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“REDESCRIPTION AND RESULTS
Synonymy
Martialia hyadesi Rochebrune and Mabille, 1889, pp. 9-10, pl. 1 (type: Orange Bay, Cape Horn; Museum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris)
Ommastrephes hyadesi Pfeffer, 1912, p. 451
Ommastrephes hyadesi Dell, 1952, p. 119
A label with the type specimen records that it was collected at Cook Bay, not Orange Bay as given by Rochebrune & Mabille (1889). Also the date of publication given by these authors with the original description is 1887. However, the work was not published until 1889 which is thus the valid starting-point date.
Description of characters
MANTLE. Powerful, robust, cylindrical for most of length, tapering slightly towards point of insertion of fins, then tapering abruptly to a somewhat elongated tail. Dorsal margin at anterior opening extends to a low point; ventral margin slightly excavated below funnel (Fig. 1a, c). Mantle of type in poor condition but agrees with new specimens.
GLADIUS. Strong, elongate; rachis reinforced with one central and two lateral ribs; vane extends less than one fifth total length of gladius; conus extends less than one seventh length of vane (Fig. lb). Conus on type appears to have unfurled during preservation but otherwise agrees with new specimens. However, a note by M. Roeleveld with the gladius accompanying the type suggests that this may belong to another specimen.
FINS. Extend about two fifths length of mantle. Approximately rhomboidal; posterior edge, which is concave for most of length, is longer than anterior edge which is convex; lobes at point of insertion of anterior edges with mantle (Fig. la, c). Fin angle: 47-55°, slightly larger than the type specimen's fin angle of 45°.
HEAD. Slightly narrower than width of mantle opening (Fig. la, c). Three prominent nuchal folds on each side; one above level of eye, one approximately level with middle of eye, one below level of eye. These are poorly preserved in the type but agree with the new specimens on the left side of the head. Width of head variable in thawed material due to variation in quality of preservation of eyes.
FUNNEL. Strong, broadly conical, extending to approximately middle of eye. Funnel valve a flap close to funnel opening. Funnel organ with a 'V' shaped dorsal member, apex pointing. anteriorly, and two ovoid ventral members (Fig. 2a). Funnel groove deep with foveola possessing seven longitudinal folds. These were not apparent and could not be counted in thawed specimens but were prominent in formalin fixed material (Fig. 2b). No side pockets. All features of funnel in new specimens agree well with the type.
FUNNEL MANTLE LOCKING CARTILAGE. Strong, typical ommastrephid inverted 'T' shape (Roper et al., 1969); straight, simple, longitudinal groove, straight mantle component (Fig.: 2c). Apparently identical to type.
ARMS. Moderately robust and less than half length of mantle. Arms I and IV approximately equal in females and shorter than arms II and III which are also approximately equal. Hectocotylised right arm IV shorter than arm I in males (see below). Swimming keel well developed on proximal half of arm III. Cross sections of arms roughly ovoid or rounded triangular in central part. Protective membrance poorly
developed; trabeculae strongly developed and prominent. Relatively small arm suckers in biserial longitudinal rows; largest suckers on central part of arms; each sucker associated with a trabeculum so there are equal numbers of each. Transverse rows oblique (Fig. 3a). Depending upon sucker size, rings armed with 5, 7 or 9 teeth which occupy more than half circumference on distal edge. Central tooth generally slightly larger than lateral teeth; shape asymmetric in some suckers (Fig. 3c). Arm sucker counts for a sample of new specimens, and the type, are given in Table 1. The arms and arm sucker counts agree with the type.
Table 1. Sucker sounts on the arms and tentacular club of Martialia hyadesi: new specimens and the type
New specimens
Type specimen
Range
Mean
± sd
n
Arm
I
66-82
75.3
4.5
11
66
II
67-87
74.7
5.3
11
72
III
66-78
74.0
4.3
11
70
IV(Female)
74-84
78.0
5.3
3
74
Carpus
17-21
19.3
2.1
3
20
Manus
88-93
90.0
2.6
3
92
Dactylus
42-48
45.3
3.1
3
48
HECTOCOTYLUS. On modified right arm IV which is somewhat shorter and thicker than unmodified, or slightly modified, left arm IV. In stage III, preparatory, and stage IV, maturing males, proximal part of modified arm is similar to unmodified arm with two rows of suckers; each sucker associated with a trabeculum and with largest suckers on central part of arm. At distal end, arm becomes modified, suckers much smaller than on unmodified arm. Hectocotylus occupies distal third of right arm. On ventral side trabeculae are disassociated from the suckers at stalk base and form rounded flaps; on dorsal side trabeculae become reduced towards end of arm and are absent on hectocotylised part (Fig. 3b). Slight modification of left arm IV of males limited to elongation of sucker stalks on distal third of arm (Fig. 3b). No comparison could be made with the type which is female.
