dcsimg

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

There are no known negative affects of orangutans on humans. They are susceptible to many of the same diseases as humans, and thus can carry and transmit them as well, including tuberculosis, meliodosis, influenza, cholera, and intestinal parasites.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease)

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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
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Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Critical orangutan habitat is rapidly being lost through illegal and legal logging in Sumatra. Their habitat has decreased over 80% in the last 20 years. Hunting orangutans for meat and killing adult females to obtain infants for the illegal pet trade has also caused an estimated decline in the orangutan population of 30 to 50% in the last 10 years. Uncontrolled forest fires have also harmed orangutan habitat.

US Federal List: endangered

CITES: appendix i

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
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Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Male Sumatran orangutans are capable of long, exceptionally loud calls (called "long calls") that carry through forests for up to 1 km. The "long call" is made up of a series of sounds followed by a bellow. These calls help males claim territory, call to females, and keep out intruding male orangutans. Males have a large throat sac that lets them make these loud calls. They may also pull small trees and limbs down to add a crashing sound along with the call. Sumatran orangutans vocalize with grunts, grumbles, and squeaks when they meet each other, and young orangutans squeak, bark and scream. Both adults and young make a variety of sounds with their lips and throats, including sucking, burping, and grinding their teeth.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Sem título ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran and Bornean orangutans were previously considered subspecies of Pongo pygmaeus. They were recently split into two species, Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii).

In 2006, a subadult female that was captive-born was released into the wild from Perth Zoo in Jambi, Sumatra. This is the first attempt to release a captive-born orangutan into the wild.

Fossil evidence suggests that Sumatran orangutans once occurred throughout Sumatra and the island of Java.

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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutans are important in seed dispersal. The protected status of orangutans make them an umbrella species. As umbrella species, if orangutans are protected, so is the rainforest they inhabit and all of its associated biodiversity.

There is still an active illegal trade in orangutans as pets.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; research and education

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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutans play a critical role in the lowland rainforests of Sumatra and are considered a keystone species. As widely ranging fruit eaters, orangutans are important in dispersing seeds and maintaining diversity of rainforest woody plants. They also prune and aid in regenerating plant growth because they only choose to eat green leaves and stalks.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; keystone species

Species Used as Host:

  • dipterocarp trees (Dipterocarpaceae)
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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutan food choices vary seasonally. Most fruits are only available seasonally and within a limited range. Orangutans follow the fruiting season of local trees, feeding when they are ripe. Figs are one of the most important components of the Sumatran orangutan diet. During dry seasons, when fruit is less available, Sumatran orangutans will consume other vegetation. Fruit makes up about 60% of their diet, with the remainder being young leaves (~25%), flowers and bark (~10%), insects, mainly ants, termites, and crickets (~5%), and an occasional egg.

Animal Foods: eggs; insects

Plant Foods: leaves; wood, bark, or stems; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutans inhabit the island of Sumatra, in Indonesia. These orangutans have been restricted to the northern tip of Sumatra in fragmented forest. Logging has severely limited the range of this species.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutans are found in primary tropical lowland forests, including mangrove, swamp forests, and riparian forests. They live almost completely in the trees, building nests in which they nap or sleep for the night. Preferred elevations are 200 to 400 m, the area in which their preferred fruiting trees occur, but Sumatran orangutans can be found up to 1,000 to 1,500 m.

Range elevation: 200 to 1,500 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Female life spans range from 44 to 53 years in the wild. There have been no reports documenting the onset of menopause and females seem to be capable of giving birth up to 51 to 53 years old. Male life spans are slightly longer, 47 to 58 years. Males are still considered healthy at these late ages by the tightness of their cheek pads and absence of bald spots. A captive female Sumatran orangutan lived to 55 years at the Miami Zoo.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
44 to 58 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
55 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
58 (high) years.

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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Sumatran orangutans are the largest non-human primates in Asia and the largest arboreal primates. They have long, fine red hair on their bodies and faces. Males have large cheek pads that are covered in a fine white hairs.The arm span, from finger tip to finger tip, is 2.25 m. The legs are small and weak compared to their muscular arms. There is sexual dimorphism between males and females. Female weights range from 30 to 50 kg and they can reach 1.3 m tall. Male weights range from 50 to 90 kg and reach a height of 1.8 m. Some old males may get too large to move around in trees easily and may have to resort to walking on the ground.

Sumatran orangutans may be distinguished from Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) by their longer fur, more slender build, white hairs on the face and groin, and long beards on both males and females, but molecular characters are considered most definitive.

Range mass: 30 to 90 kg.

Range length: 1.3 to 1.8 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes shaped differently; ornamentation

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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The primary predators currently of Sumatran orangutans are humans (Homo sapiens). Hunting of orangutans has decimated their populations. Natural predators of Sumatran orangutans are clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) and Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). These predator species are also under threat of extinction due to hunting by humans.

Known Predators:

  • clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa)
  • Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)
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citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The primary mating tactic involves "harassment" of female Sumatran orangutans by sub-adult males and adult males. Most harassment involves sub-adult males; females are less likely to mate with them, as compared to large adult males. Females are cornered by sub-adult males and may be raped by them; these sub-adult males may also take a female's young from her if they think it will make her more willing or available to mate.

Female orangutans have learned strategic ways to avoid or reduce harassment. The first method is a social tactic, where females form non-mating parties with adult male orangutans that reside in their area, reducing attacks from sub-adult males. Another is female-female bonding, where females alone form alliances to protect themselves against sub-adult males.

Harassment has also increased in the last decade due to habitat loss from illegal logging. More orangutans are forced into too small of an area, increasing agonistic interactions.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Most mating occurs in the heaviest fruiting months. There is large variability in the amount of fruit from season to season. Highest fruiting periods happen during rainy seasons (December to May). Mast fruiting years, in which most of the trees of a single species fruit synchronously, occur every 2 to 10 years. Sumatran orangutan breeding is most intense in mast years. Any female who is not currently caring for offspring (pre-weaning) is available to mate. Females normally mate with the adult male whose large territory they live in, but chance encounters can happen in high fruiting seasons when many orangutans gather to feed. Females give birth to one young, twinning occurs rarely.

Adult female Sumatran orangutans become sexually active at the average age of 12.3 yrs and will produce their first offspring soon after. Male Sumatran orangutans are fully mature at an average age of 19 years.

Breeding interval: Interbirth intervals are 3 to 4 years.

Breeding season: Rainy seasons: December and May

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 227 to 275 days.

Average weaning age: 48 months.

Range time to independence: 8 to 9 years.

Average time to independence: 9.3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 9 to 15.5 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 12.3 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 15 to 24 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 19 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

After a female orangutan has given birth, her next 8 to 9 years are devoted to her offspring's survival. Infant and juvenile orangutans must learn everything (feeding, social behaviors, etc.) from their mothers. Mothers provide young orangutans with food until they have learned to distinguish different types of food. Males do not play a role in offspring care. Once fully developed, a male will leave his mother to find his own territory. A developed, independent young female will either disperse or take up residence near her mother's territory.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
citação bibliográfica
Urban, K. 2008. "Pongo abelii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pongo_abelii.html
autor
Kelle Urban, Radford University
editor
Karen Francl, Radford University
editor
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Sumatran orang-utans are more sociable than their Bornean relatives, due in part to the mast fruiting of the fig trees, where large groups come together to feed (7). Orang-utans are long-lived and females tend to only give birth after they reach 15 years of age (2). The infant spends its first two to three years being carried constantly and will still remain close to the mother for at least another three years (7). The interval between births is the longest for any mammal and may be as long as eight years (4). Orang-utans move slowly through the trees, and will sway trees in order to cross larger gaps (7). Nights are spent in nests built high up in the canopy, constructed from branches and leaves (6). Because of increased availability, the diet of Sumatran orang-utans has a higher percentage of pulpy fruit and figs compared to that of Bornean orang-utans (7). Orang-utans are highly intelligent and some populations in Sumatra have learnt to use tools, passing this knowledge on through generations. Sticks are used to probe for termites in termite mounds or to extricate seeds from the large Neesia fruit, which has stinging hairs (2).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The Sumatran orang-utan is fully protected by law in Indonesia and is listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which bans international trade in this species. The key to saving this species is protecting tracts of unexploited forest that are interconnected and contain sufficient habitat (8). A massive national park has been proposed in the north of Sumatra covering 25,000 square kilometres and encompassing the existing Gunung Leuser National Park. The Leuser ecosystem will play a key role in protecting important refuges of the critically endangered Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) and tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), as well as the orang-utan and numerous lesser-known species (8). Time is running out for the Asian ape however, and there are fears that at current rates of decline both the Sumatran and the Bornean orang-utan could be extinct in the wild by 2010 (8). Due to the large home ranges that these apes require it is the protection of habitat that will ensure that these beautiful and enigmatic 'people of the forest' survive into the next century (7).
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Orang-utan means 'person of the forest' (4) and this Asian ape is indeed truly arboreal. Recent genetic evidence has led to the re-classification of Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans as separate species: Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii respectively (5). Orang-utans have distinctive body shapes with very long arms that may stretch as far as two metres. They have a coarse, shaggy reddish coat (6) and grasping hands and feet (2). Orang-utans are highly sexually dimorphic, with adult males being distinguished by their size, throat pouch and flanges either side of the face, known as cheek pads (7).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Inhabits lowland tropical rainforests and swamps up to 800 meters above sea level (1) (7).
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Range ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Evidence from the fossil record suggests that orang-utans were previously widespread throughout South East Asia. Today, however, the Sumatran orang-utan is found only in the north of this island in the Indonesian archipelago (5).
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Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Classified as Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (3).
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Threats ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Orang-utans were hunted relentlessly throughout the majority of their South East Asian range, their large size and slow movements making them easy targets for hunters (8). However, the main threat to orang-utans today is loss of habitat (7). In the past twenty years 80 percent of orang-utan habitat has been lost to illegal logging, gold mining and conversion to permanent agriculture, in particular, palm oil plantations. What is special about these animals is their unique vulnerability to exploitation. Much of this may be attributed to their extremely long inter-birth interval, typically eight years, making them the slowest breeding primates on earth (7). Forest fires raged through much of Borneo in 1997 and 1998 and it is estimated that around one third of the island's orang-utan population was lost at this time (8). Orang-utans that wander into palm oil plantations and other human-inhabited areas may also be captured for the illegal pet trade, although this is a by-product of shrinking habitat and not a main issue (7). Recent political instability in the region has caused an increase in illegal logging in protected areas, and an increase in the capture of infants for the illegal pet trade. The population of Sumatran orang-utans was reported to have fallen by 46 percent from 1992 to 1999 (1)
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Orangutan de Sumatra ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'orangutan de Sumatra (Pongo abelii o Pongo pygmaeus abelii) és una de les tres espècies existents d'orangutan. Són endèmics de l'illa indonèsia de Sumatra, són més petits que els orangutans de Borneo.

Els orangutans mascles de Sumatra arriben a fer uns 140 cm d'alt i pesen uns 90 quilos, les femelles són més petites fent de mitjana 90 cm d'alt i pesen uns 45 kg.

Genètica

Els orangutans tenen 48 cromosomes diploides.[1] El genoma fou seqüenciat el gener del 2011, basant-se en una femella captiva anomenada Susie.[2] Després del genoma dels humans i dels ximpanzés els orangutans de Sumatra han passat a ser el tercer homínid que viu actualment[3] a ser seqüenciat.[2][4]

Els investigadors també van publicar còpies menys completes de 10 orangutans que vivien en llibertat, cinc de Borneo i cinc de Sumatra. Es va comprovar que hi havia menor diversitat genètica en els orangutans de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) que en els de Sumatra (Pongo abelii), malgrat el fet que els de Borneo tenen una població d'orangutans de set vegades la dels de Sumatra. Amb aquesta comprovació se suggereix que les dues espècies d'orangutans van divergir fa uns 400.000 anys que és una data més recent que la que es pensava anteriorment. De la mateixa manera es trobà que l'ADN de l'orangutan evolucionà d'una manera més lenta que la dels ximpanzés i humans.[2]

Referències

  1. Sharshov, Alexander. «Mapa de cromosomes d'un orangutan». SB RAS Novobrisk. Institute of Cytology and Genetics. [Consulta: 28 gener 2011].
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 Singh, Ranjeet «Orang-utans join the genome gang». Nature, 26-01-2011. DOI: 10.1038/news.2011.50 [Consulta: 27 gener 2011]. (anglès)
  3. Spencer, Geoff «NIH-funded scientists publish orangutan genome sequence». National Institutes of Health News. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 26-01-2011 [Consulta: 28 gener 2011]. (anglès)
  4. Cohen, Jon «Orangutan Genome Full of Surprises». Science Now. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 26-01-2011 [Consulta: 28 gener 2011]. (anglès)

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
Commons
Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
Viquiespècies
Viquiespècies
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Orangutan de Sumatra: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

L'orangutan de Sumatra (Pongo abelii o Pongo pygmaeus abelii) és una de les tres espècies existents d'orangutan. Són endèmics de l'illa indonèsia de Sumatra, són més petits que els orangutans de Borneo.

Els orangutans mascles de Sumatra arriben a fer uns 140 cm d'alt i pesen uns 90 quilos, les femelles són més petites fent de mitjana 90 cm d'alt i pesen uns 45 kg.

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Orangutan sumaterský ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Orangutan sumaterský (Pongo abelii) je jeden ze tří druhů orangutanů. Žije pouze na indonéském ostrově Sumatra. Je vzácnější než orangutan bornejský. V přehledu EDGE, který hodnotí ohroženost a zároveň evoluční vývojovou významnost, mu v roce 2018 připadá mezi savci 43. místo.[2]

Popis

Samci tohoto druhu dorůstají výšky 1,4 m a hmotnosti 90 kg. Samice jsou o něco menší, dosahují průměrné výšky 90 cm a hmotnosti 45 kg. V porovnání s jejich bornejskými příbuznými jsou sumaterští orangutani štíhlejší a mají protáhlejší tváře, delší srst, která má světlejší oranžový odstín.[3]

V přírodě se dožívají věku zhruba 50 let, v zoologické zahradě v australském Perthu byl chován jedinec starý 60 let.[4]

Chov v zoo

V evropských zoo je orangutan sumaterský chován v pouhých 29 zoo, z toho v 11 v Německu.[5] V rámci Evropské asociace zoologických zahrad a akvárií je chováno cca 170 jedinců.[6] V Česku je orangutan sumaterský k vidění pouze v Zoo Praha (v Zoo Dvůr Králové a Zoo Ústí nad Labem jsou orangutani bornejští). Na Slovensku pak v Zoo Bratislava.[7]

Podrobnější informace o chovu v Zoo Praha naleznete v článku Chov orangutanů v Zoo Praha.

Galerie

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Sumatran orangutan na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. EDGE Lists | EDGE of Existence. EDGE of Existence. Dostupné online [cit. 2018-08-04]. (anglicky)
  3. Primate Info Net: Orangutan Pongo
  4. Nejstaršímu orangutanovi na světě je 60 let. Novinky.cz. Dostupné online [cit. 2016-10-28]. (česky)
  5. www.Zootierliste.de. zootierliste.de [online]. [cit. 2018-08-04]. Dostupné online.
  6. Zoo Praha – přehled vzácně chovaných druhů, 2018
  7. Ročenka Unie českých a slovenských zoologických zahrad 2017

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Orangutan sumaterský: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ

Orangutan sumaterský (Pongo abelii) je jeden ze tří druhů orangutanů. Žije pouze na indonéském ostrově Sumatra. Je vzácnější než orangutan bornejský. V přehledu EDGE, který hodnotí ohroženost a zároveň evoluční vývojovou významnost, mu v roce 2018 připadá mezi savci 43. místo.

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Wikipedia autoři a editory
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wikipedia CZ

Sumatra-orangutang ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Sumatra-orangutang (Pongo abelii) er den ene af to arter af orangutanger. Den findes kun på øen Sumatra i Indonesien og er mere sjælden end Borneo-orangutang.

