it shows little morphological or genetic differences.[11]

The lynx population on Newfoundland is thought to have genetically diverged from the mainland Canada lynx around 20,000 to 33,000 years ago following the Last Glacial Period.[12][13]

Evolution

Fossils of the Issoire lynx
Fossils of the Issoire lynx (L. issiodorensis), which is thought to be the ancestor of the four modern Lynx species

According to a 2006 phylogenetic study, the ancestor of five extant felid lineages—Lynx, Leopardus, Puma, Felis and Prionailurus plus Otocolobus—arrived in North America after crossing the Bering Strait 8.5 to 8 million years ago (mya). Lynx diverged from the Puma, Felis and Prionailurus plus Otocolobus lineages around 2.53–4.74 mya.[14] The Issoire lynx (L. issiodorensis), believed to be the ancestor of the four modern Lynx species, probably originated in Africa 4 mya and occurred in Europe and northern Asia until it fell to extinction around 1 mya.[15][16] The populations of the Eurasian lynx that reached North America 2.6 mya are believed to have initially settled in the southern half of the continent, as the northern part was covered by glaciers. The southern populations gradually evolved into the modern bobcat. Later, when the continent was invaded by the Eurasian lynx for a second time within the last 200,000 years, the populations that settled in the northern part of the continent, now devoid of glaciers, evolved into the Canada lynx.[8][17] In his 1981 paper, Swedish paleontologist Lars Werdelin noted that the Canada lynx does not appear to have changed much since its first appearance.[18] Canada lynx fossils excavated in North America date back to the Sangamonian and the Wisconsin Glacial Episode.[2] The 2006 study gave the phylogenetic relationships of the Canada lynx as follows:[14][19]

Ocelot lineage

Leopardus

Lynx lineage Lynx

Bobcat (L. rufus)

Canada lynx (L. canadensis)

Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)

Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)

Puma lineage

Acinonyx (Cheetah), Puma (cougar), Herpailurus (jaguarundi)

Domestic cat lineage

Felis

Leopard cat lineage

Prionailurus, Otocolobus

Characteristics

Close facial view of a Canada lynx showing long hair on the lower cheek and characteristic ear tufts
The Canada lynx has long hair on the lower cheek and ear tufts, characteristic of all Lynx species
A Canada lynx walking on snow
Its hindlimbs are longer than its forelimbs, causing it to slope downward toward the front
Tracks of a Canada lynx in snow
Tracks in snow

The Canada lynx is a lean, medium-sized cat characterized by its long, dense fur, triangular ears with black tufts at the tips, and broad, snowshoe-like paws. Like the bobcat, the hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs, so the back slopes downward to the front. The Canada lynx is sexually dimorphic, with males larger and heavier than females. The lynx is between 73 and 107 cm (29 and 42 in) in total length and stands 48–56 cm (19–22 in) tall at the shoulder; females weigh around 5–12 kg (11–26 lb) while males around 6–17 kg (13–37 lb), though an exceptional male in Pennsylvania weighed 20 kg (44 lb).[20][15] Physical proportions do not vary significantly across the range and are probably naturally selected to allow for survival on smaller prey.[21] The stubby tail is 5–13 cm (2.0–5.1 in) long and has a completely black tip.[15][22] Skeletal muscles make up 56.5 % of the Canada lynx's body weight.[23][24]

The long, thick fur, uniformly coloured with little to no markings except on the underside, insulates the lynx in its frosty habitat. The fur is typically yellowish brown, though in Newfoundland it can vary from brown or buff-grey in spring and summer to a greyish shade with a grizzled appearance in winter; the underparts are white and may have a few dark spots.[15][25] An individual from Alaska was reported to have bluish-grey fur.[26] The fur is generally shorter in summer than in winter.[27] The backs of the ears are brown with a silvery-grey spot at the centre.[2] Black tufts around 4 cm (1.6 in) in length emerge from the tips of the ears, which are lined with black fur.[22] In winter, the hair on the lower cheek becomes longer, giving the impression of a ruffle covering the throat. There are four nipples.[15][25]

The claws are sharp and fully retractile.[2] The large, broad paws are covered in long, thick fur and can spread as wide as 10 cm (3.9 in) to move quickly and easily on soft snow.[8] Its paws can support almost twice as much weight as a bobcat's before sinking.[7][28] Both species walk with the back foot typically following the front foot and often do not follow a straight line. The lynx's stride is 300–460 mm (12–18 in), while the bobcat's varies between 130 and 410 mm (5 and 16 in). Canada lynx tracks are generally larger than those of the bobcat; thicker fur may make the toe pads appear less prominent in the snow. In dirt the tracks of the lynx are 76–95 mm (3–3.75 in) long and 89–114 mm (3.5–4.5 in) wide, whereas in snow they are bigger (110 mm (4.5 in) long and 130 mm (5 in) wide).[29][30] The warm coat, wide paws and long legs serve as adaptations for the lynx to navigate and hunt efficiently in snow.[7]

The Canada lynx has 28 teeth.[31] The dental formula is 3.1.2.13.1.2.1. The deciduous dentition is 3.1.23.1.2, as the young do not have molars.[2] The four long canines are used for puncturing and gripping. The lynx can feel where it is biting the prey with its canines because they are heavily laced with nerves. It also has four carnassial teeth that cut the meat into small pieces. To use its carnassials, the lynx must chew the meat with its head to its side. There are large spaces between the four canines and the rest of the teeth, and the second upper premolars are absent, to ensure the bite goes as deeply as possible into the prey.[32]

The Canada lynx can be told apart from the bobcat by its longer ear tufts, broader paws, shorter tail with a fully black tip, longer legs and the fewer markings and greyer shade of the coat.[8][29][33] The bobcat is generally smaller than the Canada lynx, but in areas where they are sympatric the bobcat tends to be larger and may still be confused with the Canada lynx.[22]

Distribution and habitat

Two Canada lynxes sitting in the snow in a boreal forest
Canada lynxes prefer dense boreal forests

The Canada lynx occurs predominantly in the dense boreal forest of Canada, and its range strongly coincides with that of the snowshoe hare. In the past, the lynx occurred in the northern United States in 24 states, possibly southward to the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico and northward to the tree line in the Arctic through coniferous forests in Alaska and Canada. The lynx continues to occur in its former range in most of Alaska and Canada. In the United States, the Canada lynx occurs in the Blue Mountains and the Cascade Range in the Pacific Northwest, the Rocky Mountains, the northern Great Lakes region (in Minnesota and Michigan's Upper Peninsula) and northern New England (in New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont). The lynx was successfully reintroduced in Colorado starting in 1999, after being extirpated from the state in the 1970s.[34][35] Canada lynxes generally avoid open areas despite good prey availability; they face difficulty surviving in heavily logged areas and on agricultural land, though they can thrive well in deforested areas that have been left to regenerate at least fifteen years. Canada lynxes have been recorded up to an elevation of 4,310 m (14,140 ft).[1][15][22] It is considered extirpated in New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Nevada, Indiana, and Ohio.[36]

A Canada lynx was shot near Newton Abbot in the United Kingdom in 1903 after it attacked two dogs. The animal remained unidentified at the time and was preserved by Bristol Museum and Art Gallery and was finally identified in a 2014 study. The researchers concluded it had probably been captive for some time, perhaps as an exotic pet or part of a travelling menagerie, but may have survived for a substantial period after escaping. They considered it "the earliest recorded example of an exotic cat on the loose in the UK".[37]

Ecology and behaviour

The Canada lynx tends to be nocturnal like its primary prey, the snowshoe hare. Nevertheless, activity may be observed during daytime.[15] The lynx can cover 8–9 km (5.0–5.6 mi) daily, moving at 0.75–1.46 km/h (0.47–0.91 mph), to procure prey.[38][39][40] These lynxes are good swimmers; one account records a Canada lynx swimming 3.2 km (2 mi) across the Yukon River.[25][41] Canada lynxes are efficient climbers, and will dodge predators by climbing high up in trees, but they hunt only on the ground.[22] These lynxes are primarily solitary, with minimal social interaction except for the bond between mothers and female offspring, and the temporary association between individuals of opposite sexes during the mating season.[28][42] Individuals of the same sex particularly tend to avoid each other, forming "intrasexual" territories—a social structure similar to that of bears, bobcats, cougars and mustelids. Intraspecific aggression and consequent cannibalism are rare, but may be more common when food is scarce.[43]

Home ranges

A Canada lynx walking on snow
Canada lynxes are typically solitary with minimal social bonds.

Canada lynxes establish home ranges that vary widely in size, depending upon the method of measurement. The two common methods are examining the tracks of the lynx in snow (snow-tracking) and radio telemetry; snow-tracking generally gives smaller sizes for home ranges. Studies based on snow-tracking have estimated home range sizes of 11.1–49.5 km2 (4.3–19.1 sq mi), while those based on radio telemetry have given the area between 8 and 783 km2 (3.1 and 302.3 sq mi).[7] Like other cats, Canada lynxes scent-mark their ranges by spraying urine and depositing feces on snow or tree stumps and other prominent sites in and around their range.[15]

Factors such as the availability of prey (primarily snowshoe hare), the density of the lynxes and the topography of the habitat determine the shape and size of the home range.[7] Studies have tried to correlate the abundance of snowshoe hares in an area with the sizes of lynxes' home ranges in that area. A 1985 study showed that the mean size of home ranges trebled—from 13.2 to 39.2 km2 (5.1 to 15.1 sq mi)—when the density of hares fell from 14.7 to 1/ha (5.95 to 0.40/acre).[44] However, a few other studies have reported different responses from Canada lynxes at times of prey scarcity; some lynxes do not show any changes in their ranges, while others may resort to hunting in small areas, occupying small home ranges.[7] Canada lynxes generally do not leave their home ranges frequently, though limited prey availability can force them to disperse or expand their ranges.[45][46]

Males tend to occupy larger ranges than do females; for instance, data from a 1980 radio telemetric analysis in Minnesota showed that males' home ranges spread over 145–243 km2 (56–94 sq mi), while those of females covered 51–122 km2 (20–47 sq mi).[47] In a study in the southern Northwest Territories, ranges of individuals of opposite sexes were found to overlap extensively, while the ranges of individuals of the same sex hardly coincided. The study suggested that individuals do not show any significant tendency to avoid or mingle with one another, and thus only passively defend their ranges.[45] Female home ranges contract in size when the females have offspring to take care of and expand to their original size at the time of weaning.[43]

Canada lynxes at the periphery of a population, given their smaller numbers and susceptibility to separation from the central population by natural barriers (such as rivers), might face more difficulty in breeding with lynxes towards the centre of the population and hence show lower genetic variability.[48][49] However, Canada lynxes are known to disperse over large distances, often thousands of kilometres, which might increase genetic variability in widely separated populations.[50] They typically move within areas where prey availability and the features of the snow (such as the hardness and the extent to which their paws sink into the snow) are more or less similar; individuals may disperse over smaller areas in areas of soft snow.[51]

Diet and hunting

A snowshoe hare sitting on snow
The snowshoe hare is the primary prey of the Canada lynx.

The Canada lynx preys primarily on the snowshoe hare. These hares comprise 35–97% of their diet; the proportion varies by the season and the abundance of hares.[22] However, at times when the hare's numbers drop, Canada lynxes will include other animals in their diet—such as ducks, grouse, moles, ptarmigan, American red squirrels, voles and young ungulates (Dall's sheep, mule deer and boreal woodland caribou)—though snowshoe hares continue to be the primary component. The Canada lynx tends to be less selective in summer and autumn, adding small mammals to their diet besides the hare. The reason behind this is unclear—it could be due to a greater abundance of alternate prey, or reduced success in hunting hares.[43] A study in Alaska found that lynxes played a role in the decrease in populations of red fox, caribou and Dall's sheep when hares were very low in number.[52] They have also been reported feeding occasionally on succulents, sedges and grasses.[30] Canada lynxes ingest 0.6–1.2 kg (1.3–2.6 lb) of food daily.[15][22]

Canada lynxes hunt around twilight or at night, the time when snowshoe hares tend to be active.[22] They rely on their vision and sense of hearing to locate prey.[25] The lynx will roam or wait (in what researchers often term "ambush beds") on certain trails that snowshoe hares frequent, pounce on a hare and kill it by a bite on its head, throat or the nape of its neck.[43] Sometimes a chase of up to several bounds may be necessary to trap the prey. The lynx is assisted by its stereoscopic vision in detecting prey and measuring distances. Staying in cover while hunting helps the lynx conserve energy in its frigid habitat by avoiding unnecessary movement.[30] Young ungulates are given a throat bite to suffocate them to death. The lynx may eat its kill immediately or cache it in snow or leaves to eat it over the next few days.[15][22][43] Studies suggest success in hunting hares depends heavily on the distance between the lynx and the hare when the lynx begins chasing it and their relative speeds, which in turn depends on the hunting prowess of the lynx, the alertness of the hare and the vegetation cover among other factors.[15] Canada lynxes will occasionally hunt together, though studies differ on how this affects the success rate compared to hunting solo.[43] These lynxes may hunt in groups when hares are scarce.[53] Scavenging is common; they will take ungulates killed by the cold or vehicles.[22]

A Canada lynx stalking prey in vegetation cover
A Canada lynx stalking its prey

Apart from Canada lynxes, coyotes are also major predators of the snowshoe hare. A study showed that, compared to Canada lynxes, coyotes' feet sink deeper in the snow due to their smaller size and hence a larger body mass to foot area ratio, prompting them to ambush their prey instead of chasing it as lynxes often do.[54] A study of those two animals in southwest Yukon showed that when the hare population increased, both killed more than necessary for subsistence; lynxes need to kill 0.4 to 0.5 hare per day to meet their energy requirements but were observed to kill 1.2 hares per day during this period. Coyotes, with a success rate of 36.9%, emerged as more successful hunters than lynxes that succeeded in 28.7% of their hunts; however, this may have resulted from the greater number of adult coyotes in the studied population. Lynxes rarely cached their kills, unlike coyotes, and this may have led to incomplete consumption of some kills. When snowshoe hare numbers declined, both predators hunted for the same time period as they did when hares were abundant, but lynxes killed more hares than they had earlier. Moreover, lynxes supplemented their diet with American red squirrels.[40][53]

Relationship with the snowshoe hare

A line graph of the number of Canada lynx furs sold to the Hudson's Bay Company on the vertical axis against the numbers of snowshoe hare on the horizontal axis for the period 1845 to 1935
Numbers of snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) (yellow background) and Canada lynx (black line, foreground) furs sold to the Hudson's Bay Company from 1845 to 1935

A specialist predator, the Canada lynx depends heavily on snowshoe hares for food.[22] Snowshoe hare populations in Alaska and central Canada undergo cyclic rises and falls—at times the population densities can fall from as high as 2,300/km2 (6,000/sq mi) to as low as 12/km2 (31/sq mi). Consequently, a period of hare scarcity occurs every eight to 11 years. An example of a prey-predator cycle, the cyclic variations in snowshoe hare populations significantly affect the numbers of their predators—lynxes and coyotes—in the region. When the hare populations plummet, lynxes often move to areas with more hares, sometimes covering over 1,000 km (620 mi), and tend not to produce litters; as the hares' numbers increase, so does the lynx population.[55][56][57][58] In northern Canada, the abundance of lynxes can be estimated from records maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company and the Canadian government since the 1730s.[59] Lynx populations have been found to vary periodically three- to seventeen-fold.[55] These cycles have been cited as an example of the Lotka–Volterra predator–prey equations, caused by the interplay of three major factors—food, predation and social interaction.[60] A study involving statistical modelling of the interspecific relations of the snowshoe hare, the plant species it feeds on and its predators (including the Canada lynx) suggested that while the demographics of the lynx depend primarily on the hare, the hare's dynamics depend on both its diet and its predators, of which the Canada lynx is just one.[61] Environmental factors such as forest fires, precipitation and snowfall might also significantly affect this prey-predator cycle.[62]

Reproduction

A Canada lynx kitten and its mother resting on the ground
A mother and kitten

The mating season is roughly a month long, from March to early April. Urine marking and mating calls are part of display behaviour and increase the interaction between individuals of opposite sexes. Females can be induced ovulators when the availability of mates is low, or spontaneous ovulators when several mates are available. Females have only a single estrus cycle; estrus lasts three to five days in captivity.[15] Individuals have been observed making long wailing vocalizations, probably as mating calls.[63] Before birth, the female prepares a maternal den, usually in very thick brush, and typically inside thickets of shrubs, trees or woody debris.[33][64]

After a gestation of two to three months, a litter of one to eight kittens is born.[15] Lynx reproductive cycles and litter sizes have been observed to vary with prey availability; litter size would typically contract in years of snowshoe hare decline (along with high infant mortality rates), and increase when hares were abundant.[65][66][67] Kittens weigh from 175 to 235 g (6.2 to 8.3 oz) at birth and initially have greyish buff fur with black markings. They are blind the first fourteen days and weaned at twelve weeks. Most births occur from May to July. Kittens leave the den after about five weeks and begin hunting at between seven and nine months of age. They leave the mother at around ten months, as the next breeding season begins, but they do not reach the full adult size until around two years of age. Female offspring typically settle in home ranges close to their mothers and remain in contact with them for life, while male offspring move far from their mother's range. Females reach sexual maturity at ten months but often delay breeding another year; males mature at age two or three. Canada lynxes have been reported to live sixteen years in the wild, though most do not survive ten; in captivity they may make it to twenty-seven.[15][22][68]

Diseases and mortality

The Canada lynx is known to host several parasites including Cylicospirura felineus, Taenia species, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina and Troglostrongylus wilsoni.[69][70] Canada lynxes could have played a role in the transmission of the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii to the Inuit in North America.[71][72] A study in 2019 identified a gammaherpesvirus species in the Canada lynx for the first time. The study discovered a novel percavirus, named LcaGHV1, in spleen samples of Canada lynxes from Maine and Newfoundland.[73] A study identified plague as a major cause of mortality in reintroduced populations in Colorado.[74]

Fishers are known to hunt Canada lynxes occasionally in the northeastern United States; a study in northern Maine identified predation by fishers as the leading cause of Canada lynx mortality over twelve years, though it did not appear to affect population growth in the lynxes.[75][76]

Interactions with humans

Fur of a Canada lynx

Trade

Canada lynxes are trapped in specific seasons in most of Alaska and Canada; hunting seasons and quotas are set based on population data. Alberta typically leads in the production of pelts, accounting for nearly a third of Canada's total. Following a cyclic fall in populations during the mid to late 1980s, there was a sharp decline in the prices and harvest of Canada lynx furs—the average number of pelts exported from Canada and the United States fell from 35,669 in 1980–1984 to 7,360 between 1986 and 1989. Subsequently, the numbers have increased to 15,387 during 2000–2006. Average illegal trade in fur and live animals appears to be negligible on the national scale.[55][77] Even without regulation, the lynx-hare cycles and the distribution of the lynx have remained unaffected over the last century.[1]

A survey of the international wildlife trade between 1980 and 2004 recorded that among all lynxes, the Canada lynx accounted for thirty percent of legal items and had little part in illegal trade. While it was unclear which lynxes were preferred in North America, bobcat and Canada lynx furs appeared to be in greater demand than those of other lynxes in Asian and European markets.[78]

