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Two sub-species of Lepus townsendii are recognized with L. t. campanius occuring to the east of the Continental Divide and L. t. townsendii occuring to the west. Though there is little difference between the two, L. t. campanius is slightly larger and some subtle pelage variation is observed (Kim, 1987).
Lepus townsendii acquired its name from J.K. Townsend, who collected the type specimen (Kim, 1987).
Lepus townsendii is a favorite prey item of animals such as red fox, grey fox, coyote, bobcat, cougar, badger, snakes, owls, eagles, and many species of hawks. The general method of predator avoidance is to lie perfectly still in the form, relying on their cryptic coloration to avoid detection, with large ears pointed slightly up for predator detection. Jackrabbits may attempt to slink off silently but will bound away with surprising speed and height when surprised. Zig-zag patterns as well as proficient swimming have been observed in predator escapes.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
The pelage of Lepus townsendii varies with season and habitat. The upper parts range from yellowish to grayish brown in colour, with white or grey on the underside. The throat and face are somewhat darker with coarser hair. In the northern extent of the range where there is significant snow fall during the year, a pure white colouration is attained with the possibilty of a buffy tint on the face, ears, feet and back. A slight change may be noted in the more southern range where only the sides of the animal become white while the back retains a more buffy-grey tinge. An early to late spring moult reverses this process. As the common name indicates, the tail is always white which may possess a buffy dorsal stripe. Ears of this jackrabbit are rimmed in white and tipped in black year round. The juvenile pelage is similar but paler in colour with more under fur and less developed course guard hairs (Kim, 1987).
White-tailed jackrabbits have a number of other distinct morphological characters which reflect adaptation to their environment and ecology. Enormous ears equipped with generous blood flow are used for heat dissipation in the warmer portions of the range, while they also provide an excellent means of predator detection. L.townsendii have large hind legs which facilitate high jumps and quick escapes from predators (Forsyth,1999). The dental formula is 2/1 0/0 3/2 3/3 =28 with huge upper insicors for nipping plants (Chapman et al.,1982)
Though females are slightly larger in size, there is no other apparent sexual dimorphism (Kim, 1987).
Range mass: 3 to 4 kg.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: female larger
Average basal metabolic rate: 7.698 W.
Lepus townsendii lives to approximately 8 years of age in the wild.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 8 (high) years.
White-tailed jackrabbits prefer open grasslands but thrive in pastures and fields. This species can also be found in forested areas up to high alpine tundra, from 40 to 4300 meters elevation.
Range elevation: 40 to 4300 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; mountains
Other Habitat Features: agricultural
White-tailed jackrabbits are found throughout west-central Canada and the United States with an elevation span of 40 to 4,300 m. They range from the Great Plains of Saskatchewan and Alberta east to extreme southwest Ontario down into Wisconsin and across the continent to the Rocky Mountains with a southern limit in central California (Wilson and Ruff, 1999). There has been a noted range reduction from the south east over the past half-century, notably in Kansas, due to habitat alteration from increased agriculture and competition from the sympatric black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus). An accompanying range increase to the north has been observed over time (Kim, 1987).
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
White-tailed jackrabbits are strict herbivores. They feed on grasses, forbs, and shrubs in varying amounts. In the summer months, when many succulent plants are readily found, L. townsendii feeds on flora such as clover (Trifolium sp.) and dryland sedge (Carex obtusata). As the winter months approach, white-tailed jackrabbits turn to the bark of shrubs such as Parry's rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus parryi) and plants like alfalfa (Medicago sativa) that are exposed through the snow. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) and western wheat grass (Agropyron smithii) are also imporant parts the diet (Kim, 1987 and Chapman et al., 1982). This species has been known to winter in barns and feed extensively on the hay found inside (Banfield, 1974). White-tailed jackrabbits are generally voracious eaters and captive specimens have been known to eat as much as .5 kg of plant matter daily (Kim, 1987).
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
White-tailed jackrabbits are an important prey source for medium to large sized predators in the ecosystems in which they live. They also impact vegetation community composition through their grazing activities.
White-tailed jackrabbits were a significant food source for early settlers of North America and continue to be a year round game animal. Their pelts were once highly prized and widely used in the commercial fur industry.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
White-tailed jackrabbits are often viewed as a threat by farmers as they can destroy crops, eat hay stores, and girdle trees (Chapman et al., 1982). Because of low population densities and grassland preferences, the impact of L. townsendii on argriculture is usually small. (Banfield, 1974).
Negative Impacts: crop pest
White-tailed jackrabbits are abundant through most of their range and have no special conservation status. They are considered "least concern" by the IUCN. The subspecies Lepus townsendii townsendii is considered a mammal of special concern in California, where populations have declined dramatically, probably as a result of competition with livestock and overgrazing by livestock.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
These animals generally make no vocalizations, but will scream if caught or injured (Banfield, 1974). They are likely to rely extensively on their acute hearing and sense of smell to perceive their environment, but also have good vision and whiskers that help them in navigating and finding food. Like most mammals, they probably also rely extensively on chemical cues for communicating reproductive condition.
Communication Channels: acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Three to five males may pursue one female concurrently during mating season, leading to aggresive charging among them. The courting behaviour of white-tailed jackrabbits consists of a series of aggresive charges and jumps. Circling between male and female lasts from 5-20 minutes and is followed by copulation.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
The breeding season of white-tailed jackrabbits lasts from February to July with a peak from March to June. Ovulation is induced, requiring copulation or suitable stimulation. (Chapman et al., 1982). One to four litters with from 1 to 11 (averaging 4 to 5) young are born each year. A maximum of one litter is produced in more nothern climates. The gestation period is commonly reported as 42 days but this length varies, possibly due to altitude and habitat (Kim, 1987). This species exhibits breeding synchrony with male spermatogenesis and a postpartum estrus that facilitates conception soon after birth of young (Kim, 1987).