Beskrivelse

Hannen af Sumatra-orangutang bliver op til omkring 140 cm høj med en vægt på op til 90 kg. Hunner er mindre og har i gennemsnit en højde på 90 cm og en vægt på 45 kg. Sammenlignet med Borneo-orangutang er den tyndere med et mere langstrakt ansigt. Desuden er håret længere med en mere blegrød farve.[2]

Levevis

 src=
Sumatra-orangutang

I forhold til Borneo-orangutang lever Sumatra-orangutangen mere af frugt og især insekter.[3] De foretrukne frugter er figner og jackfrugter. Den spiser også fugleæg og små hvirveldyr.[4] Sumatra-orangutangen bruger meget mindre tid på at spise træernes inderbark end dens slægtning på Borneo.

Livsstadier

Sumatra-orangutangens liv kan opdeles i fem stadier, der karakteriseres af forskellige fysiske og adfærdsmæssige træk.

Første stadie er babystadiet, der varer fra fødslen til en alder af 2½ år. I denne periode er vægten 2-6 kilogram. Ungen har da lyse områder omkring øjnene og næsen, der står i kontrast til mørkere områder i resten af ansigtet og til langt udstående hår, der vokser frem omkring ansigtet. I denne periode bæres den altid af moren, når de skal flytte sig fra sted til sted, og den er meget afhængig af moren med hensyn til mad, og sover i morens rede.

Næste stadie er barnestadiet, der finder sted i en alder af 2½ til 5 år. Orangutangen vejer da mellem 6 og 15 kilogram, og ser ikke meget anderledes ud end i babystadiet. Selvom den stadig bæres af moren, leger den ofte med jævnaldrende og foretager små ture på opdagelse under opsyn af moren. I slutningen af dette stadie holder den op med at sove i morens rede og bygger sin egen rede i nærheden.

I alderen fra 5 til 8 år er ungen i et ungdomsstadie. Den vejer omkring 15-30 kilogram. De lyse områder af ansigtet begynder at forsvinde og bliver på et tidspunkt helt mørke. I denne periode har ungen stadig konstant kontakt med moren, men udvikler dog alligevel stærkere bånd til jævnaldrende, mens de leger sammen i grupper. Ungen er stadig forsigtig i nærheden af ukendte voksne, især hanner.

I en alder af 8 år kan hunner betragtes som fuldt udviklede og kan nu selv få unger. Hanner derimod indtræder nu i en sub-adult periode, der varer fra 8 til omkring 13-15 års alderen, hvor de vejer 30-50 kilogram. Deres ansigter er fuldstændig mørke og de begynder at udvikle de store fedtholdige kindvalker. Deres skæg begynder at gro, mens håret omkring ansigtet bliver kortere og nu lægger sig mere fladt over hovedet i stedet for at være udstående. I denne priode bliver hannerne kønsmodne, men er stadig socialt uudviklede og undgår kontakt med fuldt voksne hanner.

Til slut bliver hanner af Sumatra-orangutangen fuldt voksne i en alder af 13-15 år. De er da meget store dyr med en vægt på 50-90 kg. De har helt udvokset skæg, fuldt udviklede kindvalker og langt hår. Disse orangutanger er nået fuld kønsmodenhed og er fuldt socialt udviklede. De bevæger sig nu kun alene omkring.[5]

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

  1. ^ Singleton, I.; Wich, S.A.; Griffiths, M. (2008). "Pongo abelii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T39780A10266609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39780A10266609.en. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "Orangutan Pongo". Primate Info Net.
  3. ^ S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik (2004). "Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (6): 385-398. PMID 15566945. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan". BBC. Hentet 2009-07-03.
  5. ^ Field study on Sumatran orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827) : ecology, behaviour and conservation. Netherlands: H. Veenman. 1978. Hentet 6. november 2015.
licença
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Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DA

Sumatra-orangutang: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Sumatra-orangutang (Pongo abelii) er den ene af to arter af orangutanger. Den findes kun på øen Sumatra i Indonesien og er mere sjælden end Borneo-orangutang.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DA

Sumatra-Orang-Utan ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src=
Orang-Utan im Zoo von Cincinnati

Der Sumatra-Orang-Utan (Pongo abelii) ist eine Menschenaffenart. Zusammen mit dem Borneo-Orang-Utan und dem 2017 beschriebenen Tapanuli-Orang-Utan bildet er die Gattung der Orang-Utans. Er lebt in den nordwestlichen Teilen der Insel Sumatra.

Seinen wissenschaftlichen Namen erhielt der Sumatra-Orang-Utan nach dem britischen Naturforscher und Botaniker Clarke Abel.[1]

Merkmale

Sumatra-Orang-Utans unterscheiden sich von ihren borneanischen Verwandten unter anderem im Fell, das meist heller und rötlicher gefärbt ist und in einem etwas zierlicheren, leichteren Körperbau. Die Backenwülste insbesondere der älteren Männchen sind etwas kleiner, sie liegen flacher am Kopf und sind oft mit weißen Haaren bedeckt. Der Bart, den beide Geschlechter tragen, ist in der Regel etwas länger, der Kehlsack ausgewachsener Männchen hingegen kleiner. Mit den Borneo-Orang-Utans teilen sie den an eine baumbewohnende Lebensweise angepassten Körperbau: die Arme sind sehr lang, die Hände hakenförmig, der Daumen kurz und nahe an der Handwurzel lokalisiert, die Beine kurz und sehr beweglich und die Füße handähnlich.

Lebensweise

Sumatra-Orang-Utans sind tagaktive Waldbewohner, zur Nachtruhe errichten sie ein Blätternest, das in der Regel nur einmal verwendet wird. Sie klettern langsam mit allen vier Gliedmaßen oder schwingen auf den Ästen. Im Gegensatz zu ihren borneanischen Verwandten kommen sie nur selten auf den Boden, vermutlich aufgrund der Bedrohung durch ihren wichtigsten Fressfeind, den Sumatra-Tiger.

Sie sind meist allein anzutreffen, führen aber keine strikt einzelgängerische Lebensweise. Männchen und Weibchen versuchen, feste Territorien zu etablieren, wobei das Revier des Männchens das mehrerer Weibchen überlappt. Sie sind sozialer als Borneo-Orang-Utans, manchmal schließen sich zwei Weibchen für mehrere Tage zur Nahrungssuche zusammen. Es gibt für diese Art Beobachtungen von größeren Gruppenbildungen und auch zeitweiligen Zusammenschlüssen eines Männchens mit einem Weibchen und deren Jungtieren. Insbesondere jüngere Tiere können aber kein Territorium errichten, sondern verbringen ihr Leben als „Wanderer“, die ohne Revier ständig umherstreifen.

Vermutlich aufgrund der sozialeren Lebensweise ist der Werkzeuggebrauch bei ihnen deutlich häufiger als bei ihren borneanischen Verwandten. Man hat Tiere dabei beobachtet, wie sie Holzstöcke dazu verwendet haben, um damit zu graben, zu kämpfen oder sich zu kratzen. Vor Regen und praller Sonne schützen sie sich mit großen Blättern, die sie über ihren Kopf halten.

Sumatra-Orang-Utans sind überwiegend Pflanzenfresser, die sich hauptsächlich von Früchten (etwa Feigen), aber auch von Blättern, jungen Trieben und Baumrinde ernähren. In größerem Ausmaß als Borneo-Orang-Utans nehmen sie aber auch Insekten und andere fleischliche Nahrung zu sich. Belegt ist beispielsweise das Erbeuten und Verzehren von Sunda-Plumploris.[2][3]

Bedrohung und Schutz

 src=
Fütterung eines weiblichen Tieres in Bukit Lawang, Sumatra

Der Sumatra-Orang-Utan zählt zu den bedrohten Arten. Hauptgrund dafür ist der Verlust seines Lebensraumes: die Wälder werden zur Holzgewinnung oder zur Errichtung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen (etwa für Palmöl) in großem Ausmaß gerodet. Hinzu kommen die Bejagung und der illegale Handel mit Jungtieren, die als Haustiere gehalten werden. Verschärft werden diese Faktoren durch die langsame Reproduktionsrate der Tiere: so bringt ein Weibchen nur alle vier bis acht Jahre ein Jungtier zur Welt.

In vielen Regionen Sumatras sind die Orang-Utans ausgestorben. Sie kommen heute nur mehr im Norden der Insel vor. Der Bestand wird auf rund 14.600 Tiere geschätzt (Stand: 2015).[4] Die IUCN listet den Sumatra-Orang-Utan als „vom Aussterben bedroht“ (critically endangered).

Die größten Populationen finden sich im Nationalpark Gunung Leuser. Dort haben Regina Frey und Monica Borner im Jahr 1973 die Orang-Utan-Station Bohorok initiiert, unterstützt von der Zoologischen Gesellschaft Frankfurt (ZGF) und privaten Spenden. Die ZGF übergab im Jahr 1980 die Verwaltung der Station an die indonesische Regierung, seitdem wird sie von der nationalen P.H.P.A. (Perlindungan = Schutz, Hutan = Wald, Pengewetan = Erhaltung, Alam = Natur) geführt. Von diesem Zeitpunkt an wurde die Station allerdings immer mehr zum Ausflugsziel für Touristen. Irgendwann war eine koordinierte und erfolgreiche Auswilderung kaum mehr möglich. 1997 wurde die Auswilderung aus dieser Station endgültig eingestellt. (Eine schwere Sturzflut des Bohorok-Flusses im Jahr 2003 hat die Einrichtung schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogen.)

Daher entschied sich die Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt 1998 zusammen mit der Stiftung PanEco eine neue Auswilderungsstation auf Sumatra aufzubauen. Diese sollte diesmal allerdings außerhalb des Gunung-Leuser-Nationalparks entstehen. Denn schon lange herrschte unter vielen Forschern die Meinung, dass bei der Auswilderung von Orang-Utans auf eine Auswilderung in bereits von Orang-Utans bewohnte Gebiete wenn möglich verzichtet werden sollte. Und da die einzige bedeutende Orang-Utan-Population auf Sumatra im Gunung-Leuser-Ökosystem lebt, wurde nach Alternativen gesucht. Diese wurden schließlich im Nationalpark Bukit Tigapuluh (Provinz Jambi) gefunden. Das Gebiet wurde nach einer Prüfung als ein für Orang-Utans geeigneter Lebensraum befunden. Außerdem lebten hier seit dem 19. Jahrhundert keine Orang-Utans. 2001 wurde die Station genehmigt und befindet sich jetzt in der Pufferzone außerhalb des Bukit-Tigapuluh-Nationalparks und sorgt so für die Hoffnung auf eine zweite große Orang-Utan-Population auf Sumatra.

Persönlichkeiten

Literatur

  • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
  • Ronald M. Nowak: Walker’s mammals of the world. 6. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 (englisch).
  • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. Auflage. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Bo Beolens, Michael Grayson, Michael Watkins: The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009; S. 1; ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  2. Madeleine E. Hardus u. a.: Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). In: International Journal of Primatology. Online-Vorabveröffentlichung vom 7. Januar 2012, doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z
  3. newscientist.com vom 17. Januar 2012: Videodokument zweier Orang-Utans beim Verzehren eines Sunda-Plumploris
  4. Pressemitteilung der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: Mehr Sumatra-Orang-Utans als bisher angenommen, 4. März 2016, abgerufen am 17. Oktober 2016.
 title=
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Sumatra-Orang-Utan: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE
 src= Orang-Utan im Zoo von Cincinnati

Der Sumatra-Orang-Utan (Pongo abelii) ist eine Menschenaffenart. Zusammen mit dem Borneo-Orang-Utan und dem 2017 beschriebenen Tapanuli-Orang-Utan bildet er die Gattung der Orang-Utans. Er lebt in den nordwestlichen Teilen der Insel Sumatra.

Seinen wissenschaftlichen Namen erhielt der Sumatra-Orang-Utan nach dem britischen Naturforscher und Botaniker Clarke Abel.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

सुमात्रानी वन मान्छे ( Nepalês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

सुमात्रानी वन मान्छे वन मान्छे प्रजातिको बाँदरको तीन प्रजाति मध्ये एक हो। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छे इण्डोनेसियाको उत्तरी क्षेत्रमा पर्ने सुमात्रा टापूमा मात्र पाइन्छन्। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छे बोर्निअोसी वन मान्छे भदा कम मात्रामा भेटिन्छन् भने हालसालै पत्ता लागेको तपानुली वन मान्छे भन्दा धेरै मात्रामा पाइन्छ भने यी तीनै प्रजातिहरूको बासस्थान दायरा एकै छ। यस प्रजातिको नाम अोरङ्गुटन शब्द मलय भाषाबाट साभार गरिएको हो जसको अर्थ वन मान्छे हुन्छ। (अोरङ को अर्थ "मान्छे" तथा गुटनको अर्थ "वन" हुन्छ)।[३]

शारीरिक विवरण

 src=
एक वयस्क भाले वन मान्छे

एक वयस्क भाले वन मान्छे १.७ मिटर (५.६ फिट) सम्म बढ्न सक्दछ भने यसको कुल तौल ९० किग्रा (२०० पाउण्ड) हुने गर्दछ। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको भाले भन्दा पोथी जाति सानो हुनछ जसको कुल शरीरको लम्बाई ९० सेमी (३.० फिट) हुन्छ भने यसको तरूल ४५ किग्रा (९९ पाउण्ड) हुने गर्दछ। बोर्नियाली वन मान्छेको तुलनामा सुमात्राली वन मान्छेको शरीर हल्का पातलो हुन्छ भने यसको लाम्चो अनुहार हुन्छ। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको शरीरको भुत्लाहरू रातो तथा रातो र पहेँलो मिसिएको रङ्ग जस्तो देखिन्छ।[४]

खतरा

सुमात्रा टापुमा पाइने वन मान्छे दुवै कानुनी तथा गैरकानुनी तरीकाको कृषि, खेती तथा सडकहरू निर्माणले गर्दा यी जीवहरू विखण्डित भएका छन्। विभिन्न तेल कम्पनीहरूले वनस्पति घ्यूको उत्पादन तथा वृद्धि गर्ने मनस्थितिले वन फडानी गर्दै आएको देखिन्छ भने यस्तो कार्य इण्डोनेसियाको सुमात्रा टापुमा गरिन्छ जुन यस प्रजातिको जीवको बासस्थान क्षेत्र भित्र पर्दछ। सन् १९९० को दशकमा वन क्षतिको आकलनले निष्कर्ष निकाल्यो कि प्रत्येक वर्ष कम्तिमा १,००० वन मान्छेहरू विखण्डित हुन्छन् र तीनिहरूको बासस्थान दायरामा पनि गिरावट आउँछ। सन् २०१७ सम्म लगभग ८२.५% सुमात्रानी वन मान्छेहरू कडाईका साथ यस टापुको उत्तरी छेउमा सीमित बनेका थिए। सुमात्रानी वन मान्छेहरू सुमात्रा टापुको पश्चिम भागमा पर्ने सिम्पाङ कनान नदी तथा सुमात्रा टापुको पूर्वी क्षेत्रमा पर्ने असान नदीमा विरलै भेटिन्छन्।[५]

यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको सिकार गर्ने अवैध रूपमा सिकार गर्ने खासै ठूलो समस्या नभएतापनि केही स्थानीय सिकारीहरूले यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको अधिक रूपमा सिकार गर्ने गरेको पाइएको छ। यस टापुको उत्तरी भागमा बसोबास गर्ने स्थानीय मानिसहरूले विगतमा यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको सिकार गरि खाने गरेका थिए। यद्यपि सुमात्रानी वन मान्छेको खोजी गर्न जानाजानी गरिएको प्रयास आजकल विरलै पाइन्छ। बटका जनजातिका स्थानीयहरूले यस क्षेत्रमा पाइने प्रायः सबै जनावरको सिकार गरि खाने गर्दछन्। थप रूपमा सुमात्रा टापुमा बसोबास गर्ने किसानहरूले यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेलाई घर पालुवा जनावरी रूपमा पाल्दै आएका छन् भने यदी यी प्राणीहरू फुस्किए भने बालीनालीमा हानी गर्ने गरेका छन्।[६] २०अौँ शताब्दीको सुरुवातमा विभिन्न युरोपेली तथा उत्तर अमेरिकी चिडियाखानामा यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको माग भएका कारण व्यवसायीक रूपमा यस प्रजातिको जीवित वा मृत शरीर बेचिने गरिएको छ। सुमात्रानी वन मान्छेले अत्यधिक कार्य गर्ने हृदय प्रणाली विकसित गरेको छ। यद्यपि यस जीवको फोक्सोमा ठूलो सुधारिएको वायु थैलीको विकास भएको छ।

