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Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

In the wild, Coquerel's sifakas live between 27 and 30 years. The oldest known individual in the wild was 30 years old. In captivity, they live between 25 and 30 years, and the oldest known captive individual, held at the Duke Lemur Center, lived to be 31 years old.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
30 (high) years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
31 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
30 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
27 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
25 to 30 years.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas (Propithecus coquereli) are endemic to Madagascar. This species resides in dry deciduous forests found to the north and east of the Betsiboka River. It has been reported as far north as Bealanana, as far south as Ambato-Boeni, and to the east in the vicinity of Antetemasy. It can be found in Ankarafantsika National Park as well as the Bora Special Reserve. Documented sightings have occurred in the coastal mangroves of Baie de Mahajamba.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifaka eats immature and mature leaves, seeds, flowers, fruit and bark. The majority of their diet consists of leaves, and their teeth are well-adapted for slicing and grinding plant material. Their total diet includes 75 to 100 different plant species; however, 60 to 80% of the time they feed on only 10% of these species. It has been suggested that Coquerel’s sifakas are opportunistic feeders as dominant forage plants change with season. Their enlarged cecum and colon helps facilitate digestion of their highly fibrous diet. Undigested beans have been found in feces, and it has been proposed that nourishment is obtained from the casing rather than the bean itself. Captive individuals at the Duke Lemur Center are primarily fed shining leaf sumac and mimosa. Between 30 to 40% of the day is spent foraging, with peak foraging activity occurring during morning, midday, and late-afternoon. Foraging bouts are separated by rest, and when foraging, they remain within their territories and spend the majority of the time within a core area. The majority of aggression found between sexes is related to feeding. Females commonly exhibit dominance during foraging bouts. Female dominance during feeding likely plays an important role during gestation and lactation. Females usually exercise dominance by controlling access to preferred food or feeding areas by being the first to feed or feeding until satisfied and then allowing males to access the food

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifaka are prey for a number of native and introduced vertebrate predators. As seed predators, Coquerel’s sifaka may help disperse seeds as well. There is no information available regarding parasites of this species.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sikafas have been the subject of many studies that may provide insight on the evolutionary history of primates, specifically that of humans. They have also been the subject of various research efforts, including those investigating the evolution of color vision, female dominated society, evolution of paternal care, and causes of speciation. Coquerel's sifakas are commonly hunted by the people of Madagascar. In addition, because lemurs are endemic to Madagascar, the emerging eco-tourism industry benefits significantly from their presence.

Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism ; research and education

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are no known adverse effects of Coquerel’s sifaka on humans'.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas are classified as an endangered species on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. The most immediate threat is habitat loss due to deforestation and slash and burn farming. Trees are either cleared for farming, raising livestock or for charcoal production. In addition to reducing the amount of potential habitat for Coquerel's sifakas, deforestation also reduces forage availability. Hunting pressure is also a major concern. Coquerel's sifakas are currently found in two protected areas: the Ankarafantsika National Park and the Bora Special Reserve. However, illegal hunting is thought to be common in these areas as well. Increased predation by introduced species has negatively impacted this species as well. PAW (Projects for Animal Welfare) of Madagascar was founded in 2011 to combat the threat of introduced cats and dogs. The group is a non-profit that seeks to spay and neuter the population of cats and dogs on the island so that they will not threaten the native wildlife. Coquerel's sifakas are listed under Appendix 1 by CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas engage in auditory, visual and olfactory communication. Alarm calls used for aerial predators are often described as roaring barks and growls. General alarm calls, which sound like "sifaka" with an explosive clicking sound at the end, are used to alert group members of terrestrial predators. When separated from their group, Coquerel's sifakas emit a loud, extended wail. Facial expressions and body postures include a play face where the mouth is held open in a silent laugh, and head jerks where the head is thrown quickly back while calling when facing a predator. Polymorphic trichromacy, which allows them to see a full range of colors, was recently discovered in Coquerel’s sifaka. Both males and females use of the anogenital region, the area between the anus and the genitala, for scent marking. Males also use the gular gland for scent marking branches and tree trunks. Both males and females scant mark with urine as well. Males touch the end of the penis to a tree trunk while clinging to it and move up the trunk about 50 cm leaving a line of urine. Vertical trunk marking is less common in females; however, they may press their body to the tree trunk while they climb a short ways up to leave a similar mark as males. The markings are thought to display sex of the marker as well as reproductive status of females since markings greatly increase in frequency during mating season.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas were considered a subspecies of Verreaux’s sifaka. The popular children’s show Zoboomafoo is based on a real Coquerel’s sifaka named Jovian who lives at the Duke Lemur Center.

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifaka inhabit old growth and secondary growth forests of mixed deciduous and evergreen trees, from sea level to 300 m above sea level. They also travel through scrub habitat when traveling between fragmented forest patches.

Range elevation: 0 to 300 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas have dorsal pelage and limbs that are predominately white. They have large chocolate-brown markings on the front of the arms, thighs and chest, which may differ slightly in size and placement. The fur is quite dense. The back may be a pale silver-gray or brown, while the tail ranges in color from silver-gray to white. Short white hairs cover the muzzle and the face is black. They have small, black ears that protrude through the surrounding fur. Males can be differentiated from females by their gular (throat) gland, which stains the surrounding skin and hair, as well as the dark red-brown color of the perianal skin. Coquerel’s sifaka range in mass from 3.7 to 4.3 kg.

Range mass: 3.7 to 4.3 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas are preyed upon by hawks and other raptors, constrictor snakes as well as the puma-like fossa, the largest mammalian carnivore found on Madagascar. Aerial predators would be of most danger to the infants. Introduced predators include feral dogs, African wildcats, European wildcats, large Indian civets and Egyptian mongooses. The most imminent threat to Coquerel’s sifakas is humans, which hunt them for food and sport. In the past, the Malagasy people did not hunt sifakas because it was considered “fady” or taboo; however, there are reports that hunger is overpowering this custom. Populations of Coquerel's sifakas that have been hunted in the past flee from humans; if not, they may give a general alarm call. Numerous reports describe being approached by a group of Coquerel’s sifakas on the ground. All members of the group give alarm calls and head jerks while approaching humans. One report documented a group coming within 3 to 5 m. Between alarm calls, they were said to stare and weave their heads back and forth. Roaring barks are made for aerial predators and "sifaka" calls are made for terrestrial predators. Neighboring groups often return alarm calls after searching the local area for potential predators.

Known Predators:

  • fossa, (Crypotporcta ferox)
  • feral dogs, (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • African wildcats, (Felis silvestris )
  • European wildcats, (Felis lybica)
  • humans, (Homo sapiens)
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Coquerel’s sifakas have synchronized estrous which occurs during January and February. Exact timing can be predicted from the two day flushing of the vulva found in females in the precopulatory period. Females mate with intragroup males or males from visiting groups. They appear to be polyandrous, which may serve to confuse paternity and impede male infanticide. Males have been witnessed fighting over access to estrous females, however, the victor isn't always chosen to mate. Coquerel’s sifakas appear to continue reproducing regardless of senescence. The oldest reproducing individual on record was 24 years old, and animals have been known to reproduce the year they die.

Mating System: polyandrous

Gestation in Coquerel’s sifakas lasts for approximately 162 days. Typically, a single infant is born during the dry season, which occurs during June and July. Newborns weigh between 85 and 115 g at birth, with an average weight of 100 g. Infants cling to the mother's venter during travel until they are about 1 month old, at which point they move to the dorsum. Infants are weaned during the wet season at approximately 5 to 6 months of age and are completely independent after 6 months. Most individuals reach adult size in 1 to 5 years, depending on habitat conditions and forage availability. Estimated age of sexual maturity for both males and females is reportedly 2 to 3.5 years of age. Females have been known to give birth for the first time at 3 years of age, while others have others have been reported to have their first offspring at the age of 6. Hybridizations can occur between closely related species such as Propithecus verreauxi, which was once considered a subspecies of Coquerel’s sifakas.

Breeding interval: Propithecus coquereli breeds once yearly.

Breeding season: Propithecus coquereli breeds during January and February.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 162 days.

Range weaning age: 5 to 6 months.