Threats and conservation

Illustration of a Canada lynx made around mid-18th century

In eastern Canada the lynx is threatened by competition with the eastern coyote, whose numbers in the region have risen in the last few decades. Habitat loss is the main threat in the contiguous United States, while trapping is a relatively insignificant cause of mortality.[1] Hybridization between Canada lynxes and bobcats has been reported in the southern periphery of the range. Hybridization between closely related species might significantly delimit the geographic range of the species, especially if they are endangered as reproductive success in females would be reduced by the birth of sterile offspring; on the other hand, fertile hybrids can compete and breed further with the parent species, potentially reducing the numbers of the parent species. Canada lynx-bobcat hybrids have shown signs of reproductive success and do not appear to pose any big threat to the parent species.[79][80] The Canada lynx is abundant over its broad range and has not been significantly threatened by legal trade for centuries. Therefore, the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) classifies the Canada lynx as Least Concern.[1]

However, populations are relatively lower in the southern half of the range and are protected from the fur trade. The lynx is listed as Endangered in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.[1] On March 24, 2000, the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued its Final Rule, which designated the Canada lynx a Threatened Species in 14 contiguous states.[81] In 2005, the USFWS demarcated six major areas for revival where lynx reproduction had been reported in the past two decades: northern Maine and New Hampshire, northeastern Minnesota, northwestern Montana and northeastern Idaho, the Kettle River Range and the "Wedge area" between the Kettle and Columbia rivers of Washington, the northern Cascade Range of Washington, and the Greater Yellowstone area of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho.[1] By 2010, after an 11-year effort, the lynx had been successfully reintroduced into Colorado. The initial introduction was in the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colorado, but self-sustaining populations were established throughout the south-central Colorado Rockies as far north as Summit County.[82] A 2012 study showed numbers had improved in the northeastern United States; however, a 2008 study showed lynx populations were not doing well in Washington because of habitat fragmentation.[1][83] A 2017 study reported increasing numbers in many areas in the United States.[84] In January 2018, the USFWS declared that the Canada lynx no longer needed special protections in the United States following measures to preserve their populations, and their "Threatened" status may be revoked in the future.[85]

Various techniques have been employed to study Canada lynx populations; the data collected can provide useful information on the ecology and distribution of the species and pave the way for effective conservation measures. In scent stations, the lynx is typically lured into camera-monitored areas by skunk scent (sometimes catnip) and a "flasher" such as a bird wing on a string.[86] This technique, though systematic, might be too expensive to carry out in large areas. Other methods include radio telemetry and snow tracking. Snow tracking might be a challenge in areas lacking roads, and sometimes bobcat tracks can be mistaken for those of the Canada lynx.[87][88] Hair-snaring involves collecting hairs shed by the lynx, especially when they rub against objects (such as the snow); a study showed a mixture of beaver castoreum and catnip oil can strongly induce rubbing behaviour in lynxes. This method is generally inexpensive, and chances of misidentification are low as physical evidence like hairs can be genetically analysed.[88]

Between 1989 and 1992, a reintroduction attempt into New York State was made when 80 lynx were caught in from northwestern Canada and released into the Adirondacks by the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Some of the released lynx dispersed into the surrounding states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and the Canadian provinces of Ontario, Quebec and New Brunswick. After the attempt, Canada lynx were officially considered extirpated in New York State, but are still fully protected under state law.[89] Nineteen individuals were killed in traffic accidents, eight were mistakenly shot by bobcat hunters, and the remaining died from unknown causes or predation.[90]

See also

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  39. ^ Nellis, C. H.; Keith, L. B. (1968). "Hunting activities and success of lynxes in Alberta". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 32 (4): 718–722. doi:10.2307/3799545. JSTOR 3799545.
  40. ^ a b O'Donoghue, M.; Boutin, S.; Krebs, C. J.; Zuleta, G.; Murray, D. L.; Hofer, E. J. (1998). "Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle" (PDF). Ecology. 79 (4): 1193–1208. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1193:FROCAL]2.0.CO;2.
  41. ^ Kobalenko, J. (1997). Forest Cats of North America Cougars, Bobcats, Lynx. Ontario: Firefly Books. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-55209-172-2.
  42. ^ Carbyn, L.; Patriquin, D. (1983). "Observations on home range sizes, movements, and social organization of lynx, (Lynx canadensis), in Riding Mountains National Park, Manitoba". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 97: 262–267.
  43. ^ a b c d e f Mowat, G.; Poole, K. G.; O’Donoghue, M. (1999). "Ecology of lynx in northern Canada and Alaska" (PDF). In Ruggiero, L. F.; Aubry, K. B.; Buskirk, S. W.; Koehler, G. M.; Krebs, C. J.; McKelvey, K. S.; Squires, J. R. (eds.). Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW) (Report). Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service. pp. 265–306.
  44. ^ Ward, R. M. P.; Krebs, C. J. (1985). "Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (12): 2817–2824. doi:10.1139/z85-421.
  45. ^ a b Poole, K. G. (1995). "Spatial organization of a lynx population". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 73 (4): 632–41. doi:10.1139/z95-074.
  46. ^ Poole, K. G. (1997). "Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 61 (2): 497–505. doi:10.2307/3802607. JSTOR 3802607.
  47. ^ Mech, L. D. (1980). "Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing Northeastern Minnesota". Journal of Mammalogy. 61 (2): 261–267. doi:10.2307/1380047. JSTOR 1380047.
  48. ^ Schwartz, M. K.; Mills, L. S.; Ortega, Y.; Ruggiero, L. F.; Allendorf, F. W. (2003). "Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)". Molecular Ecology. 12 (7): 1807–1816. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01878.x. PMID 12803633. S2CID 18049482.
  49. ^ Koen, E. L.; Bowman, J.; Wilson, P. J. (2015). "Isolation of peripheral populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 93 (7): 521–530. doi:10.1139/cjz-2014-0227.
  50. ^ Schwartz, M. K.; Mills, L. S.; McKelvey, K. S.; Ruggiero, L. F.; Allendorf, F. W. (2002). "DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx". Nature. 415 (6871): 520–522. doi:10.1038/415520a. PMID 11823858. S2CID 4416798.
  51. ^ Stenseth, N. C.; Shabbar, A.; Chan, K.-S.; Boutin, S.; Rueness, E. K.; Ehrich, D.; Hurrell, J. W.; Lingjaerde, O. Chr.; Jakobsen, K. S. (2004). "Snow conditions may create an invisible barrier for lynx". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (29): 10632–10634. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10110632S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308674101. PMC 489985. PMID 15249676.
  52. ^ Stephenson, R. O.; Grangaard, D. V.; Burch, J. (1991). "Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska" (PDF). Canadian Field-Naturalist. 105: 255–262.
  53. ^ a b O'Donoghue, M.; Boutin, S.; Krebs, C. J.; Murray, D. L.; Hofer, E. J. (1998). "Behavioural responses of coyote and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle". Oikos. 82 (1): 169–183. doi:10.2307/3546927. JSTOR 3546927.
  54. ^ Murray, D. L.; Boutin, S. (1991). "The influence of snow on lynx and coyote movements: does morphology affect behavior?". Oecologia. 88 (4): 463–469. Bibcode:1991Oecol..88..463M. doi:10.1007/BF00317707. PMID 28312614. S2CID 23683242.
  55. ^ a b c Poole, K. G. (2003). "A review of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Canada". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 117 (3): 360–376. doi:10.22621/cfn.v117i3.738.
  56. ^ Brand, C. J.; Keith, L. B. (1979). "Lynx demography during a snowshoe hare decline in Alberta". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 43 (4): 827–849. doi:10.2307/3808267. JSTOR 3808267.
  57. ^ O'Donoghue, M.; Boutin, S.; Krebs, C. J.; Hofer, E. J. (1997). "Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle". Oikos. 80 (1): 150–162. doi:10.2307/3546526. JSTOR 3546526.
  58. ^ Ward, R. M. P.; Krebs, C. J. (1985). "Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 63 (12): 2817–2824. doi:10.1139/z85-421.
  59. ^ Weinstein, M. S. (1977). "Hares, lynx, and trappers". The American Naturalist. 111 (980): 806–808. doi:10.1086/283212. JSTOR 2460337. S2CID 84878093.
  60. ^ Krebs, C. J.; Boonstra, R.; Boutin, S.; Sinclair, A. R. E. (2001). "What drives the 10-year cycle of snowshoe hares?: The ten-year cycle of snowshoe hares—one of the most striking features of the boreal forest—is a product of the interaction between predation and food supplies, as large-scale experiments in the Yukon have demonstrated" (PDF). BioScience. 51 (1): 25–35. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0025:WDTYCO]2.0.CO;2.
  61. ^ Stenseth, N. C.; Falck, W.; Bjørnstad, O. N.; Krebs, C. J. (1997). "Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx: Asymmetric food web configurations between hare and lynx" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 94 (10): 5147–5152. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.5147C. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.10.5147. PMC 24646. PMID 9144205.
  62. ^ Fox, J. F. (1978). "Forest fires and the snowshoe hare-Canada lynx cycle". Oecologia. 31 (3): 349–374. Bibcode:1978Oecol..31..349F. doi:10.1007/BF00346252. PMID 28309743. S2CID 8728921.
  63. ^ Slough, B. G.; Mowat, G. (1998). "Some observations on the natural history and behaviour of the Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 112 (1): 32–36.
  64. ^ Slough, B. G. (1999). "Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 113 (4): 605–608.
  65. ^ Breitenmoser, U.; Slough, B. G.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. (1993). "Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx a victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle?". Oikos. 66 (3): 551–554. doi:10.2307/3544952. JSTOR 3544952.
  66. ^ Slough, B. G.; Mowat, G. (1996). "Lynx population dynamics in an untrapped refugium". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 60 (4): 946–961. doi:10.2307/3802397. JSTOR 3802397.
  67. ^ M., Garth; Slough, B. G.; Boutin, S. (1996). "Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 60 (2): 441–452. doi:10.2307/3802247. JSTOR 3802247.
  68. ^ Long, C. A. (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Sofia: Pensoft. pp. 428–433. ISBN 978-1-4356-3036-9.
  69. ^ van Zyll de Jong, C. G. (1966). "Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 44 (4): 499–509. doi:10.1139/z66-054. PMID 5944283.
  70. ^ Smith, J. D.; Addison, E. M.; Joachim, D. G.; Smith, L. M.; Quinn, N. W. S. (1986). "Helminth parasites of Canada lynx (Felis canadensis) from northern Ontario". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 64 (2): 358–364. doi:10.1139/z86-057.
  71. ^ Reiling, S. J.; Dixon, B. R. (2019). "Toxoplasma gondii: How an Amazonian parasite became an Inuit health issue". Canada Communicable Disease Report. 45 (7/8): 183–190. doi:10.14745/ccdr.v45i78a03. PMC 6615440. PMID 31355827.
  72. ^ Simon, A.; Poulin, M. B.; Rousseau, A. N.; Dubey, J. P.; Ogden, N. H. (2013). "Spatiotemporal dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii infection in Canadian lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Western Quebec, Canada". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 49 (1): 39–48. doi:10.7589/2012-02-048. PMID 23307370. S2CID 987148.
  73. ^ Hendrikse, L. D.; Kambli, A.; Kayko, C.; Canuti, M.; Rodrigues, B.; Stevens, B.; Vashon, J.; Lang, A. S.; Needle, D. B.; Troyer, R. M. (2019). "Identification of a novel gammaherpesvirus in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)". Viruses. 11 (4): 363. doi:10.3390/v11040363. PMC 6520957. PMID 31010021.
  74. ^ Wild, M. A.; Shenk, T. M.; Spraker, T. R. (2006). "Plague as a mortality factor in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) reintroduced to Colorado". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 42 (3): 646–650. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.646. PMID 17092896.
  75. ^ McLellan, S. R.; Vashon, J. H.; Johnson, E. L.; Crowley, S. M.; Vashon, A. D. (2018). "Fisher predation on Canada lynx in the Northeastern United States". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1775–1783. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21538. S2CID 92083192.
  76. ^ Learn, J. R. (September 28, 2018). "Small weasel-like animals are taking down big cats". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
  77. ^ Macdonald, D. W.; Loveridge, A. J. & Nowell, K. (2010). "Dramatis personae: an introduction to the wild felids". In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–58. ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  78. ^ Cooper, E. W. T.; Shadbolt, T. Analysis of the CITES-reported illegal trade in Lynx species and fur industry perceptions in North America and Europe in the context of supporting the CITES review of Felidae based upon AC21 Doc 11.3: Phase I: AC21-22 Lynx Complex and potential look-alikes (PDF) (Report). Traffic. pp. 1–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  79. ^ Homyack, J. A. (2008). "Canada Lynx-Bobcat (Lynx canadensis × L.rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick" (PDF). The American Midland Naturalist. 159 (2): 504–508. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[504:CLLCLR]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85843341.
  80. ^ Schwartz, M. K. (2004). "Hybridization between Canada lynx and bobcats: genetic results and management implications". Conservation Genetics. 5 (3): 349–355. doi:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031141.47148.8b. S2CID 16786563.
  81. ^ "Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; determination of threatened status for the contiguous U.S. distinct population segment of the Canada lynx and related rule" (PDF). Federal Register. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 65 (58): 16051–16086. March 24, 2000.
  82. ^ Success of the Colorado Division of Wildlife's lynx reintroduction program (PDF) (Report). Colorado Parks and Wildlife. July 18, 2011. pp. 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011.
  83. ^ Vashon, J.; McLellan, S.; Crowley, S.; Meehan, A.; Laustsen, K. (2012). Canada lynx assessment (PDF) (Report). Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife Research and Assessment Section. pp. 1–107.
  84. ^ US Fish and Wildlife Service (2017). Species status assessment for the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) contiguous United States distinct population segment. version 1.0 (PDF) (Report). Contiguous United States Distinct Population Segment. pp. 1–300. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  85. ^ "US says snow-loving lynx no longer need special protection". KTUU-TV. Associated Press. January 12, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  86. ^ Kucera, T. E.; Soukkala, A. M.; Zielinski, W. J. "Photographic bait stations". In Zielinski, W. J.; Kucera, T. E. (eds.). American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for their Detection (Report). Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. pp. 25–66.
  87. ^ Squires, J. R.; McKelvey, K. S.; Ruggiero, L. F. (2004). "A snow-tracking protocol used to delineate local lynx, Lynx canadensis, distributions". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 118 (4): 583. doi:10.22621/cfn.v118i4.60.
  88. ^ a b McDaniel, G. W.; McKelvey, K. S.; Squires, J. R.; Ruggiero, L. F. (2000). "Efficacy of lures and hair snares to detect lynx". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 28 (1): 119–123. JSTOR 4617292.
  89. ^ "Canada Lynx". Department of Environmental Conservation.
  90. ^ Lynch, M. (2015). "Lynx unlikely to return". Adirondack Explorer.

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Canada lynx: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), or Canadian lynx, is a medium-sized North American lynx that ranges across Alaska, Canada, and northern areas of the contiguous United States. It is characterized by its long, dense fur, triangular ears with black tufts at the tips, and broad, snowshoe-like paws. Its hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs, so its back slopes downward to the front. The Canada lynx stands 48–56 cm (19–22 in) tall at the shoulder and weighs between 5 and 17 kg (11 and 37 lb). The lynx is a good swimmer and an agile climber. The Canada lynx was first described by Robert Kerr in 1792. Three subspecies have been proposed, but their validity is doubted; it is mostly considered a monotypic species.

A specialist predator, the Canada lynx depends heavily on the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) for food. This leads to a prey-predator cycle, as Canada lynxes respond to the cyclic rises and falls in snowshoe hare populations over the years in Alaska and central Canada. The Canada lynx population increases with an increasing hare population; if the hare population decreases in a given area, it moves to areas with more hares and has fewer offspring. The Canada lynx hunts mainly around twilight, or at night, when snowshoe hares tend to be active. The lynx waits for the hare on specific trails or in "ambush beds", then pounces on it and kills it by a bite on its head, throat or the nape of its neck. Individuals, particularly of the same sex, tend to avoid each other, forming "intrasexual" territories. The mating season is roughly a month long (from March to early April). After a gestation of two to three months, a litter of one to eight kittens is born. Offspring are weaned at 12 weeks.

This lynx occurs predominantly in dense boreal forests, and its range strongly coincides with that of the snowshoe hare. Given its abundance throughout the range and lack of severe threats, the Canada lynx has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. This lynx is regularly trapped for the international fur trade in most of Alaska and Canada but is protected in the southern half of its range due to threats such as habitat loss.

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Kanada linko ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La kanada linko (Lynx canadensis) estas linko-specio proksime parenca al la eŭrazia linko.

Vidu ankaŭ

Referencoj

  1. Cat Specialist Group (2002). Lynx canadensis. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
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Kanada linko: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO

La kanada linko (Lynx canadensis) estas linko-specio proksime parenca al la eŭrazia linko.

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Lynx canadensis ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El lince de Canadá (Lynx canadensis) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Felidae, una de las dos especies de linces que habitan en América del Norte. La otra es el lince rojo (Lynx rufus), que se encuentra al sur del continente. El lince canadiense, por el contrario, habita más al norte, en la taiga de Canadá y Alaska, aunque también se encuentra en los bosques de Idaho, Montana y Washington y de forma más rara en Utah, Minnesota y Nueva Inglaterra. Su pariente más cercano es el lince boreal (Lynx lynx), aunque puede cruzarse con éxito con cualquiera de las otras tres especies del género Lynx.

El lince de Canadá ha desaparecido o reducido sus poblaciones en varios lugares debido a la caza para conseguir su preciada piel o a la destrucción de su hábitat. No obstante, no se considera que esta especie esté en peligro en la actualidad.

Descripción

Alcanza los 56 cm de alzada. El pelo es amarillento o pardo claro y largo, con el fin de defenderse del frío, especialmente en invierno. Normalmente no presentan manchas o las tienen en muy poca cantidad, concentrándose en las patas. Los machos son más grandes que las hembras.

Dieta

Suele alimentarse de pequeños mamíferos, especialmente de liebres (se ha observado un ciclo de progreso y declive cíclicos similares en el lince canadiense y la liebre ártica), pero también de roedores, aves y ocasionalmente ciervos y caribúes. Suelen cazar de noche en sus grandes territorios, que defienden de posibles intrusos. Las hembras paren de 1 a 5 cachorros en primavera.

Taxonomía

Hay debates sobre si clasificar a esta especie como Lynx canadensis o Felis canadensis, que es parte de una cuestión más amplia con respecto a si las cuatro especies de lince debe dar su propio género, o colocarse como un subgénero de Felis,[2][3]​ pero el género Lynx es ahora aceptada. Johnson informó que Lynx compartió un clado con el puma y el gato doméstico (Felis).

Subespecies

Se diferencia al lince del continente del que habita en Terranova, de tamaño más grande y capaz de matar presas mayores como crías de caribú con mayor frecuencia. El nombre propuesto para este último es Lynx canadensis subsolanus, mientras que las poblaciones continentales quedarían agrupadas en la subespecie L. c. canadensis.