संरक्षण स्थिति

सुमात्राली वन मान्छे इण्डोनेसियाको‍ सुमात्रा स्थित अाचे प्रदेशमा मात्र जीवित रहन सक्छद जुन दक्षिणी भागमा अवस्थित छ।[७] १९अौँ शताब्दीमा यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छे यसको बासस्थान दायरा तथा दक्षिणी भूभागमा प्रशस्तै मात्रामा भेटिन्थे जहाँ यी प्रजातिहरू जाम्बी र पाडङ जस्ता ठाउँहरूमा पनि बसोबास गर्ने गरेका थिए।[८] अाचे प्रदेशको सिमानामा सुमात्राको दक्षिणी भूभागमा यस प्रजातिका केही जनावरी रहेका छन् जहाँ यी प्रजातिहरू टोबा जङ्गल क्षेत्र वरपर बसोबास गर्छन्।[९] टोबा ताल वरपरको क्षेत्रमा गरिएको अनुसन्धानले यो निष्कर्ष निकाल्यो कि यस्ता प्राणीहरू यस क्षेत्रको दुई छुट्टाछुट्टै भागमा बसोबास गर्छन् जसमा बुकित लावङ बन्यजन्तु आरक्ष र गुनुङ लुसर राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज समावेश छन्।[१०] यस प्रजातिका वन मान्छेलाई विश्वकै २५ सङ्कटापन्न बन्यजन्तु रूपमा गरिएको छ। संरक्षणको प्रयासले यसको सङ्ख्याको गिरावट हुनबाट रोकथाम गरिरहेको छ गर्न मद्दत गरिरहेको छ।[११] सन् २००० देखि सन् २००८ सम्म यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घ द्वारा सङ्कटापन्न बन्यजन्तुको रूपमा सूचीकृत गरिएको छ भने यसलाई अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूचीमा पनि सूचीकृत गरिएको छ। सुमात्राली वन मान्छेको एक प्रतिवेदन सन् २०१६ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जसमा यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको सङ्ख्या १४,६१३ रहेको छ भन्ने तथ्याङ्क प्राप्त गरिएको थियो।[१२] सन् २००४ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको प्रतिवेदनमा भने यस प्रजातिको बन मान्छे तात्कालिक समयमा लगभग ७३०० को हाराहारीमा जङ्गलमा बसोबास गर्छन् भन्ने जानकारी दिएको थियो। यस प्रजातिका वन मान्छेलाई गुनुङ राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्जको ५ वटा क्षेत्रमा संरक्षण गरिएको छ जसमा; अाचे, पश्चिम बातङ, तोरु नदी, पूर्व सरूला र सिदाङ्गकट समावेश छन्।[१३] इण्डोनेसियाको जाम्बी तथा रियु प्रदेशका केही स्थानहरूमा यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको केही प्रजनन स्थलहरू खोलिएको थियो जसले यसको सङ्ख्या वृद्धि गर्नका लागि केही हद सम्म सहयोग गरेको थियो।[१४] वनस्पति घ्यू उत्पादन गर्ने कम्पनीहरूले यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छेको बासस्थान दायरामा पर्ने जङ्गल फडानी गर्दै खेती गरेका कारण यी प्रजातिहरूको बासस्थान दायरा सिमित बन्न पुगेको हो।

सन्दर्भ सामग्री

  1. Singleton, Ian; Wich, Serge A.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Usher, Graham; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suchi (२०१७), "Pongo abelii", अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रकृति संरक्षण सङ्घको रातो सूची, 2017.3: e.T१२१०९७९३५A११५५७५०८५, डिओआई:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en, अन्तिम पहुँच २२ जुन २०१८
  2. Lesson, René-Primevère (1827) (Frenchमा). Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères. Paris: Roret, Libraire. https://books.google.com/books?id=BQenKWy-lm0C&pg=PA32.
  3. "Sumatran Orangutan | Species | WWF", World Wildlife Fund (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-१२
  4. "Orangutan Pongo", Primate Info Net।
  5. The Associated Press (Mar १८, २०१९), "Orangutan blinded after being shot 74 times with air gun pellets", CBC News (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०३-१९
  6. Ihms, E.a.; Daniels, J.b.; Koivisto, C.s.; Barrie, M.t.; Russell, D.s. (२०१४-०२-०१), "Fatal Streptococcus anginosus-associated pneumonia in a captive Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)", Journal of Medical Primatology 43 (1): 48–51, आइएसएसएन 1600-0684, डिओआई:10.1111/jmp.12085, पिएमआइडी 24117447
  7. Singleton, I.; S. Wich; S. Husson; S. Stephens; S. Utami Atmoko; M. Leighton; N. Rosen; K. Traylor-Holzer तथा अन्य (2004). "Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment". Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CSG). IUCN.
  8. Rijksen, H. D. (१९७८), "A Field Study on Sumatran Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelli, Lesson 1827)", Ecology, Behavior and Conservation
  9. S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen & C. P. van Schaik (२००३), "The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update", Flora & Fauna International 37 (1): ४९, डिओआई:10.1017/S0030605303000115
  10. Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B. तथा अन्य, सं (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010. Illustrated by S.D. Nash. Arlington, VA.: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI). pp. 1–92. . http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/Primates.in.Peril.2008-2010.pdf.
  11. Wich, Serge A.; Singleton, Ian; Nowak, Matthew G.; Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nisam, Gonda; Arif, Sugesti Mhd.; Putra, Rudi H.; Ardi, Rio; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Usher, Graham; Gaveau, David L. A.; Kühl, Hjalmar S. (२०१६), "Science Advances", Science Advances 2 (3): e1500789, डिओआई:10.1126/sciadv.1500789, पिएमआइडी 26973868, पिएमसी 4783118, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१६-०५-०५
  12. Wilson, Howard B.; Meijaard, Erik; Venter, Oscar; Ancrenaz, Marc; Possingham, Hugh P. (२०१४), "Conservation Strategies for Orangutans: Reintroduction versus Habitat Preservation and the Benefits of Sustainably Logged Forest", PLoS ONE 9 (7): e102174, डिओआई:10.1371/journal.pone.0102174, पिएमआइडी 25025134, पिएमसी 4099073
  13. "A Sumatran orangutan returns to the jungle", multimedia.dw.com, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०२-२७
  14. Buij, R.; Wich, S. A.; Lubis, A. H.; Sterck, E. H. M. (२००२), "Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation", Biological Conservation 107 (1): 83–87, डिओआई:10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00048-4

बाह्य सूत्रहरू

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विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू
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सुमात्रानी वन मान्छे: Brief Summary ( Nepalês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

सुमात्रानी वन मान्छे वन मान्छे प्रजातिको बाँदरको तीन प्रजाति मध्ये एक हो। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छे इण्डोनेसियाको उत्तरी क्षेत्रमा पर्ने सुमात्रा टापूमा मात्र पाइन्छन्। यस प्रजातिको वन मान्छे बोर्निअोसी वन मान्छे भदा कम मात्रामा भेटिन्छन् भने हालसालै पत्ता लागेको तपानुली वन मान्छे भन्दा धेरै मात्रामा पाइन्छ भने यी तीनै प्रजातिहरूको बासस्थान दायरा एकै छ। यस प्रजातिको नाम अोरङ्गुटन शब्द मलय भाषाबाट साभार गरिएको हो जसको अर्थ वन मान्छे हुन्छ। (अोरङ को अर्थ "मान्छे" तथा गुटनको अर्थ "वन" हुन्छ)।

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

சுமத்ராவின் உராங்குட்டான் ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

உராங்குட்டானின் இரண்டு வகைகளில் ஒன்றுதான் சுமத்திரா உராங்குட்டான் (பொங்கோ அபேலி) ஆகும். இது இந்தோனேசியாவின் சுமத்ரா தீவில் மட்டுமே காணப்படுகிறது, இது பாோ்னியன் உராங்குட்டானை விட அரிதாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. இதன் பொதுவான பெயர் இரண்டு வேறுபட்ட உள்ளூர் மொழிச் சொற்களிலிருந்து உருவானது. அந்தச் சாெற்கள் "உராங்" ("மக்கள்" அல்லது "நபர்") மற்றும் "ஹூட்டன்" ("காடுகள்") என்பவையாகும். இவற்றிலிருந்து 'காட்டு மனிதன்' என மொழிபெயர்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

ஆண் குரங்கு 1.4 மீ (4.6 அடி) உயரமும், 90 கிலோ (200 பவுண்டு) எடையும் காெண்டது. ஆணைவிடப் பெண் குரங்கு சராசரியாக 90 செமீ (3.0 அடி) மற்றும் 45 கிலோ (99 பவுண்டு) சிறியது. பாோ்னியன் இனத்துடன் ஒப்பிடும்போது, சுமத்திரன் உராங்குட்டான் மெல்லிய மற்றும் நீண்ட முகங்கள் காெண்டது; இவற்றின் தலைமுடி மிகவும் நீளமாகவும், சிவப்பு நிறத்திலும் இருக்கும்.

நடத்தை மற்றும் சூழல்

சுமத்திரன் உராங்குட்டானை பாோ்னியன் உராங்குட்டானுடன் ஒப்பிடுகையில், சுமத்ரான் உராங்குட்டான் பழம் உண்ணியாகவும், புச்சி உண்ணியாகவும் இருக்கின்றன. இவைகளுக்கு விருப்பமான பழங்கள் அத்தி மற்றும் பலாப்பழம் ஆகும். மேலும் இது பறவைகளின் முட்டைகள் மற்றும் சிறிய முதுகெலும்பிகள் ஆகியவற்றையும் உண்கின்றன. இவை மரங்களின்மேல் இருந்து உண்பதற்குச் சிறிது நேரத்தையே செலவழிக்கின்றன.

சான்றுகள்

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia emerging languages

சுமத்ராவின் உராங்குட்டான்: Brief Summary ( Tâmil )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

உராங்குட்டானின் இரண்டு வகைகளில் ஒன்றுதான் சுமத்திரா உராங்குட்டான் (பொங்கோ அபேலி) ஆகும். இது இந்தோனேசியாவின் சுமத்ரா தீவில் மட்டுமே காணப்படுகிறது, இது பாோ்னியன் உராங்குட்டானை விட அரிதாகக் காணப்படுகிறது. இதன் பொதுவான பெயர் இரண்டு வேறுபட்ட உள்ளூர் மொழிச் சொற்களிலிருந்து உருவானது. அந்தச் சாெற்கள் "உராங்" ("மக்கள்" அல்லது "நபர்") மற்றும் "ஹூட்டன்" ("காடுகள்") என்பவையாகும். இவற்றிலிருந்து 'காட்டு மனிதன்' என மொழிபெயர்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.

ஆண் குரங்கு 1.4 மீ (4.6 அடி) உயரமும், 90 கிலோ (200 பவுண்டு) எடையும் காெண்டது. ஆணைவிடப் பெண் குரங்கு சராசரியாக 90 செமீ (3.0 அடி) மற்றும் 45 கிலோ (99 பவுண்டு) சிறியது. பாோ்னியன் இனத்துடன் ஒப்பிடும்போது, சுமத்திரன் உராங்குட்டான் மெல்லிய மற்றும் நீண்ட முகங்கள் காெண்டது; இவற்றின் தலைமுடி மிகவும் நீளமாகவும், சிவப்பு நிறத்திலும் இருக்கும்.

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Sumatran orangutan ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three species of orangutans. Critically endangered, and found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also found in Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, "orang" ("people" or "person") and "hutan" ("forest"), derived from Malay,[4] and translates as 'person of the forest'.

Description

Close-up of an adult male, Tierpark Hagenbeck, Hamburg

Male Sumatran orangutans grow to about 1.7 m (5.6 ft) tall and 90 kg (200 lb), while females are smaller, averaging 90 cm (3.0 ft) and 45 kg (99 lb). Compared to the Bornean species, Sumatran orangutans are thinner and have longer faces; their hair is longer with a paler red color.[5]

Behaviour and ecology

Sumatran orangutan at Bukit Lawang, Indonesia

Compared with the Bornean orangutan, the Sumatran orangutan tends to be more frugivorous and especially insectivorous.[6] Preferred fruits include figs and jackfruits. It will also eat bird eggs and small vertebrates.[7] Sumatran orangutans spend far less time feeding on the inner bark of trees.

Wild Sumatran orangutans in the Suaq Balimbing swamp have been observed using tools.[8] An orangutan will break off a tree branch that is about a foot long, snap off the twigs and fray one end with its teeth.[9] The orangutan will use the stick to dig in tree holes for termites. They will also use the stick to poke a bee's nest wall, move it around and catch the honey. In addition, orangutans use tools to eat fruit.[10] When the fruit of the Neesia tree ripens, its hard, ridged husk softens until it falls open. Inside are seeds that the orangutans enjoy eating, but they are surrounded by fiberglass-like hairs that are painful if eaten. Tools are created differently for different uses. Sticks are often made longer or shorter depending on whether they will be used for insects or fruits.[9] If a particular tool proves useful, the orangutan will often save it. Over time, they will collect entire "toolboxes".[9] A Neesia-eating orangutan will select a five-inch stick, strip off its bark, and then carefully collect the hairs with it. Once the fruit is safe, the ape will eat the seeds using the stick or its fingers. Although similar swamps can be found in Borneo, wild Bornean orangutans have not been seen using these types of tools.

A male hidden in tree leaf pile, Mount Leuser National Park

NHNZ filmed the Sumatran orangutan for its show Wild Asia: In the Realm of the Red Ape; it showed one of them using a simple tool, a twig, to pry food from difficult places. There is also a sequence of an animal using a large leaf as an umbrella in a tropical rainstorm.

As well as being used as tools, tree branches are a means of transportation for the Sumatran orangutan. The orangutans are the heaviest mammals to travel by tree, which makes them particularly susceptible to the changes in arboreal compliance. To deal with this, their locomotion is characterized by slow movement, long contact times, and an impressively large array of locomotors postures. Orangutans have even been shown to utilize the compliance in vertical supports to lower the cost of locomotion by swaying trees back and forth and they possess unique strategies of locomotion, moving slowly and using multiple supports to limit oscillations in compliant branches, particularly at their tips.

The Sumatran orangutan is also more arboreal than its Bornean cousin; this could be because of the presence of large predators, like the Sumatran tiger. It moves through the trees by quadrumanous locomotion and semibrachiation.