Average time to independence: 6 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 6 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3.5 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 (low) years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 3.5 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Coquerel's sifakas have a maximum of 2 offspring per group per year, presumably due to the high costs of reproduction. Females give birth every other year and must increase their basal metabolic rate before and during parturition. As with most mammals, the most energetically expensive aspect of reproduction is lactation, which occurs during the dry season and lasts for 5 to 6 months. Although rare, males and juveniles have been observed carrying infants. Information on paternal care is limited, however, the highest ranking male in the group offers limited support to females and their young.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); extended period of juvenile learning

licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Oldenkamp, R. 2011. "Propithecus coquereli" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Propithecus_coquereli.html
autor
Ricki Oldenkamp, Northern Michigan University
editor
Mary Martin, Northern Michigan University
editor
John Berini, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Sifaca de Coquerel ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El sifaca de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli) és una espècie de primat de la família dels índrids. El nom d'aquest lèmur és en honor al naturalista francès Charles Coquerel. Fins fa poc se'l considerava una subespècie del sifaca de Verreaux. Com tots els lèmurs, és endèmic de l'illa de Madagascar. El Coquerel salvatge té una esperança de vida d'uns 27 a 30 anys. En captivitat, en canvi, viuen entre 25 i 30 anys.

Situació geogràfica

És una espècie endèmica de l'illa de Madagascar. Es pot localitzar en zones del nord i est del riu Betsiboka. Resideix en boscs secs i caducifolis des del nivell del mar fins a 300 metres d'alçada.[1]

Descripció

El sifaca de Coquerel presenta un pelatge dens, predominantment blanc i una coloració marró xocolata específicament a la part frontal dels braços, al pit i a les cuixes. Aquest pelatge marronós fa aquesta espècie fàcilment diferenciable d'altres sifaques.
La zona de l'esquena pot ser des de marró fins a una tonalitat grisa, mentre que la cua oscil·la en un rang de color entre gris i blanc. La cara es troba recoberta per pèl negre igual que les orelles, mentre que el morro està cobert per cabells curts i blancs. Els ulls acostumen a ser força visibles pel seu color groc sobre el pelatge negre.
Es poden diferenciar els mascles de les femelles per les glàndules de la gola i per la coloració fosca marró-vermellosa de la pell de la zona perianal.
Com altres sifaques, denominats així pels sorolls que generen, aquesta espècie té braços curts que limiten el seu moviment. Tot i així, es compensa aquesta limitació amb fortes potes que utilitza per propulsar-se entre els arbres.[1]
Solen pesar entre 3.5 i 4.3 kg i fan entre 92,5 i 110 cm (dels quals 50-60 cm corresponen a la cua).[2]

 src=
Coloració típica de les nou espècies del gènere Propithecus

Alimentació

Propithecus Coquereli té una dieta herbívora que consta de fulles, flors, fruites, llavors i troncs.[3] La seva dieta consisteix bàsicament de fulles d'unes 75 a 100 espècies de plantes diferents, per això presenta unes dents i un sistema digestiu ben adaptats al tipus d'alimentació: presenta un cec allargat i un còlon extremadament llarg, els quals faciliten la digestió. A l'hora d'alimentar-se, les femelles adquireixen un rol de dominància, controlant l'accés al menjar i a les àrees on hi ha aliment.[1]

Reproducció

El període de gestació de l'espècie Propithecus Coquereli dura aproximadament 162 dies. Normalment, la femella només té una cria per any i acostuma a ser durant els mesos secs, Juny o Juliol. Igual que altres mamífers, la despesa energètica més gran de la fase reproductiva es produeix a l'alletament, que dura uns 5 a 6 mesos. A causa de l'alt cos reproductiu, dins del grup hi ha dos naixements al llarg de l'any, com a màxim. Les cries esdevenen independents de la mare als 6 mesos. La majoria d'individus arriben a la mida adulta en 1 a 5 anys, depenent de les condicions de l'hàbitat i la disponibilitat de l'aliment. No es coneix cap informació rellevant respecte la cura de les cries per part dels mascles. Tot i així, se sap que els mascles dominants del grup proporcionen poc suport a les femelles i els nounats. S'ha estimat que l'edat de maduresa sexual d'aquest tipus de sifaques és de 2 a 3.5 anys. Es pot donar el cas d'individus híbrids entre espècies molt properes com Propithecus verreauxi.[1]

Comportament

Aquesta espècie de sifaques és diürna i acostuma a viure en grups de 3 fins a 10 individus. Passa gran part del seu temps a les copes dels arbres i es desplaça verticalment entre la vegetació saltant de branca a branca. Quan baixen a espais oberts, la seva locomoció es dóna a partir de salts laterals bípedes, que semblen formar part d'una dansa, estirant les seves potes i desplegant els braços per mantenir l'equilibri.

 src=
Locomoció terrestre de Propithecus coquereli

La relació intraespecífica és de tipus matriarcal. Un matriarcat és una societat on les dones i, en especial les mares, tenen un rol central de lideratge, autoritat i control de la propietat.

Mentre les femelles solen residir tota la vida amb el grup on van néixer, els mascles són forçats a dispersar-se per poder assolir la maduresa. A més, és freqüent que els mascles canviïn de grup, normalment amb un període màxim de 8 anys per grup. Generalment, les femelles són dominants sobre els mascles i poden tornar-se agressives per assegurar-se menjar o regular l'acceptació sexual dels mascles. Els mascles poden mostrar submissió mitjançant la posició del cos, la cua entre les cames o realitzant sons suaus vers la femella.

A la societat del sifaca de Coquerel, els individus tenen cura, entre ells, de l'aparença i el desparasitament. Es tracta d'una activitat social principal que serveix per reforçar les relacions socials i crear-ne de noves. També pot donar-se per resoldre conflictes i reconciliar-se.

 src=
Dos individus Propithecus coquereli
 src=
Potes del gènere Propithecus


Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Sifaca de Coquerel Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Animal Diversity Web. «Propithecus coquereli (Coquerel's sifaka)». University of Michigan. [Consulta: 25 novembre 2015].
  2. Wildscreen Arkive. «Coquerel's Sifaka». [Consulta: 25 novembre 2015].
  3. Mittermeier, R. A.; Konstant, W. R.; Hawkins, F. [et al]. Lemurs of Madagascar. S. D. Nash (il·l.). 2a ed.. Conservation International, 2006. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.
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Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia CA

Sifaca de Coquerel: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El sifaca de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli) és una espècie de primat de la família dels índrids. El nom d'aquest lèmur és en honor al naturalista francès Charles Coquerel. Fins fa poc se'l considerava una subespècie del sifaca de Verreaux. Com tots els lèmurs, és endèmic de l'illa de Madagascar. El Coquerel salvatge té una esperança de vida d'uns 27 a 30 anys. En captivitat, en canvi, viuen entre 25 i 30 anys.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia CA

Coquerel-Sifaka ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Coquerel-Sifaka

Der Coquerel-Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Indriartigen innerhalb der Lemuren. Er ist zu Ehren des französischen Naturforschers Charles Coquerel benannt. Ehemals galt er als Unterart des Larvensifakas.

Merkmale

Coquerel-Sifakas erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 42 bis 50 Zentimetern, hinzu kommt noch der 50 bis 60 Zentimeter lange Schwanz. Ihr Gewicht beträgt 3,5 bis 4,3 Kilogramm, sie zählen damit zu den kleineren Sifakaarten. Ihr Fell ist weich und dicht, der Kopf, der Rücken und der Schwanz sind weiß, auf den Oberarmen, der Brust und auf den Schenkeln haben sie auffällige braune Flächen. Das von einem weißen Haarkranz umgebene Gesicht ist unbehaart und dunkelgrau oder schwarz gefärbt, die schwarzen Ohren ragen aus dem Fell hervor, die Augen sind gelb. Wie bei allen Sifakas sind die Hinterbeine deutlich länger als die Vorderbeine.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet des Coquerel-Sifakas

Wie alle Lemuren kommen Coquerel-Sifakas nur auf Madagaskar vor, sie bewohnen ein relativ kleines Gebiet im Nordwesten dieser Insel. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich von Befandriana Nord bis zum Fluss Betsiboka. Ihr Lebensraum sind trockene Laubwälder, manchmal sind sie auch in Mangroven zu finden. Sie kommen vom Meeresspiegel bis in 500 Meter Seehöhe vor.

Lebensweise

Diese Primaten sind tagaktive Baumbewohner, die sich im Geäst senkrecht kletternd fortbewegen, dank ihrer kräftigen Hinterbeine aber auch gut springen können. Sie leben in Gruppen von drei bis zehn, meist vier oder fünf, Tieren. Die kleineren Gruppen sind Familiengruppen mit einem ausgewachsenen Paar und dem gemeinsamen Nachwuchs, die größeren können mehrere Tiere beiden Geschlechts beinhalten und sind variabel in ihrer Zusammensetzung. Es sind territoriale Tiere, ihre Reviere umfassen 4 bis 8 Hektar. Meist hält sich die Gruppe allerdings in einem nur 2 bis 3 Hektar großen Kerngebiet auf, an den Rändern können die Reviere mit denen anderer Gruppen überlappen.