At birth the young weigh approximately 90-100 grams, have open eyes, full fur, and limited mobility within half an hour. The young begin to forage at approximately 2 weeks of age and are fulled weaned at one month. Sexually maturity is reached by 7 or 8 months though there is little evidence of reproduction until the spring following their birth.
Breeding interval: From 1 to 4 litters are born each year, depending on environmental conditions.
Breeding season: The breeding season of white-tailed jackrabbits lasts from February to July with a peak from March to June.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 11.
Average number of offspring: 5.
Range gestation period: 36 to 43 days.
Average gestation period: 42 days.
Range weaning age: 15 (low) days.
Average weaning age: 30 days.
Average time to independence: 1 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 8 months.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 8 months.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; induced ovulation ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous
Average birth mass: 94.32 g.
Average number of offspring: 4.3.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 333 days.
Female L. townsendii nurse and care for their young for about 1 month. Females often create nests for the protection of their young from dried grass, leaves, and hair. Young are born fully furred and are capable of some level of mobility shortly after birth.
Parental Investment: precocial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female)
Lepus townsendii[1] a zo ur spesad bronneged eus ar c'herentiad Leporidae.
Dougen a ra anv an naturour stadunanat John Kirk Townsend (1809-1851).
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Lepus townsendii. Geotdebrer eo ar spesad.
Kavout a reer ar spesad e kornôg Norzhamerika.
Lepus townsendii a zo ur spesad bronneged eus ar c'herentiad Leporidae.
Dougen a ra anv an naturour stadunanat John Kirk Townsend (1809-1851).
Der Präriehase (Lepus townsendii), englisch White-tailed jackrabbit, ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Seine Verbreitungsgebiete sind vor allem die großen Prärien im südlichen Kanada und im nordwestlichen Mittelwesten der USA, er bewohnt aber auch das Gebiet der Rocky Mountains.
Der Präriehase ist etwas größer als der Eselhase (Lepus californicus) und erreicht ausgewachsen bei den Männchen ein Gewicht von durchschnittlich 2,75 und den Weibchen von 3,25 Kilogramm im Süden Colorados und 3,4 bei den Männchen bis 3,6 Kilogramm bei den Weibchen in Iowa. Das Weibchen wird entsprechend in der Regel etwas größer und schwerer, wobei dieser Sexualdimorphismus regional unterschiedlich ausgeprägt ist. Das Fell der Präriehasen ist normalerweise an der Oberseite gelblich-braun bis graubraun gefärbt, die Unterseite ist weißlich. Von anderen Hasen unterscheidet sich die Art vor allem durch ihren weißen Schwanz mit einem sandbraunen bis grauem Streifen an der Oberseite.[1] Diese Schwanzfärbung ist verantwortlich für den englischen Trivialnamen „White-tailed Jackrabbit“.
Im Winter kommt es zu einem Farbwechsel des Felles, welches in den südlicheren Regionen nur etwas heller, jedoch im Norden des Verbreitungsgebietes sowie in höheren Gebirgslagen vollständig weiß wird. Nur die Spitzen der Ohren sind bei diesem Winterfell schwarz.[1]
Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Präriehasen umfasst vor allem die großen Prärien im südlichen Kanada und im nordwestlichen Mittelwesten der USA, er bewohnt aber auch das Gebiet der Rocky Mountains. Es reicht von den Great Plains der kanadischen Provinzen Saskatchewan und Alberta nach Osten bis in das südwestliche Ontario und nach Süden über Wisconsin bis nach Zentralkalifornien als südlicher Grenze des Verbreitungsgebietes.[2]
Die Höhenverbreitung reicht von 40 Metern im Flachland bis zu 4.300 Metern in den Rocky Mountains.[2]
Wie viele andere Hasen sind Präriehasen nachtaktive Einzelgänger und sie verbringen den größten Teil des Tages in Bodenmulden (Sassen) oder im Schutz dichter Vegetation. Ihre Aktivität beginnt in der Regel am Spätnachmittag mit Aktivitätsmaxima zwischen 22:00 und 1:00 Uhr in der Nacht und endet am frühen Morgen zwischen 3:00 und 4:00 Uhr. Im Winter graben sie sich Verstecke in Schneewehen oder suchen Schutz in der Vegetation.[1]
Um schneller vor Fressfeinden fliehen zu können, legen sie Trampelpfade an, im Schnee auch Tunnel unter der Schneedecke. Sie erreichen eine Geschwindigkeit bis zu 55 km/h, die verbunden mit dem typischen Hakenschlagen vieler Hasenarten ist.
Die Tiere ernähren sich von verschiedenen Pflanzen, darunter Gräser, Kräuter, Zweige und Rinde. Dabei kann es zu großen Aggregationen der Tiere mit Individuenzahlen zwischen 30 und 150 Tieren kommen.[1]
Ihre Paarungszeit liegt zwischen Februar und Juli. Während sie in kälteren Regionen nur einmal im Jahr werfen, können es in wärmeren Gebieten bis zu vier Würfe sein. Auch die Tragzeit (durchschnittlich 42 Tage) und die Wurfgröße (eins bis elf, durchschnittlich vier bis fünf) hängen vom Lebensraum ab.[1] Die Jungen sind Nestflüchter und werden nach einem Monat entwöhnt.
Präriehasen haben viele natürliche Feinde, zum Beispiel Füchse, Kojoten, und Greifvögel.