Se han descrito las siguientes subespecies:[4]

Galería

Referencias

  1. Vashon, J. (2016). «Lynx canadensis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2020.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de agosto de 2020.
  2. Zielinski, William J; Kuceradate, Thomas E (1998). American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection. DIANE Publishing. pp. 77–8. ISBN 0-7881-3628-3.
  3. Carron Meaney; Gary P. Beauvais (September 2004). "Species Assessment for Canada Lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Wyoming" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  4. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
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Lynx canadensis: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El lince de Canadá (Lynx canadensis) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro de la familia Felidae, una de las dos especies de linces que habitan en América del Norte. La otra es el lince rojo (Lynx rufus), que se encuentra al sur del continente. El lince canadiense, por el contrario, habita más al norte, en la taiga de Canadá y Alaska, aunque también se encuentra en los bosques de Idaho, Montana y Washington y de forma más rara en Utah, Minnesota y Nueva Inglaterra. Su pariente más cercano es el lince boreal (Lynx lynx), aunque puede cruzarse con éxito con cualquiera de las otras tres especies del género Lynx.

El lince de Canadá ha desaparecido o reducido sus poblaciones en varios lugares debido a la caza para conseguir su preciada piel o a la destrucción de su hábitat. No obstante, no se considera que esta especie esté en peligro en la actualidad.

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Kanada ilves ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Kanada ilves (Lynx canadensis) on kaslaste sugukonda kuuluv kiskja.

Ameerikas väidetakse elavat kaks kanada ilvese alamliiki:

Mõned allikad ("Loomade elu") peavad kanada ilvest ilvese alamliigiks (Felis lynx canadensis).

Ta on euraasia ilvesest pisut väiksem: emased kaaluvad 8–9 kg, isased 10–18 kg. Keha pikkus on 80–130 cm, kõige sagedamini siiski 90–110 cm. Kanada ilves elab Alaskal, Kanadas ja USAs, kuigi kanada ilvese ja punailvese levila eraldav joon järgib enam-vähem Kanada ja USA piiri. USAs elab loodetavasti tuhatkond kanada ilvest.

Kanada ilvese eluiga on 15 aastat ning üle aasta on ta võimeline saama 2–4 järglast. Nii kanada ilves kui ka punailves on täpilised, kuid võrreldes euraasia ilvesega üldiselt rohkem hallikad.


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Lynx canadensis ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Lynx canadensis Lynx generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Felinae azpifamilia eta Felidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Kerr (1792) 1 InLinnaeus 157. or..
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Lynx canadensis: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Lynx canadensis Lynx generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Felinae azpifamilia eta Felidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Kanadanilves ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kanadanilves (Lynx canadensis) on ilveksen lähisukulainen, ja jotkut auktoriteetit pitävät niitä jopa samaan lajiin kuuluvina. Joiltakin piirteiltään kanadanilves muistuttaa kuitenkin enemmän punailvestä.

Tätä kissaeläintä tavataan melkein kaikkialla Kanadan ja Alaskan pohjoisissa metsissä. Suuria ilvespopulaatioita on lisäksi Yhdysvaltojen Montanassa, Idahossa ja Washingtonin osavaltiossa. Kanadanilveksiä on vain vähän Utahissa, Minnesotassa ja Uudessa Englannissa. Coloradoon sitä on yritetty siirtää vuodesta 1999. Ensimmäiset luonnossa syntyneet pennut vahvistettiin 2003, ja sittemmin siellä on syntynyt useita pentueita. Lajia pidetään uhanalaisena Yhdysvaltojen rajalla.

Ilvekset saalistavat jäniksiä, jyrsijöitä ja lintuja, joskus isompiakin eläimiä, kuten peurojalähde?. Saaliin ne paikantavat kuulon ja näön avulla. Paikka paikoin lumikenkäjänis on lähes ainoa kanadanilveksen saaliseläin. Ilveskannan suuruus noudattaa selvästi lumikenkäjäniksen lukumäärän kymmenen vuoden vaihtelun kaarta.

Ilves elää yksinään ja näkymättömissä. Se on tavallisesti aktiivinen yöaikaan ja tarvitsee suuren reviirin.

Ilveksiä metsästetään niiden turkin vuoksi, ja ne ovat monilla alueilla vähenemässä elinalueen kutistumisen vuoksi.

Lisääntyminen

Kanadanilves synnyttää keväällä 1–5 poikasta. Poikasten selviytyminen on riippuvainen saaliin määrästä. Ne seuraavat emoa seuraavan talven kiimaan, ja senkin jälkeen pentue voi pysytellä jonkin aikaa yksissä.

Elinympäristö

Kanadanilveksen elinaluetta ovat vanhat tiheät metsät, mutta sitä tavataan myös harvahkoissa metsissä, kallioilla ja tundra-alueilla.

Ulkonäkö

Ulkonäöltään kanadanilves muistuttaa ilvestä: tiheä turkki on hopeanruskea, ja siinä voi olla tummia merkkejä. Kesällä turkki on punertavampi. Urokset ovat naaraita kookkaampia. Ilveksellä on tuuhea kaulus, joka näyttää kaksihaaraiselta parralta, lyhyt häntä, jonka kärki on musta, ja korvissa pitkät tupsut. Sillä on pitkät raajat ja runsaskarvaiset tassut, joilla ilveksen on helppo kulkea syvässäkin lumessa.

Kanadanilveksen vartalon pituus ilman häntää on 65–105 cm, ja hännän pituus on 5–13 cmlähde?. Paino vaihtelee 4,5–17,5 kg. Urokset painavat keskimäärin enemmän kuin naaraat.

Alalajit

Newfoundlandissa elävä Lynx canadensis subsolanus mainitaan usein kanadanilveksen alalajiksi.[2] Se on päälajia suurempi. Niiden tiedetään onnistuneen tappamaan karibun vasoja, kun lumikenkäjäniksiä ei ole ollut tarjolla.

Lähteet

  1. Nowell, K.: Lynx canadensis IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 15.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Tunturisusi-sivusto
Käännös suomeksi
Tämä artikkeli tai sen osa on käännetty tai siihen on haettu tietoja muunkielisen Wikipedian artikkelista.
Alkuperäinen artikkeli: en:Canada Lynx

Aiheesta muualla

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Kanadanilves: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kanadanilves (Lynx canadensis) on ilveksen lähisukulainen, ja jotkut auktoriteetit pitävät niitä jopa samaan lajiin kuuluvina. Joiltakin piirteiltään kanadanilves muistuttaa kuitenkin enemmän punailvestä.

Tätä kissaeläintä tavataan melkein kaikkialla Kanadan ja Alaskan pohjoisissa metsissä. Suuria ilvespopulaatioita on lisäksi Yhdysvaltojen Montanassa, Idahossa ja Washingtonin osavaltiossa. Kanadanilveksiä on vain vähän Utahissa, Minnesotassa ja Uudessa Englannissa. Coloradoon sitä on yritetty siirtää vuodesta 1999. Ensimmäiset luonnossa syntyneet pennut vahvistettiin 2003, ja sittemmin siellä on syntynyt useita pentueita. Lajia pidetään uhanalaisena Yhdysvaltojen rajalla.

Ilvekset saalistavat jäniksiä, jyrsijöitä ja lintuja, joskus isompiakin eläimiä, kuten peurojalähde?. Saaliin ne paikantavat kuulon ja näön avulla. Paikka paikoin lumikenkäjänis on lähes ainoa kanadanilveksen saaliseläin. Ilveskannan suuruus noudattaa selvästi lumikenkäjäniksen lukumäärän kymmenen vuoden vaihtelun kaarta.

Ilves elää yksinään ja näkymättömissä. Se on tavallisesti aktiivinen yöaikaan ja tarvitsee suuren reviirin.

Ilveksiä metsästetään niiden turkin vuoksi, ja ne ovat monilla alueilla vähenemässä elinalueen kutistumisen vuoksi.

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Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
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wikipedia FI

Lynx du Canada ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lynx canadensis

 src=
Lynx du Canada[1]

Le Lynx du Canada[Note 1] (Lynx canadensis) aussi appelé Lynx gris, Lynx polaire, Lynx Bleu, Pichou (ancien nom amérindien parfois encore utilisé pour désigner le lynx ou sa fourrure au Canada)[2],[3] ou Loup-cervier est une espèce de mammifères carnivore de la famille des félidés du genre des Lynx. Adapté aux climats froids, son aire de répartition englobe essentiellement le Canada et l'Alaska (États-Unis) ainsi que le nord-est des États-Unis et une partie des Rocheuses.

Description

 src=
Lynx du Canada.

La fourrure, longue et épaisse, est grise et brune jaunâtre avec parfois des taches sombres. La queue est courte avec une extrémité foncée. Les pattes postérieures sont longues, les pieds sont recouverts d'un pelage dense et peuvent mesurer 10 cm. Ses pattes arrières étant plus longues que ses pattes avant lui donne position inclinée vers l'avant, qui lui permet d'atteindre des pointes de vitesse élevées en quelques secondes, et d'effectuer des bonds importants. Ses pattes arrières lui permettent également de l'empêcher de s'enfoncer dans la neige profonde. Il est un excellent grimpeur, grâce à ses griffes rétractiles[4]. Les oreilles sont surmontées d'un fin pinceau de poils noirs et il présente le plus souvent une collerette flottante de fourrure autour du cou. Son ouïe et sa vue sont extrêmement bien développées, ce qui l'aide pour la chasse, tandis que son odorat l'est beaucoup moins.

Le lynx du Canada est de nature solitaire, il est furtif et évite la proximité avec l'homme [4]

Les longues pattes et le pelage épais font paraître ce lynx beaucoup plus grand qu'il n'est; on observe un dimorphisme sexuel relié au poids et a la taille de l'animal. Les mâles pèsent 10 kg environ, les femelles sont légèrement plus petites : environ 8,5 kg. Ces lynx peuvent mesurer de 80 à 100 cm de long (tête et dos), avec une queue de 5 à 13 cm, et de 48 à 56 cm de hauteur au garrot. La taille adulte du lynx du Canada est généralement atteinte vers l'âge de deux ans[4]. D'ailleurs, c'est vers cet âge-ci qu'ils se reproduisent. La maturité sexuelle des femelles est atteinte vers l'âge de 22 mois. Les premières chasses influent également sur l'âge de la première reproduction du lynx.

Le Lynx du Canada peut être confondu avec le Lynx roux (Lynx rufus) qui partage une partie de son aire de répartition. Le Lynx roux a toutefois des pattes plus courtes et des pieds plus petits, sans poil sur les coussinets. La touffe de poils qui surmonte ses oreilles est également beaucoup plus petite que celle du Lynx du Canada ; sa queue est en revanche plus longue et son extrémité est claire sur le dessous tandis que celle du Lynx du Canada est complètement noire à son extrémité[4].

L'animal est exclusivement carnivore et sa proie préférée est le lièvre d'Amérique. Il en consomme en moyenne 170 a 200 par année[4]. Le régime alimentaire du Lynx du Canada varie en fonction des saisons de l'année. En effet, en période estivale et lorsque la rareté du lièvre se fait ressentir, le lynx peut également se nourrir d' écureuils, de tamias, de souris, de campagnols, de musaraignes, de gélinottes huppées (Bonasa umbellus), de tétras, de castors ou encore, de rats musqués (Ondatra zibethicus)[4]

Évolution de l'espèce et phylogénèse

Phylogenèse

La classification du Lynx du Canada a fait l'objet d'un débat : fallait-il le classer comme Lynx rufus ou Felis lynx[5] ; le Lynx du Canada devait-il, avec les trois autres espèces de Lynx, être classé dans son propre genre Lynx ou être un sous-genre de Felis ? Il est à présent admis qu'il fait partie du genre Lynx et il est listé comme Lynx canadensis dans toutes les références taxonomiques modernes.

Selon une étude menée par Johnson en 2006, les Lynx partageraient un clade avec les lignées du Puma, Prionailurus et Felis depuis 7,15 millions d’années. Le genre Lynx serait le premier à avoir divergé, il y a environ 3,24 millions d’années[6]. Les populations de Lynx du Canada sont issues d’Asie et auraient évolué indépendamment de celles du Lynx roux qui a colonisé l'Amérique du Nord bien moins tardivement[7].

 src=
Illustration d'un lynx datant du milieu du 18e siècle.

Arbre phylogénétique du genre Lynx[8]

Lynx

Lynx rufusLynx roux




Lynx canadensis – Lynx du Canada




Lynx lynxLynx d'Eurasie



Lynx pardinusLynx pardelle





Sous-espèces

Trois sous-espèces sont reconnues[9] :

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx canadensis subsolanus : Lynx de Terre-Neuve.

Hybridation

 src=
L’hybridation naturelle avec le Lynx roux est avérée.

L’hybridation entre le Lynx roux et le Lynx du Canada existe[10] : aux États-Unis, on appelle le résultat d’un tel croisement un « Blynx » ou un « Lynxcat », contraction du terme « Bobcat » désignant le Lynx roux et « Lynx » désignant le Lynx du Canada. En 2004, des études génétiques menées sur ces deux espèces ont confirmé que trois spécimens sauvages du Minnesota à l’origine ambigüe étaient issus de l’hybridation. L’ensemble des hybrides étudiés avait un Lynx du Canada pour mère[11]. Les signalements d’hybrides sauvages sont, pour l’instant, confinés au sud de l’aire de répartition du Lynx du Canada. Les pattes des hybrides sont en général plus larges que celles du Lynx roux, mais moins que celles du Lynx du Canada. Leur robe et la longueur des plumets de leurs oreilles sont plus proches de celles du Lynx roux. Un cas de Blynx femelle féconde a été signalé en 2008[12],[Note 2].

Habitat et répartition

 src=
Distribution du Lynx du Canada.
  • Répartition actuelle
  • Répartition historique probable

On trouve ces lynx surtout dans les forêts boréales du Canada et de l'Alaska. Au Canada, il occupe toutes les provinces et territoires à l'exception de l'Île-du-Prince-Édouard[13]. Ils vivent entre autres dans les zones cultivées entrecoupées de bois épais et les zones plus montagneuses. Il a reconquis depuis peu le nord des États du Wisconsin et du Minnesota aux États-Unis. En effet, il avait disparu de ce pays après une chasse massive pour sa fourrure. Il est encore chassé mais lors de périodes précises et sous contrôle pour éviter les excès.

Dynamique de populations

 src=
Nombre de fourrures vendues par les trappeurs au comptoir de la Baie d'Hudson (sur environ 90 ans) pour le lynx canadien et l'une de ses principales proies, le lièvre américain.

Cette espèce dépend de ses proies et notamment du lièvre américain qui connaît une dynamique de population très cyclique.

Comme le montre le schéma de droite (d'après des archives statistiques collectées par Odum, et publiées en 1953)[14], ces deux espèces ont une dynamique de population cyclique et qui semblent en interactions durables.

Ce schéma reflète aussi les effets locaux et cycliques de l'ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation), susceptible d'affecter le phénotype des lièvres et d'autres espèces lors des hivers plus rigoureux[15] explique en partie ce cycle[16].

Protection et conservation

 src=
« Manière de prendre le loup-cervier au Labrador » (1871), gravure tirée de L'opinion publique, périodique canadien-français.

Au Canada, le lynx n'est pas considéré comme une espèce en péril par le COSEPAC, vu sa grande dispersion sur le continent nord-américain[13]. Par contre, sa situation dans les provinces du Nouveau-Brunswick et de la Nouvelle-Écosse semble plus préoccupante[13]. Ainsi, l'UICN reconnaît que ses populations sont en péril en statuant celle du Nouveau-Brunswick comme espèce en danger et en qualifiant de préoccupante celle de la Nouvelle-Écosse[17].

Aux États-Unis, il est classé comme espèce menacée (threatened) selon l'Endangered Species Act. Ceci signifie que cette espèce semble ou sera menacée d'extinction[17]. Son habitat y est aussi partiellement protégé par le gouvernement.

Notes et références

Notes

  1. Typographie selon le Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l’Imprimerie nationale, Imprimerie nationale, 2002, édition octobre 2007 (ISBN 978-2-7433-0482-9), p. 37
  2. En règle générale, les hybrides sont considérés comme stériles.

Références

  1. « Lynx du Canada : Carnets d'histoire naturelle », sur nature.ca (consulté le 26 octobre 2020)
  2. Usito, « Usito », sur Usito (consulté le 9 février 2022)
  3. « Grand dictionnaire terminologique - pichou », sur gdt.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca (consulté le 5 mars 2022)
  4. a b c d e et f Clément Fortin et Josée Tardif, « Situation du lynx du Canada (Lynx Canadensis) au Québec », Société de la faune et des parcs au Québec,‎ mai 2003, p. 11 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) Carron Meaney, Gary P. Beauvais, « Species Assessment for Canada lynx (Lynx Canadensis) in Wyoming », United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, septembre 2004 (consulté le 8 avril 2009)
  6. (en) W.E. Johnson, E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W.J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling, S.J. O’Brien, « The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. », Science, vol. 311,‎ 2006, p. 73–77 (PMID , DOI )
  7. (en) William J. Zielinski, Thomas E. Kuceradate, American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection, DIANE Publishing, 1998, 77–78 p. (ISBN 0788136283)
  8. (fr) Stephen O’Brien et Warren Johnson, « L’évolution des chats », Pour la science, no 366,‎ avril 2008 (ISSN )
  9. (en) Référence Mammal Species of the World (3e éd., 2005) : Lynx canadensis
  10. (en) Mills, L. Scott, Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics, and Management, Blackwell Publishing, novembre 2006 (ISBN 1405121467), p. 48
  11. (en) M.K. Schwartz, K.L. Pilgrim, K.S. McKelvey, L.F. Ruggiero, E.L. Lindquist, S. Loch, J.J. Claar, « Hybridization between Canada lynx and bobcats: Genetic results and management implications », Conservation Genetics, no 5,‎ 2004, p. 349-355 (lire en ligne)
  12. (en) J.A.Homyack, J.H. Vashon, C. Libby, E.L. Lindquist, S. Loch, D.F. McAlpine, K.L. Pilgrim, M.K. Schwartz, « Canada lynx-bobcat (Lynx canadensis x L. rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick », American Midland Naturalist, no 159,‎ 2008, p. 504-508 (lire en ligne)
  13. a b et c Comité sur la situation des espèces en péril au Canada (COSEPAC), « Lynx du Canada Lynx canadensis », 2009 (consulté le 4 février 2010)
  14. Odum EP (1953) Fundamentals of ecology. WB Saunders, Philadephia
  15. Udvardy, M. F. (1959). Notes on the ecological concepts of habitat, biotope and niche. Ecology, 725-728.
  16. Zhang Z, Tao Y & Li Z (2007) Factors affecting hare-lynx dynamics in the classic time series of the Hudson Bay Company, Canada. Climate Research, 34(2), 83.
  17. a et b UICN, http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/12518/0

Annexes

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wikipedia FR

Lynx du Canada: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Lynx canadensis

 src= Lynx du Canada

Le Lynx du Canada (Lynx canadensis) aussi appelé Lynx gris, Lynx polaire, Lynx Bleu, Pichou (ancien nom amérindien parfois encore utilisé pour désigner le lynx ou sa fourrure au Canada), ou Loup-cervier est une espèce de mammifères carnivore de la famille des félidés du genre des Lynx. Adapté aux climats froids, son aire de répartition englobe essentiellement le Canada et l'Alaska (États-Unis) ainsi que le nord-est des États-Unis et une partie des Rocheuses.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FR

Lincse Cheanadach ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is ainmhí í an lincse Cheanadach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Kanadski ris ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Kanadski ris (lat. Lynx canadensis) je vrsta iz porodice mačaka (Felidae), pobliže, svrstava se u rod risova (Lynx).