Sie sind Pflanzenfresser, die sich vorwiegend von Blättern und Knospen ernähren. In der Trockenzeit nehmen sie auch Rinde zu sich, in der Regenzeit fressen sie vermehrt Blüten und Früchte. In der Regenzeit beginnt die Nahrungssuche schon vor Sonnenaufgang und erstreckt sich – unterbrochen von einer längeren Mittagsrast – bis zum Abend, in dieser Jahreszeit sind die Tagesstreifzüge durchschnittlich 1000 Meter lang. In der Trockenzeit beginnt die Nahrungssuche später und endet früher, allerdings ist die Mittagsrast kürzer. Dadurch legen sie täglich nur rund 750 Meter zurück.

Nach einer rund 160-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen im Juni oder Juli meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses klammert sich zunächst an den Bauch der Mutter, später hält es sich an ihrem Rücken fest. Nach fünf bis sechs Monaten wird das Jungtier entwöhnt, mit rund einem Jahr ist es ausgewachsen.

Gefährdung

Die Hauptbedrohung für die Coquerel-Sifakas stellt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums durch Umwandlung in Viehweiden und durch die Holzkohleerzeugung dar. Traditionell genossen die Tiere aus Tabugründen Schutz vor der Bejagung, durch Zuwanderung in ihr Verbreitungsgebiet und Aufweichung der Traditionen fällt dieser Schutz immer mehr weg, sodass die Bejagung heute bereits eine Bedrohung darstellt. Die IUCN schätzt, dass die Gesamtpopulation in den letzten 30 Jahren (drei Generationen) um mehr als 50 % zurückgegangen ist, und listet die Art als „vom Aussterben bedroht“ (critically endangered).

Literatur

  • Nick Garbutt: Mammals of Madagascar. A Complete Guide. Yale University Press, New Haven CT 2007, ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer-Verlag, Berlin u. a. 2002, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Russell A. Mittermeier, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, William R. Konstant, Kenneth Glander, Ian Tattersall, Colin P. Groves, Anthony B. Rylands, Andreas Hapke, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Mireya I. Mayor, Edward Louis jr, Yves Rumpler, Christoph Schwitzer, Rodin Rasoloarison: Lemur Diversity in Madagascar. In: International Journal of Primatology. 29, 2008, , S. 1607–1656.

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Coquerel-Sifaka: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

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Der Coquerel-Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Indriartigen innerhalb der Lemuren. Er ist zu Ehren des französischen Naturforschers Charles Coquerel benannt. Ehemals galt er als Unterart des Larvensifakas.

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Coquerel's sifaka ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) is a diurnal, medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus. It is native to northwest Madagascar. Coquerel's sifaka was once considered to be a subspecies of Verreaux's sifaka, but was eventually granted full species level, and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and hunting. In popular culture, it is known for being the species of the title character in the children's TV show Zoboomafoo. The species was named after French entomologist Charles Coquerel.

Description

Its dorsal pelage and tail are white, with maroon patches on the chest and portions of the limbs. The coat is generally dense. Its face is bare and black except for a distinctive patch of white fur along the bridge of the nose. Its naked ears are also black, and its eyes are yellow or orange.[4][5] The bottom of the lemur's hands and feet are black, while the thighs, arms, and chest are a chocolate brown. Like all lemurs, Coquerel's sifaka has a toothcomb, used for grooming and sometimes scraping fruit off a pit.[6]

Distribution

This species occurs at altitudes less than 300 ft (91 m) in the dry deciduous forests of northwestern Madagascar, including coastal forests.[7] It occurs from the Betsiboka River, up to the Maevarano River, and is common in large area between these rivers. Extensive surveys of the species' distribution conducted in 2009, 2010, and 2011 led to the confirmation of its presence in most forest fragments between these rivers.[7] Nevertheless, its eastern distribution limits are unclear. Between the Sofia and Bemarivo Rivers, the species has twice been reported to be absent (Table 1[7]). Similarly, the southern part of the inter-river system between the Bemarivo and Betsiboka Rivers, where little is known about the presence of the species, requires surveys.[7]

Map of P. coquereli distribution

Groups of this species have a home range area amounting to 4–9 ha (9.9–22.2 acres).[8] A 2014 work[9] in Ankarafantsika National Park suggests that population densities range from 5 to 100/km2 (13 to 259/sq mi) and significant (negative) effects of road and forest edge and/or a (positive) effect of river proximity on densities. The population size may be ~47,000 individuals in the Ankarafantsika National Park.[9] However, the species is frequently seen around villages and in areas dominated by introduced tree species.[7]

Diet

Coquerel's sifaka's herbivorous diet varies by season. In the wet season, it eats immature leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and dead wood. In the dry season, it eats mature leaves and buds.[10] It may browse nearly 100 plant species, but the majority of its feeding time is concentrated on about 10% of these.[11] Since it has a very fibrous diet, Coquerel's sifaka has an enlarged cecum and extremely long colon that helps facilitate digestion.[12] These lemurs spend 30-40% of their day foraging, especially in the morning, midday, and evening. Females often take leadership roles during foraging and exert their dominance by eating the preferred food or denying the males food until they are satisfied. These lemurs are beneficial to the environment because they aid seed dispersion. Captive Coquerel’s sifakas eat shining leaf sumac and mimosa.[13]

Behaviour

Coquerel's sifaka lives in matriarchal groups of about three to ten individuals.[7]

Clinging to tree trunk

It is diurnal and primarily arboreal. Much is known about its behavior from observations in the wild and in captivity.[12]

Social structure

Coquerel’s sifakas spend the majority of their time in areas of just 2–3 ha (4.9–7.4 acres). However, they can live in areas with 4–8 ha (9.9–19.8 acres). Though their home range may overlap with other groups of sifakas, they avoid each other to avoid aggression.[14] When friendly Coquerel's sifakas meet, they greet by rubbing their noses together.

Matriarchy is rare in the animal kingdom as a whole, but common among lemurs. A matriarchal system is particularly pronounced in Coquerel's sifaka. All adult and even most subadult females are dominant over males.[12]

Females have preferential access to food and other resources. When a female is browsing an area or tree, a male waits for her to finish before he moves there to feed. If he gets in the way of the female, she may lunge, smack, or bite him. The male then exhibits submissive behavior by rolling his tail between his legs, chattering softly, and baring his teeth in a grimace before quickly leaping out of her way.[12]

When mating, Coquerel's sifaka commonly practices polyandry. A female may choose to mate with only one male, but most often she mates with several, from other visiting groups, as well as from her own. Males compete for access to sexually receptive females. However, the winner of a fight will not necessarily be the one she selects for breeding. The criteria by which she chooses a mate are evidently more complex.[6]

In some other animals, polyandrous mating is thought to raise the chances of successful fertilization, but this does not appear to be the case in Coquerel's sifaka. Instead, polyandry is thought to be advantageous because when paternity is confused, the likelihood of male infanticide decreases.[11]

Reproduction

Female Coquerel's sifakas choose their mate(s) whether from intragroup males or males from outside groups.[15] They have synchronized estrus in January and February.[12] Infants are born in June and July after a gestation period around 162 days. Normally, one infant is born during Madagascar's dry season (June–July). Newborn lemurs have an average weight of 100 g (3.5 oz), though it can vary between 85 and 115 g (3.0 and 4.1 oz). An infant clings to its mother's chest until about a month or so after birth, then transfers to her back.

Infants are weaned and become fully independent around six months of age. Adult size is reached at one to five years.[10]

Males and females become sexually mature around two- to three-and-a-half years old, though some do not have their first offspring until they are six. Hybrids have been known to occur with some species. One is P. verreauxi.[16]

Locomotion

Coquerel's sifaka in the wild at Anjajavy Forest
The terrestrial locomotion of Coquerel's sifaka

In the trees, Coquerel's sifaka moves by vertical clinging and leaping. It maintains an upright posture when at rest or when propelling itself between branches or trunks. This style of arboreal locomotion is characteristic of most, if not all, lemurs.[12] This particular lemur can leap from tree to tree up to 35 feet (11 m).[17] It has the extraordinary ability to leap to spiny trees and precisely place its hands and feet so that it will not hurt itself.