As of 2015, the Sumatran orangutans species only has approximately 7,000 remaining members in its population. The World Wide Fund for Nature is thus carrying out attempts to protect the species by allowing them to reproduce in the safe environment of captivity. However, this comes at a risk to the Sumatran orangutan's native behaviors in the wild. While in captivity, the orangutans are at risk to the "Captivity Effect": animals held in captivity for a prolonged period will no longer know how to behave naturally in the wild. Being provided with water, food, and shelter while in captivity and lacking all the challenges of living in the wild, captive behaviour becomes more exploratory in nature.[11]

A repertoire of 64 different gestures in use by orangutans has been identified, 29 of which are thought to have a specific meaning that can be interpreted by other orangutans the majority of the time. Six intentional meanings were identified: Affiliate/Play, Stop action, Look at/Take object, Share food/object, Co-locomote and Move away. Sumatran orangutans do not use sounds as part of their communication, which includes a lack of audible danger signals, but rather base their communication on gestures alone.[12]

Life cycle

A baby orangutan plays on a line in Zurich Zoo. The baby is taken care of by its mother for 8 years.
Orangutan and infant in Mount Leuser National Park

The Sumatran orangutan has five stages of life that are characterized by different physical and behavioral features. The first of these stages is infancy, which lasts from birth to around 2.5 years of age. The orangutan weighs between 2 and 6 kilograms. An infant is identified by light pigmented zones around the eyes and muzzle in contrast to darker pigmentation on the rest of the face as well as long hairs that protrude outward around the face. During this time, the infant is always carried by the mother during travel, it is highly dependent on the mother for food, and also sleeps in the mother's nest. The next stage is called juvenile-hood, and takes place between 2.5 and 5 years of age. The orangutan weighs between 6 and 15 kilograms, and does not look dramatically different from an infant. Although it is still mainly carried by the mother, a juvenile will often play with peers and make small exploratory trips within the vision of the mother. Towards the end of this stage, the orangutan will stop sleeping in the mother's nest and will build its own nest nearby. From the ages of 5 to 8 years of age, the orangutan is in an adolescent stage of life. The orangutan weighs around 15–30 kilograms. The light patches on the face start to disappear, and eventually the face becomes completely dark. During this time, orangutans still have constant contact with their mothers, yet they develop a stronger relationship with peers while playing in groups. They are still young and act with caution around unfamiliar adults, especially males. At 8 years of age, female orangutans are considered fully developed and begin to have offspring of their own. Males, however, enter a stage called sub-adulthood. This stage lasts from 8 to around 13 or 15 years of age, and the orangutans weigh around 30 to 50 kilograms. Their faces are completely dark, and they begin to develop cheek flanges. Their beard starts to emerge, while the hair around their face shortens, and instead of pointing outwards the face flattens along the skull. This stage marks sexual maturity in males, yet these orangutans are still socially undeveloped and will still avoid contact with adult males. Finally, male Sumatran orangutans reach adulthood at 13 to 15 years of age. They are extremely large animals, weighing between 50 and 90 kilograms, roughly the weight of a fully grown human. They have a fully grown beard, fully developed cheek callosities, and long hair. These orangutans have reached full sexual and social maturity and now only travel alone.[13]

Female Sumatran orangutans typically live 44–53 years in the wild, while males have a slightly longer lifespan of 47–58 years. Females are able to give birth up to 53 years of age, based on studies of menopausal cycles. Both males and females are usually considered healthy even at the end of their lifespans and can be identified as such by the regular abundance of hair growth and robust cheek pads.[14]

A baby orangutan hanging onto branches at Bukit Lawang

The Sumatran orangutan is more social than its Bornean counterpart; groups gather to feed on the mass amounts of fruit on fig trees. The Sumatran orangutan community is best described as loose, not showing social or spatial exclusivity. Groups generally consist of female clusters and a preferred male mate. However, adult males generally avoid contact with other adult males. Subadult males will try to mate with any female, although mostly unsuccessfully, since mature females are easily capable of fending them off. Mature females prefer to mate with mature males. Usually, there is a specific male in a group that mature females will exhibit preference for.[15] Male Sumatran orangutans sometimes have a delay of many years in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as cheek flanges and muscle mass.[16]

Males exhibit bimaturism, whereby fully flanged adult males and the smaller unflanged males are both capable of reproducing, but employ differing mating strategies to do so.[1]

The average interbirth rates for the Sumatran orangutan is 9.3 years, the longest reported among the great apes, including the Bornean orangutan. Infant orangutans will stay close to their mothers for up to three years. Even after that, the young will still associate with their mothers. Both the Sumatran and Bornean orangutans are likely to live several decades; estimated longevity is more than 50 years. The average of the first reproduction of P. abelii is around 15.4 years old. There is no indication of menopause.[6]

Nonja, thought to be the world's oldest orangutan in captivity or the wild at the time of her death, died at the Miami MetroZoo at the age of 55.[17] Puan, an orangutan at Perth Zoo, is believed to have been 62 years old at the time of her death, making her the oldest recorded orangutan.[18] The current oldest orangutan in the world is believed to be Bella, a female orangutan at the Hagenbeck Zoo, who is 61 years of age.[19]

Diet

Sumatran orangutans are primarily frugivores, favoring fruits consisting of a large seed and surrounded by a fleshy substance, such as durians, lychees, jackfruit, breadfruit, and fig fruits.[20][21] Insects are also a huge part of the orangutan's diet; the most consumed types are ants, predominantly of the genus Camponotus (at least four species indet.).[21] Their main diet can be broken up into five categories: fruits, insects, leaf material, bark and other miscellaneous food items. Studies have shown that orangutans in the Ketambe area in Indonesia ate over 92 different kinds of fruit, 13 different kinds of leaves, 22 sorts of other vegetable material such as top-sprouts, and pseudo-bulbs of orchids. Insects included in the diet are numbered at least 17 different types. Occasionally soil from termite mounds were ingested in small quantities.[21] When there is low ripe fruit availability, Sumatran orangutans will eat the meat of the slow loris, a nocturnal primate. Water consumption for the orangutans was ingested from natural bowls created in the trees they lived around. They even drank water from the hair on their arms when rainfall was heavy.[22]

Meat-eating

A slow loris can be part of the diet of Sumatran orangutan.

Meat-eating happens rarely in Sumatran orangutan, and orangutans do not show a male bias in meat-eating. Research in the Ketambe area reported cases of meat-eating in wild Sumatran orangutans, of which nine cases were of orangutans eating slow lorises. The research shows, in the most recent three cases of slow lorises eaten by Sumatran orangutan, a maximum mean feeding rate of the adult orangutan for an entire adult male slow loris is 160.9 g/h and, of the infant, 142.4 g/h. No cases have been reported during mast years, which suggests orangutans take meat as a fallback for the seasonal shortage of fruits; preying on slow loris occurs more often in periods of low fruit availability. Similar to most primate species, orangutans appear to only share meat between mother and infants.[22]

Genomics

Orangutans have 48 chromosomes.[23] The Sumatran orangutan genome was sequenced in January 2011, based on a captive female named Susie.[24] Following humans and chimpanzees, the Sumatran orangutan has become the third extant hominid[25] species to have its genome sequenced.[24][26]

The researchers also published less complete copies from ten wild orangutans, five from Borneo and five from Sumatra. The genetic diversity was found to be lower in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) than in Sumatran ones (Pongo abelii), despite the fact that Borneo is home to six or seven times as many orangutans as Sumatra. The comparison has shown these two species diverged around 400,000 years ago, more recently than was previously thought. The orangutan genome also has fewer rearrangements than the chimpanzee/human lineage.[24]

Conservation

Sumatran orangutan at the San Diego Zoo

Threats

Sumatrans encounter threats such as logging (both legal and illegal), wholesale conversion of forest to agricultural land and oil palm plantations,[27] and fragmentation by roads. Oil companies use a method of deforestation to re-use land for palm oil. This land is taken from the forest in which Sumatran orangutans live. An assessment of forest loss in the 1990s concluded that forests supporting at least 1,000 orangutans were lost each year within the Leuser Ecosystem alone.[1]

As of 2017, approximately 82.5% of the Sumatran orangutan population was strictly confined to the northernmost tip of the island, in the Aceh Province. Orangutans are rarely, if ever, found south of the Simpang Kanan River on Sumatra's west side or south of the Asahan River on the east side. The Pakpak Barat population in particular is the only Sumatran population predicted to be able to sustain orangutans in the long run, given the current effects of habitat displacement and human impact.[1]

While poaching generally is not a huge problem for the Sumatrans, occasional local hunting does decrease the population size.[27] They have been hunted in the Northern Sumatra in the past as targets for food; although deliberate attempts to hunt the Sumatrans are rare nowadays, locals such as the Batak people are known to eat almost all vertebrates in their area. Additionally, the Sumatrans are treated as pests by Sumatran farmers, becoming targets of elimination if they are seen damaging or stealing crops. For commercial aspects, hunts for both dead or live specimens have also been recorded as an effect of the demand by European and North American zoos and institutions throughout the 20th century.[21]

Sumatran orangutans have developed a highly functioning cardiovascular system. However, with this development of hugely improved air sacs in their lungs, air sacculitis has become more prevalent among orangutans in this species. Air sacculitis is similar to streptococcal infection, e.g. strep throat in Homo sapiens. The bacterial infection is becoming increasing common in captive orangutans, due to the fact that they are exposed to the human strain of Streptococcus in captivity. At first, both strains are treated and cured with antibiotics along with rest. Yet, in 2014, a Sumatran orangutan, ten years in captivity, was the first of its species to die from Streptococcus anginosus. This remains the only known case, but raises the question of why the known human cure for Streptococcus was ineffective in this case.[28]

Conservation status

A Sumatran orangutan and a human, Bukit Lawang

The Sumatran orangutan is endemic to the north of Sumatra. In the wild, Sumatran orangutans only survive in the province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD), the northernmost tip of the island.[20] The primate was once more widespread, as they were found farther to the south in the 19th century, such as in Jambi and Padang.[21] There are small populations in the North Sumatra province along the border with NAD, particularly in the Lake Toba forests. A survey in the Lake Toba region found only two inhabited areas, Bukit Lawang (defined as the animal sanctuary) and Gunung Leuser National Park.[29] Bukit Lawang is a jungle village, 90 kilometres (56 mi) northwest of Medan, situated at the eastern side of Gunung Leuser National Park. An orangutan sanctuary was set up here by a Swiss organisation in the 1970s to attempt to rehabilitate orangutans captured from the logging industry. The rangers were trained to teach the orangutans vital jungle skills to enable them to reintegrate into the forest, and provided additional supplementary food from a feeding platform. However, within the last few years supplementary feeding has ceased as the orangutan rehabilitation program has been deemed a success, the orangutans having been fully rehabilitated, and the jungle (or the remaining part of) is now at saturation point, so the sanctuary no longer accepts new orphaned orangutans.[30]

The species has been assessed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2000.[1] From 2000-2008 it was considered one of "The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates."[31]

A survey published in March 2016 estimates a population of 14,613 Sumatran orangutans in the wild, doubling previous population estimates.[32] A survey in 2004 estimated that around 7,300 Sumatran orangutans still live in the wild. The same study estimates a 20,552-square-kilometre (7,935 sq mi) occupied area for the Sumatran orangutans, of which only an approximate area range of 8,992 km2 (3,472 sq mi) harbors permanent populations.[20] Some of them are being protected in five areas in Gunung Leuser National Park; others live in unprotected areas: northwest and northeast Aceh block, West Batang Toru river, East Sarulla and Sidiangkat. A successful breeding program has been established in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park in Jambi and Riau provinces.

Two strategies that are recently being considered to conserve this species are 1) rehabilitation and reintroduction of ex-captive or displaced individuals and 2) the protection of their forest habitat by preventing threats such as deforestation and hunting. The former was determined to be more cost efficient for maintaining the wild orangutan populations, but comes with longer time scale of 10–20 years. The latter approach has better prospects for ensuring long-term stability of populations.[33] This type of habitat conservation approach has been pursued by the World Wide Fund for Nature, who joined forces with several other organizations to stop the clearing of the biggest part of remaining natural forest close to the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.[22]

In addition to the above extant wild populations, a new population is being established in the Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (Jambi and Riau Provinces) via the re-introduction of confiscated illegal pets.[34] This population currently numbers around 70 individuals and is reproducing.[1] However it has been concluded that forest conservation costs twelve times less than reintroducing orangutans into the wild, and conserves more biological diversity.[33]

Orangutans have large home ranges and low population densities, which complicates conservation efforts. Population densities depend to a large degree on the abundance of fruits with soft pulp. Sumatran orangutan will commute seasonally between lowland, intermediate, and highland regions, following fruit availability. Undisturbed forests with broader altitudinal range can thus sustain larger orangutan populations; conversely, the fragmentation and extensive clearance of forest ranges breaks up this seasonal movement. Sumatra currently has one of the highest deforestation rates in the world.[35]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Lesson, René-Primevère (1827). Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères (in French). Paris: Roret, Libraire. p. 32.
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  32. ^ Wich, Serge A.; Singleton, Ian; Nowak, Matthew G.; Utami Atmoko, Sri Suci; Nisam, Gonda; Arif, Sugesti Mhd.; Putra, Rudi H.; Ardi, Rio; Fredriksson, Gabriella; Usher, Graham; Gaveau, David L. A.; Kühl, Hjalmar S. (2016). "Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii)". Science Advances. 2 (3): e1500789. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0789W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500789. PMC 4783118. PMID 26973868.
  33. ^ a b Wilson, Howard B.; Meijaard, Erik; Venter, Oscar; Ancrenaz, Marc; Possingham, Hugh P. (2014). "Conservation strategies for orangutans: reintroduction versus habitat preservation and the benefits of sustainably logged forest". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e102174. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j2174W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102174. PMC 4099073. PMID 25025134.
  34. ^ "A Sumatran orangutan returns to the jungle". multimedia.dw.com. Retrieved 2019-02-27.
  35. ^ Buij, R.; Wich, S. A.; Lubis, A. H.; Sterck, E. H. M. (2002). "Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation". Biological Conservation. 107 (1): 83–87. doi:10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00048-4.
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Sumatran orangutan: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three species of orangutans. Critically endangered, and found only in the north of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, it is rarer than the Bornean orangutan but more common than the recently identified Tapanuli orangutan, also found in Sumatra. Its common name is based on two separate local words, "orang" ("people" or "person") and "hutan" ("forest"), derived from Malay, and translates as 'person of the forest'.

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Sumatra orangutano ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO
 src=
Sumatra orangutano ĉe Bukit Lawang

La Sumatra orangutano (Pongo abelii) estas unu el du specioj de orangutanoj. Troviĝannta nur en la insulo Sumatro, en Indonezio, ĝi estas pli rara ol la Bornea orangutano.

Fizika priskribo

La Sumatra orangutano kreskas ĝis ĉirkaŭ 1.4 m alte kaj ĝis 90 kg ĉe maskloj. Inoj estas pli malgranda, averaĝe 90 cm kaj 45 kg. Kompare kun la Bornea specio, la Sumatraj orangutanoj estas pli fajnaj kaj havas pli longajn vizaĝojn; ties haro estas pli longa kun pli pala ruĝa koloro.[1]

Notoj

  1. Primate Info Net: Orangutan Pongo

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Sumatra orangutano: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

fornecido por wikipedia EO
 src= Sumatra orangutano ĉe Bukit Lawang

La Sumatra orangutano (Pongo abelii) estas unu el du specioj de orangutanoj. Troviĝannta nur en la insulo Sumatro, en Indonezio, ĝi estas pli rara ol la Bornea orangutano.

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Pongo abelii ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El orangután de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) es una de las tres especies existentes de orangutanes. Viven sólo en la isla indonesia de Sumatra. Se diferencian de las otras especies de orangután más que nada en su tamaño, siendo esta especie más pequeña. Comparten la isla con otra especie de orangután, Pongo tapanuliensis, pero sus hábitats están separados geográficamente por el lago Toba.[2]

Conservación

El informe de la lista roja de especies amenazadas de la IUCN en 2006 reveló que las poblaciones del orangután de Sumatra han decaído en un 47 % durante los siete años previos a 1999 y se cree que en los ocho años anteriores la población decayó en un 50 %. Se cree que esta tendencia seguirá si las circunstancias actuales continúan.

Las principales amenazas que presentan se deben a la destrucción de su hábitat para ampliar la frontera agrícola y la explotación de maderas. Los taladores también cazan a las madres orangutanes, a las cuales dan muerte para vender a sus hijos en el mercado negro de mascotas y animales.