Der Präriehase wird als eigenständige Art den Echten Hasen (Gattung Lepus) zugeordnet. Neben der Nominatform L. t. townsendii östlich der Rocky Mountains ist mit Lepus townsendii campanius im Westen eine zweite Unterart bekannt.[3][1]
Die Benennung der Art erfolgte nach dem amerikanischen Naturforscher John Kirk Townsend (1809–1851), der vor allem als Sammler und Präparator bekannt wurde. Insbesondere mit dem Ornithologen und Zeichner John James Audubon stand Townsend in regem Austausch.[4]
Die Art wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund der Bestandsgröße als „nicht gefährdet“ (Least concern) eingeschätzt. Ein Rückgang des Bestandes ist regional vor allem in Wyoming nachgewiesen, für das Gesamtverbreitungsgebiet sind die Rückgänge allerdings nicht so stark, dass eine Bedrohung des Bestandes angenommen wird.[3]
In einigen Gebieten vor allem im Südosten, speziell in Kansas, in denen durch Lebensraumveränderungen zu landwirtschaftlich genutzten Flächen die Ausbreitung des Eselhasen (Lepus californicus) begünstigt wurde, wurde der Präriehase durch diesen verdrängt.[2][3] Im Südosten ihres Verbreitungsgebietes (Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas und Nebraska) sind sie verschwunden, ebenso aus dem Größeren-Yellowstone-Ökosystem.[5] In den anderen Gebieten sind sie aber relativ häufig und nicht bedroht, wobei sie regional auch als Landwirtschaftsschädlinge, vor allem bei Anpflanzungen von Luzerne, Sojabohnen, Mais und Winterweizen, betrachtet werden.[1]
Der Präriehase (Lepus townsendii), englisch White-tailed jackrabbit, ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Hasen (Leporidae). Seine Verbreitungsgebiete sind vor allem die großen Prärien im südlichen Kanada und im nordwestlichen Mittelwesten der USA, er bewohnt aber auch das Gebiet der Rocky Mountains.
Il-Liebru ta' denbu abjad jew Liebru tal-praterija, li hu magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus townsendii huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu), fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) u huwa nattiv tal-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq, b' distribuzzjoni fil-Majjistral ta' l-iStati Uniti u fil-Lbiċċ tal-Kanada.
L-isem "ta' denbu abjad" ġej mill-fatt li dan il-liebru għandu denbu abjad kollu kemm fuq in-naħa ta' fuq kif ukoll fin-naħa t' isfel. Bħal fniek ħmir oħra, il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu abjad għandu par widnejn kbar bit- truf suwed u par saqajn fuq wara twal u b' saħħithom ħafna.
Il-Liebru ta' denbu abjad huwa it-2 l-akbar speċi ta' liebru fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq wara il-Liebru antilop u ftit akbar mil-Liebru ta' denbu iswed.
Dan il-liebru huwa 1 minn 10 speċijiet li qegħdin ikklassifikati fis-sottoġeneru Eulagos u l-ispeċi maqsuma minn ta' linqas f' 2 sottospeċijiet.
Liebru ta' denbu abjad Lepus townsendii imgezzez fis-silġ
Liebru ta' denbu abjad Lepus townsendii bil-pil tax-xitwa
Liebru ta' denbu abjad Lepus townsendii
Il-Liebru ta' denbu abjad jew Liebru tal-praterija, li hu magħruf xjentifikament bħala Lepus townsendii huwa speċi ta' mammiferu plaċentat tal-familja Leporidae (leporidu), fl-ordni Lagomorpha (lagomorfu) u huwa nattiv tal-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq, b' distribuzzjoni fil-Majjistral ta' l-iStati Uniti u fil-Lbiċċ tal-Kanada.
L-isem "ta' denbu abjad" ġej mill-fatt li dan il-liebru għandu denbu abjad kollu kemm fuq in-naħa ta' fuq kif ukoll fin-naħa t' isfel. Bħal fniek ħmir oħra, il-Fenek ħmar ta' denbu abjad għandu par widnejn kbar bit- truf suwed u par saqajn fuq wara twal u b' saħħithom ħafna.
Il-Liebru ta' denbu abjad huwa it-2 l-akbar speċi ta' liebru fil-kontinent ta' l-Amerika ta' fuq wara il-Liebru antilop u ftit akbar mil-Liebru ta' denbu iswed.
Ош почан мераҥ (лат. Lepus townsendii ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште ( Канада да УАШ ) мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч кугу мераҥ. Нелытше 3 - 4 кг.
Ош почан мераҥ (лат. Lepus townsendii ) – Йӱдвел Америкыште ( Канада да УАШ ) мераҥ-влак (Leporidae) йамагатын гыч кугу мераҥ. Нелытше 3 - 4 кг.