Occasionally, Coquerel's sifaka descends to the ground to cross open spaces. Its terrestrial locomotion is unique to its species. Like Verreaux's sifaka, it moves in a series of bipedal hops with its arms thrown out to the sides for balance. However, whereas Verreaux's sifaka bounds sideways and crosses its legs one in front of the other, the Coquerel's sifaka bounds forward, like a kangaroo. It leans in the direction of its jump to achieve forward momentum.[10]

A study at Duke University's Primate Center examined feeding behaviors of captive sifakas to determine their handedness. Given chopped fruits and vegetables, adult male and female sifakas showed a predominant preference for left-handedness, while younger sifakas alternated hands to grab food. Coquerel's sifakas gain dexterity and hand preference with age, diverging only slightly by gender.[18]

Communication

Coquerel's sifaka uses a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory signals to communicate.[19] "Sifaka" is a Malagasy name that comes from the lemurs' characteristic "shif-auk" sound.[20] The first syllable is a low growl that "bubbles" in the throat, and the second is a clicking sound like an amplified hiccup. The "shih-fak" call is used to warn fellow group members of a potential ground predator or to threaten enemies and intruders. Coquerel's sifaka is highly territorial.[21]

Contact calls used when groups are traveling include soft grunts and growls. If a sifaka is separated from its group members, it may emit a long, loud wail to find them.[11]

One visual signal which Coquerel's sifaka uses to communicate is a rapid backward jerking of the head. This is a threatening action that may accompany the "shih-fak" call.[10]

Sifakas also rely heavily on scent for communication. Males typically scent-mark using a gland in their throats, which they will rub back and forth along branches. Females are more likely to scent-mark with anogenital glands. It is not entirely clear what information is conveyed in these scents, beyond the demarcation of territory.[11]

A study of sifaka vocalizations found that roaring barks are associated with anti-raptor responses in which the Coquerel's sifakas looked up and climbed down.[22] The "tchi-fak" vocalizations was associated with anti-terrestrial responses in which the sifakas looked down and climbed up.[22] And the meaning of growls seemed to vary by population, where a population subject to significant raptor predation associated the growls with anti-raptor responses, but another population associated growls with mild disturbance.[22]

Economic importance

Coquerel's sifakas, like many lemurs, have been studied to help scientists learn about the evolutionary history of primates, including humans. They have been the subject of those researching evolution of color vision, paternal care, matriarchal primate societies, and causes of speciation.[12]

Conservation status and threats

Though its populations are thought to be widely distributed, Coquerel's sifaka is found in only two protected areas in Madagascar - the Ankarafantsika National Park and the Bora Special Reserve. It is a critically endangered species, according to the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species, and it is listed in CITES Appendix I.[2] The principal threats to its existence are deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and hunting pressure. The local people often clear trees to produce new farming land, especially in the marshes where rice can be grown. In northwestern Madagascar, deforestation results from annual burning to create new pastureland for livestock. Trees are also cut for the production of charcoal.[14]

Many local Malagasy traditions prohibit hunting of Coquerel's sifaka. One such taboo derives from a legend of a sifaka saving the life of a boy who has fallen out of a tree. The story goes like this:

A little boy heads into the forest to find some honey. He spots a hive in a high tree and he ascends it. As he is about to reach in to collect the honey, he is immediately attacked by bees. The surprise causes the boy to lose his grip on the tree branch, and he falls to what is almost certainly his death. As the boy plummets toward the earth, a large lemur suddenly appears, swoops in, and catches the boy, saving his life. Ever since that day, lemurs became sacred to the Malagasy and it is said that anyone who kills one shall have extreme misfortune.[23]

These protective taboos are breaking down with cultural erosion and immigration.[14]

This lemur is now hunted for bushmeat, but humans are not the only threat. The introduction of foreign species, especially cats and dogs, has hurt the Coquerel's sifaka. Projects for Animal Welfare encourages the neutering and spaying of the cats and dogs on the island to protect the native wildlife.[1] Even the protected areas where the Coquerel's sifaka occurs offer it little protection. It is hunted even within Ankarafantsika, and the Bora Special Reserve has become seriously degraded.[10]

Predation

Many animals prey on Coquerel's sifakas. Hawks and other raptors attack them from above, while constrictor snakes and the fossa threaten them from the ground. Introduced predators such as feral dogs, African cats, European cats, mongooses and civets also prey on them. However, of all these creatures, humans are the biggest hazard. Though killing the lemurs was taboo,[12] Coquerel’s sifaka see humans now as a threat and may give out an alarm call to warn the others.[12]

Some lemurs are unaware of the danger humans pose and will approach humans on the ground. To intimidate predators they do recognize, the lemurs announce the threat with a warning call, and stare at the threat, shaking their heads back and forth.[24]

Cultural references

The titular lemur on the PBS Kids television program Zoboomafoo is portrayed by a Coquerel's sifaka[12] named Jovian. Jovian lived at the Duke Lemur Center, where the show was originally filmed until he died from kidney failure at the age of 20 on November 10, 2014.[25] His son Charlemagne, known as "Charlie", lives at the center, with his family group of other Coquerel's sifakas.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b c Louis, E.E.; Bailey, C.A.; Sefczek, T.M.; King, T.; Radespiel, U.; Frasier, C.L. (2020). "Propithecus coquereli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T18355A115572275. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18355A115572275.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Kappeler, P. M. (1991). "Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates". Folia Primatologica. 57 (3): 132–146. doi:10.1159/000156575. PMID 1794769.
  5. ^ Tattersall, I. (1982). The Primates of Madagascar. Columbia University.
  6. ^ a b Pochron, S. T.; Wright, P. C. (2005). "Dance of the sexes: a lemur needs some unusual traits to survive in Madagascar's unpredictable environment". CBS. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Salmona, Jordi (2014). "Extensive survey of the Endangered Coquerel's sifaka Propithecus coquereli". Endangered Species Research. 25 (2): 175–183. doi:10.3354/esr00622.
  8. ^ Petter, J.-J. (1962). "Recherches sur l'écologie et l'éthologie des lémuriens malgaches". Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Série A, Zoologie. 27: 1–146.
  9. ^ a b Kun-Rodrigues C, Salmona J, Besolo A, Rasolondraibe E, Rabarivola C, Marques TA, Chikhi L (2014). "New density estimates of a threatened sifaka species (Propithecus coquereli) in Ankarafantsika National Park". American Journal of Primatology. 76 (6): 515–528. doi:10.1002/ajp.22243. hdl:10400.7/558. PMID 24443250. S2CID 11185235. Retrieved 18 Feb 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e Mittermeier, R.A.; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; Louis, E.E.; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. OCLC 883321520.
  11. ^ a b c d Richard, Alison (2003). "Propithecus, Sifakas". In Steven M. Goodman; Jonathan P. Benstead (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp. 1345–1348. ISBN 0-226-30306-3.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Oldenkamp, R. (2011). "Propithecus coquereli". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  13. ^ Campbell, J.; Glenn, K.; Grossi, B.; Eisemann, J. (2001). "Use of Local North Carolina Browse Species to Supplement the Diet of a Captive Colony of Folivorous Primates (Propithecus sp.)". Zoo Biology. 20 (6): 447–461. doi:10.1002/zoo.10007.
  14. ^ a b c Garbutt, N. (2007) Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers Ltd.
  15. ^ Kubzdela, K.; Richard, A.; Pereira, M. (1992). "Social Relations in Semi-Free Ranging Sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) and the Question of Female Dominance". American Journal of Primatology. 28 (2): 139–145. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350280206. PMID 31941220. S2CID 84398797.
  16. ^ Taylor, L. (2008). "Old Lemurs: Preliminary Data on Behavior and Reproduction from the Duke University Primate Center", pp. 319-333 in J Fleagle, C Gilbert, eds. Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins. New York: Springer Science Business+Media, LLC.
  17. ^ Iverson, Erik (26 July 2012). "Coquerel's Sifaka." Archived 2012-07-12 at the Wayback Machine Mongabay.
  18. ^ Mason, Angela; Wolfe, Linda; Johnson, Jeffrey (1995). "Hand Preference in the Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi coquereli) During Feeding in Captivity". Primates. 36 (2): 275–280. doi:10.1007/BF02381353. S2CID 21949388.
  19. ^ Greive, Bradley Trevor. Priceless: The Vanishing Beauty of a Fragile Planet. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.
  20. ^ Richard, A. (1978). Behavioral Variation: Case Study of a Malagasy Lemur. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, Inc.
  21. ^ Jolly, Alison (2004). Lords and Lemurs: Mad Scientists, Kings with Spears, and the Survival of Diversity in Madagascar. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Archived from the original on 2005-03-04.
  22. ^ a b c Fichtel, Claudia; Kappeler, Peter M. (2011). "Variation in the Meaning of Alarm Calls in Verreaux's and Coquerel's Sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi, P. coquereli)". International Journal of Primatology. 32 (2): 346–361. doi:10.1007/s10764-010-9472-9. PMC 3047677. PMID 21475394.
  23. ^ Smith, Dave (29 December 2011). "Lemurs Killed, Eaten More in Madagascar as Taboos Fade." Archived 2012-02-03 at the Wayback Machine International Business Times.
  24. ^ Fichtel, C.; van Schaik, C. P. (2006). "Semantic Differences in Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) Alarm Calls: A Reflection of Genetic or Cultural Variants?". Ethology. 112 (9): 839–849. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01239.x.
  25. ^ Jovian Archived 2014-11-14 at the Wayback Machine. Duke Elmur Center
  26. ^ Duke Lemur Center. (2011). "Coquerel's Sifaka".