Como resultado del estudio se clasificó la especie en la categoría de en peligro crítico de extinción.[1]​ Esta categoría se reserva a las especies cuya extensión es menor a los 100 km² y su población se calcula en menos de doscientos cincuenta individuos maduros, o si los análisis cuantitativos indican la probabilidad de extinción en la naturaleza del 50 % dentro de diez años o en tres generaciones. Fue incluido en la publicación bianual Los 25 primates en mayor peligro del mundo, 2008-2010.[3]

Genoma

Los orangutanes tienen cuarenta y ocho cromosomas diploides.[4]​ El genoma del orangután de Sumatra fue secuenciado en enero 2011, sobre la base de una hembra en cautividad llamada «Susie».[5]​ Desde la secuenciación del genoma de los seres humanos y de los chimpancés, los orangutanes de Sumatra se han convertido en la tercera especie de homínido[6]​ en tener su genoma secuenciado.[5][7]

Los investigadores también publicaron menos copias completas de diez orangutanes salvajes, cinco de Borneo y cinco de Sumatra. Se encontró que la diversidad genética fue menor en los orangutanes de Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) que en los de Sumatra (Pongo abelii), a pesar de que en Borneo hay entre seis y siete veces más orangutanes que Sumatra. La comparación ha demostrado que estas dos especies divergieron hace unos cuatrocientos mil años, más recientemente de lo que se pensaba. También se encontró que el genoma del orangután ha evolucionado mucho más lentamente que el del chimpancé y el de los humanos.[5]

Referencias

Orangutan 103.jpg
  1. a b Singleton, I., Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. (2008). «Pongo abelii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235.
  2. Nater, Alexander; Mattle-Greminger, Maja P.; Nurcahyo, Anton; Nowak, Matthew G.; de Manuel, Marc; Desai, Tariq; Groves, Colin; Pybus, Marc; Sonay, Tugce Bilgin; Roos, Christian; Lameira, Adriano R.; Wich, Serge A.; Askew, James; Davila-Ross, Marina; Fredriksson, Gabriella; de Valles, Guillem; Casals, Ferran; Prado-Martinez, Javier; Goossens, Benoit; Verschoor, Ernst J.; Warren, Kristin S.; Singleton, Ian; Marques, David A.; Pamungkas, Joko; Perwitasari-Farajallah, Dyah; Rianti, Puji; Tuuga, Augustine; Gut, Ivo G.; Gut, Marta; Orozco-terWengel, Pablo; van Schaik, Carel P.; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Anisimova, Maria; Scally, Aylwyn; Marques-Bonet, Tomas; Meijaard, Erik; Krützen, Michael (noviembre de 2017). «Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species». Current Biology (en inglés). doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047.
  3. Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Williamson, E.A.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W.; Kierulff, M.C.M., et ál, eds. (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF). Ilustrado por S.D. Nash. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS) y Conservation International (CI). pp. 1-92. ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. Archivado desde el original el 23 de julio de 2011.
  4. Sharshov, Alexander. «New Page 1». SB RAS Novobrisk. Institute of Cytology and Genetics. Consultado el 28 de enero de 2011.
  5. a b c Singh, Ranjeet (26 de enero de 2011). «Orang-utans join the genome gang». Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.50. Consultado el 27 de enero de 2011.
  6. Spencer, Geoff (26 de enero de 2011). «NIH-funded scientists publish orangutan genome sequence». National Institutes of Health News. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Consultado el 28 de enero de 2011.
  7. Cohen, Jon (26 de enero de 2011). «Orangutan Genome Full of Surprises». Science Now. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archivado desde el original el 30 de enero de 2011. Consultado el 28 de enero de 2011.

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Pongo abelii: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El orangután de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) es una de las tres especies existentes de orangutanes. Viven sólo en la isla indonesia de Sumatra. Se diferencian de las otras especies de orangután más que nada en su tamaño, siendo esta especie más pequeña. Comparten la isla con otra especie de orangután, Pongo tapanuliensis, pero sus hábitats están separados geográficamente por el lago Toba.​

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Pongo abelii ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Sumatrar orangutana (Pongo abelii) Pongo generoko espeziea da. Primateen barruko Hominidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Lesson (1827) Man. Mamm. 32. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pongo abelii: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Sumatrar orangutana (Pongo abelii) Pongo generoko espeziea da. Primateen barruko Hominidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Sumatranoranki ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Sumatranoranki (Pongo abelii) on maailman kolmesta orankilajista toiseksi harvinaisin. Se elää luonnonvaraisena Indonesiaan kuuluvalla Sumatran saarella. Sitä on aiemmin pidetty samana lajina kuin borneonorankia. Sumatranoranki on borneonorankia pienempi ja erikoistuneempi puissa elämiseen: naaraat eivät liiku maassa juuri koskaan ja uroksetkin harvoin. Tämä tekee siitä haavoittuvamman metsien pirstaloitumiselle. Sumatranorankeja arvioitiin 2004 olevan 7 300 ja kannan olevan laskeva. Se on luokiteltu äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi.[1] Sumatranorangin suojeluun on oma säätiönsä.

Muun muassa Toronton ja San Diegon eläintarhoissa on sumatranorankeja.[2][3]

Lähteet

  1. a b Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M.: Pongo abelii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.7.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. Sumatran orangutan Toronto Zoo. Viitattu 21.12.2012. (englanniksi)
  3. Apes Indah San Diego Zoo. Viitattu 21.12.2012. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Sumatranoranki: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Sumatranoranki (Pongo abelii) on maailman kolmesta orankilajista toiseksi harvinaisin. Se elää luonnonvaraisena Indonesiaan kuuluvalla Sumatran saarella. Sitä on aiemmin pidetty samana lajina kuin borneonorankia. Sumatranoranki on borneonorankia pienempi ja erikoistuneempi puissa elämiseen: naaraat eivät liiku maassa juuri koskaan ja uroksetkin harvoin. Tämä tekee siitä haavoittuvamman metsien pirstaloitumiselle. Sumatranorankeja arvioitiin 2004 olevan 7 300 ja kannan olevan laskeva. Se on luokiteltu äärimmäisen uhanalaiseksi. Sumatranorangin suojeluun on oma säätiönsä.

Muun muassa Toronton ja San Diegon eläintarhoissa on sumatranorankeja.

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Orang-outan de Sumatra ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pongo abelii

L'Orang-outan de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) est l'une des trois espèces d'orang-outan (genre Pongo), qui appartient à la famille des hominidés.

 src=
Un individu se déplaçant à l'aide de ses quatre membres préhensiles.

Dénominations

Bien qu'elle ne soit pas la seule espèce d'orang-outan de l'île de Sumatra, elle porte pour des raisons historiques le nom normalisé d'orang-outan de Sumatra[2]. L'autre espèce d'orang-outan vivant sur cette île, l'orang-outan de Tapanuli, était auparavant considérée comme une sous-population isolée de cette espèce et n'a été décrite comme une espèce distincte qu'en 2017. « Orang-outan » provient de l'indonésien et du malais « orang hutan », qui signifie « personne de la forêt » (ou « des bois »)[3],[4].

Son nom scientifique, Pongo abelii, est composé du nom générique, Pongo, et d'une épithète spécifique, abelii. Le premier provient du kikongo (langue d'Afrique centrale) « mpongi »[5],[6], un mot qui servait initialement à désigner les gorilles dans cette région africaine, repris par Andrew Battel en anglais, puis par Buffon en français[7],[8] qui pensait alors que les gorilles et les orangs-outans pouvaient ne former qu'une seule espèce[9]. Le second lui a été donné par le naturaliste français René Primevère Lesson, en hommage au naturaliste anglais Clarke Abel, dont les observations lui ont servi à réaliser une première description de l'espèce en 1827[10].

Caractéristiques

L'espèce présente un fort dimorphisme sexuel. Les mâles mesurent en moyenne 97 cm pour un poids moyen de 87 kg, tandis que les femelles mesurent en moyenne 78 cm pour un poids moyen de 37 kg[11]. Ils sont plus fins que les orangs-outans de Bornéo, ont des faces plus allongées et des poils plus longs et plus pâles[11]. L'orang-outan de Sumatra est plus grand que l'orang-outan de Bornéo[12].

L'orang-outan de Sumatra dispose de membres antérieurs exceptionnellement longs par rapport aux postérieurs. Démuni de queue préhensile, il peut néanmoins marcher en position bipède sur des branches étroites en se servant de ses bras pour s'équilibrer.

En captivité, le record de longévité est atteint par Puan, une femelle morte à 62 ans au zoo de Perth[13]. Major, un mâle mort à 50 ans au zoo de La Boissière, est un des plus vieux mâles connus[14].

Écologie et comportement

 src=
Nid d'un orang-outan de Sumatra.

L'orang-outan de Sumatra est un singe arboricole : il escalade les troncs et il se déplace d'arbre en arbre avec les lianes et les branches, dans un mouvement de brachiation, en se balançant et en utilisant ses quatre membres, ses pieds étant aussi souples que ses mains[15].

Cet orang-outan est plus arboricole que son cousin de Bornéo. Il se déplace d'arbre en arbre, peut-être à cause de la présence du tigre de Sumatra.

L'orang-outan de Sumatra est plus sociable que son homologue de Bornéo. Les individus se rassemblent en groupes pour se nourrir dans les figuiers. Cependant les mâles évitent le contact entre eux.

Alimentation

Par rapport à l'orang-outan de Bornéo, l'orang-outan de Sumatra a tendance à être plus frugivore et insectivore. Ses fruits préférés sont les fruits du jacquier et les figues. Il peut aussi manger des œufs d'oiseaux et des petits vertébrés.

Des orangs-outans de Sumatra sauvages ont été observés se fabriquant des gants avec des feuilles pour éviter les piqûres d'abeilles ou cassant des morceaux de branches qu'ils vont attacher aux extrémités. Puis ils vont enfoncer le bâton dans des creux d'arbres pour attraper des termites. Ils peuvent également se servir du bâton pour pousser des nids d'abeilles, et prendre le miel[16].

Reproduction

Les jeunes mâles s'accouplent plus avec des jeunes femelles car les plus matures peuvent plus facilement les repousser. Et les femelles adultes préfèrent s'accoupler avec des mâles matures.

Les femelles donnent naissance à des petits pour la première fois à environ 15 ans[réf. nécessaire]. Les bébés restent dépendants de leur mère jusqu'à leurs trois ans, mais après cette période, les jeunes resteront proches de leurs mères[réf. nécessaire]. Ils s'accouplent pour la première fois à environ 12,3 ans[réf. nécessaire].

Habitat et répartition

L'Orang-outan de Sumatra est endémique de l’île de Sumatra, en Indonésie. Il vit dans la forêt tropicale humide de basse altitude ainsi que dans la mangrove[12]. Son aire de répartition occupe les deux provinces les plus au nord de l'île : on le trouve essentiellement dans la province d'Aceh, et un peu dans la province de Sumatra du Nord.

On trouve aussi dans la province de Sumatra du Nord une espèce distincte, l'Orang-outan de Tapanuli, qui vit au sud du lac Toba.

Classification

Phylogénie des espèces actuelles d'hominidés, d'après Shoshani et al. (1996)[17] et Springer et al. (2012)[18][réf. nécessaire] :

Hominidae PonginaePongo

Pongo abelii – Orang-outan de Sumatra




Pongo pygmaeus – Orang-outan de Bornéo



Pongo tapanuliensis – Orang-outan de Tapanuli




Homininae GorilliniGorilla

Gorilla beringei – Gorille de l'Est



Gorilla gorilla – Gorille de l'Ouest



Hominini PaninaPan

Pan paniscus – Chimpanzé pygmée ou Bonobo



Pan troglodytes – Chimpanzé commun



HomininaHomo

Homo sapiens – Homme moderne





Statut de conservation et menaces

L'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature (UICN) a classé l'orang-outan de Sumatra dans les espèces en danger critique d'extinction. C'est une espèce menacée par la déforestation, en raison d'une exploitation illégale de bois exotique ou pour céder la place à des plantations industrielles de palmiers à huile. On estime qu'il n'y avait plus, en 2016, que 13 800 individus vivant à l'état sauvage[1].

L'orang-outan de Sumatra a été inclus dans la liste des 25 espèces de primates les plus menacés dans le monde en 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008 et 2014.

L'espèce bénéficie d'une aire protégée majeure, le Parc national du Mont Leuser, qui couvre une partie de son aire de répartition. C'est aux abords de ce parc national que se trouvent les principaux sites touristiques d'observation des orangs-outans de Sumatra : Bukit Lawang et Ketambe (id).

Le Programme de conservation des orangs-outans de Sumatra (SOCP) mène des actions de conservation de l'espèce à Sumatra.

Il existe plusieurs programmes d'élevage conservatoire de cette espèce en captivité. En Europe, le programme européen pour les espèces menacées (EEP) consacré à cette espèce est coordonné par un scientifique du Zoo de Karlsruhe (Allemagne)[19], en Amérique du Nord, le programme américain pour les espèces menacées (SSP) existe depuis 1988, il est coordonné par un comité de représentants des zoos membres[20]. Mi-2019, environ 264 individus étaient ainsi présents dans une soixantaine d'institutions zoologiques en Amérique du Nord, en Asie et en Europe[21].

De plus, cet orang-outan fait partie des animaux ayant une protéine-cible du nouveau coronavirus pandémique de 2019 (l'ACE2) adapté à ce nouveau virus (SARS-CoV-2)[22] (virus responsable en 2019 de la pandémie de COVID-19). Cette affirmation découle d'études de modélisations de protéines.

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) « Pongo abelii », sur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (consulté le 7 février 2019)
  2. (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0444518770), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  3. Définitions lexicographiques et étymologiques de « orang-outan » dans le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, sur le site du Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales
  4. (en) Wayan Jarrah Sastrawan, « The Word ‘Orangutan’: Old Malay Origin or European Concoction? », Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, vol. 176, no 4,‎ 6 novembre 2020, p. 532–541 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) « Origin and meaning of pongo », sur etymonline.com (consulté le 18 décembre 2019)
  6. (en) « Definition of Pongo », sur merriam-webster.com (consulté le 18 décembre 2019)
  7. « Pongo : Étymologie de Pongo », sur cnrtl.fr (consulté le 24 août 2019)
  8. Émile Littré, « Dictionnaire de la langue française », Dictionnaires d'autrefois, sur artflx.uchicago.edu, 1872-1877 (consulté le 24 août 2019)
  9. Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon et Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton, Histoire naturelle, générale, et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi, Tome 14, Paris, Imprimerie royale, 1749-1789 (lire en ligne), « Les Orang-outangs ou le Pongo et le Jocko », p. 43
  10. Charles Bélanger, Voyage aux Indes-Orientales : par le Nord de l'Europe, les provinces du Caucase, la Géorgie, l'Arménie et la Perse, suivi de détails topographiques, statistiques et autre sur le Pérou, les Iles de Java, de Maurice et de Bourbon, sur le Cap de Bonne-Espérance et Sainte-Hélène, pendant les années 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829, t. III (Zoologie), Paris, Arthus Bertrand, 1834, p. 24
  11. a et b « Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology », sur pin.primate.wisc.edu (consulté le 16 février 2019)
  12. a et b (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Pongo abelii
  13. « L'orang-outan le plus âgé du monde est mort à l'âge de 62 ans », Sciences et Avenir,‎ 19 juin 2018 (lire en ligne, consulté le 21 juin 2018)
  14. Major, le plus vieil orang-outan reproducteur au monde, est mort - article de Sciences et Avenir du 28 septembre 2012
  15. Richard C. Vogt (trad. Valérie Garnaud-d'Ersu), La forêt vierge à la loupe [« Rain Forests »], Larousse, juin 2015, 64 p. (ISBN 978-2-03-589818-0), Singes arboricoles pages 40 et 41
  16. Emmanuelle Grundmann, Eux aussi ils aiment les insectes ! Les primates et les insectes : une relation gastronomique , Insectes, n°143, page 4, 2002
  17. (en) J. Shoshani, C. P. Groves et al., « Primate phylogeny : morphological vs. molecular results », Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 5, no 1,‎ 1996, p. 102-54 (PMID , lire en ligne)
  18. (en) Mark S. Springer, Robert W. Meredith et al., « Macroevolutionary Dynamics and Historical Biogeography of Primate Diversification Inferred from a Species Supermatrix », PLoS ONE, vol. 7, no 11,‎ 2012, e49521 (ISSN , PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne)
  19. (en) « EAZA Breeding Programme Overview », sur eaza.net, mars 2019 (consulté le 24 juillet 2019)
  20. (en) « The Orangutan SSP », sur orangutanssp.org (consulté le 24 juillet 2019)
  21. (en) « ZIMS - Species holding - Pongo abelii », sur zims.species360.org (consulté le 24 juillet 2019).
  22. (en) Junwen Luan, Yue Lu, Xiaolu Jin et Leiliang Zhang, « Spike protein recognition of mammalian ACE2 predicts the host range and an optimized ACE2 for SARS-CoV-2 infection », Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol. 526, no 1,‎ mai 2020, p. 165–169 (PMID , PMCID , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 17 mai 2020)

Voir aussi

Références taxonomiques

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Orang-outan de Sumatra: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Pongo abelii

L'Orang-outan de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) est l'une des trois espèces d'orang-outan (genre Pongo), qui appartient à la famille des hominidés.

 src= Un individu se déplaçant à l'aide de ses quatre membres préhensiles.
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Orangután de Sumatra ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O orangután de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) é unha especie de orangután que xunto co orangután de Borneo e o orangután de Tapanuli conforma o único xénero de grandes simios de Asia.

Conservación

 src=
Orangután de Sumatra en Bukit Lawang.