வெள்ளை-வால் ஜாக் குழிமுயல் (ஆங்கிலப்பெயர்: White-tailed Jackrabbit, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus townsendii), அல்லது புல்வெளி முயல் அல்லது வெள்ளை ஜாக் என்பது மேற்கு வட அமெரிக்காவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு முயல் இனம் ஆகும். எல்லா முயல்கள் மற்றும் குழிமுயல்கள் போலவே இதுவும் லகோமோர்பா வரிசையில் லெபோரிடே குடும்பத்தில் ஒரு உறுப்பினராகும். இது ஒரு முறைக்கு நான்கு அல்லது ஐந்து குட்டிகளை ஈனும். தாவரங்களுக்கு இடையில் மறைந்தவாறு நிலத்தின் தாழ்வான பகுதிகளில் இவை குட்டிகளை ஈனும். இந்த ஜாக் குழிமுயலில் இரண்டு துணையினங்கள் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒரு துணையினம் (L. townsendii townsendii) ராக்கி மலைகளுக்கு மேற்கிலும் மற்றொரு துணையினம் (L. townsendii campanius) ராக்கி மலைகளுக்கு கிழக்கிலும் வாழ்கிறது.[2]
வெள்ளை-வால் ஜாக் குழிமுயல் (ஆங்கிலப்பெயர்: White-tailed Jackrabbit, உயிரியல் பெயர்: Lepus townsendii), அல்லது புல்வெளி முயல் அல்லது வெள்ளை ஜாக் என்பது மேற்கு வட அமெரிக்காவில் காணப்படும் ஒரு முயல் இனம் ஆகும். எல்லா முயல்கள் மற்றும் குழிமுயல்கள் போலவே இதுவும் லகோமோர்பா வரிசையில் லெபோரிடே குடும்பத்தில் ஒரு உறுப்பினராகும். இது ஒரு முறைக்கு நான்கு அல்லது ஐந்து குட்டிகளை ஈனும். தாவரங்களுக்கு இடையில் மறைந்தவாறு நிலத்தின் தாழ்வான பகுதிகளில் இவை குட்டிகளை ஈனும். இந்த ஜாக் குழிமுயலில் இரண்டு துணையினங்கள் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒரு துணையினம் (L. townsendii townsendii) ராக்கி மலைகளுக்கு மேற்கிலும் மற்றொரு துணையினம் (L. townsendii campanius) ராக்கி மலைகளுக்கு கிழக்கிலும் வாழ்கிறது.
The white-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus townsendii), also known as the prairie hare and the white jack, is a species of hare found in western North America. Like all hares and rabbits, it is a member of the family Leporidae of order Lagomorpha. It is a solitary individual except where several males court a female in the breeding season. Litters of four to five young are born in a form, a shallow depression in the ground, hidden among vegetation. This jackrabbit has two described subspecies: L. townsendii townsendii occurring west of the Rocky Mountains and L. townsendii campanius occurring east of the Rocky Mountains.[2]
The white-tailed jackrabbit is a large species of hare and the largest species called "jackrabbit", although two larger hares (the Arctic and Alaskan hares) are found further north in North America. This jackrabbit has an adult length of 56 to 65 cm (22 to 26 in), including a tail measuring 6.6 to 10.2 cm (2.6 to 4.0 in), and a weight between 2.5 and 4.3 kg (5.5 and 9.5 lb). From winter to spring, weight tends to increase due to pregnancy in females, but decrease due to the stresses of reproductive competition in males. Thus, females in Iowa went from averaging 3,600 g (7.9 lb) in winter to 3,800 g (8.4 lb) in spring and males from averaging 3,400 g (7.5 lb) in winter to 3,100 g (6.8 lb) in spring.[3] At the northernmost extremity of its range, it can be almost twice as large as in the middle of its range. In Saskatchewan, rare specimens have been recorded over 9 kg (20 lb). It has distinctive, large, grey ears with black tips which are chestnut brown and white on the inside; and the long, powerful hind legs characteristic of hares. The back, flanks and limbs are dark brown or greyish-brown and the underparts are pale grey. The ear, from the notch, measures from 10 to 11.3 cm (3.9 to 4.4 in) and the hindfoot measures 14.5 to 16.5 cm (5.7 to 6.5 in). The tail is white with a dark central stripe above. Females are slightly larger than males. In northern populations, this hare moults in the autumn and becomes white all over except for its ears.[4] They generally make no sound, but will emit a shrill scream if they are injured or caught.[5]
The white-tailed jackrabbit is native to western and central parts of North America. Its range includes British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario in Canada and Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri and Illinois in the United States. It is found in plains and prairie and in alpine meadows with scattered coniferous trees up to an elevation of about 3,000 m (10,000 ft) in Colorado.[2] The white-tailed jackrabbit is slightly larger than the black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) and where their ranges overlap, they are segregated by their habitat, as the former tends to live in higher altitudes and the latter in more arid lowland habitats.[6]
Whitetails are often seen in urban parks and on suburban parks in Western Canada. People often come across bunnies alone during the day in spring and mistakenly assume they are abandoned by their mothers. The Edmonton Humane Society has issued public statements asking that bunnies not be brought into animal shelters.[7]
The white-tailed jackrabbit is nocturnal and lies up during the day in a form, a shallow depression in the ground hidden under vegetation, emerging at dusk to feed. The forms of this species range from 46 to 61 cm (18 to 24 in) long, 20 to 30 cm (7.9 to 11.8 in) wide, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) deep.[8] Often, discernible paths lead away from the form and others among the plants at often-visited feeding sites. In winter snow, the forms are interconnecting, cave-like structures. This jackrabbit is a solitary species and feeds on grasses and other green plants, including cultivated crops. In southern Colorado, from summer through fall into winter, the diet varied from 70% (summer) to 4% (winter) forbs, 43% (fall) to 4% (winter) grasses and 76% (winter) to 7% (summer) scrubs. During the winter its diet includes buds, twigs and bark feed on off of low shrubs.[4] It tends to be more selective in its feeding habits than the black-tailed jackrabbit which disadvantages it where their ranges overlap.[6] It has good eyesight, excellent hearing, and sensitive whiskers and is probably able to detect olfactory clues as to whether another jackrabbit is ready to breed.[5]