Osobine

Dužina tijela ove vrste risova je između 75 i 105 cm, a težina mu se kreće između 8 i 13,5 kilograma. Visina u ramenima mu je oko 60 cm.

Rasprostranjenost

Kanadski ris živi u Kanadi, južnom dijelu Aljaske, sjeverim dijelovima Oregona, Idahoa i na području Rocky Mountainsa (Wyoming, sjeverni Colorado).

Lov

Risovi su po svojoj prirodi samotnjaci koji love samo noću. Izvstan vid i njuh im pomažu pronaći lovinu i slijediti ju. Risovi nisu vrlo brzi trkači, no zato su izdržljivi. Ponekad mogu slijediti svoj odabrani plijen i duže od kilometra. Osim toga, vrlo dobro plivaju a i dobri su penjači.

Ishrana

Kanadski ris se hrani malim jelenima, jazavcima, zečevima, kunićima, vjevericama kao i ribama i pticama. Strvinu će jesti samo u krajnjoj nuždi.

U stanju je pričiniti veliku štetu napadajući domaće životinje. Zbog toga, iako su zaštićene, ove mačke se još uvijek love i ubijaju.

Razmnožavanje

Vrijeme parenja kanadskog risa počinje početkom ožujka i traje do početka ili sredine travnja. Nakon gravidnosti od 63 dana, kote se prosječno dva do tri mladunca, u pravilu u nekoj jami ili dobro zaštićenom skloništu. U rijetkim slučajevima mogu se okotiti i do šest mladunaca. Mladunci se kote slijepi, ali već dobo obrasli krznom. Otvaraju oči nakon desetak dana, a nakon oko 2 mjeseca napuštaju sklonište u kojem su se okotili. Tada uglavnom kreću s majkom u lov. Uz majku ostaju do idućeg proljeća, odnosno, do neposredno prije nego što majka okoti novi podmladak.

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Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
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wikipedia hr Croatian

Kanadski ris: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Kanadski ris (lat. Lynx canadensis) je vrsta iz porodice mačaka (Felidae), pobliže, svrstava se u rod risova (Lynx).

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
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wikipedia hr Croatian

Kanadiski rys ( Sorábio superior )

fornecido por wikipedia HSB

Kanadiski rys je zwěrjo ze swójby kóčkow (Felidae).

Nóžki

  1. Pawoł Völkel: Prawopisny słownik hornjoserbskeje rěče. Hornjoserbsko-němski słownik. Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina, Budyšin 2005, ISBN 3-7420-1920-1, str. 443.
  2. W internetowym słowniku: Luchs


Beutelgilbmaus brehm.png
Tutón nastawk je hišće zarodk wo coologiji. Móžeš pomhać jón dale redigować. K tomu stłóč na «wobdźěłać».

Jeli eksistuje w druhej rěči hižo bóle wuwity nastawk ze samsnej temu, potom přełožuj a dodawaj z njeho.


Jeli nastawk ma wjace hač jedyn njedostatk, wužiwaj prošu předłohu {{Předźěłuj}}. Nimo toho so awtomatisce kategorija Kategorija:Zarodk wo coologiji doda.

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Kanadiski rys: Brief Summary ( Sorábio superior )

fornecido por wikipedia HSB

Kanadiski rys je zwěrjo ze swójby kóčkow (Felidae).

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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia HSB

Lynx kanada ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Lynx kanada (bahasa Inggris: Canadian lynx; bahasa Latin: Lynx canadensis) adalah mamalia Amerika Utara dari keluarga kucing, familia Felidae. Lynx ini adalah kerabat dekat dari lynx eurasia (Lynx lynx). Namun dalam beberapa karakteristik, lynx kanada lebih mirip seperti kucing hutan (Lynx rufus; bobcat) daripada lynx eurasia. Di antara subspesies yang diakui, hewan ini tersebar di Kanada, Alaska, dan beberapa bagian Amerika Serikat bagian utara.

Dengan bulu keperakan-cokelat padatnya serta wajah dan telinganya yang berumbai, lynx kanada menyerupai spesies lain dari genus lynx berukuran sedang. Lynx ini lebih besar dari kucing hutan dan lebih besar dua kali dari ukuran kucing domestik.

Referensi

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005-11-16). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), ed. Mammal Species of the World (edisi ke-3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 541. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
  2. ^ Nowell, K. (2008). "Lynx canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal March 22, 2009.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link) Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  3. ^ "Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)". Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Diakses tanggal May 6, 2013.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Lynx kanada: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Lynx kanada (bahasa Inggris: Canadian lynx; bahasa Latin: Lynx canadensis) adalah mamalia Amerika Utara dari keluarga kucing, familia Felidae. Lynx ini adalah kerabat dekat dari lynx eurasia (Lynx lynx). Namun dalam beberapa karakteristik, lynx kanada lebih mirip seperti kucing hutan (Lynx rufus; bobcat) daripada lynx eurasia. Di antara subspesies yang diakui, hewan ini tersebar di Kanada, Alaska, dan beberapa bagian Amerika Serikat bagian utara.

Dengan bulu keperakan-cokelat padatnya serta wajah dan telinganya yang berumbai, lynx kanada menyerupai spesies lain dari genus lynx berukuran sedang. Lynx ini lebih besar dari kucing hutan dan lebih besar dua kali dari ukuran kucing domestik.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Lynx canadensis ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La lince canadese (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792)[4] è un mammifero nordamericano appartenente alla famiglia dei Felidi presente in Canada ed Alaska, nonché in alcune parti degli Stati Uniti settentrionali, spingendosi lungo le Montagne Rocciose fino al Colorado, dove è stata reintrodotta negli anni '90.

Con la sua folta pelliccia bruno-argentea, la faccia incorniciata dalla barba e i ciuffi auricolari, la lince canadese somiglia molto alle altre specie del genere Lynx. È leggermente più grande della lince rossa, con la quale condivide parte dell'areale, e più del doppio di un gatto domestico.

Tassonomia

La lince canadese è una delle quattro specie del genere Lynx e viene classificata all'interno della famiglia dei Felidi. Venne descritta per la prima volta dallo scrittore scientifico Robert Kerr come Felis lynx canadensis nella sua opera The Animal Kingdom (1792)[5]. La tassonomia delle linci è rimasta per lungo tempo oggetto di discussione; fino a poco tempo fa non era chiaro nemmeno se Lynx doveva essere considerato un genere indipendente o un sottogenere di Felis[6][7]. Alcuni autori mettevano in dubbio addirittura la validità della lince canadese come specie a sé[8]. Per esempio, in un articolo pubblicato su Mammalian Species nel 1987, Renn Tumlison considerava la lince canadese una sottospecie della lince eurasiatica (L. lynx)[9]. Tuttavia, altri autori, come lo zoologo W. Christopher Wozencraft, che revisionò la classificazione dei Carnivori nel 1989 e nel 1993, considerava le due forme come specie distinte[6].

Secondo uno studio del 2006 basato sulle analisi genetiche, l'antenato di cinque linee evolutive dei Felidi - Lynx, Leopardus, Puma, Felis e Prionailurus - giunse in Nordamerica dopo aver attraversato lo stretto di Bering 8,5-8 milioni di anni fa. Lynx si separò dalle linee evolutive di Puma, Felis e Prionailurus circa 3,24 milioni di anni fa[10]. Si ritiene che l'antenata delle quattro specie attuali di Lynx sia la lince di Issoire (L. issiodorensis), che probabilmente si evolvette in Africa 4 milioni di anni fa per poi diffondersi in Europa e Asia settentrionale, dove sopravvisse fino a circa 1 milione di anni fa[11][12]. Uno studio del 1987 aveva suggerito che le popolazioni di lince eurasiatica che raggiunsero il Nordamerica 20.000 anni fa si spostarono in un primo momento verso la metà meridionale del continente, in quanto quella settentrionale era ancora ricoperta dai ghiacci. Con il tempo le popolazioni meridionali si evolvettero fino a divenire la moderna lince rossa (L. rufus). In seguito, quando la lince eurasiatica invase il continente una seconda volta, le popolazioni che si erano insediate nella parte settentrionale del continente, ora libere dai ghiacci, si evolvettero nella lince canadese[13]. In base allo studio del 2006, le relazioni filogenetiche della lince canadese sono le seguenti[10][14]:

   

Leopardus

    Lynx

Lince rossa (L. rufus)

     

Lince canadese (L. canadensis)

     

Lince iberica (L. pardinus)

   

Lince eurasiatica (L. lynx)

          Puma

Ghepardo (Acinonyx jubatus)

     

Puma (Puma concolor)

   

Yaguarondi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi)

         

Felis

     

Gatto di Pallas (Otocolobus manul)

   

Prionailurus

           

Prima del 2017, gli studiosi riconoscevano tre sottospecie diverse di lince canadese[1]:

  • L. c. canadensis Kerr, 1792;
  • L. c. mollipilosus Stone, 1900, la lince dell'Alaska, considerata sinonimo di L. c. canadensis da Tumlison;
  • L. c. subsolanus Bangs, 1897, la lince di Terranova.

Attualmente, la Cat Classification Taskforce del Cat Specialist Group non ritiene valida nessuna di queste sottospecie; pertanto, la lince canadese è da considerarsi una specie monotipica[4].

Descrizione

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Il cranio.
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Disegno comparativo delle teste della lince rossa (in alto) e canadese (in basso) (1906).
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Fotografia di un uomo alto un metro e ottanta con una lince canadese.

La lince canadese è un felide di medie dimensioni, simile sotto molti aspetti alla lince rossa. Ha una lunghezza testa-corpo di 80-100 cm, misura 48-56 cm di altezza al garrese e pesa 5-18 kg. Le sue dimensioni, all'incirca la metà di quelle della lince eurasiatica, non variano significativamente da una parte all'altra dell'areale, e sono state probabilmente selezionate dall'ambiente per consentire all'animale di sopravvivere mangiando prede più piccole[15]. La specie mostra un evidente dimorfismo sessuale, con i maschi più grandi e più pesanti delle femmine[11][16]. Come la lince rossa, la lince canadese ha arti anteriori più corti di quelli posteriori, pertanto il dorso sembra essere inclinato in avanti. La coda estremamente corta, tipica delle linci, misura 5-15 cm[11][16].

La pelliccia è generalmente bruno-giallastra (anche se sul dorso può essere talvolta grigia)[11]; particolarmente folta e lunga, isola l'animale dal gelo dell'ambiente in cui vive[17]. Sebbene non siano mai stati descritti esemplari melanici o albini, in Alaska sono state segnalate linci «azzurre»[18]. I ciuffi auricolari neri lunghi 4 cm, caratteristica comune a tutte le linci, spuntano dalla punta delle orecchie, che presentano una banda di pelo nero lungo il bordo superiore[16][19]. In inverno i peli che ricoprono la parte inferiore delle guance crescono così tanto da far sembrare che l'animale presenti una sorta di barba che ricopre la gola. Sull'addome, dove la pelliccia è bianca (talvolta con una sfumatura beige) possono essere presenti alcune macchie scure; qui si trovano quattro capezzoli[11][16]. In estate la pelliccia è corta e di colore variabile dal bruno-rossastro al grigiastro, ma d'inverno essa diviene notevolmente più lunga e assume una colorazione più virante al grigio, con un misto di peli bruno-grigiastri e beige[6][20]; nel manto estivo le macchie diventano più evidenti[21]. La coda è marcata da anelli neri e, diversamente da quella della lince rossa, ha la punta interamente nera[11][16]. Le piante dei piedi, ricoperte di pelo lungo e spesso, possono sopportare quasi il doppio del peso di quelle della lince rossa[22].

La lince canadese ha 28 denti[23], come le altre linci ma diversamente da tutti gli altri felidi[8], con quattro lunghi canini adatti a perforare e trattenere. La lince è in grado di percepire dove i suoi canini stanno mordendo la preda, in quanto essi sono fortemente innervati. È anche dotata di quattro denti carnassiali che tagliano la carne in piccoli pezzi. Affinché essa possa utilizzare i suoi carnassiali, deve masticare la carne tenendo la testa di lato. Tra i quattro canini e gli altri denti vi sono ampi spazi, e i secondi premolari superiori sono assenti, facendo sì che i canini affondino il più possibile nella preda[24]. Gli artigli sono brevi e completamente retrattili. Le piante dei piedi, grazie alle articolazioni del metatarso che consentono un'ampia divaricazione delle dita[19], possono raggiungere i 10 cm di larghezza e consentire all'animale di muoversi velocemente e con facilità sulla neve[8][17]. Le impronte sono più facilmente distinguibili sulla neve compatta che sul fango, ma i segni lasciati dalle dita non sono chiaramente visibili nella neve profonda[25].

La lince canadese si differenzia dalla lince rossa per il fatto di avere ciuffi auricolari più lunghi, un mantello più grigio e meno rosso, macchie meno distinte sul mantello, una coda leggermente più corta completamente nera all'estremità, piuttosto che sul solo lato superiore, e piante dei piedi più larghe[8][26]. La lince rossa è generalmente più piccola di quella canadese, ma le due specie sono facilmente confondibili nelle regioni in cui coesistono, specialmente per il fatto che le linci rosse più grandi compaiono proprio nelle aree di simpatria[19]. Pur non essendo un loro parente, il caracal somiglia alle linci in quanto è anch'esso dotato di ciuffi simili sulle orecchie[27].

Biologia

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Lince canadese accovacciata.

La lince canadese tende ad avere abitudini notturne, come la lepre scarpa da neve, sua preda principale, ma può essere attiva anche durante il giorno[11]. Per procurarsi le prede necessarie, la lince può percorrere anche 8-9 km al giorno[28][29], spostandosi ad una velocità di 0,75-1,46 km all'ora[30]. Le linci sono buone nuotatrici[16]: in un caso documentato, un esemplare nuotò per tre chilometri attraverso il fiume Yukon[31]. Sono anche delle eccellenti arrampicatrici e scampano ai predatori rifugiandosi sugli alberi; nonostante questo, cacciano unicamente a terra[19]. Le linci canadesi sono prevalentemente solitarie; le interazioni sociali sono ridotte al minimo, se si eccettua le madri con i piccoli e le associazioni temporanee che si creano tra maschi e femmine durante la stagione riproduttiva[22][32].

Nel 2018 gli studiosi hanno scoperto che nel Maine la martora di Pennant può occasionalmente dare la caccia alle linci canadesi: negli scontri che ne risultano, le prime hanno quasi sempre la meglio, grazie alla loro natura più aggressiva; al contrario, le martore di Pennant possono finire talvolta sul menù della lince rossa, nelle località dove gli areali delle due specie si sovrappongono[33].

Comportamento sociale e spaziale

Le linci canadesi occupano home range di dimensioni estremamente variabili a seconda del metodo di misura che viene utilizzato. I due metodi più comuni utilizzati per stimarne le dimensioni sono l'esame delle tracce lasciate sulla neve (snow-tracking) e la radiotelemetria. La tecnica dello snow-tracking tende generalmente a dare valori più bassi: con gli studi effettuati utilizzando questa pratica sono stati stimati home range di 11,1-49,5 km², contro gli 8-783 km² stimati dagli studi svolti con la radiotelemetria[6]. Come altri felidi, le linci canadesi marcano i loro territori spruzzando urina e depositando feci sulla neve, su monconi di albero o su altri siti ben evidenti all'interno e nei dintorni delle proprie aree vitali[11].

I maschi tendono ad occupare territori più estesi delle femmine: per esempio, nel corso di uno studio di radiotelemetria effettuato nel 1980 in Minnesota, un territorio dove le lepri sono poco numerose, i territori dei primi sono risultati essere di 145-243 km², al contrario dei 51-122 km² di quelli delle seconde[34]. In un altro studio radiotelemetrico effettuato in Montana nel 1985, i valori medi riscontrati erano di 122 km² per i maschi e di 43,1 km² per le femmine[35]. In uno studio svolto nella parte meridionale dei Territori del Nord-Ovest, gli studiosi hanno scoperto che i territori di individui di sesso opposto si sovrappongono ampiamente, mentre quelli di individui dello stesso sesso difficilmente coincidono. Questo lascia ipotizzare che i vari individui tendono ad evitarsi tra loro e quindi a difendere passivamente i propri territori[36].

La forma e le dimensioni dell'home range sono determinate da fattori quali la disponibilità di prede (specialmente delle lepri scarpa da neve), la densità delle linci e la topografia[6]. Alcuni studiosi hanno provato a correlare la quantità delle lepri scarpa da neve in una determinata area con le dimensioni degli home range delle linci ivi presenti. Uno studio del 1985 ha dimostrato che le dimensioni medie degli home range triplicavano - da 13,2 a 39,2 km² - quando la densità delle lepri diminuiva da 14,7 a 1 per ettaro[37]. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno indicato che le linci mettono in atto comportamenti diversi in condizioni di scarsità di prede: alcuni esemplari non mostrano alcun cambiamento per quanto riguarda il loro territorio, mentre altri possono rispondere cacciando in aree più piccole e occupando, di conseguenza, home range più ridotti[6]. Generalmente le linci canadesi non abbandonano mai il proprio territorio, anche se le minore disponibilità di prede può essere un fattore abbastanza importante da spingere le linci a disperdersi o ad espandere i loro territori[36][38].

Alimentazione

Esclusivamente carnivora, la lince canadese dipende fortemente dalla presenza delle lepri scarpa da neve per il cibo. Esse costituiscono il 35-97% della sua dieta, ma la percentuale di lepri consumate varia a seconda della loro quantità e della stagione[19]. Le popolazioni di lepre scarpa da neve che vivono in Alaska e nel Canada centrale esibiscono infatti una ciclicità di 8-11 anni, con cali così drastici da portarli a volte da 2300 ad appena 12 lepri per km²[39]. Durante questi periodi, la lince si rivolge ad altre prede - quali anatre, tetraoni, talpe, pernici bianche, scoiattoli rossi, arvicole e giovani ungulati (bighorn bianchi, cervi muli e caribù) -, mantenendo comunque le lepri come preda principale. La lince canadese tende ad essere meno selettiva in estate e autunno, quando dà la caccia anche ad altri piccoli mammiferi; le lepri scarpa da neve restano in ogni caso la preda principale. Una lince canadese uccide una lepre ogni uno o due giorni, e assume pertanto 600-1200 g di cibo al giorno[11][19].

Uno studio riguardante le popolazioni di coyote e linci canadesi nel sud-ovest del Territorio dello Yukon ha dimostrato che durante quelle fasi cicliche in cui le lepri scarpa da neve sono più abbondanti entrambi i predatori uccidono molte più lepri di quante fossero necessarie per la loro sussistenza: le linci hanno bisogno di uccidere 0,4-0,5 lepri al giorno per ricavare le energie necessarie, ma nel corso dello studio suddetto il tasso di uccisioni era salito a 1,2 lepri al giorno. I coyote, con un tasso di successo degli attacchi del 36,9%, si sono rivelati dei predatori di maggior successo rispetto alle linci (sebbene questo possa essere stato dovuto al maggior numero di coyote adulti all'interno della popolazione studiata), che avevano registrato un tasso di successo del 28,7%. Le linci mettono da parte raramente le prede uccise, a differenza dei coyote, e questo potrebbe aver portato al consumo incompleto di alcune uccisioni. Durante il calo ciclico del numero delle lepri scarpa da neve, entrambi i predatori dedicavano alla caccia lo stesso periodo di tempo di quando le lepri erano numerose, ma le linci ne uccidevano un numero maggiore rispetto a prima. Inoltre, queste ultime integravano la loro dieta con gli scoiattoli rossi[30].