O orangután de Sumatra é un endemismo da illa de Sumatra e o seu hábitat atópase actualmente restrinxido na parte norte da illa. En liberdade, os orangutáns de Sumatra sobreviven na provincia de Aceh, a máis setentrional de Sumatra.[2] No pasado, os orangutáns estaban moito máis espallados que na actualidade, e no século XIX aínda se podían atopar nas provincias de Jambi e Padang.[3] Tamén hai pequenas poboacións na provincia de Sumatra do Norte, particularmente nos bosques da beira do lago Toba. Un estudo realizado na rexión do lago Toba amosou que só hai dúas áreas con poboacións de orangután. Unha delas é Bukit Lawang, que está considerado un santuario de animais, e a outra é o Parque Nacional Gunung Leuser[4]

A especie está considerada en perigo crítico de extinción na Lista Vermella da IUCN dende o ano 2000, e tamén se atopa entre os 25 primates máis ameazados do mundo.[5]

Un estudo de 2004 ofrece unha estimación duns 7.300 orangutáns que aínda viven en liberdade. Parte deles viven protexidos en cinco áreas do Parque Nacional Gunung Leuser, mentres que outros viven en áreas non protexidas como no noroeste e nordeste da provincia de Aceh, na beira oeste do río Batang Toru, no leste de Sarulla e Sidiangkat. Por outra banda, no Parque Nacional Bukit Tiga Puluh púxose en funcionamento un programa de cría que está a ter moito éxito.

A principal razón pola que o orangután de Sumatra se atopa en perigo de extinción é porque as compañías de aceite de palma destrúen a selva na que vive.

Notas

  1. Singleton, Ian; Wich, Serge A.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Usher, Graham; Utami-Atmoko, Sri Suchi (2017). "Pongo abelii". Lista Vermella da IUCN. 2017.3 (International Union for Conservation of Nature): e.T121097935A115575085. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en. Consultado o 22 de xuño de 2018.
  2. Singleton, I., S. Wich, S. Husson, S. Stephens, S. Utami Atmoko, M. Leighton, N. Rosen, K. Traylor-Holzer, R. Lacy, O. Byers (2004). Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment: IUCN.
  3. Rijksen, H. D. (1978). "A Field Study on Sumatran Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelli, Lesson 1827)". Ecology, Behavior and Conservation.
  4. S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; e C. P. van Schaik (2003). "The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update". Flora & Fauna International. 1 37: 49. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000115.
  5. Mittermeier, R.A.; Wallis, J.; Rylands, A.B.; Supriatna, E.A.; Ganzhorn, J.U.; Oates, J.F.; Palacios, E.; Heymann, E.W. e Kierulff, M.C.M. (2009). "Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010" (PDF). IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI): 1–92. Consultado o 22 de xullo de 2014.

Véxase tamén

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Orangután de Sumatra: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O orangután de Sumatra (Pongo abelii) é unha especie de orangután que xunto co orangután de Borneo e o orangután de Tapanuli conforma o único xénero de grandes simios de Asia.

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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
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wikipedia gl Galician

Pongo abelii ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Sumatranski orangutan (Pongo abelii) je kritično ugrožena vrsta[3] orangutana koji obitava na otoku Sumatri. Nešto je rjeđi od bornejskog orangutana, ali je brojniji od tapanuli orangutana. Od 2000. godine stavljen je na IUCN-ov crveni popis zbog sječa šuma i širenja plantaža palminog ulja, te izlova koji im prijete istrebljenjem.

 src=
Ženka s mladunčetom u Tierpark Hellabrunn zološkom vrtu u Munchenu.

Odlike

Genetske usporedbe pokazuju kako su se ovi orangutani izdvojili od bornejskih prije oko 400.000 godina od kada su se ravijali odvojeno, što je potvrđeno tek DNK razlikovanjem 1996. godine, do kada su smatrani podvrstama iste vrste.

 src=
Mužjaci tri vrste orangutana slijeva nadesno: bornejski, sumatranski i tapanuli orangutan.

Mužjaci ovih orangutana mogu narasti do 1,4 m visine i 90 kg težine, dok su ženke nešto manje sa oko 90 cm visine i 45 kg težine. Nešto su vitkiji i imaju dulja lica, te svijetlije crvenkasto krzno, od svojih bornejskih rođaka[4]. Od hrane preferiraju voće, i to smokve i voće nangka, ali jedu i ptičja jaja i male kralježnjake[5], te znaju koristiti alate kao što su zubima ogoljene grane kojima hvataju termite ili grabe med iz košnica[6]. Pri tome oblikuju različite alatke za različite potrebe, a ako im se alatka pokaže jako korisna znaju je sačuvati za kasniju upotrebu i znaju stvoriti cijelu kolekciju alatki[7].

Sumatranski orangutani žive više u krošnjama od svojih bornejskih rođaka, što se pojašnjava prisutnošću više grabežljivaca kao što je sumatranski tigar. Kroz drveće se kreću skladnim kretnjama, pri čemu znaju koristiti veliki raspon kretnji, ali i granama kao oprugama. U komunikaciji koriste se isključivo gestama, a ne zvukovima, te je prepoznato oko 64 različite geste koje koriste[8].

Sumatranski orangutani su druželjubiviji od ostale dvije vrste. Organiziraju velike skupine u ovisnosti o dostupnoj hrani. Skupine su jako liberalne i ne pokazuju društvenu ili spolnu isključivost. Obično ih čine skupine ženki oko omiljenog mužjaka, no stariji mužjaci obično izbjegavaju druge zrele mužjake[9]. Spolno su zreli s oko 15 i pol godina, a ženke imaju dug raspon između dvije trudnoće od oko 9,3 godine, koje je najdulje u primata. Mladi ostaju u blizini svojih majki i do 3. godine života, ali i poslije toga se dugo druže s majkama. U prosjeku mogu doživjeti 50 godina, a za najstariji primjerak se smatra orangutan Nonja koji je uginuo u 55. godini u zoološkom vrtu u Miamiju 2007. god.[10]

Rasprostranjenost i ugroženost

 src=
Sumatranski orangutan u zaštićenom području Bukit Lawang.

Od 2015. godine smatra se kako postoji oko 7.000 jedinki sumatranskih orangutana u divljini[11]. Iako su nekada obitavali na cijelom otoku, danas se mogu pronaći samo na najsjevernijem dijelu otoka Sumatre, u indonezijskoj pokrajini Acehu. Manje populacije obitavaju u šumama oko jezera Toba, u zaštićenim područjima tropskih kiša sumatre: Bukit Lawangu i Nacionalnom parku Gunung Leuser. Pored njih, u Nacionalnom parku Bukit Tigapuluh su dovedeni oduzeti nelegalni ljubimci orangutani od oko 70 jedinki, koje su se počeli reproducirati. Problemi za očuvanje njihove populacije u divljini su njihova velika područja kretanja i mali broj jedinki u skupinama koje ovise o pristupu voćkama. Nedirnute šume s većim rasponom neprekinutih krošnji bi mogle podržavati veće populacije, ali fragmentacija šuma sječom prekida njihova sezonska kretanja. Sumatra trenutno ima jednu od najvećih stopa sječe šume na svijetu[12].

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Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Pongo abelii

Izvori

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Pongo abelii
  1. Shoshani, Jeheskel (November 16, 2005). in Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 90. ISBN 0-801-88221-4
  2. Lesson, René-Primevère (1827). Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères (French), Paris: Roret, Libraire
  3. Singleton, I. (2016). "Pongo abelii". IUCN-ov crveni popis 2016 pristupljeno 24. studenog 2016.
  4. Orangutan Pongo. Primate Info Net (engl.) Posjećeno 30. travnja 2018.
  5. Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan. BBC pristupljeno 3. srpnja 2009.
  6. Carl Zimmer, "Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans" Discovery Magazine, studeni 1995.
  7. Schaik, C. P. van (1. travnja 1996.). "Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans". Naturwissenschaften 83. (4.): 186.–188.
  8. (2010). "Semantics of primate gestures: intentional meanings of orangutan gestures". Animal Cognition 13. (6.): 793.–804.
  9. (2002.). "The social organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans". Folia Primatologica 73. (1.): 1.–20.
  10. "'World's oldest' orang-utan dies", BBC News, objavljeno 31. prosinca 2007.
  11. Orangutans. WWF pristupljeno 17. ožujka 2012.
  12. (2002). "Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation". Biological Conservation 107. (1.): 83.–87.


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direitos autorais
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia hr Croatian

Pongo abelii: Brief Summary ( Croato )

fornecido por wikipedia hr Croatian

Sumatranski orangutan (Pongo abelii) je kritično ugrožena vrsta orangutana koji obitava na otoku Sumatri. Nešto je rjeđi od bornejskog orangutana, ali je brojniji od tapanuli orangutana. Od 2000. godine stavljen je na IUCN-ov crveni popis zbog sječa šuma i širenja plantaža palminog ulja, te izlova koji im prijete istrebljenjem.

 src= Ženka s mladunčetom u Tierpark Hellabrunn zološkom vrtu u Munchenu.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia hr Croatian

Orang utan sumatra ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Orangutan Sumatra (Pongo abelli) adalah spesies orangutan terlangka. Orangutan Sumatra hidup dan endemik terhadap Sumatra, sebuah pulau yang terletak di Indonesia. Mereka lebih kecil daripada orangutan Kalimantan. Orangutan Sumatra memiliki tinggi sekitar 4.6 kaki dan berat 200 pon. Betina lebih kecil, dengan tinggi 3 kaki dan berat 100 pon.

Perilaku

Orangutan Sumatra di Bukit Lawang Dibandingkan Orangutan Kalimantan, orangutan Sumatra lebih menyukai pakan buah-buahan dan terutama juga serangga.Buah yang disukai termasuk buah beringin dan nangka. Mereka juga makan telur burung dan vertebra- Sumatran orangutan] Orangutan Sumatra lebih singkat dalam makan di batang dalam suatu pohon.

Orangutan Sumatra liar di rawa Suaq Balimbing diamati menggunakan alat.[2] Seekor orangutan mematahkan cabang pohon yang panjangnya sekitar satu kaki, menyingkirkan ranting-rantingnya dan mengasah ujungnya. Lalu ia menggunakan batang itu untuk mencungkil lubang pohon untuk mencari rayap. Mereka juga menggunakan batang itu untuk memukul-mukul dinding sarang lebah. Selain itu, orangutan juga menggunakan alat untuk makan buah. Saat buah pohon Neesia matang, buah itu keras, kulit yang bergerigi melunak hingga ia jatuh terbuka. Di dalamnya ada biji yang disukai orangutan, namun mereka diselimuti rambut yang mirip serat kaca yang sakit bila termakan. Orangutan pemakan Neesia akan memilih batang lima inci, mengulitinya dan kemudian menghilangkan bulu-bulu itu dengannya. Bila buah itu sudah bersih, kera itu akan makan bijinya menggunakan batang itu atau jemarinya. Meskipun rawa yang serupa ada di Kalimantan, orangutan Kalimantan liar belum dilihat menggunakan alat macam ini.

NHNZ memfilemkan orangutan Sumatra untuk acaranya Wild Asia: In the Realm of the Red Ape; acara itu mempertunjukkan salah satu orangutan menggunakan peralatan sederhana, ranting, untuk menjangkau makanan dari tempat yang sulit. Ada juga serangkaian gambar seekor binatang menggunakan daun besar sebagai payung saat terjadi hujan badai tropis

Orangutan Sumatra juga lebih suka diam di pohon daripada sepupunya dari Kalimantan; hal ini mungkin karena adanya pemangsa seperti harimau Sumatra. Mereka bergerak dari pohon ke pohon bergelantungan menggunakan lengannya.

Daur hidup

Orang Utan Sumatra.jpg

Orangutan Sumatra lebih sosial daripada orangutan Kalimantan. Orangutan-orangutan ini berkumpul untuk makan sejumlah besar buah di pohon beringin. Akan tetapi, orangutan jantan dewasa umumnya menghindari kontak dengan jantan dewasa lain. Pemerkosaan umum terjadi di antara orangutan. Jantan sub-dewasa akan mencoba kawin dengan betina manapun, meskipun mungkin mereka gagal menghamilinya karena betina dewasa dengan mudah menolaknya. Orangutan betina dewasa lebih memilih kawin dengan jantan dewasa

Rerata jangka waktu kelahiran orangutan Sumatra lebih lama daripada orangutan Kalimantan dan merupakan rerata jangka waktu terlama di antara kera besar. Orangutan Sumatra melahirkan saat mereka berumur sekitar 15 tahun. Bayi orangutan akan dekat dengan induknya hingga tiga tahun. Bahkan setelah itu, anaknya masih akan berhubungan dengan induknya. Kedua spesies orangutan mungkin hidup beberapa dekade; perkiraan panjang umurnya dapat melebihi 50 tahun. Rata-rata perkembangbiakan pertama P. abelii adalah sekitar 12,3 tahun tanpa ada tanda menopause.[3]

Status

 src=
Seekor orangutan Sumatra sedang dirawat di Bukit Lawang.

Orangutan Sumatra endemik dari pulau Sumatra dan hidupnya terbatas di bagian utara pulau itu. Di alam, orangutan Sumatra bertahan di provinsi Aceh (NAD), ujung paling utara Sumatra.[4] Primata ini dulu tersebar lebih luas, saat mereka ditemukan lebih ke Selatan tahun 1800-an seperti di Jambi dan Padang.[5] Ada populasi kecil di provinsi Sumatra Utara sepanjang perbatasan dengan NAD, terutama di hutan-hutan danau Toba. Survei di danau Toba hanya menemukan dua areal habitat, Bukit Lawang (didefinisikan sebagai suaka margasatwa) dan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser.[6] Tahun 2002, World Conservation Union menempatkan spesies ini dalam IUCN Red List dengan status kritis.

Survei baru-baru ini tahun 2004 memperkirakan ada sekitar 7.300 ekor orangutan Sumatra yang masih hidup di alam liar.[4] Beberapa di antaranya dilindungi di lima daerah di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser dan lainnya hidup di daerah yang tidak terlindungi: blok Aceh barat laut dan timur laut, sungai Batang Toru Barat, Sarulla Timur dan Sidiangkat. Program pembiakan telah dibuat di Taman Nasional Bukit Tiga Puluh di provinsi Jambi dan Riau dan menghasilkan populasi orangutan Sumatra yang baru.

Di kurungan, ada lebih banyak kebun binatang dan taman satwa di luar habitat alami yang tertarik pada orangutan secara umum. Orangutan Sumatra tertua adalah Ah Meng yang lahir pada tahun 1960.[7] Nonja, yang dianggap yang tertua di kandang atau di alam saat kematiannya, mati di Miami MetroZoo pada umur 55.[8]

Lihat pula

Rujukan

  1. ^ Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M. (2007). Pongo abelli. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007. Diakses pada 2007-09-13. Database entry includes justification for why this species is critically endangered
  2. ^ Zimmer, Carl. "Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans" Discover Magazine, November 1995.
  3. ^ {{cite journal| title=Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)| author=S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. , J.A
  4. ^ a b Singleton, I., S. Wich, S. Husson, S. Stephens, S. Utami Atmoko, M. Leighton, N. Rosen, K. Traylor-Holzer, R. Lacy, O. Byers (2004). "Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment". Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CSG). IUCN.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  5. ^ Rijksen, H. D. (1978). "A Field Study on Sumatran Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelli, Lesson 1827)". Ecology, Behavior and Conservation. Wageningen: Veenaman and Zonen.
  6. ^ S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; and C. P. van Schaik (2003). "The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update". Flora & Fauna International. 37 (1): 49. doi:10.1017/S0030605303000115.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "Singapore's most famous ape celebrates 46th birthday". Khaleej Times. 18 June 2006.
  8. ^ "'World's oldest' orang-utan dies". BBC News. 31 December 2007.

Pranala luar

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Orang utan sumatra: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID

Orangutan Sumatra (Pongo abelli) adalah spesies orangutan terlangka. Orangutan Sumatra hidup dan endemik terhadap Sumatra, sebuah pulau yang terletak di Indonesia. Mereka lebih kecil daripada orangutan Kalimantan. Orangutan Sumatra memiliki tinggi sekitar 4.6 kaki dan berat 200 pon. Betina lebih kecil, dengan tinggi 3 kaki dan berat 100 pon.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Penulis dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia ID

Pongo abelii ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orango di Sumatra (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) è una delle tre specie di oranghi, endemica della parte settentrionale dell'isola indonesiana di Sumatra. È più raro dell'orango del Borneo ma più comune dell'orango di Tapanuli, anch'esso endemico di Sumatra. Il suo nome comune si basa su due parole locali separate, "orang" ("popolo" o "persona") e "hutan" ("foresta"), derivate dalla lingua ufficiale della Malesia, il malese,[3] che si traduce in "persona (o uomo) della foresta". Originariamente era considerata una sottospecie (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) dell'orango del Borneo.