The breeding season is variable and depends upon latitude and environmental factors; it extends from February to July in different parts of the range.[6] Several males may compete aggressively for the attention of a female by charging at each other, leaping, and jostling. Ovulation by the female takes place after copulation. The gestation period is about 42 days and in preparation for the birth, the female prepares a fur-lined nest under dense vegetation. A litter consists of up to 11 young, although four or five is a more typical number. The leverets weigh about 100 g (3.5 oz). They have their eyes open and are fully furred at birth and soon begin to move around. They start to forage around two weeks old and are weaned at four weeks. They are sexually mature around seven months old, but do not breed until the year after their birth.[5]
White-tailed jackrabbits influence the composition of the turf through their selective grazing activities. They are important prey species for various mammalian predators. Red (Vulpes vulpes) and grey foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) occasionally capture one, though not many large adults. They are perhaps most important prey for mid-sized carnivores such as the American badger (Taxidea taxus), the coyote (Canis latrans), and the bobcat (Lynx rufus) and small supplemental prey for larger ones such as the mountain lion (Puma concolor) and the gray wolf (Canis lupus).[9] Snakes sometimes attack them (usually young ones) and bird predators include eagles, hawks, and owls. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) are the only avian predators large enough to regularly take full-grown white-tailed jackrabbits, though ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) and great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) may occasionally take an adult, though these latter two species and other largish raptorial birds typically attack young.[10][11][12][13] They attempt to evade detection by crouching in the vegetation where their cryptic colouration makes them difficult to observe. They may slink away, but if detected, they bound away at speed, adopting a zigzag course. They can run up to 55 km/hr (34 mi/hr) and leap up to 5 m (16 ft).[5] They are also hunted and eaten by humans.[5]
The white-tailed jackrabbit is assessed as being of "Least Concern" by the IUCN in its Red List of Threatened Species because it has an extensive range and is fairly common across most of its range. The population size may be declining slightly, but not at a rate that would justify listing this hare in a more threatened category.[2]
In Wyoming, however, it has become scarce in Grand Teton National Park, where it has not been seen recently.[2] Briefly reputed to have been extirpated in Yellowstone National Park, where it was at one time abundant,[14] it is now clear from observations, roadkilled specimens, and historical records that white-tailed jackrabbits are still present in the park.[15] The causes of the decline in populations in Wyoming is unclear.[2]
The white-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus townsendii), also known as the prairie hare and the white jack, is a species of hare found in western North America. Like all hares and rabbits, it is a member of the family Leporidae of order Lagomorpha. It is a solitary individual except where several males court a female in the breeding season. Litters of four to five young are born in a form, a shallow depression in the ground, hidden among vegetation. This jackrabbit has two described subspecies: L. townsendii townsendii occurring west of the Rocky Mountains and L. townsendii campanius occurring east of the Rocky Mountains.
La liebre de cola blanca (Lepus townsendii) es una especie de liebre de la familia Leporidae que vive al oeste de Norteamérica.
Datos: Q932186
Multimedia:
Especies: Lepus townsendii
Lepus townsendii Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Lepus townsendii Lepus generoko animalia da. Lagomorpharen barruko Leporidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Valkohäntäjänis (Lepus townsendii) on Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä jänislaji. Se on hiukan isompi kuin mustahäntäjänis, painaa aikuisena noin 2,7-3,5 kg. Se on väriltään muuten harmaanruskea, mutta vatsapuoli ja häntä ovat valkoiset ja selässä on tummempi raita.[2]
Valkohäntäjäniksiä elää Kanadassa ja Yhdysvalloissa.[1]
Valkohäntäjänis (Lepus townsendii) on Pohjois-Amerikassa elävä jänislaji. Se on hiukan isompi kuin mustahäntäjänis, painaa aikuisena noin 2,7-3,5 kg. Se on väriltään muuten harmaanruskea, mutta vatsapuoli ja häntä ovat valkoiset ja selässä on tummempi raita.
Valkohäntäjäniksiä elää Kanadassa ja Yhdysvalloissa.
Lepus townsendii
Le Lièvre de Townsend (Lepus townsendii) est un petit mammifère de la famille des Léporidés. Il doit son nom au naturaliste John Kirk Townsend.
Il jackrabbit dalla coda bianca o lepre di prateria (Lepus townsendii Bachman, 1839) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.
Con due sottospecie (Lepus townsendii campanius e Lepus townsendii townsendii) questi animali sono diffusi dal Canada centro-occidentale alla California centrale, nelle Grandi Pianure. La specie, un tempo diffusa anche nel parco nazionale di Yellowstone, è stata volontariamente estirpata per evitarne un eccessivo incremento di numero a danno della vegetazione del parco[1].
L'ambiente prediletto di questi animali sono le grandi aree pianeggianti, ma li si trova in qualsiasi tipo di ambiente prativo ed a volte anche nelle foreste decidue, fino ad un'altezza di 4000 m.
Misura una sessantina di centimetri circa di lunghezza, per un peso di 3-4 kg.
Il colore del pelo varia a seconda della stagione e dell'habitat nel quale l'animale vive: generalmente la zona dorsale presenta una colorazione che va dal giallastro al bruno-grigiastro, mentre la zona ventrale va dal biancastro al grigio. La testa e la gola hanno colorazione leggermente più scura rispetto a quella del dorso, ma si tratta di un effetto ottico dovuto alla maggiore densità di pelo su tali parti.
Nella parte più settentrionale dell'areale della specie, dove durante il periodo invernale le nevicate sono frequenti ed abbondanti, la colorazione è biancastra, con brizzolature nere o brune su testa, orecchie, zampe e quarto posteriore, mentre nelle aree più meridionali durante l'inverno solo i fianchi dell'animale divengono bianchi, mentre il resto del corpo mantiene una tinta grigio-bruna.
Come il nome comune suggerisce, la coda rimane bianca sia d'estate che d'inverno; in alcuni casi essa presenta un'area bruna alla radice.