La lince canadese caccia intorno al crepuscolo o di notte, periodo in cui le lepri scarpa da neve tendono ad essere più attive[19]. Per localizzare la preda fa affidamento sulla vista e sull'udito[16]. In genere segue percorsi frequentemente utilizzati dalle lepri o si apposta in siti strategici, per esempio lungo sentieri o in prossimità di aree aperte di aggregazione delle prede. Le lepri sono uccise con un morso al cranio, alla nuca o alla gola, mentre i giovani ungulati vengono solitamente soffocati con un morso alla gola. La lince può consumare la sua preda immediatamente o metterla da parte ricoprendola con neve e foglie per poi mangiarla nel giro di pochi giorni[11][19]. Occasionalmente le linci possono anche cacciare insieme; in tal caso il tasso di successo dei loro attacchi cresce notevolmente, raggiungendo il 55% - un bel salto di qualità rispetto a quando un solo esemplare caccia da solo (14%)[22]. Non disdegnano anche carcasse, in particolare di ungulati uccisi dal freddo o da incidenti stradali[19].

Riproduzione

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I cuccioli di lince canadese nascono con gli occhi azzurri.

La stagione riproduttiva della lince canadese dura un mese soltanto, in un periodo compreso tra marzo e maggio, a seconda del clima locale. Durante questo lasso di tempo le femmine vanno in estro una sola volta, per un periodo che dura da tre a cinque giorni[11]. La femmina attrae un potenziale compagno rilasciando un po' di urina nel punto in cui il maschio è solito marcare il suo territorio ed emettendo richiami continui. I due partner possono accoppiarsi fino a sei volte in un'ora. La femmina si accoppia con un solo maschio per stagione, ma il maschio può accoppiarsi con più femmine.

La gestazione dura circa 64 giorni e le nascite si collocano pertanto tra maggio e inizio luglio. Prima del parto, la femmina prepara un riparo per la cucciolata, generalmente tra la fitta boscaglia, in boschetti o tra i detriti legnosi. Le tane sono generalmente situate su un terreno in media pendenza e sono rivolte verso sud o sud-ovest[40].

La cucciolata comprende da uno a quattro piccoli, e tende ad essere più numerosa quando le prede sono abbondanti[41]. Questo suggerisce un maggior livello di flessibilità riproduttiva rispetto ad altri felini, e le femmine spesso non si riproducono affatto quando le prede sono scarse. Tuttavia, quando i cuccioli nascono in annate di magra, la mortalità infantile può raggiungere il 95%.

Alla nascita i cuccioli di lince canadese pesano 175-235 g, e inizialmente presentano una pelliccia di colore grigiastro-beige con macchie nere. Ciechi e del tutto inermi per i primi quattordici giorni di vita, sono svezzati all'età di dodici settimane[11]. Quando aprono gli occhi, questi sono di colore azzurro brillante, ma con l'età assumono una colorazione bruno-nocciola. La femmina porta il cibo ai piccoli e consente loro di giocarci prima di mangiarlo, in modo che possano apprendere le abilità predatorie.

I piccoli lasciano la tana dopo circa cinque settimane e iniziano a cacciare tra i sette e i nove mesi di età. Lasciano la madre a circa dieci mesi, non appena inizia la successiva stagione riproduttiva, ma raggiungono le dimensioni degli adulti solo verso i due anni. Le femmine raggiungono la maturità sessuale a dieci mesi, anche se spesso rimandano la riproduzione di un altro anno, mentre i maschi raggiungono la maturità a due o tre anni. La lince canadese può vivere fino a quattordici anni in cattività, ma in natura la durata della vita è probabilmente molto più breve[11].

Distribuzione e habitat

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Le zampe anteriori della lince canadese sono più corte di quelle posteriori.
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Primo piano della faccia.

La lince canadese popola la maggior parte del Canada a sud della linea degli alberi (che comprende circa l'80% del suo areale), la maggior parte dell'Alaska (13,5% dell'areale) e, negli Stati Uniti contigui, nelle propaggini meridionali della foresta boreale e sub-boreale lungo le Montagne Rocciose, la Catena delle Cascate e le Blue Mountains (Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana e Wyoming), la regione dei Grandi Laghi (Minnesota e Wisconsin) e il New England (Maine, New Hampshire e Vermont settentrionale)[42]. È stata reintrodotta con successo in Colorado, e ora il limite meridionale del suo areale si estende fin dentro il New Mexico settentrionale[43]. Un tentativo di reintroduzione sui Monti Adirondack, New York (1989-1992), non ha avuto successo[19].

La lince canadese è specializzata in habitat ben precisi e vive solo in fitte foreste boreali e di conifere, con pioppi tremuli, abeti rossi, betulle, salici, abeti, pioppi o pini, che corrispondono essenzialmente all'areale di distribuzione della sua principale specie di preda, la lepre scarpa da neve. Le linci canadesi sono estremamente adattate alla neve e al ghiaccio. Nel fiume Yukon sono state viste percorrere a nuoto fino a 3,2 km, e due individui seguiti con radiocollare nuotavano abitualmente per 4-12 minuti in fiumi semighiacciati, estremamente pericolosi, con temperatura dell'aria inferiore a -27 °C. La lince canadese evita gli habitat aperti, benché spesso ricchi di prede. Vive raramente in habitat fortemente modificati come aree agricole e ha difficoltà laddove la silvicoltura dirada permanentemente la copertura o riduce la complessità della foresta. Vive invece bene in foreste lasciate rigenerare dopo tagli completi o deforestazione intensiva, a condizione che il recupero sia stato lasciato procedere per circa 15 anni o più. La lince canadese vive dal livello del mare fino a 4130 m[42].

Nel 1903 una lince canadese venne abbattuta nei pressi di Newton Abbot, nel Regno Unito, dopo aver attaccato due cani. La carcassa venne conservata presso il Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, dove venne analizzata e correttamente identificata dagli scienziati solamente un secolo dopo. Secondo gli studiosi si trattava probabilmente di un esemplare vissuto in cattività per un certo periodo di tempo, forse come animale da compagnia esotico o come membro di un serraglio ambulante, che potrebbe essere sopravvissuto per un buon lasso di tempo anche dopo la fuga. È considerato «il primo esempio registrato di felino esotico a piede libero nel Regno Unito»[44].

Conservazione

La lince canadese è diffusa e generalmente comune nella maggior parte del Canada (dove occupa ancora il 95% circa del suo areale storico) e in Alaska. Ha perso parti di areale nel sud dell'Alberta, nel Saskatchewan e nel Manitoba ed è poco comune o rara nel Canada orientale, dove due province (Nuovo Brunswick e Nuova Scozia) la classificano come «In Pericolo». È estinta sull'Isola del Principe Edoardo e nella Nuova Scozia continentale; si trova invece ancora sull'Isola del Capo Bretone. La perdita di areali è molto più estesa negli Stati Uniti contigui, dove in passato compariva in 24 stati mentre ora è limitata a una serie di popolazioni piccole e isolate, collettivamente considerate «Minacciate»[45][46]. La principale minaccia per la lince canadese è la perdita, la frammentazione e il degrado degli habitat a causa di pratiche forestali eccessivamente distruttive o di deforestazione. Negli Stati Uniti, le principali minacce sono pressione sugli habitat, bracconaggio e incidenti stradali. L'apertura degli habitat favorisce anche il movimento verso nord di coyote e linci rosse, che potrebbero rappresentare un fattore aggiuntivo nel calo demografico delle linci, per esempio negli USA nord-orientali e in Canada orientale. Nella maggior parte dell'areale dell'Alaska e del Canada, invece, gli habitat sono di qualità elevata e intatti, protetti o relativamente ben gestiti. Ogni anno, almeno 11.000 linci sono cacciate o catturate legalmente, per la maggior parte in Canada e Alaska. Le popolazioni di lince canadese sono vulnerabili alla pressione venatoria nei periodi di penuria di lepri, ma oggi la caccia legale tiene generalmente conto di questo fattore e vi sono scarse prove di impatti demografici a lungo termine. Il riscaldamento globale sta già riducendo la qualità degli habitat per le linci lungo la periferia sud dell'areale e può avere gravi effetti a lungo termine sulla foresta boreale[2]. Un'ulteriore minaccia è costituita anche dall'ibridazione con la lince rossa, fenomeno già riscontrato alla periferia meridionale dell'attuale areale della specie (Maine, Minnesota e New Brunswick)[47][48] che potrebbe ostacolarne la ripresa in questa regione.

Il 12 gennaio 2018 lo US Fish and Wildlife Service, l'Agenzia statunitense per la fauna selvatica, ha dichiarato la lince canadese fuori pericolo. Si tratta del primo passo di un processo che vedrà poi la proposta formale di rimuovere dalla lista federale delle specie a rischio estinzione questa specie, che è sotto protezione dal 2000 in 48 Stati (ma non in Alaska e in territorio canadese)[49].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Lynx canadensis, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ a b (EN) Vashon, J. (2016), Lynx canadensis, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  3. ^ Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis), su Naturwissenschaften, zeno.org. URL consultato il 6 maggio 2013.
  4. ^ a b A. C. Kitchener, C. Breitenmoser-Würsten, E. Eizirik, A. Gentry, L. Werdelin, A. Wilting, N. Yamaguchi, A. V. Abramov, P. Christiansen, C. Driscoll, J. W. Duckworth, W. Johnson, S.-J. Luo, E. Meijaard, P. O'Donoghue, J. Sanderson, K. Seymour, M. Bruford, C. Groves, M. Hoffmann, K. Nowell, Z. Timmons e S. Tobe, A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group, in Cat News, Special Issue 11, 2017.
  5. ^ R. Kerr, The Animal Kingdom, Londra, UK, A. Strahan & T. Cadell, 1792, p. 157.
  6. ^ a b c d e f G. M. Koehler e K. B. Aubry, Lynx, in W. J. Zielinski & T. E. Kucerala (a cura di), The Scientific Basis for Conserving Forest Carnivores: American Marten, Fisher, Lynx and Wolverine in the Western United States, Colorado, USA, DIANE Publishing, 1994, pp. 74-98, ISBN 978-0-7881-3628-3.
  7. ^ C. Meaney e G. P. Beauvais, Species assessment for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Wyoming (PDF), United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. URL consultato il 24 ottobre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 marzo 2017).
  8. ^ a b c d E. M. Anderson e M. J. Lovallo, Bobcat and lynx, in G. A. Feldhamer, B. C. Thompson e J. A. Chapman (a cura di), Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation, 2ª ed., Baltimora, US, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 758-86, ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1.
  9. ^ R. Tumlison, Felis lynx (PDF), in Mammalian Species, n. 269, 1987, pp. 1-8, DOI:10.2307/3503985, JSTOR 3503985 (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 aprile 2016).
  10. ^ a b W. E. Johnson, E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling e S. J. O'Brien, The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment, in Science, vol. 311, n. 5757, 2006, pp. 73-77, Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J, DOI:10.1126/science.1122277, PMID 16400146.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m M. e F. Sunquist, Wild Cats of the World, Chicago, USA, University of Chicago Press, 2002, pp. 153, 155-63, ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
  12. ^ B. Kurtén, The lynx from Etouaires, Lynx issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert), Late Pliocene (PDF), in Annales Zoologici Fennici, vol. 15, n. 4, 1978, pp. 314–22, JSTOR 23733663.
  13. ^ N. W. S. Quinn e G. Parker, Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America, a cura di M. Novak, J. Baker e M. Obbard, Toronto, Canada, Ontario Trappers Association, 1987, ISBN 978-0-7743-9365-2.
  14. ^ L. Werdelin, N. Yamaguchi, W. E. Johnson e S. J. O'Brien, Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) (PDF), in D. W. Macdonald e A. J. Loveridge (a cura di), Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids, ristampa, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 59-82, ISBN 978-0-19-923445-5.
  15. ^ L. Werdelin, The evolution of lynxes (PDF), in Annales Zoologici Fennici, vol. 18, n. 1, 1981, pp. 37-71, JSTOR 23734102. URL consultato il 24 ottobre 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 5 ottobre 2016).
  16. ^ a b c d e f g R. M. Nowak, Walker's Mammals of the World, 6ª ed., Baltimora, US, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, pp. 807-8, ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  17. ^ a b N. e R. Bowers e K. Kaufman, Kaufman Field Guide to Mammals of North America, New York, USA, Houghton Mifflin, 2007, p. 138, ISBN 978-0-618-95188-8.
  18. ^ E. Schwarz, Blue or dilute mutation in Alaskan lynx, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 19, n. 3, 1938, p. 376, DOI:10.1093/jmammal/19.3.376-a.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j L. Hunter, Wild Cats of the World, Londra, UK, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015, pp. 146-51, ISBN 978-1-4729-2285-4.
  20. ^ F. A. Reid, A Field Guide to Mammals of North America, North of Mexico, 4ª ed., Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006, pp. 436-7, ISBN 978-0-395-93596-5.
  21. ^ F. A. Reid, Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America, 4ª ed., Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006, p. 94, ISBN 978-0-547-34553-6.
  22. ^ a b c G. R. Parker, J. W. Maxwell, L. D. Morton e G. E. J. Smith, The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island, in Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 61, n. 4, 1983, pp. 770-86, DOI:10.1139/z83-102.
  23. ^ W. H. Burt, A Field Guide to the Mammals: North America North of Mexico, 3ª ed., Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1976, p. 80, ISBN 978-0-395-91098-6.
  24. ^ D. Macdonald, The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores, New York, USA, BBC Books, 1993, pp. 47-50, ISBN 978-0-563-20844-0.
  25. ^ O. J. Murie e M. Elbroch, A Field Guide to Animal Tracks, 3ª ed., Boston, USA, Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005, p. 255, ISBN 978-0-618-51743-5.
  26. ^ How to Avoid Incidental Take of Lynx While Trapping or Hunting Bobcats and other Furbearers (PDF), su dnr.wi.gov, United States Fish & Wildlife Service and International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies., 2003. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2014.
  27. ^ J. D. Skinner e C. T. Chimimba, The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region, 3ª ed., Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 397-400, ISBN 978-1107-394-056.
  28. ^ J. K. Saunders, Movements and activities of the lynx in Newfoundland, in The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 27, n. 3, 1963, pp. 390-400, DOI:10.2307/3798512, JSTOR 3798512.
  29. ^ C. H. Nellis e L. B. Keith, Hunting activities and success of lynxes in Alberta, in The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 32, n. 4, 1968, pp. 718-22, DOI:10.2307/3799545, JSTOR 3799545.
  30. ^ a b M. O'Donoghue, S. Boutin, C. J. Krebs, G. Zuleta, D. L. Murray e E. J. Hofer, Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle (PDF), in Ecology, vol. 79, n. 4, 1998, pp. 1193-208, DOI:10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1193:FROCAL]2.0.CO;2.
  31. ^ J. Kobalenko, Forest Cats of North America Cougars, Bobcats, Lynx, Ontario, Canada, Firefly Books, 1997, ISBN 978-1-55209-172-2.
  32. ^ L. Carbyn e D. Patriquin, Observations on home range sizes, movements, and social organization of lynx, (Lynx canadensis), in Riding Mountains National Park, Manitoba, in Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 97, 1983, pp. 262-7.
  33. ^ Maine Researchers Track Deadly Fights Between Lynx and Fishers.
  34. ^ L. D. Mech, Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing Northeastern Minnesota, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 61, n. 2, 1980, pp. 261-7, DOI:10.2307/1380047, JSTOR 1380047.
  35. ^ S. M. Brainerd, Reproductive ecology of bobcats and lynx in western Montana, University of Montana, 1985, pp. 1-85.
  36. ^ a b K. G. Poole, Spatial organization of a lynx population, in Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 73, n. 4, 1995, pp. 632-41, DOI:10.1139/z95-074.
  37. ^ R. M. P. Ward e C. J. Krebs, Behavioural responses of lynx to declining snowshoe hare abundance, in Canadian Journal of Zoology, vol. 63, n. 12, 1985, pp. 2817-24, DOI:10.1139/z85-421.
  38. ^ K. G. Poole, Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories, in The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 61, n. 2, 1997, pp. 497-505, DOI:10.2307/3802607, JSTOR 3802607.
  39. ^ C. J. Brand e L. B. Keith, Lynx demography during a snowshoe hare decline in Alberta, in The Journal of Wildlife Management, vol. 43, n. 4, 1979, pp. 827-49, DOI:10.2307/3808267, JSTOR 3808267.
  40. ^ B. G. Slough, Characteristics of Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Maternal Dens and Denning Habitat, in Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 113, n. 4, 1999, pp. 605-608. URL consultato il 23 luglio 2007 (archiviato dall'url originale il 17 novembre 2007).
  41. ^ Lynx, Lynx Pictures, Lynx Facts, su animals.nationalgeographic.com, National Geographic.
  42. ^ a b Mel e Fiona Sunquist, Wild cats of the World, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002, pp. 154-165, ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  43. ^ Jared Martin, Endangered Species Program | ESA Success Story, su fws.gov, 29 gennaio 2013. URL consultato il 19 luglio 2014.
  44. ^ Rebecca Morelle, 'Big cat' Canadian lynx was on the loose in UK in 1903, su bbc.co.uk, BBC News, 24 aprile 2013. URL consultato il 16 luglio 2013.
  45. ^ Fish & Wildlife Service, Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the Contiguous U.S. Distinct Population Segment of the Canada Lynx and Related Rule (PDF), in Federal Register, vol. 65, n. 58, 24 marzo 2000, p. 16052.
  46. ^ Canada Lynx Archiviato il 26 aprile 2007 in Internet Archive.. U.S. FWS.
  47. ^ J. A. Homyack et al., Canada Lynx-Bobcat (Lynx canadensis x L.rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick (PDF), in American Midland Naturalist, vol. 159, n. 2, 2008, pp. 504-508, DOI:10.1674/0003-0031(2008)159[504:CLLCLR]2.0.CO;2.
  48. ^ M. K. Schwartz et al., Hybridization between Canada Lynx and Bobcats: Genetic results and management implications (PDF), in Conservation Genetics, vol. 5, n. 3, 2004, pp. 349-355, DOI:10.1023/B:COGE.0000031141.47148.8b.
  49. ^ US says snow-loving lynx no longer need special protection.

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Lynx canadensis: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

La lince canadese (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) è un mammifero nordamericano appartenente alla famiglia dei Felidi presente in Canada ed Alaska, nonché in alcune parti degli Stati Uniti settentrionali, spingendosi lungo le Montagne Rocciose fino al Colorado, dove è stata reintrodotta negli anni '90.

Con la sua folta pelliccia bruno-argentea, la faccia incorniciata dalla barba e i ciuffi auricolari, la lince canadese somiglia molto alle altre specie del genere Lynx. È leggermente più grande della lince rossa, con la quale condivide parte dell'areale, e più del doppio di un gatto domestico.