Descrizione

 src=
Un esemplare in semi-libertà, in un centro riabilitativo di Sumatra

Dimensioni

Gli oranghi di Sumatra maschi possono crescere fino a circa 1,30-1,70 metri (5,6 piedi), per un peso che varia dai 50 ai 90 kg (200 libbre) in media; in alcuni casi eccezionali si sono osservati grossi maschi dal peso di 130 kg. L'apertura delle braccia, misurata dalla punta di un indice alla punta dell'altro, è di circa due metri. Le femmine sono un po' più piccole, raggiungendo un'altezza media di 90 centimetri (3,0 piedi), per un peso di 45 kg (99 libbre). Queste dimensioni ne fanno il più grande primate asiatico (uomo escluso), nonché la più grande scimmia arboricola esistente.[4]

Aspetto

Il pelo è lungo e liscio, di colore rossiccio: le zampe anteriori sono lunghe il doppio di quelle posteriori, oltre ad essere più robuste e muscolose. Rispetto agli oranghi del Borneo, questi animali hanno una costituzione più slanciata ed un volto più allungato, con un pelo più lungo e di colore più chiaro, oltre alla presenza di una barba brizzolata in ambedue i sessi ma molto più lunga e folta nei maschi.

Dimorfismo sessuale

I maschi sono più grandi e robusti delle femmine (peso medio della femmina: 30–50 kg, peso medio del maschio: 50–90 kg): possiedono inoltre delle larghe guance carnose, ricoperte di pelame bianco, ed una grossa pappagorgia che si estende fin sul petto.

Biologia

 src=
Un esemplare si muove lungo un filo di ferro.

Rispetto all'orango del Borneo, l'orango di Sumatra ha una dieta più frugivora e soprattutto insettivora.[5] I suoi frutti preferiti includono fichi e giaca, nutrendosi anche di insetti, uccelli e le loro uova e piccoli vertebrati.[6] Durante la stagione secca, questi animali si nutrono anche della corteccia interna degli alberi.

Intelligenza ed utensili

Alcuni oranghi di Sumatra selvatici della palude di Suaq Balimbing sono stati osservati mentre utilizzavano degli utensili.[7] Come gli scimpanzé, gli oranghi osservati raccoglievano piccoli rametti di circa 30 centimetri, sfilacciandone un'estremità con i denti,[8] inserendoli poi nelle entrate dei termitai, per raccoglierne quante più termiti possibili. Questi bastoncini vengono usati anche per aprire gli alveari ed accedere al miele al suo interno. Questi utensili vengono usati anche per aprire la frutta: quando il frutto dell'albero di Neesia matura, la sua buccia dura e increspata si ammorbidisce fino a quando non si apre. Dentro ci sono i semi che piacciono tanto agli oranghi, ma sono anche circondati da peli simili a fibre di vetro, piuttosto dolorosi se ingeriti. Gli utensili vengono creati in modo diverso per usi diversi. I bastoncini vengono spesso scelti più lunghi o vengono accorciati a seconda che vengano utilizzati per recuperare insetti o frutti.[8] Se un particolare strumento si rivela utile, l'orango lo conserverà. Nel tempo, un esemplare può racimolare una gran quantità di strumenti fino ad avere intere "cassette degli attrezzi".[8] Quando si nutrono dei frutti del Neesia, l'orango selezionerà un bastoncino da 2,5 centimetri, spogliandolo della corteccia, per poi utilizzarlo per pescare con cura tutti i peli dal frutto Una volta che il frutto è sicuro, l'orango può nutrirsi dei suoi semi con lo stesso bastoncino o con le dita. Tali comportamenti non sono mai stati osservati negli oranghi del Borneo, sebbene le due specie vivano in habitat simili.

 src=
Primo piano di un maschio adulto

La NHNZ (Natural History New Zealand) filmò degli oranghi di Sumatra selvatici per il suo programma Wild Asia: In the Realm of the Red Ape; il documentario mostrava diversi esemplari nell'atto di utilizzare strumenti semplici, come un ramoscello per fare leva sul cibo ed estrarlo da luoghi scomodi, mentre un altro esemplare è stato filmato mentre si riparava dalla pioggia di un temporale tropicale con una grossa foglia, a mo' di ombrello.[9]

Oltre ad essere usati come strumenti, i rami degli alberi sono un mezzo di trasporto per l'orango di Sumatra. Gli oranghi sono i mammiferi arboricoli più pesanti al mondo, muovendosi quasi esclusivamente sugli alberi, il che li rende particolarmente suscettibili ai cambiamenti dell'habitat arboreo. Per far fronte a ciò, la loro locomozione è caratterizzata da movimenti lenti, lunghi tempi di contatto e una serie impressionante di posture locomotorie. È stato persino dimostrato che gli oranghi utilizzano la conformità dei supporti verticali per ridurre il costo della locomozione facendo oscillare gli alberi avanti e indietro per avvicinarsi agli altri alberi, assicurandosi di avere almeno tre arti assicurati ad un supporto. Possiedono strategie di locomozione uniche, muovendosi lentamente e utilizzano più supporti per limitare l'oscillazioni dei rami più deboli. Spesso capita che i vecchi maschi di grandi dimensioni abbiano difficoltà a muoversi fra gli alberi a causa del loro peso, e per questo siano costretti a percorrere buoni tratti sul terreno. L'orango di Sumatra è anche più arboricolo del cugino del Borneo; ciò potrebbe essere dovuto alla presenza di grandi predatori, come la tigre di Sumatra sull'isola. Questi animali si muovono tra gli alberi attraverso una locomozione quadrumana (che comprende tutti e quattro gli arti) e semibrachiazione.

A partire dal 2015, la specie degli oranghi di Sumatra conta solo circa 7.000 membri rimanenti, per questo il World Wide Fund for Nature sta tentando di proteggere le specie consentendo loro di riprodursi in un ambiente sicuro in cattività. Tuttavia, ciò rappresenta un rischio per i comportamenti nativi che l'orango di Sumatra dimostra in natura, mentre in cattività, questi animali rischio l'"Effetto Cattività": gli animali tenuti in cattività per un periodo prolungato non sapranno più come comportarsi in natura. Essendo rifornito costantemente di acqua, cibo e riparo e privo di tutte le sfide della vita in natura, il comportamento di questi animali in cattività diventa di natura più esplorativa.[10]

È stato identificato un repertorio di 64 diversi gesti utilizzati dagli oranghi, 29 dei quali si ritiene abbiano un significato specifico che può essere interpretato da altri oranghi. Sono stati identificati sei significati intenzionali: Affiliato/Gioca, Interrompi l'azione, Guarda/Prendi oggetto, Condividi cibo/oggetto, Co-locomotore e Allontanati. Sebbene gli oranghi di Sumatra prediligano comunicare attraverso i gesti tra di loro, emettono anche richiami uditivi: ciascun esemplare, sia esso maschio o femmina, tende a definire un proprio territorio, che nelle femmine copre fra i 500 e i 900 ettari, mentre nei maschi ha un'area di almeno 2500 ettari ed include al suo interno i territori di almeno tre femmine. Per rivendicare la proprietà di un territorio, questi animali emettono dei particolari suoni molto lunghi ed udibili ad oltre un chilometro di distanza (i cosiddetti "richiami lunghi"), simili ad un muggito, che nei maschi sono resi ancora più rumorosi dalla presenza di una sacca estendibile sulla gola. Oltre ad emettere il richiamo, l'animale può anche spezzare dei rami per aumentare il fragore. Sulla breve distanza, gli oranghi comunicano tramite tutta una serie di sbuffi e grugniti, oltre ad emettere una varietà di suoni simili a rutti o pernacchie attraverso la gola o le labbra.[11]

Riproduzione

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Un piccolo orango allo zoo di Zurigo. I cuccioli rimarranno con la madre per i primi 8 anni della loro vita.

L'orango di Sumatra presenta cinque fasi della vita che sono caratterizzate da diverse caratteristiche fisiche e comportamentali. La prima di queste fasi è l'infanzia, che dura dalla nascita fino a circa 2,5 anni di età. A questa età l'animale pesa tra i 2 e i 6 chilogrammi. I neonati sono facilmente identificabili da zone pigmentate più chiare intorno agli occhi e al muso in contrasto con la pigmentazione più scura sul resto del viso, nonché per i lunghi peli che sporgono verso l'esterno intorno al viso. Durante questo periodo, il cucciolo è sempre portato in braccio dalla madre durante gli spostamenti, ed è fortemente dipendente da quest'ultima per il cibo, dormendo anche nello stesso letto di foglie la notte. La fase successiva si chiama giovinezza e si ha luogo tra i 2,5 e i 5 anni di età. A quest'età l'animale pesa tra i 6 e i 15 chilogrammi e non ha un aspetto molto diverso dalla fase precedente. Sebbene sia ancora portato principalmente in giro dalla madre, il giovane giocherà spesso con i coetanei e farà piccoli viaggi esplorativi sempre sotto lo sguardo della madre. Verso la fine di questa fase, il giovane smetterà di dormire nel nido della madre e costruirà un proprio nido nelle vicinanze. Dai 5 agli 8 anni di età, l'orango entra nella fase adolescenziale della vita. A questo stadio pesa circa 15-30 chilogrammi. Le macchie chiare sul viso iniziano a scomparire e alla fine di questa fase il viso diventa completamente scuro. Durante questo periodo, gli oranghi hanno ancora contatti costanti con la madre, ma sviluppano un rapporto più forte con i coetanei mentre giocano in gruppo. Sono ancora giovani e agiscono con cautela nei confronti di adulti non familiari, in particolare con i maschi adulti. All'età di 8 anni, le femmine sono considerate sessualmente mature e iniziano ad avere una prole propria. I maschi, tuttavia, entrare in una fase chiamata sub-età adulta. Questa fase dura dagli 8 ai 13 o 15 anni circa, in cui gli esemplari pesano dai 30 ai 50 chilogrammi. I loro volti sono completamente scuri e iniziano a sviluppare i caratteristici dischi guanciali. La loro barba inizia a crescere, ed i peli intorno al viso si accorciano e invece di puntare verso l'esterno, si appiattiscono lungo il volto. Questa fase segna la maturità sessuale nei maschi, sebbene a questa età gli oranghi sono ancora socialmente sottosviluppati ed eviteranno comunque il contatto con i maschi adulti. Infine, gli oranghi maschi di Sumatra raggiungono l'età adulta tra i 13 e i 15 anni. Un esemplare adulto può raggiungere un peso compreso tra 50 e i 90 chilogrammi, all'incirca il peso di un essere umano adulto. Hanno una barba completamente cresciuta, dischi guanciali completamente sviluppati e lunghi peli su tutto il corpo.[12]

Le femmine vivono tipicamente 44-53 anni allo stato selvatico, mentre i maschi sono leggermente più longevi, raggiungendo anche i 47-58 anni.[13] Le femmine sono in grado di partorire fino a 53 anni, sulla base di studi sui cicli della menopausa. Sia i maschi che le femmine sono generalmente considerati sani anche alla fine della loro vita e possono essere identificati come tali dalla regolare abbondanza di crescita dei peli e dei dischi guanciali.[14]

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Un piccolo orango, nel centro di riabilitazione di Bukit Lawang

L'orango di Sumatra è più socievole della sua controparte del Borneo, tendendo a passare più tempo in piccoli gruppi, dove viene praticato il grooming: questa azione viene praticata in modo abbastanza grezzo (va considerato che, pur riunendosi in gruppetti, gli orangutan rimangono animali abbastanza solitari e quindi non hanno sviluppato molti comportamenti sociali), utilizzando la bocca piuttosto che le mani. Anche per tagliarsi le unghie questi animali utilizzano i denti. I gruppi sono generalmente costituiti da gruppi di femmine ed un compagno maschio preferito. I maschi adulti, invece, tendono generalmente ad evitare i contatti fra loro. I maschi subadulti cercheranno di accoppiarsi con qualsiasi femmina, anche se per lo più senza successo, poiché le femmine mature sono in grado di respingerli facilmente, poiché preferiscono accoppiarsi con i maschi adulti. Solitamente, c'è un maschio specifico in un gruppo per il quale le femmine mature mostreranno preferenza.[15] Gli oranghi maschi di Sumatra a volte hanno un ritardo di molti anni nello sviluppo delle caratteristiche sessuali secondarie, come i dischi guanciali e la massa muscolare.[16]

I maschi mostrano bimaturismo, per cui i maschi adulti che hanno sviluppato completamente i dischi guanciali e i maschi più piccoli privi di dischi guanciali, sono entrambi in grado di riprodursi, ma impiegano strategie d'accoppiamento differenti per farlo.[1]

Generalmente, l'accoppiamento avviene quando la disponibilità di cibo è più elevata, fra dicembre e maggio: la gestazione dura circa otto mesi, al termine dei quali viene dato alla luce un unico cucciolo (i gemelli sono una rarità), che viene accudito unicamente dalla madre per 8-9 anni, durante i quali la genitrice deve insegnargli tutto (cosa mangiare, come comportarsi etc.). Spesso i giovani restano con la madre anche dopo aver raggiunto l'indipendenza, il che avviene attorno al terzo anno di vita.

Gli oranghi hanno intervalli fra le nascite più lunghi rispetto a tutti gli Ominidi (un cucciolo ogni 5-6 anni): le femmine cominciano generalmente a riprodursi dopo il quindicesimo anno d'età, mentre i maschi diventano maturi sessualmente attorno ai diciannove anni[17]. I giovani maschi spesso tentano di stuprare le femmine, a volte rapendo i loro cuccioli per costringerle ad accoppiarsi. Per evitare di essere stuprate, le femmine (in particolare le più giovani, mentre le grosse femmine adulte possono facilmente tener testa ad un giovane maschio, per quanto irruente) tendono a formare gruppi con grossi maschi o con altre femmine.[5]

Nonja, ritenuta l'orango più antico al mondo in cattività o allo stato brado al momento della sua morte, al MetroZoo di Miami, aveva raggiunto la veneranda età di 55 anni.[18]

A partire dal 2019, l'orango più vecchio al mondo in cattività o in natura è Inji, che ha festeggiato il suo 59º compleanno allo zoo dell'Oregon il 30 gennaio.[19]

Dieta

Gli oranghi di Sumatra sono principalmente frugivori, favorendo i frutti costituiti da un grande seme e circondati da una sostanza carnosa, come durian, litchi, giaca, alberi del pane e frutti di fico.[20][21] Anche gli insetti costituiscono una parte enorme della loro dieta; i tipi più consumati sono le formiche, prevalentemente del genere Camponotus (almeno quattro specie indeterminate).[21][22] La loro dieta principale può essere suddivisa in cinque categorie: frutta, insetti, materiale fogliare, corteccia e altri alimenti vari. Gli studi hanno dimostrato che gli oranghi nella zona di Ketambe, in Indonesia, si nutrivano di oltre 92 diversi tipi di frutta, 13 diversi tipi di foglie, e 22 tipi di altri materiali vegetali, come germogli e pseudo-bulbi di orchidee. Gli insetti inclusi nella loro dieta appartenevano ad almeno 17 tipi diversi. Occasionalmente il terreno intorno ai termitai veniva ingerito in piccole quantità.[21] Quando la disponibilità di frutta matura è scarsa, gli oranghi di Sumatra si nutrono anche della carne del lori lento, un primate notturno. Gli oranghi raccolgono l'acqua dalle ciotole naturali che si trovano sugli alberi in cui vivono. Sono stati osservati esemplari bere l'acqua piovana dalle loro pellicce durante i temporali.[23]

Dieta carnivora

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Lori lento

Gli oranghi di Sumatra si nutrono raramente di carne, e non mostrano un pregiudizio maschile, in cui solo i maschi sono inclini a mangiare carne. Una ricerca nell'area di Ketambe ha riportato casi di consumo di carne negli oranghi selvatici di Sumatra, di cui nove erano di oranghi che si nutrivano di lori lenti. La ricerca mostra che nei tre casi più recenti in cui gli oranghi si siano nutriti di lori lenti, la velocità di alimentazione media massima dell'orango adulto per un intero lori lento maschio adulto era di 160,9 g/he, del neonato, 142,4 g/h. Nessun caso è stato segnalato durante l'abbondanza di frutti, il che suggerisce che gli oranghi si nutrano di carne solo come ultima risorsa per la carenza stagionale di frutta. Similmente alla maggior parte delle specie di primati, gli oranghi sembrano condividere la carne solo tra madre e figlio.[23]

Distribuzione e habitat

Attualmente, la distribuzione di questi animali è limitata ad una serie frammentata di aree di foresta pluviale nella punta settentrionale dell'isola di Sumatra, in Indonesia: resti fossili indicano una sua distribuzione passata, oltre che sull'intera isola, anche sulla vicina Giava.