TENTACLE AND CLUB. Tentacle length greater than half length of the mantle; most of tentacle occupied by club which is not expanded and is rounded/triangular in cross section. Protective membrane poorly developed; trabeculae strongly developed, prominent. Club not clearly differentiated into carpus, manus and dactylus (Fig. 3a); its structure is interpreted here according to the scheme given by Roeleveld (1982) for other ommastrephids. No fixing apparatus. Approximately 7-9 paired finger-like projections present at proximal end of carpal area. On rest of carpal area suckers arranged in biserial longitudinal rows, each sucker attached by a stalk to base of a trabeculum, as on arms. Transverse rows oblique. Dentition of ten or so pairs of suckers on carpal area resembles that on arm suckers, usually seven teeth occupying more than half circumference on distal edge of sucker ring (Fig. 3c). On manus area suckers arranged in tetraserial longitudinal rows: outer rows consist of small suckers attached by stalks to bases of trabeculae as on arms; inner rows consist of larger suckers attached by stalks to central part of club. Dentition on these suckers usually consists of fifteen relatively large, sharp teeth alternating with fifteen smaller, flatter teeth or plates which together occupy entire circumference of ring; teeth, and especially plates, larger on distal edge. On largest manus suckers one tooth is larger than rest, but extent of enlargement is variable (Fig. 3c). On dactylus area, small suckers arranged in tetraserial longitudinal rows, trabeculae reduced, low protective membrane better developed on the ventral side. Dentition of suckers on dactylus area similar to that on manus area (Fig. 3c). Well developed keel on distal third of club. Sucker counts for the carpus, manus and dactylus areas of club are given in Table 1. Tentacle and club on new specimens agree with the type.
BUCCAL MASS. Buccal membrane formula: DDVD (Fig. 3a) in new specimens and type.
BEAK. Lower beak possesses typical ommastrephid features: a shoulder which forms a tooth, a transparent strip below jaw angle, a low wing fold, a broad hood with a notch and a long rostral edge approximately equal to length of hood in midline (Clarke, 1986). No fold in lateral wall and rostrum characterised by a pronounced hook (Fig. 4a). Keratinisation tends to be blacker than in most other ommastrephid beaks (Fig. 4a,
b). Darkened patch on wing of more mature specimens. Beak not removed from type but shape of rostrum, which could be examined, agreed well with new specimens.
The calculated regression of lower rostral length (r) in mm against wet weight in grams (w) is:
1n w = 2.405 + 2.012 1n r (r2 = 0.756; n = 67)
and against mantle length in mm (l) is:
l = 102.0 + 29.47 r (r2 = 0.736; n = 67)
RADULA. Lateral tooth row contains a rhachidian tooth, three pairs of lateral teeth and a pair of marginal plates. Heterodont, first and second teeth similar in size to rhachidian, third lateral teeth long and sharply pointed, marginal plates poorly developed but usually visible, especially under polarised light. A small cusp on each side of base of rhachidian tooth; a single cusp on outer edge of base of first lateral tooth (Fig. 4c). Radula of type not examined.
GILLS. Gill lamellae counts fell in the range 61-67 (mean: 64.8 ± 2.7; n = 6). Gills of type not examined.
SKIN AND CHROMATOPHORES. In live specimens skin on dorsal surface of mantle smooth and has a very dark and dense purple colouration. Laterally this becomes red/brown and ventrally the skin is silver/white. Pronounced red patch on head above eye. Chromatophores small. A colour photograph of a live specimen from the Patagonian Shelf is given by Rodhouse (1989).
No photophores were found on the skin or elsewhere.
Skin of type has deteriorated and no useful comparison could be made with new specimens.
SPERMATOPHORES. Elongate and slender. A mature spermatophore is illustrated in Fig. 5a. No comparison could be made with the type which is female.