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Kanadinė lūšis ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Lynx canadensis

Kanadinė lūšis (lot. Lynx canadensis, angl. Canadian Lynx, vok. Kanadische Luchs) – katinių (Felidae) šeimos plėšrus žinduolis. Daugiausiai gyvena Šiaurės Amerikos miškuose, kurie ribojasi su tundra.[1]

Šaltiniai

  1. Taylor, Barbara. Arktis ir Antarktis. Vilnius: Alma littera, 1998, 36 psl. ISBN 9986-02-498-6.


Vikiteka

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wikipedia LT

Kanadinė lūšis: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Kanadinė lūšis (lot. Lynx canadensis, angl. Canadian Lynx, vok. Kanadische Luchs) – katinių (Felidae) šeimos plėšrus žinduolis. Daugiausiai gyvena Šiaurės Amerikos miškuose, kurie ribojasi su tundra.

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Kanādas lūsis ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Kanādas lūsis (Lynx canadensis) ir Ziemeļamerikā dzīvojoša kaķu dzimtas (Felidae) suga, kurai ir 3 pasugas.[1] Tā tuvākais radinieks ir Eirāzijas lūsis, lai gan dažas tā īpašības ir līdzīgākas rūsganajam lūsim, nekā Eirāzijas lūsim. Kanādas lūsis mājo Kanādā, Aļaskā un dažos reģionos ASV uz dienvidiem no Kanādas.

Izskats un īpašības

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Ziemas laikā lūša vaigu bārda izaug īpaši gara un bieza
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Kanādas lūsim ir garas kājas un lielas, platas ķepas
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Izsekojot medījumu

Kanādas lūsis ārēji ir ļoti līdzīgs Eirāzijas lūsim, bet ir par to mazāks. Tēviņi ir nedaudz lielāki kā mātītes.[2] Tā ķermeņa garums ir 76—106 cm, augstums skaustā 48—56 cm, astes garums 5—12 cm, svars 5—17 kg.[2] Kopumā Kanādas lūsis ir lielāks, salīdzinot ar otru Ziemeļamerikas lūšu sugu - rūsgano lūsi, bet rūsganajam lūsim atkarībā no izplatības reģiona var būt lielas auguma atšķirības. Lielākie rūsganie lūši ir lielāki par Kanādas lūšiem.[3]

Kanādas lūsim ir biezs sudraboti brūns kažoks, reizēm ar tumšiem raibumiem. Vasarā kažoks ir sarkanīgāks kā ziemā. Kanādas lūsim ir kupla vaigu bārda, kas atgādina apkakli, īsa aste ar melnu astes galu un gari, melni ausu pušķi trīsstūraino ausu galos. Tas ir muskuļots, spēcīgs plēsējs ar garām kājām un platām, lielām ķepām, kas kā slēpes atvieglo lūša pārvietošanos pa sniegu. Pakaļkājas ir nedaudz garākas kā priekškājas.[2]

Kā visiem lūšiem Kanādas lūsim ir 28 zobi, no kuriem 4 ir gari, spēcīgi ilkņi. Iekožoties upurī, lūsis spēj sajust kodiena vietu, jo tā ilkņi ir kā taustes orgāni, kas savienoti ar neskaitāmiem nerviem. Starp ilkņiem un pārējiem zobiem ir liela atstarpe, kas nodrošina maksimālu ilkņu ieciršanās dziļumu upurī.[4]

Uzvedība

Kanādas lūsis ir vientuļnieks, pamatā aktīvs nakts laikā, lai gan var doties medībās arī gaišajā dienas laikā, turklāt tas ir ļoti uzmanīgs plēsējs, kas vienmēr cenšas būt nemanāms. Tas mājo reģionos, kur aug biezi meži, izplatības areālam pārklājoties ar tam konkurējošiem plēsējiem — rūsgano lūsi un koijotu. Salīdzinoši Kanādas lūsis mājo mežos ar dziļākiem sniegiem un arī augstāk kalnos. Uzmanīgais plēsējs nekad neiziet pārāk tālu atklātā laukā, ne tālāk par 100 metriem no meža malas, toties tas nebaidās peldēt un spēj pat pārpeldēt Jukonas upi, kas ir viena no lielākajām Kanādas upēm.[5]

Kanādas lūsis ir teritoriāls plēsējs un katru dienu noiet 2,4—4,8 km. Viena īpatņa teritorija vidēji ir 15—50 km² liela, tomēr tā var būt gan ekstrēmi maza, gan liela (3—783 km²). Apstākļos, kad ir maz medījuma, teritorija kļūst lielāka, un lūši sāk klejot lielus attālumus.[6] Savu teritoriju tāpat kā citi kaķi lūsis iezīmē ar īpašu sekrētu no anālā dziedzera, urīnu, fekālijām un skrāpējumiem koka mizā.[6]

Barība un medības

Kanādas lūša galvenais medījums ir Amerikas baltais zaķis, kas sastāda 60—97% no visas barības. Lūšu populācijas lielums ir cieši saistīts ar zaķu populācijas lielumu, kas ik pēc 10 gadiem palielinās un samazinās. Bez zaķiem lūsis medī arī citu medījumu, īpaši vasarā. Tie ir grauzēji, putni, reizēm arī kāds lielāks medījums, piemēram, brieži. Tas barojas arī ar maitu, ja tāda pieejama.

Galvenās maņas, kuras lūsis medībās izmanto ir dzirde un redze. Tas ne vienmēr medī katru dienu, reizēm tikai katru otro. Dienā Kanādas lūsis apēd 600—1200 g gaļas. Medības notiek divējādi: gaidot slēpnī vai izsekojot upuri. Šo taktiku pielietojums atkarīgs no medījuma daudzuma un ģeogrāfiskā apvida reljefa.[6] Lai arī lūsis īsās distancēs spēj attīstīt samērā lielu ātrumu, tas nespēj skriet ilgstoši. Tādēļ, ja upuris netiek noķerts dažās pirmajās sekundēs, lūsis, lai taupītu enerģiju, pārtrauc vajāšanu. Ja tiek nomedīts lielāks medījums, kuru uzreiz nevar apēst, Kanādas lūsis to aizvelk, lai paslēptu zem kāda krūma vai zem akmeņiem, apsedzot medījumu ar lapām. Šāda uzvedība plēsējam raksturīga, kad mežā ir daudz medījuma, tad tas dodas medībās atkal un atkal, noslēpjot guvumu. Vēlāk, kad trūkst medījuma, lūsis atgriežas pie paslēptajiem uzkrājumiem. Lai gan Kanādas lūsis ir vientuļnieks, mātītes ar saviem mazuļiem dodas kopīgās, savstarpēji koordinātās medībās. Viens no bara izceļ upuri, bet pārējie uzbrūk no slēpņa, kad upuris ir pietiekami tuvu.[6]

Reprodukcija

 src=
Lūša miga atrodas meža biežņā

Pārošanās sezona Kanādas lūšiem ir tikai viens mēnesis un atkarībā no klimatiskajiem apstākļiem tas notiek laikā no marta līdz maijam. Sezonā mātītei ir tikai viena meklēšanās, kas ilgst 3—5 dienas.[6] Mātīte meklēšanās laikā tēviņa teritorijā atstāj urīna zīmes, kā arī cenšas sasaukt tēviņu ar skaļiem saucieniem. Sezonā mātīte sapārojas tikai ar vienu tēviņu, bet tēviņš var sapāroties ar vairākām mātītēm. Par mazuļiem rūpējas tikai mātīte.

Grūsnības periods ilgst 64 dienas un mazuļi dzimst vai nu maijā, vai jūnijā. Īsi pirms dzemdībām mātīte iekārto migu, parasti tā atrodas ļoti biezā pamežā, krūmājos ar sagāztiem kokiem. Migas turklāt parasti atrodas nokalnītē, kas vērsta uz dienvidiem vai dienvidrietumiem.[7] Metienā ir 1—4 lūsēni un gados, kad ir daudz medījuma, metieni ir lielāki,[8] bet sliktos gados, kad trūkst medījuma, mātīte var nesapāroties vispār.

Piedzimstot mazulis ir akls, nevarīgs un sver 175—235 g. Tam ir pelēcīgs kažociņš ar melniem raibumiņiem. Pēc 14 dienām tiem atveras acis, kas iesākumā ir gaiši zilas. Paaugoties tās kļūst dzeltenbrūnas. Māte tos baro ar pienu 12 nedēļas,[6] bet diezgan ātri sāk piebarot ar gaļu, nesot medījumu uz migu un ļaujot mazuļiem ar to iesākumā spēlēties. Tādējādi mazuļi mācās medīt. Migu mazuļi pamet apmēram 5 nedēļu vecumā un sāk medīt 7—9 mēnešu vecumā, kļūstot patstāvīgiem apmēram 10 mēnešu vecumā. Tad tie māti atstāj un dodas savas teritorijas meklējumos. Pilnībā pieauguši jaunie lūši ir 2 gadu vecumā, lai gan mātītes dzimumgatavību sasniedz jau 10 mēnešu vecumā, tomēr ļoti bieži tās pirmajā gadā nesapārojas. Tēviņi pāroties sāk 2—3 gadu vecumā. Nebrīvē Kanādas lūsis dzīvo līdz 14 gadiem, savvaļā tā mūžs ir īsāks.[6]

Sistemātika

Kanādas lūsim ir 3 pasugas:[1]

  • Nominālpasuga (L. canadensis canadensis) (Kerr, 1792) — sastopams gandrīz visā izplatības areālā, izņemot Ņūfaundlendā un pašos ziemeļos;
  • Arktikas lūsis (L. canadensis mollipilosus) (Stone, 1900) — sastopams izplatības areāla ziemeļos;[9]
  • Ņūfaundlendas lūsis (L. canadensis subsolanus) (Bangs, 1897) — sastopams Ņūfaundlendā, lielākā no visām pasugām.

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 Mammal Species of the Worls: Lynx canadensis
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 «ARKive: Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2014. gada 3. martā. Skatīts: 2014. gada 12. februārī.
  3. How to Avoid Incidental Take of Lynx
  4. Macdonald, David W. (1993). Velvet claw a natural history of the carnivores. New York: Parkwest: BBC Books. pp. 47–50. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
  5. Kobalenko, Jerry (1997). Forest cats of North America cougars, bobcats, lynx. Willowdale, Ont: Firefly Books. ISBN 1-55209-172-4.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 154–165. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  7. Slough, BG (1999). "Characteristics of Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Maternal Dens and Denning Habitat". Canadian Field-Naturalist 113 (4): 605–608. Retrieved July 23, 2007.
  8. Nationalgeographic: Lynx Felis lynx
  9. Lynx canadensis mollipilosus

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visite a fonte
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wikipedia LV

Kanādas lūsis: Brief Summary ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Kanādas lūsis (Lynx canadensis) ir Ziemeļamerikā dzīvojoša kaķu dzimtas (Felidae) suga, kurai ir 3 pasugas. Tā tuvākais radinieks ir Eirāzijas lūsis, lai gan dažas tā īpašības ir līdzīgākas rūsganajam lūsim, nekā Eirāzijas lūsim. Kanādas lūsis mājo Kanādā, Aļaskā un dažos reģionos ASV uz dienvidiem no Kanādas.

licença
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direitos autorais
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia LV

Canadese lynx ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Canadese lynx (Lynx canadensis) is een middelgrote Noord-Amerikaanse katachtige. Hij is nauw verwant aan de Euraziatische lynx (Lynx lynx), en wordt soms nog beschouwd als een ondersoort van die soort.

De Canadese lynx komt voornamelijk voor in de dichte naaldwouden van Alaska, Canada en via de Rocky Mountains tot in Wyoming en Colorado. Vroeger kwam de soort ook voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten, maar daar is hij gedurende de twintigste eeuw nagenoeg uitgestorven. Enkel in New England bevindt zich nog een levensvatbare populatie. Verder zuidelijk leeft een ander lid van het geslacht, de rode lynx of Bobcat.

Ondersoorten

WIlson en Reeders Mammal species of the world onderscheidde in 2005 3 ondersoorten.[2]

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx canadensis subsolanus

Een taxonomische revisie in 2017 door de IUCN taskgroup stelt echter dat de Canadese lynx monotypisch is.[3]

Voedsel

De belangrijkste prooi voor de Canadese lynx is de Amerikaanse haas (Lepus americanus). In sommige gebieden bestaat driekwart van het dieet uit Amerikaanse hazen, en het verspreidingsgebied wordt mede bepaald door de aanwezigheid van de hazensoort. Beide diersoorten verlopen een parallelle populatiecyclus van tien jaar. Één of twee jaar nadat de populatiecyclus van de Amerikaanse haas op zijn hoogtepunt is, zijn de aantallen Canadese lynxen het grootst.

Canadese lynxen eten ook andere dieren, van vogels, woelmuizen en aas tot verzwakte hoefdieren tot de grootte van een rendier. De Canadese lynx heeft harige voetzolen, waardoor ze niet door zachte poedersneeuw zakken. Hierdoor kunnen ze prooidieren zachtjes besluipen en achtervolgen. De meeste dieren (met uitzondering van de Amerikaanse haas) zakken door de sneeuw heen, waardoor ze gemakkelijk te grijpen zijn. Grotere prooien, die de lynx niet in één keer op krijgt, worden bedekt met aarde, bladeren of sneeuw, om later weer bezocht te worden.

Beschrijving

De Canadese lynx heeft een grijzig bruine vacht. Het is lichter, meer kaneelkleurig, aan de onderzijde. De korte staart heeft een zwarte punt. Op de oren zitten lange zwarte pluimen. De bakkebaarden zijn groot en bleek van kleur, met een zwarte omranding.

Mannetjes zijn groter dan vrouwtjes. Canadese lynxen worden 70 tot 100 cm lang. hun schouderhoogte is 50 tot 60 centimeter. hun gewicht is 5 tot 18 kilogram. De staart wordt slechts 5 tot 14 centimeter lang.

Gedrag

De Canadese lynx is een nachtdier. Overdag rust hij tussen boomwortels, onder een omgevallen boom of op een laaghangende tak. Ze leven solitair, behalve in de voortplantingstijd. Ze hebben een groot territorium. Vaak overlapt het territorium van een kater met dat van een poes.

De paartijd valt in februari en maart. In deze periode wordt een vrouwtje meestal door meerdere mannetjes achtervolgd. Na een draagtijd van 63 tot 70 dagen worden één tot zes jongen geboren. Ze krijgen één worp per jaar. De jongen zijn gevlekt en gestreept. Als ze twee maanden oud zijn, vergezellen ze hun moeder tijdens het jagen. Na drie maanden worden ze gespeend.

Vijanden

De Canadese lynx kan ten prooi vallen aan de wolf of de poema. Ook doden mensen weleens een lynx voor de pels.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Canadese lynx op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.). 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000152
  3. Kitchener, A.C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, Ch., Eizirik, E., Gentry, A., Werdelin, L., Wilting, A., Yamaguchi, N., Abramov, A.V., Christiansen, P., Driscoll, C., Duckworth, J.W., Johnson, W., Luo, S.-J., Meijaard, E., O’Donoghue, P., Sanderson, J., Seymour, K., Bruford, M., Groves, C., Hoffmann, M., Nowell, K., Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11
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Canadese lynx: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Canadese lynx (Lynx canadensis) is een middelgrote Noord-Amerikaanse katachtige. Hij is nauw verwant aan de Euraziatische lynx (Lynx lynx), en wordt soms nog beschouwd als een ondersoort van die soort.

De Canadese lynx komt voornamelijk voor in de dichte naaldwouden van Alaska, Canada en via de Rocky Mountains tot in Wyoming en Colorado. Vroeger kwam de soort ook voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten, maar daar is hij gedurende de twintigste eeuw nagenoeg uitgestorven. Enkel in New England bevindt zich nog een levensvatbare populatie. Verder zuidelijk leeft een ander lid van het geslacht, de rode lynx of Bobcat.

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Kanadisk gaupe ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Kanadisk gaupe (Lynx canadensis) er et kattedyr som tilhører slekten ekte gauper. Arten er utbredt i det nordlige USA, det meste av Canada og i store deler av Alaska. Den minner mye om eurasisk gaupe, men er fysisk mindre. Arten har 19 kromosompar.[2]

Kanadisk gaupe har tett sølvgrå/brun pels som kan ha sorte markeringer. Gjennomsnittsvekta er cirka 11 kg. Kroppslengden er normalt 80-105 cm og skulderhøyden cirka 60 cm hos voksne dyr. Hannen blir større enn hunnen.

Fylogeni og underarter

Fylogenien under er i henhold til Johnson m .fl., 2006.[3] Den viser blant annet at gaupe og pantergaupe er søstertaxa.

Lynx

Lynx rufus (rødgaupe)




Lynx canadensis (kanadisk gaupe)




Lynx lynx (gaupe)



Lynx pardinus (pantergaupe)






Det er vanlig å akseptere tre underarter. Såkalt Newfoundlandgaupe (L. c. subsolanus) er fysisk større enn de to innlandsgaupene. Såkalt arktisk gaupe (L. c. mollipilosus ) skiller seg fra vanlig kanadisk gaupe (L. c. canadensis) gjennom at pelsen er brunere, tettere, mykere og mer ullen. Skallen er dessuten smalere, høyere og noe mer buet.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Kanadisk gaupe: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Kanadisk gaupe (Lynx canadensis) er et kattedyr som tilhører slekten ekte gauper. Arten er utbredt i det nordlige USA, det meste av Canada og i store deler av Alaska. Den minner mye om eurasisk gaupe, men er fysisk mindre. Arten har 19 kromosompar.

Kanadisk gaupe har tett sølvgrå/brun pels som kan ha sorte markeringer. Gjennomsnittsvekta er cirka 11 kg. Kroppslengden er normalt 80-105 cm og skulderhøyden cirka 60 cm hos voksne dyr. Hannen blir større enn hunnen.

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Ryś kanadyjski ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy zwierzęcia. Zobacz też: inne znaczenia tego słowa. Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

Ryś kanadyjski[4] (Lynx canadensis) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny kotowatych (Felidae). Zamieszkuje Kanadę i północ USA: Alaskę, Góry Skaliste i Krainę Wielkich Jezior.

Charakterystyka ogólna

Długość ciała 76,2–106,7 cm, długość ogona 5–12,7 cm; masa ciała 5–17,3 kg, przy czym u dorosłych samców ciężar ciała wynosi średnio 10,7 kg (zakres 6,3–17,3 kg), natomiast u dorosłych samic średnio 8,6 kg (zakres 5–11,8 kg)[5]. Futro letnie rudobrązowe, zimą szare lub szarobrązowe. Cętki na brzuchu i wewnętrznej stronie łap. Ogon krótki, tylne nogi wyraźnie dłuższe, co jest prawdopodobnie przystosowaniem do poruszania się w wysokim śniegu. Kończyny silnie owłosione, mają dużą powierzchnię w stosunku do niewielkiej masy ciała. Uszy zakończone charakterystycznym pędzelkiem, koniec ogona ciemny.

Pokarm

Żywią się przede wszystkim zającami amerykańskimi (Lepus americanus), a stopień uzależnienia tych drapieżników od tych właśnie ofiar jest na tyle duży, że 10-letni cykl liczebności zająca amerykańskiego decyduje o wielu aspektach życia rysia.