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Coquerel's sifaka: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) is a diurnal, medium-sized lemur of the sifaka genus Propithecus. It is native to northwest Madagascar. Coquerel's sifaka was once considered to be a subspecies of Verreaux's sifaka, but was eventually granted full species level, and is listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List due to habitat loss and hunting. In popular culture, it is known for being the species of the title character in the children's TV show Zoboomafoo. The species was named after French entomologist Charles Coquerel.

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Propithecus coquereli ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El sifaca de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli) es un primate estrepsirrino de la familia Indriidae.[2][3]​ Como todos los lémures es endémico de Madagascar, al norte de la isla, en la región de Sofía.[4][1][3]

Descrita en 1867 por A. Grandidier como Cheirogalus coqwuereli, fue posteriormente considerada una subespecie del sifaca de Verreaux,[1]​ hasta que en 2001 fue elevada a la categoría de especie por Groves y por Mayor y colaboradores en 2004.[1][4]

Su cuerpo mide de 42 a 50 cm, más la cola que alcanza los 50 o 60 cm, y pesa casi cuatro kilogramos; es una especie de tamaño medio dentro de este género. De cuerpo blanco, con pecho y zonas interiores y exteriores de muslos y brazos marrones. La cara y el morro son negros con un tono blanquecino encima de la nariz. Las orejas son desnudas, pequeñas y negras y los ojos amarillos.[4]

P. coquereli habita en bosques mixtos secos, en sus orlas de matorral y en manglares, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 300 m de altitud. Fitófagos generalistas, se alimentan de hojas nuevas, corteza, flores y frutos en la estación húmeda y hojas maduras y brotes en la seca. La gestación dura unos 160 días, y los nacimientos tienen lugar entre junio y julio. Las crías al nacer se cuelgan del pecho de sus madres hasta que al mes trepan a su espalda. Todos los miembros del grupo acicalan, juegan y transportan a las crías. A los seis meses son independientes y al año alcanzan su crecimiento máximo. Alcanzan la madurez sexual a los dos años y medio. Son diurnos y arbóreos; a menudo descienden al suelo y es su forma de desplazarse por el suelo la que mejor les diferencia de P. verreauxi. Viven en pequeños grupos de 3 a 10 individuos con áreas de campeo de 4 a 9 ha.[1][4]

Su estatus en la Lista Roja de la UICN es de «especie en peligro de extinción», debido a que en las últimas tres generaciones (unos 50 años) su población ha descendido a la mitad, causado por la pérdida de la superficie y calidad del su hábitat que se ha trasformado en pastos para ganado mediante incendios y deforestado para la recolección de leña. Además su caza como alimento se está incrementando. Estas causas no cesan y de no hacerlo pronto la población descenderá y se deberá catalogar como especie en peligro crítico de extinción. Especie protegida por el apéndice I de CITES. Existen poblaciones de sifaca de Coquerel dentro de las áreas de conservación y protección del Parque nacional de Ankarafantsika y de la Reserva Especial de Bora.[1][4]

Referencias

  1. a b c d e f g h Andriaholinirina, N. et al. (2014). «Propithecus coquereli». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2015.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 30 de agosto de 2015.
  2. a b Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Propithecus coquereli (TSN 944090)» (en inglés).
  3. a b Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Propithecus coquereli». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  4. a b c d e Mittermeier, R. A., C. Schwitzer, E. E. Louis Jr & M. C. Richardson (2013). «Family Indriidae (Woolly Lemurs, Sifakas and Indri)». in: Mittermeier, R. A. Rylands, A. B. & Wilson, D. E. eds (2013). Handbook of the Mammals of the World (en inglés). Vol. 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. p. 951. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7.

 title=
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Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El sifaca de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli) es un primate estrepsirrino de la familia Indriidae.​​ Como todos los lémures es endémico de Madagascar, al norte de la isla, en la región de Sofía.​​​

Descrita en 1867 por A. Grandidier como Cheirogalus coqwuereli, fue posteriormente considerada una subespecie del sifaca de Verreaux,​ hasta que en 2001 fue elevada a la categoría de especie por Groves y por Mayor y colaboradores en 2004.​​

Su cuerpo mide de 42 a 50 cm, más la cola que alcanza los 50 o 60 cm, y pesa casi cuatro kilogramos; es una especie de tamaño medio dentro de este género. De cuerpo blanco, con pecho y zonas interiores y exteriores de muslos y brazos marrones. La cara y el morro son negros con un tono blanquecino encima de la nariz. Las orejas son desnudas, pequeñas y negras y los ojos amarillos.​

P. coquereli habita en bosques mixtos secos, en sus orlas de matorral y en manglares, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 300 m de altitud. Fitófagos generalistas, se alimentan de hojas nuevas, corteza, flores y frutos en la estación húmeda y hojas maduras y brotes en la seca. La gestación dura unos 160 días, y los nacimientos tienen lugar entre junio y julio. Las crías al nacer se cuelgan del pecho de sus madres hasta que al mes trepan a su espalda. Todos los miembros del grupo acicalan, juegan y transportan a las crías. A los seis meses son independientes y al año alcanzan su crecimiento máximo. Alcanzan la madurez sexual a los dos años y medio. Son diurnos y arbóreos; a menudo descienden al suelo y es su forma de desplazarse por el suelo la que mejor les diferencia de P. verreauxi. Viven en pequeños grupos de 3 a 10 individuos con áreas de campeo de 4 a 9 ha.​​

Su estatus en la Lista Roja de la UICN es de «especie en peligro de extinción», debido a que en las últimas tres generaciones (unos 50 años) su población ha descendido a la mitad, causado por la pérdida de la superficie y calidad del su hábitat que se ha trasformado en pastos para ganado mediante incendios y deforestado para la recolección de leña. Además su caza como alimento se está incrementando. Estas causas no cesan y de no hacerlo pronto la población descenderá y se deberá catalogar como especie en peligro crítico de extinción. Especie protegida por el apéndice I de CITES. Existen poblaciones de sifaca de Coquerel dentro de las áreas de conservación y protección del Parque nacional de Ankarafantsika y de la Reserva Especial de Bora.​​

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Propithecus coquereli ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Propithecus coquereli Propithecus generoko tamaina ertaineko lemur bat da. Egun argitan bizi da, Madagaskarren bakarri. Lehen uste zen Propithecus verreauxiren barruko aspiespezie bat zela. Sofia eskualdean bizi da.[1][2][3]

Erreferentziak

  1. «The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species» IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-13.
  2. Mammal species of the world : a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed. argitaraldia) Johns Hopkins University Press 2005 ISBN 0801882214 PMC 57557352 . Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-13.
  3. Handbook of the mammals of the world ISBN 9788496553491 PMC 304148757 . Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-02-13.

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Propithecus coquereli Propithecus generoko tamaina ertaineko lemur bat da. Egun argitan bizi da, Madagaskarren bakarri. Lehen uste zen Propithecus verreauxiren barruko aspiespezie bat zela. Sofia eskualdean bizi da.

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Propithèque de Coquerel ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Propithecus coquereli

Le Propithèque de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli), ou Sifaka de Coquerel, est un lémurien de la famille des Indriidés.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Répartition de l'espèce à Madagascar.

Le Propithèque de Coquerel vit dans les forêts décidues sèches de Madagascar.

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

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Propithèque de Coquerel: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Propithecus coquereli

Le Propithèque de Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli), ou Sifaka de Coquerel, est un lémurien de la famille des Indriidés.

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Propithecus coquereli ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il sifaka di Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli A. Grandidier, 1867) è un lemure della famiglia degli Indriidae[2]. Come tutti i lemuri, è endemico del Madagascar.

Il nome è un omaggio allo zoologo francese Charles Coquerel (1822-1867).

Descrizione

 src=
Alcuni esemplari nel loro habitat naturale

Biologia

Ha abitudini diurne e prevalentemente arboricole.

Vive in piccoli gruppi familiari di 4-10 individui.

Alimentazione

La dieta è costituita da foglie, germogli, fiori e frutti.