STATOLITH. All statoliths examined were adult stage (Morris and Aldrich, 1984). Seen from the anterior side (Fig. 5b) the dorsal dome is large and virtually indistinguishable from the lateral dome; no distinct lobes on the lateral dome or rostrum. Tip of rostrum flexed anteriorly; rostral angle obtuse and approximately 150°. Dorsal and ventral indentation well defined; spur prominent forming a distinct protrusion on the anterior surface. No obvious anterior ridge. Medial fissure present. Statoliths of type not examined.
Measurements and indices
All measurements of characters are given in the appendix. Mean (±sd) and range of calculated indices are given in Table 2 together with data for the type specimen taken from Wormuth (1976).
Comparison of the character indices for the type specimen of Martialia hyadesi, with data for the new material (Table 2), shows that the type specimen falls within the range for all indices calculated for the new material, apart from MWI and HLI. Mantle width is a low precision measurement (Wormuth, 1976) and in any case the MWI for the type specimen was only slightly less than for the present material. The head length of the type specimen is apparently somewhat longer relative to the mantle length than the longest head measured in our recent collections.
Table 2. Character indices for male and female Martialia hyadesi (MWI: mantle width index; HLI: head length index; HWI: head width index; FLI: fin length index; FWI: fin width index; ALI I-IV: arm length indices, arm I-IV; HcLI: hectocotylus length index; TtTI: tentacle length index; CLI: club length index; GLI: gladius length index; GWI: gladius width index; RLI: rachis length index; RWI: rachis width index). Indices from the type specimen given by Wormuth (1976) are also indicated.
Character
Range
mean
± sd
Type specimen indices
Males
MWI
19.0-29.7
23.4
2.1
HLI
12.9-17.4
15.8
1.0
HWI
12.0-18.4
15.5
1.4
FLI
38.2-45.6
41.6
1.9
FWI
54.3-66.5
60.0
2.8
ALI 1
29.5-43.8
37.8
3.3
ALI 2
34.6-48.8
41.5
3.0
ALI 3
35.5-49.2
42.0
3.2
ALI 4
27.7-36.5
32.5
2.3
HcLI
6.6-14.9
10.5
2.3
TtLI
49.3-66.9
58.6
4.7
ClLI
38.2-55.6
48.4
4.1
GLI
91.9-100.0
95.1
1.6
GWI
2.8-4.7
3.3
0.4
RLI
74.5-85.5
78.5
2.6
RWI
3.8-4.3
4.3
0.2
Females
MWI
19.9-26.8
22.8
1.6
19.0
HLI
12.6-17.6
15.7
1.0
19.0
HWI
13.2-17.7
15.5
1.2
FLI
38.4-45.5
42.0
1.8
43.0
FWI
55.5-64.3
59.4
2.3
55.5
ALI 1
29.9-43.2
36.9
2.8
37.0
ALI 2
35.2-45.7
40.4
2.7
41.0
ALI 3
35.7-46.1
40.9
2.6
43.0
ALI 4
30.1-40.8
35.2
2.6
37.0
TtLI
44.9-70.2
59.8
5.2
ClLI
37.3-57.0
4.2
50.0
GLI
91.9-98.9
48.6
1.6
GWI
2.6-3.7
3.1
0.2
RLI
72.6-81.7
77.4
2.0
RWI
3.9-5.0
4.3
0.3
(Rodhouse & Yeatman, 1990: 136-141)
Martialia hyadesii is a species of flying squid commonly known as the sevenstar flying squid.
M. hyadesii occurs in epipelagic and mesopelagic waters of the Southern Ocean. Its range may be circumpolar with a Sub-Antarctic distribution.[2]
These large squid are known to prey upon deep-sea ridgeheads and other mesopelagic fish, and to be preyed upon in turn by king penguins and albatrosses.[3][2]
Martialia hyadesii est une espèce de mollusques céphalopodes de la famille des Ommastrephidae.
Martialia hyadesi is een soort in de taxonomische indeling van de inktvissen, een klasse dieren die tot de stam der weekdieren (Mollusca) behoort. De inktvis komt enkel in zout water voor en is in staat om van kleur te veranderen. Hij beweegt zich voort door water in zijn mantel te pompen en het er via de sifon weer krachtig uit te persen. De inktvis is een carnivoor en zijn voedsel bestaat voornamelijk uit vis, krabben, kreeften en weekdieren die ze met de zuignappen op hun grijparmen vangen.
De inktvis komt uit het geslacht Martialia en behoort tot de familie Ommastrephidae. Martialia hyadesi werd in 1889 beschreven door Rochebrune & Mabille.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
