Dyacopterus spadiceus (Thomas 1890)

Dayak fruit bats are frugivorous, meaning they eats fruits, which is common of old world bats. A staple in their diet is the fruit of the Ficus tree, including strangler fig trees. These bats likely use their large teeth to squeeze juices out of the fruits. Dayak fruit bats eat fruits of many different colors, though most are green and blend in with the vegetation. The odor of the fruit does not seem to be a major factor in finding fruit. Dayak fruit bats may eat certain leaves that are high in estrogen like hormones, which could throw off their hormonal balance. Large groupings of bats have been observed feeding on fruiting strangler fig trees.

Plant Foods: fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

Dayak fruit bats are listed as "near threatened" on the IUCN red list, and their population size is decreasing. This is most likely due to deforestation of its natural habitat. From the 1990s through 2005, Malaysia has lost approximatly 1,486,000 ha of natural land, including a large amount of old growth forest, in which Dayak fruit bats live.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

Like most other bats in the family Pteropodidae, Dayak fruit bats have well developed senses of sight and smell. They do not use echolocation and thus rely on their eyes to navigate.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

There are no known adverse effects of Dayak fruit bats on humans.

Dayak fruit bats are major seed dispersers and may also pollinate crops.

Positive Impacts: pollinates crops

As frugivores, Dayak fruit bats play a major role in seed dispersal. Many of the seeds that they excrete are scattered throughout the forest. Additionally, seeds that are too large to eat are dropped to the forest floor. These seeds are reported to have a high percentage of germination. Ladibocarpellus selangorensis, a species of mites, parasitize Dayak fruit bats. Additionally, a batfly Leptocyclopodia brachythrinax is speculated to use these bats as hosts.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

• Ladibocarpellus selangorensis
• Leptocyclopodia brachythrinax

Dayak fruit bats are endemic to the Sunda Shelf in southeast Asia, including peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, western Indonesia and the Philippines.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Dayak fruit bats are found in tropical rainforests, specifically in old growth segments of the forest where fruit is plentiful. These bats have been observed in the sub canopy and above the canopy and are most commonly caught in mist nets while foraging above the canopy. Dayak fruit bats have been found roosting near limestone caves, rivers, and near fruiting trees. They have also been observed in hollow trees, likely in large Ficus trees, the fruit of which they eat.

Average elevation: 1200 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

The lifespan of Dayak fruit bats is currently unknown, however, members of old world bats, Pteropodidae, have reached 30 years of age in captivity.

Dayak fruit bats are the smallest of Dyacopterus species and are considered small to medium in size for a fruit bat. Fully mature Dayak fruit bats weigh 85 to 95 g. Their dorsal side has short dark fur that is brown-grey in color. Their ventral side is often lighter in color. Their wing membrane attaches to their second toe and their tail is small. They also have large eyes. Dayak fruit bats have a broad rostrum and a deep jaw. They have a dental formula of 2.1.1.2 on the dorsal side and 2.1.2.3 on the ventral jaw. Dayak fruit bats have very large cheek teeth specialized for eating fruit, although they are not as large as those of other species of Dyacopterus. The size of their teeth suggests that Dayak fruit bats eat large hard fruits. There is no sexual dimorphism in this species. Male Dayak fruit bats have enlarged mammary glands that can produce small amounts of milk.

Range mass: 85 to 95 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Little information is available regarding predators of Dayak fruit bats.

Little information is available regarding the mating systems of Dayak fruit bats, as the region where they live is not well studied. They are thought to be monogamous, though this is unconfirmed.

Dayak fruit bats reach sexual maturity at approximately 70 g in mass. Mothers usually give birth to 1 or 2 offspring. Pregnant females have been found between June and September. This species is not well studied, and little information is otherwise available regarding its reproduction.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Dayak fruit bats are much like other bats of the family Pteropodidae in the amount of time and care it invests in their young. Little information, however, has been compiled on the periods of gestation and lactation for this species. In September, neither male nor female captured individuals were lactating, but in July and August, captured individuals of both sexes were lactating. It is currently debated whether adult male bats nurse their young. If adult males in fact do nurse their young, then this species would be considered monogamous. Further study on the subject is necessary for a fuller understanding of parental investment. Some argue that Galactorrhoea is a better word to attribute to adult males rather than lactation, as it is currently unknown if males actually uses their milk to nurse their offspring.

Parental Investment: precocial ; male parental care ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

The Dyak fruit bat is endemic to the Sunda Shelf in southeast Asia occurring from the Malay Peninsula, south of the Isthmus of Kra and possibly including southern Thailand, to western Indonesia, where it occurs in Borneo including Brunei and possibly Sumatra and the Philippines, where it is known only from one specimen from Luzon (Abra province) and three from Mindanao (Misamis Oriental province) (1,2), but probably occurs over much of the Philippines.

The Dyak fruit bat is the smallest Dyacopterus species and is a small to medium sized fruit bat. A fully mature adult weighs 85-95 g. The dorsal side has short, brown-grey fur; the ventral side is often a lighter silver-grey colour. The wing membrane attaches to the second toe and the tail is small, ranging from 10-20% of the body length. The bat has large eyes, a broad rostrum and deep jaw. The dental formula is 2.1.1.2 on the dorsal side and 2.1.2.3 on the ventral jaw. The very large cheek teeth are specialized for eating fruit, but are not as large as in other species of Dyacopterus. The size of the teeth suggests that the bat eats large hard fruits. There is no sexual dimorphism in this species. Males have enlarged mammary glands that can produce small amounts of milk. The bat has well developed senses of sight and smell. It does not use echolocation and thus relies on its eyes to navigate.