Comunicazione

Utilizza differenti tipi di vocalizzazioni.[3][4]

Riproduzione

Al pari degli altri lemuri i P. deckeni sottostanno ad una stretta stagionalità riproduttiva: le femmine sono ricettive per pochi giorni all'anno, in febbraio-marzo. Dopo una gestazione di 4-5 mesi danno alla luce in media un piccolo ogni 2 anni

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nel Madagascar nord-occidentale, a nord-est del fiume Betsiboka .

Classificazione

In passato era considerato una sottospecie di Propithecus verreauxi (Propithecus verreauxi ssp. coquereli); recenti studi ne hanno definito il carattere di specie a sé stante[5].

Conservazione

La IUCN Red List considera questa specie in pericolo critico di estinzione (Critically Endangered)[1].

È protetta nelle aree del Parco nazionale di Ankarafantsika e della Riserva Speciale di Bora.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Louis, E.E., Bailey, C.A., Sefczek, T.M., King, T., Radespiel, U. & Frasier, C.L. 2020, Propithecus coquereli, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 5 agosto 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Colin Groves, Propithecus coquereli, in D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder (a cura di), Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Copia archiviata (WAV), su lemur.duke.edu. URL consultato l'8 marzo 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 9 giugno 2007).
  4. ^ Copia archiviata (WAV), su lemur.duke.edu. URL consultato l'8 marzo 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 giugno 2010).
  5. ^ Mayor MI, Sommer JA, Houck ML, Zaonarivelo JR, Wright PC, Ingram C, Engel SR and Louis EE, Specific Status of Propithecus spp, in International Journal of Primatology, vol. 25, n. 4, 2004, pp. 875-900.

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Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Il sifaka di Coquerel (Propithecus coquereli A. Grandidier, 1867) è un lemure della famiglia degli Indriidae. Come tutti i lemuri, è endemico del Madagascar.

Il nome è un omaggio allo zoologo francese Charles Coquerel (1822-1867).

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Kokverelio sifaka ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Kokverelio sifaka (lot. Propithecus coquereli, angl. Coquerel's Sifaka, vok. Coquerel-Sifaka) – indrinių (Indriidae) šeimos primatas. Paplitusi šiaurės vakarų Magadaskare.


Vikiteka

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Coquerels kroonsifaka ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Coquerels kroonsifaka (Propithecus coquereli) is een dagactieve lemuur uit het geslacht van de sifaka's (Propithecus). Dit is een van de drie geslachten uit de familie van de indriachtigen (Indriidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Alfred Grandidier in 1867. Zoals alle lemuren is Coquerels kroonsifaka endemisch op Madagaskar.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Een volwassen exemplaar heeft een totale lichaamslengte van 93 tot 110 centimeter, inclusief de staart die 50 tot 60 cm lang wordt, en bereikt een gewicht van 4 kilogram. De vacht is overwegend wit van kleur, met chocoladebruine kleuren op de voor- en achterpoten en de borst. De handpalmen, voetzolen, oren en gezicht zijn onbehaard waardoor zijn zwarte huid te zien is, met uitzondering van wat witte plekken op de brug van de neus. De iris van het oog is geel tot oranje van kleur.[2][3] Net als alle lemuren heeft Coquerels kroonsifaka een tandenkam die voornamelijk dient om de vacht te verzorgen maar ook worden gebruikt om vruchtvlees van een pit te schrapen.[4]

Gedrag

Coquerels kroonsifaka is overdag actief en verblijft meestal in bomen.[5] De sifaka leeft in matriarchale groepen van drie tot twaalf individuen, waarbij de vrouwtjes altijd voorrang krijgen bij het zoeken naar voedsel. Wanneer een vrouwtje op een bepaalde plek eet, wacht het mannetje tot ze klaar is. Als hij in de weg staat zal het vrouwtje hem duwen, slaan of zelfs bijten. Als teken van onderdanigheid rolt het mannetje dan zijn staart tussen de achterpoten en kwebbelt zachtjes tegen haar terwijl hij zijn tanden ontbloot. Vervolgens springt hij gauw uit de weg.[5]

Coquerels kroonsifaka is een relatief vreedzame lemuur. Mannetjes onderling vechten om met een vrouwtje te mogen paren. Als groep gaan ze andere lemuren alleen te lijf om voedselbronnen te verdedigen.[6] Wanneer Coquerels kroonsifaka's elkaar ontmoeten, groeten ze elkaar door hun neuzen tegen elkaar te wrijven.

Voortbeweging

 src=
Voortbeweging over de grond van Coquerels kroonsifaka.

Coquerels kroonsifaka beweegt zich net als andere sifaka's voort door zijwaartse sprongen te maken in een rechte, verticale houding, waarbij hij sprongen kan maken van wel tien meter.[7] Bij de landing weet hij zijn poten zo te plaatsen, dat hij zich niet bezeert aan eventuele doorns. Wanneer Coquerels kroonsifaka een open terrein oversteekt, maakt hij, net als andere sifaka's, ook weer verticale sprongen, waarbij hij zijn armen uitsteekt om zijn balans te bewaren. Er is echter een verschil waarbij Coquerels kroonsifaka zich onderscheidt. Andere sifaka's springen zijwaarts, waarbij ze als ze de grond raken hun achterpoten kruisen, maar Coquerels kroonsifaka springt voorwaarts, waarbij het lichaam in voorwaartse richting wordt gebogen.[8]

Ook in de rusthouding zit Coquerels kroonsifaka rechtop.[5]

Communicatie

Coquerels kroonsifaka kent een complexe vorm van communicatie met soortgenoten middels een breed repertoire aan geluiden, visuele signalen en geurstoffen.[9]

'Sifaka' is de naam die de Malagassiërs het dier hebben gegeven en is afgeleid van het karakteristieke 'shif-auk'-geluid dat de sifaka's maken wanneer ze soortgenoten waarschuwen voor gevaar.[10][11] Dit 'shif-auk' wordt vaak vergezeld met het snel achterwaarts schudden van hun kop.[8]

Voortplanting

Mannetjes en vrouwtjes worden op een leeftijd van tussen de twee en drieënhalf jaar geslachtsrijp. Sommige paren met andere sifakasoorten, waaronder de verreauxsifaka (Propithecus verreauxi).[12]

Een wijfje paart meestal met meerdere mannetjes, ook uit andere groepen. Mannetjes vechten onderling om met een wijfje te mogen paren, maar een gewonnen gevecht garandeert nog niet dat dit hem wordt toegestaan.[13] De zwangerschap van een wijfje duurt ongeveer 162 dagen.[8]

 src=
Coquerels kroonsifaka met juveniel

Het wijfje werpt haar jongen in juni of juli, tijdens het droge seizoen. Een pasgeboren jong heeft een gewicht van tussen de 85 en 115 gram en zal zich meteen aan moeders borst vastklampen tot een maand na de geboorte. Na zes maanden wordt het jong niet meer gezoogd en is volledig onafhankelijk. De jongen zijn afhankelijk van de omstandigheden na één tot vijf jaar volwassen.[8]

Dieet

Coquerels kroonsifaka is een herbivoor. In het natte seizoen worden jonge blaadjes, bloemen, fruit, bast en droog hout gegeten, in het droge seizoen volgroeide bladeren en knoppen.[8] Op het menu staan ongeveer honderd verschillende plantensoorten, maar slechts tien soorten genieten de voorkeur.[14] Coquerels kroonsifaka heeft een relatief lange blindedarm en dikke darm zodat plantenvezels beter kunnen worden verteerd en meer voedingstoffen kunnen worden onttrokken.[5]

Coquerels kroonsifaka's spenderen dertig tot veertig procent van de dag aan het zoeken van voedsel, waarbij de vrouwtjes het beste voedsel voor zichzelf nemen.[15]

Verspreiding en habitat

 src=
Verspreidingsgebied binnen Madagaskar in het rood.