Rozród

Ciąża trwa 60-70 dni, w miocie od 1 do 8 kociąt (w zależności od liczebności zajęcy); niektóre samice dojrzewają płciowo w wieku 10 miesięcy, ale zazwyczaj okres dojrzewania samic trwa 22-23 miesiące, podobnie jak samców.

Długość życia

Na wolności dożywają 15 lat.

Tryb życia

Prawdopodobnie prowadzą samotniczy, czasem obserwuje się wędrujące razem dwie samice z młodymi; w okresie niedostatku zajęcy rysie strzegą ściśle swych rewirów; gdy zajęcy jest bardzo dużo, rewiry osobników tej samej płci mogą na siebie zachodzić.

Siedlisko

Rysie kanadyjskie zamieszkują tajgę, sporadycznie są spotykane w tundrze.

Status

W Kanadzie ryś kanadyjski jest nadal liczebny, choć jak wspomniano jego populacja zależy ściśle od liczebności zajęcy amerykańskich. W okresie wyżu liczebnościowego zajęcy i zaraz po tym okresie zagęszczenie rysi może wynosić nawet 40 osobników na 100 km 2. Po załamaniu się liczebności zajęcy zagęszczenie rysi może spaść do 2 na 100 km 2. Gdy zajęcy jest bardzo mało, rysie kanadyjskie wędrują na obszary odległe nawet o kilkaset kilometrów, mogą też zacząć polować na drobne gryzonie, ptaki, a nawet jelenie wirginijskie i karibu. Ścisła zależność rysia kanadyjskiego od zajęcy amerykańskich jest jednak typowa jedynie dla populacji północnych. W południowej części zasięgu ma ten drapieżnik wiele innych możliwości pokarmowych (zające wielkouche i króliki błotne). W USA południowy zasięg rysia kanadyjskiego znacznie się zmniejszył w ostatnim półwieczu; w 1999 roku w stanie Kolorado podjęto próbę reintrodukcji rysia kanadyjskiego, która po pierwszych niepowodzeniach ma szansę zakończyć się sukcesem.

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Lynx canadensis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Wilson Don E. & Reeder DeeAnn M. (red.) Lynx canadiensis. w: Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (Wyd. 3.) [on-line]. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. (ang.) [dostęp 29 sierpnia 2009]
  3. J. Vashon 2016, Lynx canadensis [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 [online], wersja 2018-1 [dostęp 2018-07-07] (ang.).
  4. W. Cichocki, A. Ważna, J. Cichocki, E. Rajska-Jurgiel, A. Jasiński & W. Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 136. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9. (pol.ang.)
  5. M.E. & F.C. Sunquist: Family Felidae (Cats). W: D.E. Wilson & R.A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Cz. 1: Carnivores. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2009, s. 152. ISBN 978-84-96553-49-1. (ang.)
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Ryś kanadyjski: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Ryś kanadyjski (Lynx canadensis) – gatunek drapieżnego ssaka z rodziny kotowatych (Felidae). Zamieszkuje Kanadę i północ USA: Alaskę, Góry Skaliste i Krainę Wielkich Jezior.

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Lince-do-canadá ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O lince-do-canadá (Lynx canadensis) é uma espécie de felino nativa do Canadá e parte dos Estados Unidos.

Características físicas

Indivíduos desta espécie possuem pelagem geralmente da coloração marrom-amarelada, muitas vezes com pontos marrons escuros. As partes superiores têm frequentemente uma aparência cinzenta grisalha e a parte inferior amarela pálida. A cauda é curta e quase sempre apresenta a ponta de cor negra.

O comprimento de corpo de espécimes adultos varia entre 67 a 107 cm e o peso de 5 a 17 kg. Os machos são maiores do que fêmeas.

Habitat

Vive em florestas e áreas rochosas com tampa e tundra.

Comportamento

O lince-do-canadá é carnívoro. As lebres americanas são parte importante de sua dieta. Alimenta-se também de roedores, pássaros e peixes. No inverno, pode alimentar-se de presas maiores, tal como cervos.

O cio pode demorar até 5 dias. Dois ou três filhotes nascem após um período de gestação de 8 a 10 semanas. Os filhotes pesam cerca 200g após o nascimento e começam comer carne a partir de idade, sendo desmamados completamente após 5 meses.

Distribuição geográfica

Canadá, e partes de Estados Unidos que incluem Montana ocidental e partes vizinhas de Idaho, Washington. Populações também pequenas em Nova Inglaterra, Utá.

Subespécies

Existem três subespécies de lince canadense:

Referências

«Lynx canadensis». Lista Vermelha da IUCN de espécies ameaçadas da UICN 2022 (em inglês). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado em 21.Mai.2008 Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)

 title=
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Lince-do-canadá: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

O lince-do-canadá (Lynx canadensis) é uma espécie de felino nativa do Canadá e parte dos Estados Unidos.

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Râs canadian ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Râsul canadian (Lynx canadensis) este un mamifer nord-american din familia Felidae.

Referințe

  1. ^ Nowell, K. (2008). Lynx canadensis. În: IUCN 2008. Lista roșie a speciiilor periclitate IUCN. Descărcat pe March 22, 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ^ „Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)”. Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Accesat în 6 mai 2013.

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Râs canadian
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Râs canadian
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Râs canadian: Brief Summary ( Romeno; moldávio; moldavo )

fornecido por wikipedia RO

Râsul canadian (Lynx canadensis) este un mamifer nord-american din familia Felidae.

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Kanadensiskt lodjur ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Kanadensiskt lodjur (Lynx canadensis) är en art i lodjurssläktet. Arten är nära släkt med både Nordamerikas andra lodjursart, rödlo, och det europeiska lodjuret.

Kännetecken

Arten når en kroppslängd mellan 75 och 105 centimeter (utan svans) samt en vikt mellan 5 och 17 kilogram. Mankhöjden är ungefär 48 till 55 centimeter. Svansen är bara mellan fem och tolv centimeter lång.[2] Allmänt är det kanadensiska lodjuret lättare än det europeiska och svansen är kortare.[3] Hos de jämförelsevis långa extremiteterna är de bakre något längre än de främre.[2] Under tassen har djuret särskilt tjocka sulor som är täckta av hår.[3]

Den täta och långa pälsen har allmänt en gulbrun färg. På ovansidan förekommer ofta en ljusgrå skugga och undersidan är mera ljusbrun. Ibland finns mörka punkter eller fläckar med mörka kanter. Vid öronens spets finns svarta tofsar. Arten svans har ofta ringar och en svart spets.[4]

Utbredning

Arten förekommer i Kanada, södra Alaska, norra Oregon, norra Idaho och i Klippiga bergen (Wyoming och norra Colorado). Habitatet utgörs av den boreala skogen och sällan av angränsande områden.[1]

Levnadssätt

Ett kanadensiskt lodjur lever vanligtvis ensamt och jagar huvudsakligen nattetid.[2] Det hittar bytet främst med hjälp av sin goda synförmåga samt med sin välutvecklade hörsel.[4] Djuret är inte särskild snabbt men är uthålligt. Ibland kan det följa bytet över flera kilometer.

Det vanliga jaktsättet är däremot att lodjuret smyger sig fram och överraskar bytet med några skutt. Arten kan även vänta flera timmar i ett gömställe. Dessutom är det kanadensiska lodjuret en god simmare och klättrare.[3]

Underarten Newfoundlandlodjuret (Lynx canadensis subsolanus) är något större än fastlandsdjuret och kan emellanåt slå unga renar. Annars utgörs födan av smådjur, gnagare, hardjur, fiskar, fåglar och mindre hjortdjur till exempel vitsvanshjort. Ibland dödar de även grävlingar och rävar. I nödsituationer äter de även as. I norra delen av utbredningsområdet är snöskoharen artens huvudbyte.[2]

Arten stannar allmänt i sitt revir som vanligen är 15 till 50 km² stort och den vandrar 5 till 19 km per natt.[2][3] När levnadsförhållanden försämras söker kanadensiskt lodjur ett annat territorium som kan ligga 480 km från den ursprungliga platsen. Den könsmogna hannens revir överlappar med reviren för flera honor och för några ungdjur av hankön. Dessutom överlappar honornas territorier. Utanför fortplantningstiden undviker individerna kontakt med varandra. Revirets gränser markeras främst under parningstiden med körtelvätska och urin. Dessutom är individerna mera högljudda för att visa sitt anspråk.[3]

Fortplantning

Parningstiden börjar tidigt i mars och pågår fram till början eller mitten av april. Efter dräktigheten, som varar i ungefär 63 dagar, föder honan två, tre eller fyra ungar. I sällsynta fall förekommer kullar med upp till åtta ungar.[2] Ungarna är hjälpösa, men täckta av hår vid födseln.[4] De öppnar ögonen första gången cirka tio dagar efter födseln och vid två månaders ålder genomför de sina första utflykter utanför boet. Vanligen jagar de en längre tid tillsammans med modern.

Några ungar börjar redan efter en månad med fast föda och efter cirka fem månader slutar honan helt med digivning.[3] Under goda förhållanden kan honor para sig efter 10 månader men vanligen infaller könsmognaden för honor efter ungefär 24 månader och för hannar efter 24 till 36 månader.[2] Den äldsta vildlevande honan blev 14 år och 7 månader gammal och i fångenskap kan kanadensiskt lodjur leva 26 år och 9 månader.[3]

Underarter

Kanadensiskt lodjur brukar delas in i tre underarter, men en tydligare undersökning av deras genetiska egenskaper och släktskap pågår:[5]

  • Lynx canadensis canadensis
  • Lynx canadensis mollipilosus
  • Lynx canadensis subsolanus

Status

I största delen av utbredningsområdet med undantag av Kanadas östligaste provinser jagas arten med fällor för pälsens skull. Jakten är reglerad med årliga kvoter.[1] I USA är jakten endast tillåten i Alaska.[2] Under 1980-talet fanns problem att anpassa kvoterna till bytesdjurens (hardjur) och därmed lodjurets populationssvängningar. I östra Kanada och nordöstra USA är det största hotet industriell skogsbruk och andra landskapsförändringar. Prärievargen blev i dessa regioner en ny konkurrent för lodjuret. Arten hamnar i sällsynta fall i fällor som är avsedda för andra pälsdjur. Ett potentiellt hot är den ökande trafiken på vägar med större hastigheter. I några fall dokumenterades hybrider mellan kanadensiskt lodjur och rödlo (Lynx rufus) men de har ingen betydelse för hela beståndet. IUCN listar arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 26 december 2008.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Nowell, K. 2008. Lynx canadensis. Från: IUCN 2011. 2011 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Läst 2011-10-05.
  2. ^ [a b c d e f g h] Canada lynx Arkiverad 3 mars 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., på ARKive.org (engelska), läst 5 oktober 2011.
  3. ^ [a b c d e f g] Ronald M. Nowak, red (1999). ”Felis lynx & Felis canadensis” (på engelska). Walker’s Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. sid. 806-808. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9
  4. ^ [a b c] Fox & Murphy (14 april 2002). ”Canada lynx” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lynx_canadensis/. Läst 1 november 2016.
  5. ^ Wilson & Reeder (red.) Mammal Species of the World, 2005, Lynx canadensis
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Kanadensiskt lodjur: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Kanadensiskt lodjur (Lynx canadensis) är en art i lodjurssläktet. Arten är nära släkt med både Nordamerikas andra lodjursart, rödlo, och det europeiska lodjuret.

licença
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original
visite a fonte
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Kanada vaşağı ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Kanada vaşağı (Lynx canadensis), kedigiller familyasının bir vaşak (Lynx) türü.

Özellikler

Bu vaşağın vücut uzunluğu 75 – 105 cm tutar ve 8 ile 13,5 kilogram arasında gelir. Omuz yüksekliği yaklaşık 60 cm'dir.

Dağılım

Kanada vaşağı Kanada'da , Alaska'nın güney kesimlerinde Kuzey Oregon, Kuzey Idaho, Kayalık Dağları Bölgesi'nde (Wyoming, Kuzey Colorado) yaşar.

Davranış ve avlanma

Vaşaklar doğası gereği yalnız dolaşır ve sadece geceleri avlanırlar. İyi gözleri ve iyi koku alma duyuları onlara, avlarının izini bulmalarında ve takip etmelerinde yardımcı olur. Vaşaklar hızlı koşucu olmasalar da lakin bunun için dayanıklıdırlar. Bazen avlarını kilometrelerce kovalarlar. Bunların dışında iyi birer yüzücü ve tırmanıcıdırlar.

Beslenme

Vaşaklar, küçük geyikler, porsuk, tavşangiller, tilki, sincap, balık ve kuşlar ile beslenirler. Sadece mecbur kaldıkları zamanlarda leş de yerler.

Evcil hayvanlara büyük zarar verebilirler. Bu sebebten bu kediler halen daha avlanmaktadırlar.

Üreme

Kanada vaşağının çiftleşme zamanı Mart başında başlar, Nisan başı ve ortasına kadar devam eder. 63 günlük bir gebeliğin ardından ortalama olarak iki ile dört kadar yavru dünyaya gelir. Hatta ender olarak altı kadar yavrunun doğduğu olur. Yavrular doğduğunda kör ama bol kıllıdırlar. Gözleri 10 gün sonra açılır ve yavrular yaklaşık 2 ay sonra kovuğu terk ederler. Genellikle anneleriyle avlanmaya giderler.

Dış bağlantılar

Familya: Kedigiller (Felidae)
Bu şablon nesli tükenmiş türleri içermemektedir.
Alt familya: Küçük kediler (Felinae)
Acinonyx Çita (A. jubatus) Caracal Karakulak (C. caracal) Altın kedi Borneo altın kedisi (C. badia) • Asya altın kedisi (C. temminckii) Felis Evcil kedi (Felis catus) • Gri kedi (F. bieti) • Sazlık kedisi (F. chaus) • Pallas kedisi (F. manul) • Benekli kedi (F. margarita) • Kara ayaklı kedi (F. nigripes) • Yaban kedisi (F. silvestris) Leopardus Pantanal kedisi (L. braccatus) • Pampa kedisi (L. colocolo) • Geoffroy kedisi (L. geoffroyi) • Şili orman kedisi (L. guigna) • And kedisi (L. jacobitus) • Pampa kedisi (L. pajeros) • Oselo (L. pardalis) Serval Serval (L. serval) Lynx Kanada vaşağı (L. canadensis) • Bayağı vaşak (L. lynx) • İber vaşağı (L. pardinus) • Doru vaşak (L. rufus) Pardofelis Mermer kedisi (P. marmorata) Prionailurus Pars kedisi (P. bengalensis) • Iriomote kedisi (P. iriomotensis) • Yassıbaş kedi (P. planiceps) • Paslı kedi (P. rubiginosus) • Balıkçı kedi (P. viverrinus) Afrika altın kedisi Afrika altın kedisi (P. aurata) Puma Puma (P. concolor) • Yaguarundi (P. yagouaroundi)
Alt familya: Büyük kediler (Pantherinae)
Dumanlı pars Dumanlı pars (N. nebulosa) • Borneo dumanlı parsı (N. diardi) Panthera Aslan (P. leo) • Jaguar (P. onca) • Pars (P. pardus) • Kaplan (P. tigris) • Kar leoparı (P. uncia)
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Kanada vaşağı: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Kanada vaşağı (Lynx canadensis), kedigiller familyasının bir vaşak (Lynx) türü.

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Рись канадська ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Систематика

Свого часу йшла дискусія щодо того, чи варто виділяти рисей в окремий рід: деякі науковці розглядали їх лише як підрід роду кіт (Felis). Відповідно, цей вид могли називати Lynx canadensis чи Felis canadensis. Але в сучасній систематиці прийнятий рід рись (Lynx), який входить до однієї клади з родами пума (Puma), азійський кіт (Prionailurus) і кіт (Felis).

Підвиди

Розрізняють три підвиди канадської рисі[уточнити]:

Фізичні характеристики

Зовнішнім виглядом канадська рись подібна до євразійської: щільне хутро сріблясто-коричневого кольору, на якому можуть бути чорнуваті плями. Канадська рись дещо менша і в середньому важить близько 11 кг, досягає 90 см у довжину та 60 см висоти в плечах. Самці більші, ніж самки. Влітку хутро канадських рисей набуває червонувато-коричневого забарвлення. Ця рись має хутряний комірець, який нагадує подвійно-конічну бороду, короткий хвіст із чорним кінчиком і довгі китиці на вухах. Довгі лапи рисі мають вкриті хутром ступні, що допомагає тварині пересуватися по глибокому снігу.

Поведінка

Канадська рись — тварина-одинак, що веде нічний спосіб життя і займає велику територію. Навесні народжується від одного до п'яти кошенят, виживання яких залежить в основному від наявності здобичі.

Площа індивідуальних мисливських ділянок рисі коливаються від 4 км² до 25 км² у самок і від 4 км² до 70 км² у самців. Ділянки самців зазвичай оточують ділянки самок, але деяка частина їх територій може перекриватися[уточнити]. Кордони своєї ділянки рисі регулярно мітять сечею, залишаючи мітки на деревах та скелях.

Харчування

 src=
Родина рисей у Манітобі в Канаді
 src=
Канадська рись

Канадська рись полює на зайців, гризунів та птахів. Взимку завдяки глибокому сніговому покриву може полювати й на копитних — це можуть бути благородні олені або товстороги. У голодний час канадська рись не гидуватиме падаллю — залишками благородного чи північного оленя або американського лося. У деяких місцевостях головною здобиччю рисі є заєць Lepus americanus, на якого може припадати до 75 % її раціону. Розмір популяції канадської рисі коливається слідом за чисельністю американського зайця.

Розмноження та життєвий цикл

 src=
Кошенята канадської рисі, що народилися 15 квітня 2008 в зоопарку в Остраві (Чехія)

У шлюбний сезон один самець рисі може злучитися з декількома самками, що живуть з ним по сусідству. Як тільки вони злучилися, самець і самка розходяться. Самці не беруть жодної участі у вирощуванні молоді. Період розмноження припадає на кінець січня або лютий. Вагітність у самки триває 63—70 днів. В травнічервні (у виняткових випадках — в липні) в неї народжується від 1 до 5 кошенят, причому їх кількість залежить від того, наскільки мати забезпечена їжею. Кошенята народжуються безпорадними та сліпими, вагою близько 280 грамів та 25 см в довжину. Їх хутро вкрите плямами, які в міру дорослішання зникають. Очі в кошенят розплющуються на 10—17 день, а на 24—30 день вони вже можуть виходити з лігва. Мати годує їх молоком до 3—5-місячного віку. Перед пологами самки канадської рисі влаштовують собі лігва. Як правило, лігво знаходиться усередині гущавини кущів, дерев, під валунами, корінням лісоповалу або в порожнистих стовбурах дерев. Лігва, як правило, розташовані під середнім нахилом і виходять на південь або на південний захід. Кошенята відділяться від матері у віці 10 місяців, коли здатні самостійно добувати собі харч; зазвичай це березень або квітень. Статевої зрілості молоді рисі досягають у віці від 10 до 23 місяців. В природних умовах в середньому живуть від 10 до 15 років.