Si tratta di animali notturni, che durante il giorno riposano in avvallamenti del terreno che essi stessi si scavano: tali fosse sono profonde una ventina di centimetri ed a volte vengono foderata dall'animale con steli d'erba. L'animale tende ad utilizzare sempre lo stesso rifugio e percorrere i medesimi percorsi ogni giorno, lasciando così nel tempo delle vere e proprie piste che possono essere notate sia d'estate (scie di terreno sgombro) che d'inverno (tunnel nella neve), facendo sì che la cattura di questi animali mediante trappole sia assai facile. In base all'estensione ed alle ramificazioni di queste piste, la grandezza dei territori di questi animali è stata stimata in 2-3 km².
Anche se, in rare occasioni (inverni particolarmente rigidi, presenza di fonti di cibo abbondanti), ne sono stati avvistati gruppi anche consistenti, questi animali sono fra i meno socievoli fra tutte le lepri.
Qualora percepiscano la presenza di un potenziale pericolo, essi sono soliti bloccarsi e fare affidamento sulle proprie doti mimetiche per non dare nell'occhio: se avvistati, continuano a rimanere immobili, per poi schizzare via a grandi balzi (fino a 5 m di lunghezza) se l'aggressore si avvicina troppo.
Nelle aree più aride del proprio areale, questi animali producono feci assai secche per conservare quanta più acqua possibile: inoltre utilizzano le orecchie come dispersori di calore, ed è stata osservata una ipertermia volontaria che durante le ore centrali della giornata porta la temperatura corporea di questi animali al di sopra dei 41 °C senza conseguenze.
Si tratta di animali erbivori: durante i mesi estivi, si nutrono abbondantemente (fino a 5 kg al giorno) di piante erbacee come il trifoglio, mentre con l'avvicinarsi dell'inverno la loro dieta vira verso altri tipi di piante, come l'erba medica. Durante l'inverno, spesso questi animali si intrufolano nei fienili per cercare rifugio dal freddo e cibo[2].
A seconda delle condizioni climatiche, la femmina può portare a termine fino a quattro gravidanze all'anno. Generalmente la stagione riproduttiva va da febbraio a luglio, con un picco delle nascite nei mesi di marzo e giugno. Durante l'estro, due o tre maschi si raggruppano attorno a ciascuna femmina e si contendono violentemente il diritto ad accoppiarsi per primi; il corteggiamento consiste nel rincorrersi dei due partner in cerchi sempre più stretti, fino a quando il maschio riesce a montare la femmina.
Ciascuna cucciolata conta una media di cinque cuccioli e nasce dopo una gestazione di un mese e mezzo circa: la femmina è solita costruire una sorta di nido foderando il proprio giaciglio con strati di erba secca e del proprio pelo. I cuccioli nascono già ricoperti di pelo e con gli occhi aperti: già un'ora dopo la nascita, essi sono in grado di muoversi piuttosto velocemente, anche se passano la maggior parte del tempo in stato di immobilità, per non venire notati da eventuali predatori. Essi vengono svezzati a due settimane di vita, ma occorrono almeno altre due settimane prima che si allontanino definitivamente dalla madre.
In questa specie, la maturità sessuale viene raggiunta attorno agli otto mesi d'età.
La speranza di vita di questi animali è di circa otto anni in cattività, ma anche in natura gli esemplari che sopravvivono al primo anno di vita hanno buone probabilità di vivere così a lungo.
Il jackrabbit dalla coda bianca o lepre di prateria (Lepus townsendii Bachman, 1839) è un mammifero lagomorfo della famiglia dei Leporidi.
Baltauodegis kiškis, arba prerijų kiškis (lot. Lepus townsendii, angl. White-tailed hare) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis, gyvenantis vakariniuose bei centriniuose Šiaurės Amerikos regionuose: Britų Kolumbijoje, Albertoje, Saskačevane, Manitoboje, Ontarijuje, Vašingtono valstijoje, Oregone, Kalifornijoje, Nevadoje ir kt.
Baltauodegio kiškio kailis keičiasi priklausomai nuo metų laiko bei gyvenamosios vietos. Viršutinės dalys gelsvai arba pilkšvai rudos, apatinės – baltos arba pilkos. Kaklo ir veido kailis tamsesnis, storesnis. Šiaurinėse arealo dalyse gyvenantys kiškiai gali įgauti ir visiškai baltą spalvą, tačiau veido, ausų, pėdų bei nugaros kailis vis tiek išlieka tamsiai gelsvos spalvos.
Baltauodegių kiškių kūno sandara tokia, kad jiems būtų paprasčiau išgyventi. Ausys labai ilgos, jose vyksta intensyvi kraujotaka – tai padeda karšto klimato regionuose gyvenantiems kiškiams reguliuoti kūno temperatūrą. Patelės šiek tiek didesnės už patinus. Baltauodegiai kiškiai sveria 3–4 kg.
Gyvena atvirose ganyklose, laukuose. Taip pat įsikuria miškingose vietovėse, aukštikalnių tundroje. Aptinkamas 40–4300 m aukštyje.
Dauginimosi sezonas trunka nuo vasario iki liepos mėn. Šaltesnio klimato zonose patelė per sezoną išveda tik vieną vadą. Vadoje kiškučių skaičius labai skirtingas – nuo 1 iki 11. Nėštumas trunka apie 40 dienų. Kiškučiai gimsta 90–100 g svorio, atmerktomis akimis, visiškai apaugę kailiu. Jau 2 savaičių mažylis pradeda ieškotis maisto pats, tačiau visišką nepriklausomybę nuo motinos pasiekia tik 30 dienų amžiaus. Patelės kiškiukus prižiūri lizduose, sulipdytuose iš sausos žolės, lapų bei pūkų.
Žolėdžiai. Minta žolėmis, krūmeliais, vasarą skabo dobiliukus, viksvas. Žiemą – liucernas, astrinius augalus. Svarbią raciono dalį sudaro kviečiai, želmenys. Žiemą įsikuria svirnuose ant šieno ir ten maitinasi grūdinėmis kultūromis.