Coquerels kroonsifaka heeft meestal een territorium van vier tot negen hectare.[16] Het territorium overlapt vaak dat van andere sifaka's, maar de dieren proberen uit elkaars buurt te blijven.[17] Tellingen hebben uitgewezen dat er 60 individuen per vierkante kilometer kunnen voorkomen.[18]

De natuurlijke habitat van Coquerels kroonsifaka bestaat uit droge loofbossen, voornamelijk in twee beschermde gebieden in het noordwesten van Madagaskar: het Nationaal park Ankarafantsika en het Borareservaat.[17]

Referenties

  1. (en) Coquerels kroonsifaka op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) P.M. Kappeler, Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates (1991), p.132-146
  3. (en) I. Tattersall, The Primates of Madagascar (1982)
  4. (en) S.T. Pochron, P.C. Wright, Dance of the sexes: a lemur needs some unusual traits to survive in Madagascar's unpredictable environment (2005)
  5. a b c d (en) R. Oldenkamp, Propithecus coquereli (2011)
  6. natuurinformatie.nl: Coquerels kroonsifaka
  7. (en) Erik Iverson, Coquerel's sifaka.
  8. a b c d e (en) R.A. Mittermeier, W.R. Konstant, F. Hawkins, E.E. Louis, O. Langrand, J. Ratsimbazafy, R. Rasoloarison, J.U. Ganzhorn, S. Rajaobelina, I. Tattersall, D.M. Meyers, Lemurs of Madagascar (2006) ISBN 1-881173-88-7.
  9. (en) Bradley Trevor Greive, Priceless: The Vanishing Beauty of a Fragile Planet (2003)
  10. (en) A. Richard, Behavioral Variation: Case Study of a Malagasy Lemur (1978)
  11. Alison Jolly, Lords and Lemurs: Mad Scientists, Kings with Spears, and the Survival of Diversity in Madagascar (2004)
  12. (en) L. Taylor, Old Lemurs: Preliminary Data on Behavior and Reproduction from the Duke University Primate Center. p. 319-333 (2008)
  13. (en) S. T. Sharon, P. C. Wright: Dance of the sexes: a lemur needs some unusual traits to survive in Madagascar's unpredictable environment (2005)
  14. (en) Alison Richard, The Natural History of Madagascar, P. 1345-1348 (2003), ISBN 0-226-30306-3
  15. (en) J. Campbell, K. Glenn, B. Grossi, J. Eisemann, Use of Local North Carolina Browse Species to Supplement the Diet of a Captive Colony of Folivorous Primates (Propithecus sp.) (2001)
  16. (fr) J.J. Petter, Recherches sur l'ecologie et l'ethologie des lemuriens malgashes (1962).
  17. a b (en) N. Garbutt, Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide (2007).
  18. (en) C. Andrainarivo, V. N. Andriaholinirina, A. Feistner, T. Felix, J. Ganzhorn, N. Garbutt, C. Golden, B. Konstant, E. Louis Jr., D. Meyers, R. A. Mittermeier, A. Perieras, F. Princee, J. C. Rabarivola, B. Rakotosamimanana, H. Rasamimanana, J. Ratsimbazafy, G. Raveloarinoro, A. Razafimanantsoa, Y. Rumpler, C. Schwitzer, U. Thalmann, L. Wilmé,& P. Wright, Propithecus coquereli

Externe links

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Propithecus coquereli van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Coquerels kroonsifaka: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Coquerels kroonsifaka (Propithecus coquereli) is een dagactieve lemuur uit het geslacht van de sifaka's (Propithecus). Dit is een van de drie geslachten uit de familie van de indriachtigen (Indriidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Alfred Grandidier in 1867. Zoals alle lemuren is Coquerels kroonsifaka endemisch op Madagaskar.

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Propithecus coquereli ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Sifaka-de-coquerel[3][4] (Propithecus coquereli) é um primata estrepsirrino da família Indriidae.[2][5] Como todos os lêmures é endêmico do norte da ilha de Madagascar, especificamente da região de Sofia.[1][6][5]

Descrita em 1867 por A. Grandidier como Cheirogalus coqwuereli, foi considerada posteriormente uma subespécie do sifaka-de-verreaux (Propithecus verreauxi),[1] até que foi elevada à categoria de espécie por Groves em 2001 e por Mayor e colaboradores em 2004.[1][6] Na cultura popular cabe ser ressaltado o sifaka-de-coquerel Jovian (1994–2014), que atuou como o lêmure protagonista da série de televisão infantil Zoboomafoo, do PBS Kids.

Descrição

Seu corpo mede em média de 42 a 50 cm; se considerar a cauda pode atingir entre 50 ou 60 cm, e pesa quase quatro quilos. Trata-se de uma espécie de tamanho médio dentro de seu gênero. O corpo é predominantemente branco, com peito e áreas interiores e exteriores das coxas e braços castanhos. O rosto e o nariz são pretos com um tom esbranquiçado acima do nariz. As orelhas tem ausência de pelo e são pequenas e pretas, enquanto que os olhos são amarelos.[6]

P. coquereli vive em florestas secas cercadas de mangues, a cerca de 300 m de altitude acima do nível do mar, no noroeste madagascarense. Geralmente fitófagos, alimentam-se de folhas novas, cascas, flores e frutos na estação chuvosa e folhas e brotos maduros na estação seca. A gestação dura cerca de 160 dias e os nascimentos ocorrem entre junho e julho. Os bebês ao nascer são pendurados no peito de suas mães, até que um mês depois começam a subir em suas costas. Todos os membros do grupo cuidam, brincam e transportam os jovens. Aos seis meses eles são independentes e em um ano alcançam seu tamanho máximo. Eles atingem a maturidade sexual em dois anos e meio. São diurnos e arbóreos, porém frequentemente descem ao chão. Inclusive seu modo de se mover no chão é o que melhor os distingue do P. verreauxi. Vivem em pequenos grupos de três a dez indivíduos por áreas de 4 a 9 hectares.[1][6]

Seu status na Lista Vermelha da IUCN é de "espécie em extinção", visto que no decorrer das últimas três gerações (em cerca de 50 anos até a década de 2010) sua população caiu pela metade. Isso ocorreu devido à diminuição de seu território e da qualidade de seu habitat, que cedeu espaço para pastagens para gado por meio de incêndios propositais e/ou desflorestamento para extração de madeira. Além disso, houve um aumento de sua caça para alimento. Segundo informações do começo da década de 2010, essas causas ainda não haviam cessado e, se essa situação não for contida, a população continuará a se reduzir e deve ser classificada como uma espécie criticamente ameaçada. Foi protegida pelo Apêndice I da CITES. Existem populações de sifaka-de-coquerel dentro das áreas de conservação e proteção do Parque Nacional de Ankarafantsika e da Reserva Especial de Bora.[1][6]

Comunicação

O sifaka-de-coquerel usa uma variedade de sinais auditivos, visuais e olfativos para se comunicar.[7] "Sifaka" é um nome malgaxe que vem do som característico de "shif-auk" dos lêmures.[8] A primeira sílaba é um rosnado baixo que "borbulha" na garganta, e a segunda é um som de clique como um soluço amplificado. A chamada "shih-fak" é usada para alertar os membros do grupo de um potencial predador do solo ou para ameaçar inimigos e intrusos. A espécie é altamente territorial.[9]

As chamadas de contato usadas quando os grupos estão viajando incluem grunhidos. Se um sifaka é separado dos membros do grupo, ele pode emitir um longo e alto gemido com a intenção de parar os demais.[10] Um sinal visual que a espécie usa para se comunicar é um rápido movimento de balançar a cabeça para frente e para trás. Essa é uma ação que indica ameaça e pode acompanhar o chamado "shih-fak".[6]

Sifakas também dependem fortemente do cheiro para comunicação. Os machos tipicamente se perfumam usando uma glândula em suas gargantas, que eles esfregam para frente e para trás ao longo das ramificações. As fêmeas são mais propensas a marcar com glândulas anogenitais. Não está totalmente claro qual informação é transmitida nesses aromas, além da demarcação do território.[10]

Predadores

 src=
Sifaka-de-coquerel com um filhote nas costas

Há muitos animais que atacam o sifaka-de-coquerel. Os falcões e outras aves de rapina os atacam por cima, enquanto que cobras e a fossa são uma ameaça em solo. Há também muitos predadores introduzidos, como cães selvagens, gatos africanos, gatos europeus, mangustos e civetas. No entanto, de todas essas criaturas, os humanos são o maior perigo para o sifaka. Mesmo que fosse proibido matar os lêmures, os sifaka-de-coquerel agora veem os humanos como uma ameaça e alertam outros indivíduos ao notarem aproximação humana.[11]

Por outro lado, alguns lêmures ainda desconhecem o perigo que os humanos representam e não se repulsam em sua presença. Para intimidar os predadores que eles reconhecem, os lêmures anunciam a ameaça com um alerta e fixam seu olhar para a suposta ameaça, balançando a cabeça para frente e para trás.[12]

Importância econômica

O sifaka-de-coquerel, como muitos lêmures, tornou-se objeto de estudo para ajudar os cientistas a compreender a história evolutiva dos primatas, incluindo os humanos. A espécie tem sido alvo de estudo sobretudo daqueles que pesquisam a evolução da visão de cores, do cuidado paterno, das sociedades matriarcais de primatas e das causas da especiação. Além disso, uma vez que estão fortemente ameaçados de extinção e são vítimas de caçadas em Madagascar, a indústria do ecoturismo local tem se beneficiado enormemente por causa da espécie, que incentiva a vinda de turistas para o país.[11]