Поширення

Ця рись поширена в північних лісах Північної Америки майже по всій Канаді та Алясці. Крім того, на території США є великі її популяції в штатах Монтана, Айдахо та Вашингтон. Є й популяція у Великій Єллоустонській екосистемі (англ. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem), зокрема в Єллоустонському національному парку в Вайомінгу. У штатах Юта, Міннесота і в Новій Англії канадська рись рідкісна. На межі тисячоліть її було реінтродуковано в Колорадо. Сумарна площа ареалу рисі оцінена в 7,7 мільйонів км².

Реінтродукція

До 1999 року в Сполучених Штатах рись була відома лише в штатах Аляска, Вашингтон, Мен, Міннесота, Монтана, Вайомінг, Айдахо і, можливо, в Мічигані. В 1999 Колорадське відділення живої природи (англ. Colorado Division of Wildlife) розпочало програму реінтродукції диких рисей до штату Колорадо. Щоб визначити, чи має програма успіх, потрібно більше десятиліття. Проте вже в 2006 було задокументовано перший випадок народження кошенят риссю, яка народилася вже в Колорадо. Це підтверджує можливість успішної реінтродукції.

У 2007 декілька із цих рисей були застрелені і убиті невідомими особами. У деяких випадках були знайдені лише радіовідстежуючі ошийники, що вказує на можливість полювання заради хутра. В інших випадках тіла застрелених тварин були залишені неушкодженими.

Коливання чисельності

У північних регіонах Канади розмір популяції рисі можна оцінити за даними щодо кількості особин, впольованих заради хутра. Цей облік проводили Компанія Гудзонової затоки та Канадський уряд (англ. Canadian government) із 1730-х років.В даний час чисельність канадської рисі стрімко знижується через браконьєрство і знищення людиною її безпосереднього середовища проживання. Ця тварина занесена в Конвенцію CITES.

[icon] Цей розділ потребує доповнення. (грудень 2008)

Примітки

  1. Vashon, J. (2016) Lynx canadensis: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2016.2) (англ.) 12 May 2014
  2. Гілецький Й. Р., Сливка Р. Р., Богович М.М. Географія. — Ранок, 2008.


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Linh miêu Canada ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Linh miêu Canada (danh pháp hai phần: Lynx canadensis là một loài mèo thuộc Chi Linh miêu (Lynx) trong họ Mèo. Loài này được mô tả bởi Kerr vào năm 1792. Đây là loài linh miêu lớn thứ nhì sau linh miêu Á-Âu.

Phân loài

Có 3 phân loài thuộc loài này hiện được công nhận là:

  • L. canadensis canadensis
  • L. canadensis mollipilosus
  • L. canadensis subsolanus[2].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Nowell, K. (2008). Lynx canadensis. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 3 năm 2009. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Lynx canadensis”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ “Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)”. Naturwissenschaften. zeno.org. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về các loài trong bộ thú ăn thịt này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
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site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Linh miêu Canada: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Linh miêu Canada (danh pháp hai phần: Lynx canadensis là một loài mèo thuộc Chi Linh miêu (Lynx) trong họ Mèo. Loài này được mô tả bởi Kerr vào năm 1792. Đây là loài linh miêu lớn thứ nhì sau linh miêu Á-Âu.

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direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Канадская рысь ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Рысь (значения).
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Отряд: Хищные
Подотряд: Кошкообразные
Семейство: Кошачьи
Подсемейство: Малые кошки
Род: Рыси
Вид: Канадская рысь
Международное научное название

Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 180585NCBI 61383EOL 328604FW 47819

Кана́дская рысь[1] (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792), — вид рысей, обитающий в североамериканской тайге. Ближайший родственник обыкновенной рыси (Lynx lynx).

Внешний вид

Этот вид рыси в два раза меньше обыкновенной рыси: длина её тела 86—117 см, высота в холке 60—65 см; масса 8—14 кг. У животных в неволе масса может доходить до 20 кг у обоих полов.

Окрас шерсти серовато-бурый, летом рыжеющий; по основному фону рассыпаны белые отметины, которые создают впечатление припорошенности снегом. Встречается необычно светлый, «голубой» окрас.

Распространение

Живёт в лесистых районах Аляски, Канады, а также штатах Монтана, Айдахо, Вашингтон и Колорадо.

Образ жизни и питание

Питается канадская рысь в основном зайцами; численность её популяции находится в зависимости от роста или падения их поголовья. Дополнением к основному рациону являются грызуны (белки, мыши, бобры), благородные олени, лисицы и птицы (фазаны).

Образ жизни и размножение

Рыси предпочитают жить в одиночку, за исключением периода, когда самки обзаводятся потомством. Беременность у самки длится 63—70 дней. В мае—июне (в редких случаях — в июле) у неё рождается 1—5 котят. Котята отделяются от матери в возрасте 10 месяцев, обычно это март—апрель.

Половой зрелости молодые рыси достигают в возрасте от 10 до 23 месяцев. В природных условиях живут до 10—15 лет.

Статус популяции

Будущее канадских рысей на данный момент вне опасности; под угрозой исчезновения они лишь в нескольких регионах, к примеру в Нью-Брансуике, что связано с уничтожением их мест обитания и охотой на них в прошлом ради меха.[2]

Классификация

Является ближайшим родственником обыкновенной рыси (Lynx lynx); некоторые источники считают канадскую рысь подвидом обыкновенной.

Различают два подвида канадской рыси:

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 107. — 10 000 экз.
  2. См. IUCN, «Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan», с. 128. (англ.)
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Канадская рысь: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Кана́дская рысь (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792), — вид рысей, обитающий в североамериканской тайге. Ближайший родственник обыкновенной рыси (Lynx lynx).

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加拿大猞猁 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Lynx canadensis
Kerr, 1792 Canada Lynx area.png

加拿大猞猁學名Lynx canadensis),是歐亞猞猁(Lynx lynx)的近親。不過,在某些特徵上,加拿大猞猁更接近於短尾貓Lynx rufus)。

加拿大猞猁主要生活在加拿大阿拉斯加的北部森林中。此外,在美國蒙大拿愛達荷以及華盛頓州也有大量分佈。

加拿大猞猁的外表很接近歐亞猞猁:毛皮茂密,呈銀褐色,有時帶有黑色斑點。夏天的毛色更顯紅褐。雄性的體型要大於雌性。尾巴尖端為黑色,耳朵尖也有黑色絨毛,腿長,腳上長有厚厚的毛,以幫助它們在雪地中行走。

捕食對象包括野兔嚙齒類鳥類,有時也會襲擊較大的動物,比如鹿。主要依靠聽覺和視覺確定獵物的位置。在很多地區,它們只捕食美洲兔(白靴兔)。

加拿大猞猁是獨居動物,行蹤十分隱秘,通常在夜晚活動,活動區域很大。春季交配,每胎產一到五胎。

由於其毛皮的價值和棲息地的喪失,目前加拿大猞猁的數量在下降中。

Lynx-canadensis.jpg

亞種

總共包括三個亞種,其中以紐芬蘭亞種(Lynx canadensis subsolanus)體型最大,它們甚至能夠捕殺馴鹿。其他兩個亞種是指名亞種(Lynx canadensis canadensis)和Lynx canadensis mollipilosus


參考

  1. ^ Lynx canadensis. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2002. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

外部連結

 src= 维基共享资源中相關的多媒體資源:加拿大猞猁分類 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:加拿大猞猁
 title=
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加拿大猞猁: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

加拿大猞猁(學名:Lynx canadensis),是歐亞猞猁(Lynx lynx)的近親。不過,在某些特徵上,加拿大猞猁更接近於短尾貓(Lynx rufus)。

加拿大猞猁主要生活在加拿大阿拉斯加的北部森林中。此外,在美國蒙大拿愛達荷以及華盛頓州也有大量分佈。

加拿大猞猁的外表很接近歐亞猞猁:毛皮茂密,呈銀褐色,有時帶有黑色斑點。夏天的毛色更顯紅褐。雄性的體型要大於雌性。尾巴尖端為黑色,耳朵尖也有黑色絨毛,腿長,腳上長有厚厚的毛,以幫助它們在雪地中行走。

捕食對象包括野兔嚙齒類鳥類,有時也會襲擊較大的動物,比如鹿。主要依靠聽覺和視覺確定獵物的位置。在很多地區,它們只捕食美洲兔(白靴兔)。

加拿大猞猁是獨居動物,行蹤十分隱秘,通常在夜晚活動,活動區域很大。春季交配,每胎產一到五胎。

由於其毛皮的價值和棲息地的喪失,目前加拿大猞猁的數量在下降中。

Lynx-canadensis.jpg
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カナダオオヤマネコ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
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この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2017年2月
カナダオオヤマネコ カナダオオヤマネコ
カナダオオヤマネコ Lynx canadensis
保全状況評価[1][2][3] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svgワシントン条約附属書II 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 食肉目 Carnivora 亜目 : ネコ型亜目 Feliformia : ネコ科 Felidae 亜科 : ネコ亜科 Felinae : (ネコ族 Felini) : オオヤマネコ属 Lynx : カナダオオヤマネコ
L. canadensis 学名 Lynx canadensis
(Kerr, 1792)[4] 和名 カナダオオヤマネコ[5] 英名 Canada lynx
Canadian lynx
[3][4]

分布域

カナダオオヤマネコLynx canadensis)は、哺乳綱食肉目ネコ科オオヤマネコ属に分類される食肉類。オオヤマネコとは近縁で同一種とみなす専門家もいるが、本種にはオオヤマネコよりむしろボブキャットに近い特徴も存在する。ボブキャットとは生息域が一部重なるが、本種の方がより大型である。

形態[編集]

体長67 - 110センチメートル[5]。尾長5 - 17センチメートル[5]。体重7 - 17キログラム[5]。オオヤマネコと形態的によく似ているが、やや小型である。オスはメスより体が大きい。シルバーがかった茶色の毛皮に黒みがかった斑点をもつ。ひだ襟のような首毛をもち、耳の先端には黒い房毛がある。虹彩黄土色から黄緑色で、瞳孔は円形に収縮する。4月から5月と10月から11月に換毛する。夏毛は冬毛に比べて短く、赤みがかった茶色になる。足裏は体毛で被われる[5]。体毛で被われた足裏や短い尾は寒冷地への適応と考えられている[5]。長い脚と深い毛におおわれた足は、深い雪の中を歩き回るのに適している。[6][要検証 ノート]

分類[編集]



ヒョウ亜科(もしくはヒョウ族)




Catopuma属(マーブルキャット含む)




Caracal属(サーバル含む)




Leopardus





ボブキャットL. rufus




カナダオオヤマネコ L. canadensis




オオヤマネコL. lynx



スペインオオヤマネコL. pardinus






ネコ亜科(もしくはネコ族)の他属







Johnson et al.,(2006)よりX染色体・Y染色体・ミトコンドリアDNAの遺伝子より推定した系統樹より抜粋[7]

カナダオオヤマネコの分類については、この種をLynx canadensisとするかFelis canadensisとするか、さらに言うならオオヤマネコ属の4種(オオヤマネコ、カナダオオヤマネコ、スペインオオヤマネコ、ボブキャット)は独自の属に分類されるべきか、ネコ属の亜属に分類されるべきか、という議論がなされている[8][9]。現在では独自のオオヤマネコ属に分類する方法が受け入れられている。

以下の分類はMSW3(Wozencraft,2005)に従う[4]。。

Lynx canadensis canadensis Kerr, 1792
Lynx canadensis mollipilosus Stone, 1900
Lynx canadensis subsolanus Bnags, 1897
ニューファンドランドリンクス(Newfoundland lynx)と呼ばれている。カンジキウサギがいないとき、カリブーの子供を襲うことで知られる[要出典]

生態[編集]

針葉樹林や低木林に生息する[5]。単独で生活し人前に姿を現すことは少ない。灌木などの茂みの中や岩陰によくいる。夜行性で、昼間は藪の中や岩陰などで休む[5]。広い縄張りをもつ。地表棲傾向が強いが、木登りや泳ぐこともできる[5]。南や南西に面した斜面に巣を作ることが多い[10]


主にカンジキウサギLepus americanusを食べるが、齧歯類、ヘラジカ・トナカイなどの動物の死骸も食べる[5]ノウサギなどのげっ歯類に加え昆虫ネズミリス鳥類も捕食する。このため、約10年のスパンで個体数が減少するカンジキウサギに合わせて、本種の個体数も激減する[11]ハドソン湾社(Hudson's Bay Company, HBC)とカナダ政府にこれについての1730年代からの記録が残っている[12]。グラフには特徴的で顕著な増減が繰り返し記録されており、ピーク時の生息数と最低時では10倍ほどの差がある。ピークから底までは約5年かかり、その後すぐに生息数は増加し始める。

繁殖期は3 - 5月で、妊娠期間は9週間[5]。1回に1 - 6匹(主に3 - 4匹)の幼獣を産む[5]。春になると1-5匹(通常3-4匹)の仔を産む。若い個体が生き延びられるかどうかは、縄張り中に獲物となる生物がどれだけいるかに懸かっている。幼獣は生後8 - 10か月で成獣の被毛に生え換わる[5]。メスは、子どもが離乳し自力で獲物を探すようになるまで育て上げる。

人間との関係[編集]

森林伐採による生息地の破壊、交通事故、罠による混獲、コヨーテとの競合などによる影響が懸念されている[3]。1977年にネコ科単位でワシントン条約附属書IIに掲載されている[2]

日本ではリュンクス属(オオヤマネコ属)単位で特定動物に指定されている[13]

カナダアラスカの森林に生息する。またアメリカ合衆国モンタナ州アイダホ州ワシントン州にも数多く生息し、イエローストーン圏生態系の中心であるイエローストーン国立公園の中にもその姿を見ることができる[14]ユタ州ミネソタ州ニューイングランドでは稀にしか見ることができない。

アメリカ合衆国の大陸中部の48州(contiguous United States)では、米国魚類野生生物局(U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)によって絶滅危惧種に指定されており[15][16]コロラド州では1999年から本種の再導入が取り組まれていた。そして2003年には野生で生まれた最初の子供が確認され、再導入は成功を収めつつある。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Appendices I, II and III<https://cites.org/eng>(Accessed 26/2/2017)
  2. ^ a b UNEP (2017). Lynx canadensis. The Species+ Website. Nairobi, Kenya. Compiled by UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK. Available at: www.speciesplus.net. (Accessed 26/2/2017)
  3. ^ a b c Vashon, J. 2016. Lynx canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T12518A101138963. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12518A101138963.en. Downloaded on 26 February 2017.
  4. ^ a b c W. Christopher Wozencraft, "Lynx canadensis," Mammal Species of the World, (3rd ed.), Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (ed.), Volume 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, Page 540.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 成島悦雄 「カナダオオヤマネコ」『世界の動物 分類と飼育2 (食肉目)』今泉吉典監修、東京動物園協会、1991年、166頁。
  6. ^ 『世界の動物・分類と飼育2 〔食肉目〕』 今泉吉典 監修、東京動物園協会、1991年、P.166、ISBN 4-88622-061-4
  7. ^ Warren E. Johnson, Eduardo Eizirik, Jill Pecon-Slattery, William J. Murphy, Agostinho Antunes, Emma Teeling, Stephen J. O'Brien, "Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment," Science, Volume 311, No. 5757, 2006, Pages 73-77.
  8. ^ Zielinski, William J; Kuceradate, Thomas E (1998). American Marten, Fisher, Lynx, and Wolverine: Survey Methods for Their Detection. DIANE Publishing. pp. 77-8. ISBN 0788136283.
  9. ^ Carron Meaney; Gary P. Beauvais (2004年9月). “Species Assessment for Canada Lynx (Lynx Canadensis) in Wyoming (PDF)”. アメリカ合衆国内務省, Bureau of Land Management. ^ Slough, BG (1999). (abstract) “Characteristics of Canada Lynx, Lynx canadensis, Maternal Dens and Denning Habitat”. Canadian Field-Naturalist 113 (4): 605=608. http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4698199&q=&uid=791057556&setcookie=yes (abstract)
  10. ^ ナショナルジオグラフィック日本公式サイト「オオヤマネコ」解説より
  11. ^ Weinstein, MS (1977). (abstract) “Hares, Lynx, and Trappers”. The American Naturalist 111 (980): 806–808. doi:10.1086/283212. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28197707%2F08%29111%3A980%3C806%3AHLAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage (abstract)
  12. ^ 特定動物リスト (動物の愛護と適切な管理)環境省・2017年2月26日に利用)
  13. ^ Potter, Tiffany (Reproduction of Canada Lynx Discovered in Yellowstone”. Nature: Year in Review. National Park Service. ^ http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/federal_register/fr3552.pdf 65 Federal Register 16051 16086
  14. ^ Canada Lynx - U.S. FWS

外部リンク[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、カナダオオヤマネコに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにカナダオオヤマネコに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
 title=
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カナダオオヤマネコ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

カナダオオヤマネコ(Lynx canadensis)は、哺乳綱食肉目ネコ科オオヤマネコ属に分類される食肉類。オオヤマネコとは近縁で同一種とみなす専門家もいるが、本種にはオオヤマネコよりむしろボブキャットに近い特徴も存在する。ボブキャットとは生息域が一部重なるが、本種の方がより大型である。

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wikipedia 日本語

캐나다스라소니 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

캐나다스라소니(Lynx canadensis)는 고양이과에 속하며, 북아메리카에 서식하는 포유류이다. 캐나다부터 알래스카 그리고 미국 북부의 일부 지역에 걸쳐 분포한다. 조밀한 은빛 갈색 털과 목털을 가진 얼굴과 털이 있는 귀를 가졌고, 스라소니속에 속하는 중형 크기의 다른 종들을 닮았다. 분포 지역 일부를 공유하는 보브캣보다는 약간 크고, 집고양이 크기의 두 배 정도이다.

먹이

주로 사슴순록, 토끼, , 설치류, , 영양, 암컷 말코손바닥사슴 등을 잡아먹는다.

계통 분류

다음은 고양이과의 계통 분류이다.[4]

고양이과

마카이로두스아과

    표범아과 구름표범속

보르네오구름표범

   

구름표범

    표범속    

눈표범

   

호랑이

       

재규어

     

표범

   

사자

          고양이아과마블고양이속

마블고양이

황금고양이속

보르네오황금고양이

   

아시아황금고양이

          서벌속

서벌

카라칼속

카라칼

   

아프리카황금고양이

        호랑고양이속    

오셀롯

   

마게이

         

콜로콜로

   

안데스산고양이

       

호랑고양이

     

코드코드

   

조프루아고양이

            스라소니속

붉은스라소니

     

캐나다스라소니

     

스라소니

   

이베리아스라소니

            치타속

치타

    퓨마속

퓨마

재규어런디속

재규어런디

          마눌속

마눌

삵속

붉은점박이삵

     

납작머리삵

     

고기잡이삵

   

          고양이속

정글고양이

     

검은발고양이

     

모래고양이

   

들고양이(집고양이 포함)

                       

각주

  1. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). 〈Order Carnivora〉 [식육목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 541쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Lynx canadensis”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 3월 22일에 확인함.
  3. “Polarluchs (Lynx canadensis)”. 《Naturwissenschaften》. zeno.org. 2013년 5월 6일에 확인함.
  4. Stephen J. O’Brien and Warren E. Johnson (2010). “The Evolution of CATS” (PDF). 《SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.》.
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