The skull averagesbelow 36.1 mm from the premaxilla to the base. It is proportionally wide compared to the other bats in the genus.

This bat is probably a canopy or supracanopy species, living at an average of 1,200 m above sea level. It has been taken above the canopy and over streams, primarily in lowland, hill, and montane tropical rainforests, sometimes near disturbed areas and in regenerating forest; it may occur in secondary forest. It prefers old growth segments of the forest where fruit is plentiful. It is unclear if it can persist in degraded areasand roosts. It roosts in small groups in ferns, hollow trees and caves (3) and near limestone caves, rivers and fruiting trees. It occurs at low densities.

The bat feeds on fruits from trees extending into or past the canopy. It seems to prefer fruits of old-growth Paleotropical rainforest or montane rainforest. It eats strangler figs, other figs and other fruit of many colours, but most are green and blend in with the vegetation. The odour of the fruit does not seem to be a major factor in finding fruit. The bat probably uses its large teeth to squeeze juices out of the fruits. It may eat leaves that are high in oestrogen-like hormones, which could throw off their hormonal balance. Large groupings of bats may feed on fruiting strangler fig trees. The bats play a major role in seed dispersal and pollinating crops. Many of the seeds that they excrete are scattered throughout the forest. Seeds that are too large to eat are dropped to the forest floor and are reported to have a high percentage of germination. Parasites include mites and batflies.

The bat is thought to be monogamous. Pregnant females have been found from June-September. A male and a pregnant female were found roosting in a hollow limb of a fig tree. Mothers usually give birth to 1 or 2 offspring. Both sexes lactate in July-September. Lactation may last 1-2 months, after which the young is weaned and probably leaves the nest. If adult males nurse their young, then this species would be considered monogamous. Some people argue that Galactorrhoea is a better word to attribute to adult males rather than lactation, as it is unknown if males use their milk to nurse their offspring. Lactating males could take some of the pressure of lactation off of the female and may confer an evolutionary advantage over other non-lactating males. Another possible explanation is the consumption of plants with high concentrations of phytoestrogens, a hormone-like molecule that may cause mammogenesis and lactogenesis. The bat becomes sexually mature when it weighs @ 70 g (@ one-half adult body weight).

The bat is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN red list. This forest dependent species is probably in significant decline (at a rate close to 30% over the next ten years) due to widespread habitat loss through much of its range, making the species close to qualifying as Vulnerable. Habitat loss includes a large amount of old growth forest, where Dyak fruit bats live. The bat occurs in several protected areas throughout its range.

El ratpenat frugívor daiak (Dyacopterus spadiceus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu Indonèsia, Malàisia, les Filipines i Tailàndia. El seu hàbitat són els boscos de plana i de l'estatge montà. Està amenaçat per la desforestació i els incendis forestals.

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Dyacopterus spadiceus Dyacopterus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Cecadu Dayak merupakan salah satu haiwan mamalia dalam keluarga haiwan kelawar yang boleh di dapati di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Dyacopterus spadiceus.

Dyacopterus spadiceus is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Dyacopterus die voorkomt op Malakka (inclusief Thailand ten zuiden van de Landengte van Kra), Borneo en Noord-Sumatra. Andere populaties worden nu tot D. brooksi en D. rickarti gerekend.

Dyacopterus spadiceus är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas 1890. Dyacopterus spadiceus ingår i släktet Dyacopterus och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad. Inga underarter finns listade. Två populationer som tidigare räknades till denna art godkänns numera som självständiga arter, Dyacopterus brooksi och Dyacopterus rickarti.

Середовище проживання

Країни поширення: Індонезія, Малайзія, Філіппіни, Таїланд. Проживає в низинних і гірських лісах.

Стиль життя

Це високого польоту рукокрилий. Лаштує сідала невеликими групами в папороті, в дуплах дерев і печерах.

Загрози та охорона

На вид впливає вирубка лісу в результаті розширення сільського господарства, лісозаготівель, плантації, і лісові пожежі, протягом більшої частини його ареалу, особливо в низинах. Вид зустрічається в ряді охоронних районів в усьому діапазоні.

Джерела

• Csorba, G., Bumrungsri, S., Francis, C., Bates, P., Gumal, M. & Kingston, T. 2008. Dyacopterus spadiceus. In: IUCN 2012

Dyacopterus spadiceus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1890.

棕櫚果蝠（學名：Dyacopterus spadiceus），哺乳綱、翼手目、狐蝠科棕櫚果蝠屬下的一種，而與棕櫚果蝠同科的動物尚有裸背果蝠等之數種哺乳動物。

棕櫚果蝠是一個與蝙蝠相關的小作品。你可以通过編輯或修訂擴充其內容。 取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=棕櫚果蝠&oldid=26127980” 分类：IUCN近危物種狐蝠科隐藏分类：TaxoboxLatinName本地和维基数据均无相关图片含有拉丁語的條目蝙蝠小作品