Ilgos šio kiškio ausys padeda išgirsti artėjantį priešą. Išsisukti nuo plėšrūnų baltauodegiui kiškiui padeda ir maskuojamosios kailio spalvos. Be to, šie kiškiai yra geri plaukikai. Juos medžioja rudosios lapės, pilkosios lapės, kojotai, rudosios lūšys, pumos, barsukai, gyvatės, pelėdos, ereliai.
Baltauodegis kiškis žiemą
Šuolis
Žvilgsnis
Žolėje
Baltauodegis kiškis, arba prerijų kiškis (lot. Lepus townsendii, angl. White-tailed hare) – kiškinių šeimos žinduolis, gyvenantis vakariniuose bei centriniuose Šiaurės Amerikos regionuose: Britų Kolumbijoje, Albertoje, Saskačevane, Manitoboje, Ontarijuje, Vašingtono valstijoje, Oregone, Kalifornijoje, Nevadoje ir kt.
Arnab Jack (Kelinci) Berekor Putih (Lepus townsendii) ialah sejenis kelinci yang ditemui di bahagian barat Amerika Syarikat. Pernah seketika dianggap sudah pupus di alam liar[2], kini terbukti daripada pemerhatian, spesimen mangsa langgaran kereta dan rekod sejarah bahawa Lepus townsendii masih wujud di Taman Negara Yellowstone[3]. Seperti semua arnab yang lain, spesies ini menganggotai famili Leporidae dalam order Lagomorpha. Arnab ini dikenal pasti terbahagi kepada dua subspesies, iaitu L. townsendii townsendii dan L. townsendii campanius.
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|coauthors= tidak diketahui diabaikan (guna |author=) (bantuan); |access-date= memerlukan |url= (bantuan) Arnab Jack (Kelinci) Berekor Putih (Lepus townsendii) ialah sejenis kelinci yang ditemui di bahagian barat Amerika Syarikat. Pernah seketika dianggap sudah pupus di alam liar, kini terbukti daripada pemerhatian, spesimen mangsa langgaran kereta dan rekod sejarah bahawa Lepus townsendii masih wujud di Taman Negara Yellowstone. Seperti semua arnab yang lain, spesies ini menganggotai famili Leporidae dalam order Lagomorpha. Arnab ini dikenal pasti terbahagi kepada dua subspesies, iaitu L. townsendii townsendii dan L. townsendii campanius.
De prairiehaas (Lepus townsendii) is een haas die voorkomt in het zuiden van Canada, het Amerikaanse Middenwesten en de Rocky Mountains. De prairiehaas is uitgestorven in het nationaal park van Yellowstone[2]. Zoals alle hazen behoort de prairiehaas tot de familie van de hazen en konijnen Leporidae. Er zijn twee beschreven ondersoorten: L. townsendii townsendii en L. townsendii campanius. De vacht is geel- tot grijsbruin gekleurd aan de bovenzijde, aan de onderzijde wit. Een opvallend onderscheid met andere hazen is de witte staart, in het Engels spreekt men daarom ook van de "white-tailed jackrabbit". In het noorden van zijn verspreidingsgebied en in het gebergte krijgt deze haas in de winter een witte vacht, net zoals andere hazensoorten. De prairiehaas voedt zich met gras, kruiden, twijgen en schors. Hij leeft solitair en is vooral 's nachts actief, overdag trekt hij zich terug. In de vlucht bereikt de haas tot 55 km/h. De paartijd ligt tussen februari en juli. In koudere streken werpt deze haas eenmaal per jaar, in warmere streken tot viermaal per jaar.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesA Lebre-de-cauda-branca (lepus townsendii) é um leporídeo do oeste da América do Norte.
A Lebre-de-cauda-branca (lepus townsendii) é um leporídeo do oeste da América do Norte.
Vitsvansad åsnehare eller vitsvanshare (Lepus townsendii) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar (Leporidae). Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig främst över Nordamerikas stora prärie i södra Kanada och USA:s Mellanvästern, men arten förekommer även i Klippiga bergen.
Pälsen har hela året en gulgrå till gråbrun färg på ovansidan och en vitaktig färg på buken. Som namnet antyder är den största skillnaden till svartsvansad åsnehare (Lepus californicus) den vita svansen. Arten når en längd mellan 57 och 66 centimeter (med svans)[1].
Liksom flera andra harar är vitsvansad åsnehare aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen. På dagen vilar de i fördjupningar i marken eller gömd bland vegetationen. De skapar flyktvägar genom att trampa ned växtligheten eller gräver under vintern tunnlar i snön. Hastigheten under flykten går upp till 55 km/h. Utanför parningstiden lever individerna ensamma.
Födan utgörs av olika växtdelar som gräs, örter, kvistar och bark.
Parningen sker mellan februari och juli. I kallare regioner har de bara en kull per år och i varma regioner upp till fyra. Dräktigheten varar ungefär 43 dagar och per kull föds en till elva (vanligen fyra eller fem) ungar. Ungarna är typiska borymmare och honan diar de cirka en månad.
Arten har många naturliga fiender som prärievarg, rävar och rovfåglar. Den jagas även av människan för pälsens och köttets skull. Vitsvansad åsnehare finns därför inte längre i sydöstra delen av det ursprungliga utbredningsområdet (Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas och Nebraska) och även i det stora ekosystemet kring Yellowstone nationalpark har arten försvunnit.[2] I andra regioner är den inte sällsynt och arten listas av IUCN som livskraftig (least concern)[1].
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Vitsvansad åsnehare.