Cultura popular

O sifaka-de-coquerel chamado Jovian atuou como o lêmure protagonista da série de televisão infantil estadunidense-canadense Zoboomafoo, do PBS Kids.[11] Ele viveu no Duke Lemur Center, localizado em Durham, na Carolina do Norte, Estados Unidos, onde a série foi gravada, até seu falecimento por insuficiência renal aos 20 anos de idade em 10 de novembro de 2014.[13] Seu filho Charlemagne, carinhosamente chamado de "Charlie", continuou a viver no centro com seu grupo familiar composto por outros sifaka-de-coquerel.[14]

Referências

  1. a b c d e f g h «IUCN red list Propithecus coquereli». Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 13 de maio de 2022
  2. a b «Propithecus coquereli» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). 19 de março de 2019
  3. BBC Brasil (31 de julho de 2014). «Centro põe na internet 50 anos de imagens de primatas ameaçados». Consultado em 19 de março de 2019. Cópia arquivada em 19 de março de 2019
  4. Jeremy Hance (9 de julho de 2014). «Uma estratégia decisiva para o lémure: cientistas propõem plano ambicioso para preservar a conservar a família de mamíferos mais ameaçada do mundo». Mongabay. Consultado em 19 de março de 2019. Cópia arquivada em 19 de março de 2019
  5. a b Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ed. (2005). «Propithecus coquereli». Mammal Species of the World 3º ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  6. a b c d e f Mittermeier, R. A., C. Schwitzer, E. E. Louis Jr & M. C. Richardson (2013). «Family Indriidae (Woolly Lemurs, Sifakas and Indri)». in: Mittermeier, R. A. Rylands, A. B. & Wilson, D. E. eds (2013). Handbook of the Mammals of the World (em inglês). Vol. 3. Primates. Barcelona: Lynx edicions. 951 páginas. ISBN 978-84-96553-89-7 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
  7. Greive, Bradley Trevor. Priceless: The Vanishing Beauty of a Fragile Planet. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2003. Print.
  8. Richard, A. (1978). Behavioral Variation: Case Study of a Malagasy Lemur. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses, Inc.
  9. Jolly, Alison (2004). Lords and Lemurs: Mad Scientists, Kings with Spears, and the Survival of Diversity in Madagascar (em inglês). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Cópia arquivada em 4 de março de 2005
  10. a b Alison, Richard (2003). «Propithecus, Sifakas». In: Steven M. Goodman; Jonathan P. Benstead. The Natural History of Madagascar (em inglês). Chicago: Universidade de Chicago. p. 1345–1348. ISBN 0-226-30306-3
  11. a b c R. Oldenkamp (2011). «Propithecus coquereli» (em inglês). Animal Diversity Web. Consultado em 19 de março de 2019. Cópia arquivada em 19 de março de 2019
  12. Fichtel, C.; C. P. van Schaik (2006). «Semantic Differences in Sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) Alarm Calls: A Reflection of Genetic or Cultural Variants?». Ethology. 112 (9): 839–849. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01239.x
  13. Duke Lemur Center (2014). «Jovian» (em inglês). Consultado em 19 de março de 2019. Cópia arquivada em 19 de março de 2019
  14. Duke Lemur Center (2011). «Coquerel's Sifaka» (em inglês). Consultado em 19 de março de 2019. Cópia arquivada em 23 de setembro de 2013

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Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Sifaka-de-coquerel (Propithecus coquereli) é um primata estrepsirrino da família Indriidae. Como todos os lêmures é endêmico do norte da ilha de Madagascar, especificamente da região de Sofia.

Descrita em 1867 por A. Grandidier como Cheirogalus coqwuereli, foi considerada posteriormente uma subespécie do sifaka-de-verreaux (Propithecus verreauxi), até que foi elevada à categoria de espécie por Groves em 2001 e por Mayor e colaboradores em 2004. Na cultura popular cabe ser ressaltado o sifaka-de-coquerel Jovian (1994–2014), que atuou como o lêmure protagonista da série de televisão infantil Zoboomafoo, do PBS Kids.

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Propithecus coquereli ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Propithecus coquereli är en primat i släktet sifakor som förekommer på västra Madagaskar. Den listades tidigare som underart till Propithecus verreauxi och godkänns nu oftast som självständig art.[2][1]

Utseende

Denna primat når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 43 till 50 cm och en svanslängd av 42 till 46 cm. Vikten varierar mellan 3,5 och 4,3 kg. Pälsen har huvudsakligen en vit eller ljusgul färg Påfallande är stora mörkbruna fläckar på armarna, på låren och ibland på bröstet. Ansiktet och öronen är bara glest täckt med hår och där finns svart hud. Som kontrast är ögonen gul till orangeröd.[3]

Utbredning och habitat

Utbredningsområdet ligger i nordvästra delen av provinsen Mahajanga. Arten vistas i låglandet och i kulliga områden. Habitatet utgörs främst av städsegröna skogar och Propithecus coquereli uppsöker även buskskogar och mangrove.[1]

Ekologi

Ett föräldrapar och deras ungar bildar en flock med upp till tio medlemmar (vanligen 3 eller 4). Gruppens revir är fyra till nio hektar stort och överlappar ofta med reviret av andra flockar.[1] De är aktiva på dagen men vilar under dagens hetaste timmar. Propithecus coquereli äter blad, frukter, blommor, bark och unga växtskott.[3]

Honor är cirka 160 dagar dräktiga och sedan föds i juni eller juni ett enda ungdjur. Ungen klamrar sig först fast i moderns päls vid buken och klättrar senare även på moderns rygg. Efter ungefär sex månader rör sig ungen självständig och efter ett år är den full utvecklad.[1][3]

Hot och status

Arten jagas av människor och den hotas även av skogsbränder samt av skogsavverkningar för produktionen av träkol. Propithecus coquereli förekommer i en nationalpark men även där finns tjuvskyttar. IUCN uppskattar att beståndet minskade med 50 procent under de senaste 30 åren (tre generationer) och listar arten som starkt hotad (EN).[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] Andrainarivo, C. et al. 2008 Propithecus coquereli Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2014-02-19.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Propithecus coquereli (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c] R. Edwards (13 april 2010). ”Coquerel’s sifaka”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 27 februari 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140227032557/http://www.arkive.org/coquerels-sifaka/propithecus-coquereli/. Läst 19 februari 2014.

Externa länkar

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wikipedia SV

Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Propithecus coquereli är en primat i släktet sifakor som förekommer på västra Madagaskar. Den listades tidigare som underart till Propithecus verreauxi och godkänns nu oftast som självständig art.

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original
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wikipedia SV

Propithecus coquereli ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Propithecus coquereli là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Indridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được A. Grandidier mô tả năm 1867.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Andriaholinirina, N., Baden, A., Blanco, M., Chikhi, L., Cooke, A., Davies, N., Dolch, R., Donati, G., Ganzhorn, J., Golden, C., Groeneveld, L.F., Irwin, M., Johnson, S., Kappeler, P., King, T., Lewis, R., Louis, E.E., Markolf, M., Mass, V., Mittermeier, R.A., Nichols, R., Patel, E., Rabarivola, C.J., Raharivololona, B., Rajaobelina, S., Rakotoarisoa, G., Rakotomanga, B., Rakotonanahary, J., Rakotondrainibe, H., Rakotondratsimba, G., Rakotondratsimba, M., Rakotonirina, L., Ralainasolo, F.B., Ralison, J., Ramahaleo, T., Ranaivoarisoa, J.F., Randrianahaleo, S.I., Randrianambinina, B., Randrianarimanana, L., Randrianasolo, H., Randriatahina, G., Rasamimananana, H., Rasolofoharivelo, T., Rasoloharijaona, S., Ratelolahy, F., Ratsimbazafy, J., Ratsimbazafy, N., Razafindraibe, H., Razafindramanana, J., Rowe, N., Salmona, J., Seiler, M., Volampeno, S., Wright, P., Youssouf, J., Zaonarivelo, J. & Zaramody, A. (2014). Propithecus coquereli. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2014.1. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 16 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Propithecus coquereli”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia VI

Propithecus coquereli: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Propithecus coquereli là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Indridae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được A. Grandidier mô tả năm 1867.

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wikipedia VI

코쿠렐시파카 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

코쿠렐시파카 (Propithecus coquereli)는 시파카속(Propithecus)에 속하는 중간 크기의 여우원숭이이다. 다른 여우원숭이들처럼, 마다가스카르 섬이 원 서식지다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 120쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Propithecus coquereli”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 1일에 확인함.
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