Vitsvansad åsnehare eller vitsvanshare (Lepus townsendii) är ett däggdjur i familjen harar (Leporidae). Utbredningsområdet sträcker sig främst över Nordamerikas stora prärie i södra Kanada och USA:s Mellanvästern, men arten förekommer även i Klippiga bergen.
Pälsen har hela året en gulgrå till gråbrun färg på ovansidan och en vitaktig färg på buken. Som namnet antyder är den största skillnaden till svartsvansad åsnehare (Lepus californicus) den vita svansen. Arten når en längd mellan 57 och 66 centimeter (med svans).
Liksom flera andra harar är vitsvansad åsnehare aktiv mellan skymningen och gryningen. På dagen vilar de i fördjupningar i marken eller gömd bland vegetationen. De skapar flyktvägar genom att trampa ned växtligheten eller gräver under vintern tunnlar i snön. Hastigheten under flykten går upp till 55 km/h. Utanför parningstiden lever individerna ensamma.
Födan utgörs av olika växtdelar som gräs, örter, kvistar och bark.
Parningen sker mellan februari och juli. I kallare regioner har de bara en kull per år och i varma regioner upp till fyra. Dräktigheten varar ungefär 43 dagar och per kull föds en till elva (vanligen fyra eller fem) ungar. Ungarna är typiska borymmare och honan diar de cirka en månad.
Arten har många naturliga fiender som prärievarg, rävar och rovfåglar. Den jagas även av människan för pälsens och köttets skull. Vitsvansad åsnehare finns därför inte längre i sydöstra delen av det ursprungliga utbredningsområdet (Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas och Nebraska) och även i det stora ekosystemet kring Yellowstone nationalpark har arten försvunnit. I andra regioner är den inte sällsynt och arten listas av IUCN som livskraftig (least concern).
Країни проживання: Канада (Альберта, Британська Колумбія, Манітоба, Онтаріо, Саскачеван), США (Каліфорнія, Колорадо, Айдахо, Іллінойс, Айова, Канзас, Міннесота, Міссурі, Монтана, Небраска, Невада, Нью-Мексико, Північна Дакота, Орегон, Південна Дакота, Юта, Вашингтон, Вісконсин). Цей вид був записаний на висоті 4319 м на горі Брос, штат Колорадо. Його нижня межа записана як 30 м на колумбійській рівнині. Основне середовище проживання Lepus townsendii це відкритий степ і рівнини.
Це нічний одинак. Дієта цього виду — переважно трави та різнотрав'я, чагарники взимку. Протягом дня ховається в земляних норах або густій рослинності. Щоб швидко втекти від хижаків створює тропи в снігу і тунелі під снігом. Досягає швидкості до 55 км/год. Період вагітності в середньому 42 днів, розмір приплоду від 1 до 11, в середньому чотири-п'ять і залежить від середовища проживання. Годування молоком триває місяць. У Lepus townsendii є багато природних ворогів, таких як лисиця руда, койот і хижі птахи. Люди також полює на них за їх хутро і м'ясо або спортивних причин
Загальна довжина становить 56,5 — 65,5 см.
Lepus townsendii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1839.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Lepus townsendii tại Wikimedia Commons
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Bài viết liên quan đến động vật có vú này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Lepus townsendii là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Leporidae, bộ Thỏ. Loài này được Bachman mô tả năm 1839.
Lepus townsendii (Bachman, 1839)
Ареал вида
Белохвостый заяц[1][2] (лат. Lepus townsendii) — вид зайцев, обитающий в Северной Америке. Видовое название дано в честь американского натуралиста Джона Керка Таунсенда (1809—1851)[3].
Длина тела составляет от 56,5 до 65,5 см, масса от 2,75 до 3,6 кг. Самки обычно крупнее самцов. Окраска шерсти сверху от желтовато-коричневого до серо-коричневого цвета, брюхо белёсое. От других видов отличается белым хвостом с полосами жёлто-коричневого или серого цвета.
Вид распространён в Канаде (Альберта, Британская Колумбия, Манитоба, Онтарио, Саскачеван), США (Калифорния, Колорадо, Айдахо, Иллинойс, Айова, Канзас, Миннесота, Миссури, Монтана, Небраска, Невада, Нью-Мексико, Северная Дакота, Орегон, Южная Дакота, Юта, Вашингтон, Висконсин). Этот вид был встречен на высоте 30 м на колумбийской равнине и 4319 метров над уровнем моря на горе Брос, штат Колорадо. Основная среда обитания — это открытые степи и равнины.
Ведёт ночной, одиночный образ жизни. Питается преимущественно травами и разнотравьем, зимой кустарниками. В течение дня прячется в земляных норах или густой растительности. Чтобы быстро скрыться от хищников, создаёт тропы в снегу и тоннели под снегом. Достигает скорости до 55 км/час. Период беременности в среднем 42 дня, размер приплода от 1 до 11 детёнышей, в среднем четыре-пять и зависит от среды. Кормление молоком продолжается месяц. Естественными врагами являются лиса, койот и хищные птицы. Люди также охотятся ради их меха и мяса или из спортивных целей.
Белохвостый заяц (лат. Lepus townsendii) — вид зайцев, обитающий в Северной Америке. Видовое название дано в честь американского натуралиста Джона Керка Таунсенда (1809—1851).
흰꼬리산토끼(Lepus townsendii)는 토끼과에 속하는 포유류의 일종이다. 북아메리카 서부 지역에서 발견되는 멧토끼이다. 다른 멧토끼와 집토끼처럼, 토끼목에 속한다. 번식을 위한 짝짓기 철을 제외하고는 무리 생활을 하지 않고 독립 생활을 한다. 얕게 파인 땅에, 한 번에 4-5마리의 새끼를 낳고, 풀을 덮어 위장한다.
2종의 아종이 있다.[2]