Predilige le aree fra i 200 ed i 1000 m d'altitudine, ma possono essere trovati esemplari anche a 2.000 m.

Genomica

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Confronto tra le specie (da destra verso sinistra) del Borneo, di Sumatra e di Tapanuli

Gli oranghi hanno 48 cromosomi.[24] Il genoma dell'orango di Sumatra è stato sequenziato nel gennaio 2011, sulla base di una femmina in cattività di nome Susie.[25] Dopo gli esseri umani e gli scimpanzé, l'orango di Sumatra è diventato la terza specie esistente di ominidi[26] ad avere il proprio genoma sequenziato.[25][27]

I ricercatori hanno anche pubblicato copie meno complete di dieci oranghi selvatici, cinque del Borneo e cinque di Sumatra. La diversità genetica è risultata inferiore negli oranghi del Borneo (Pongo pygmaeus) rispetto a quelli di Sumatra (Pongo abelii), nonostante il Borneo sia la patria di sei o sette volte più oranghi di Sumatra. Il confronto ha dimostrato che queste due specie si sono separate genomicamente circa 400.000 anni fa, più recentemente di quanto si pensasse in precedenza. Il genoma dell'orango ha anche meno riarrangiamenti rispetto al lignaggio scimpanzé/umano.[25] La sequenza completa e l'annotazione possono essere visualizzate sull'Ensembl Genome Browser.

Conservazione

Minacce

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Un maschio nascosto dietro le foglie, Sumatra

Gli oranghi di Sumatra hanno a che fare con minacce come il disboscamento (sia legale che illegale), la conversione all'ingrosso di foreste in terreni agricoli e piantagioni di palma da olio[28] e la frammentazione del territorio. Le compagnie utilizzano un metodo di deforestazione per riutilizzare i terreni per l'olio di palma. Questa terra è presa dalla foresta in cui vivono gli oranghi di Sumatra. Una valutazione della perdita di foreste negli anni '90 ha concluso che le foreste che danno casa ad almeno 1.000 oranghi sono state perse ogni anno all'interno dell'ecosistema di Leuser.[1]

Nel 2017, circa l'82,5% della popolazione di oranghi di Sumatra era strettamente confinata all'estremità settentrionale dell'isola, nella provincia di Aceh. Gli oranghi si trovano raramente, se non mai, a sud del fiume Simpang Kanan sul lato ovest di Sumatra o a sud del fiume Asahan sul lato est. La popolazione di Pakpak Barat, in particolare, è l'unica popolazione di Sumatra che si prevede sarà in grado di sostenere gli oranghi a lungo termine, dati gli attuali effetti dello spostamento dell'habitat e dell'impatto umano.[1]

Sebbene il bracconaggio generalmente non sia un grosso problema per gli oranghi di Sumatra, la caccia locale occasionale ha comunque ridotto la loro popolazione.[28] In passato questi animali erano cacciati nel nord di Sumatra come cibo; Sebbene i tentativi deliberati di cacciare gli oranghi siano rari al giorno d'oggi, è noto che i locali come i Batak mangino quasi tutti i vertebrati della zona. Inoltre, gli oranghi di Sumatra sono visti come parassiti dagli agricoltori locali, diventando obiettivi di sterminio se vengono visti danneggiare o rubare i raccolti. Nell'aspetto commerciale, la caccia a esemplari sia morti che vivi è stata registrata anche come effetto della domanda da parte degli zoo e delle istituzioni europee e nordamericane per tutto il XX secolo.[21]

Gli oranghi di Sumatra hanno sviluppato un sistema cardiovascolare altamente funzionante. Tuttavia, questo sviluppo di sacche d'aria enormemente migliorate nei polmoni, li ha resi maggiormente sensibili alla sacculite aerea, più diffusa tra gli oranghi di questa specie. La sacculite aerea è simile all'infezione da streptococco presentando sintomi simili, ad esempio la faringite streptococcica, in Homo sapiens. Questa infezione batterica sta diventando sempre più comune negli oranghi in cattività, per via della loro esposizione al ceppo umano di Streptococcus. All'inizio, entrambi i ceppi venivano trattati e curati con antibiotici insieme al riposo. Eppure, nel 2014, un orango di Sumatra, da dieci anni in cattività, è stato il primo della sua specie a morire di Streptococcus anginosus. Questo rimane l'unico caso noto, ma solleva la questione del perché la nota cura umana per lo streptococco fosse inefficace in questo caso.[29]

Stato di conservazione

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Una femmina con cucciolo di fronte ad'uomo

L'orango di Sumatra è endemico della parte settentrionale di Sumatra. In natura, gli oranghi di Sumatra sopravvivono solo nella provincia di Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD), la punta più settentrionale dell'isola.[20] Un tempo questi primati era molto più diffusi, poiché furono trovati più a sud nel XIX secolo, come a Jambi e Padang.[21] Esistono piccole popolazioni nella provincia della Sumatra settentrionale lungo il confine con il NAD, in particolare nelle foreste del lago Toba. Un sondaggio nella regione del lago Toba ha trovato solo due aree abitate, Bukit Lawang (definito come l'ultimo santuario di questi animali) ed il Parco Nazionale di Gunung Leuser.[30] La specie è stata valutata come in pericolo critico nella Lista Rossa IUCN, dal 2000.[1][31] Dal 2000 al 2008 è stato considerata uno dei "25 primati più minacciati al mondo".[32]

Un sondaggio pubblicato nel marzo 2016 stima una popolazione di 14.613 oranghi di Sumatra allo stato brado, raddoppiando le precedenti stime sulla popolazione.[33] Un'indagine del 2004 aveva stimato che circa 7.300 oranghi di Sumatra vivessero ancora allo stato brado. Lo stesso studio stima una superficie occupata di 20.552 km 2 per gli oranghi di Sumatra, di cui solo una fascia di area approssimativa di 8.992 km 2 ospita popolazioni permanenti.[20] Alcuni di loro sono protetti in cinque aree nel Parco nazionale di Gunung Leuser; altri vivono in aree non protette, come il blocco di Aceh nord-ovest e nord-est, il fiume Batang Toru occidentale, il Sarulla orientale e il Sidiangkat. Un programma di allevamento di successo è stato istituito nel Parco Nazionale Bukit Tiga Puluh a Jambie le province di Riau. La causa principale che minaccia questi animali sono le compagnie dell'olio di palma che distruggono le foreste pluviali native per far crescere le loro piantagioni di palme da olio.

Recentemente, sono state prese in considerazione due principali strategie per la conservare di questa specie: 1) la riabilitazione e la reintroduzione in natura di individui in cattività o costretti a lasciare il proprio territorio; 2) la protezione del loro habitat forestale prevenendo minacce come la deforestazione e la caccia. La prima è stato determinato come la più efficiente in termini di costi per il mantenimento delle popolazioni di oranghi selvatici, ma ha una scala temporale più lunga di 10-20 anni. Quest'ultimo approccio ha migliori prospettive per garantire la stabilità a lungo termine delle popolazioni.[34] Questo tipo di approccio alla conservazione dell'habitat è stato perseguito dal World Wide Fund for Nature, che ha unito le forze con diverse altre organizzazioni per fermare lo sgombero della maggior parte della foresta naturale rimasta vicino al Bukit Tigapuluh National Park.[23]

Oltre alle suddette popolazioni selvatiche esistenti, una nuova popolazione si sta stabilendo nel Parco Nazionale Bukit Tigapuluh (Province di Jambi e Riau) attraverso la reintroduzione di animali domestici illegali confiscati.[35] Questa popolazione conta attualmente circa 70 individui e si sta riproducendo.[1] Tuttavia si è concluso che la conservazione delle foreste costa dodici volte meno della reintroduzione degli oranghi in natura e conserva una maggiore diversità biologica.[34]

Gli oranghi hanno bisogno di grandi territori e hanno una bassa densità di popolazione, il che complica gli sforzi di conservazione. La densità della popolazione dipende in larga misura dall'abbondanza di frutti a polpa morbida. L'orango di Sumatra si sposterà stagionalmente tra le regioni di pianura, intermedia e montuosa, in base alla disponibilità di frutta. Le foreste indisturbate con una gamma altitudinale più ampia possono quindi sostenere popolazioni di oranghi più grandi; al contrario, la frammentazione e l'elevata rimozione delle aree forestali interrompe questo movimento stagionale. Sumatra ha attualmente uno dei tassi di deforestazione più alti al mondo.[36]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Pongo abelii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 12 maggio 2018.
  2. ^ (FR) René-Primevère Lesson, Manuel de mammalogie ou Histoire naturelle des mammifères, Paris, Roret, Libraire, 1827, p. 32.
  3. ^ (EN) Sumatran Orangutan | Species | WWF, su World Wildlife Fund. URL consultato il 12 giugno 2019.
  4. ^ Orangutan Pongo, su pin.primate.wisc.edu, Primate Info Net.
  5. ^ a b S. A. Wich, S. S. Utami-Atmoko, T. M. Setia, H. D. Rijksen, C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff e C. P. van Schaik, Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), in Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 47, n. 6, 2004, pp. 385–398, DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006, PMID 15566945.
  6. ^ Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan, su bbc.co.uk, BBC. URL consultato il 3 luglio 2009 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 giugno 2009).
  7. ^ Zimmer, Carl. "Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans" Discover Magazine, November 1995.
  8. ^ a b c C. P. van Schaik, E. A. Fox e A. F. Sitompul, Manufacture and use of tools in wild Sumatran orangutans, in Naturwissenschaften, vol. 83, n. 4, 1º aprile 1996, pp. 186–188, DOI:10.1007/BF01143062, ISSN 0028-1042, PMID 8643126.
  9. ^ Zimmer, Carl Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans Discover Magazine, November 1995
  10. ^ Sofia I. F. Forss, Caroline Schuppli, Dominique Haiden, Nicole Zweifel e Carel P. van Schaik, Contrasting responses to novelty by wild and captive orangutans, in American Journal of Primatology, vol. 77, n. 10, 1º ottobre 2015, pp. 1109–1121, DOI:10.1002/ajp.22445, ISSN 1098-2345, PMID 26119509.
  11. ^ E. A. Cartmill e R. W. Byrne, Semantics of primate gestures: intentional meanings of orangutan gestures, in Animal Cognition, vol. 13, n. 6, 2010, pp. 793–804, DOI:10.1007/s10071-010-0328-7, PMID 20563619.
  12. ^ Field study on Sumatran orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson 1827) : ecology, behaviour and conservation, Netherlands, H. Veenman, 1978. URL consultato il 6 novembre 2015.
  13. ^ 'World's oldest' orang-utan dies, BBC News, 31 dicembre 2007.
  14. ^ (EN) Pongo abelii (Sumatran orangutan), su Animal Diversity Web. URL consultato il 28 novembre 2018.
  15. ^ I. Singleton e C. P. van Schaik, The social organisation of a population of Sumatran orang-utans, in Folia Primatologica, vol. 73, n. 1, 2002, pp. 1–20, DOI:10.1159/000060415, PMID 12065937.
  16. ^ G. R. Pradhan, M. A. van Noordwijk e C. van Schaik, A model for the evolution of developmental arrest in male orangutans, in American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 149, n. 1, 2012, pp. 18–25, DOI:10.1002/ajpa.22079, PMID 22552966.
  17. ^ S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik, Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), in Journal of Human Evolution, vol. 47, n. 6, 2004, pp. 385–398, DOI:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006.
  18. ^ 'World's oldest' orang-utan dies, BBC News, 31 dicembre 2007.
  19. ^ https://www.kgw.com/article/news/local/animal/oregon-zoo-celebrates-59th-birthday-of-inji-believed-to-be-worlds-oldest-orangutan/283-01046d9e-a30e-449a-ac74-4d8007ec4fc8
  20. ^ a b c Singleton, I., S. Wich, S. Husson, S. Stephens, S. Utami Atmoko, M. Leighton, N. Rosen, K. Traylor-Holzer, R. Lacy e O. Byers, Orangutan Population and Habitat Viability Assessment, in Final Report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (CSG), IUCN, 2004.
  21. ^ a b c d e H. D. Rijksen, A Field Study on Sumatran Orang utans (Pongo pygmaeus abelli, Lesson 1827), in Ecology, Behavior and Conservation, 1978.
  22. ^ BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan Archiviato il 24 giugno 2009 in Internet Archive.
  23. ^ a b c M. E. Hardus, A. R. Lameira, A. Zulfa, S. S. U. Atmoko, H. de Vries e S. A. Wich, Behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of meat-eating by Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), in International Journal of Primatology, vol. 33, n. 2, 2012, pp. 287–304, DOI:10.1007/s10764-011-9574-z, PMC 3311982, PMID 22467998.
  24. ^ Alexander Sharshov, New Page 1, in SB RAS Novobrisk, Institute of Cytology and Genetics. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2011.
  25. ^ a b c Ranjeet Singh, Orang-utans join the genome gang, in Nature, 26 gennaio 2011, DOI:10.1038/news.2011.50. URL consultato il 27 gennaio 2011.
  26. ^ Geoff Spencer, NIH-funded scientists publish orangutan genome sequence, in National Institutes of Health News, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 26 gennaio 2011. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2011.
  27. ^ Jon Cohen, Orangutan Genome Full of Surprises, in Science Now, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 26 gennaio 2011. URL consultato il 28 gennaio 2011 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 gennaio 2011).
  28. ^ a b (EN) The Associated Press, Orangutan blinded after being shot 74 times with air gun pellets, su CBC News, 18 marzo 2019. URL consultato il 19 marzo 2019.
  29. ^ E.a. Ihms, J.b. Daniels, C.s. Koivisto, M.t. Barrie e D.s. Russell, Fatal Streptococcus anginosus-associated pneumonia in a captive Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), in Journal of Medical Primatology, vol. 43, n. 1, 1º febbraio 2014, pp. 48–51, DOI:10.1111/jmp.12085, ISSN 1600-0684, PMID 24117447.
  30. ^ S. A. Wich, I. Singleton, S. S. Utami-Atmoko, M. L. Geurts, H. D. Rijksen e C. P. van Schaik, The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update, in Flora & Fauna International, vol. 37, n. 1, 2003, p. 49, DOI:10.1017/S0030605303000115.
  31. ^ S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; and C. P. van Schaik, The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update, in Flora & Fauna International, vol. 37, n. 1, 2003, p. 49, DOI:10.1017/S0030605303000115.
  32. ^ Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF), Illustrated by S.D. Nash, Arlington, VA., IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), 2009, pp. 1–92, ISBN 978-1-934151-34-1. URL consultato il 14 novembre 2020 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 gennaio 2011).
  33. ^ Serge A. Wich, Ian Singleton, Matthew G. Nowak, Sri Suci Utami Atmoko, Gonda Nisam, Sugesti Mhd. Arif, Rudi H. Putra, Rio Ardi, Gabriella Fredriksson, Graham Usher, David L. A. Gaveau e Hjalmar S. Kühl, Land-cover changes predict steep declines for the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), in Science Advances, vol. 2, n. 3, 2016, pp. e1500789, DOI:10.1126/sciadv.1500789, PMC 4783118, PMID 26973868.
  34. ^ a b Howard B. Wilson, Erik Meijaard, Oscar Venter, Marc Ancrenaz e Hugh P. Possingham, Conservation Strategies for Orangutans: Reintroduction versus Habitat Preservation and the Benefits of Sustainably Logged Forest, in PLOS ONE, vol. 9, n. 7, 2014, pp. e102174, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0102174, PMC 4099073, PMID 25025134.
  35. ^ A Sumatran orangutan returns to the jungle, su multimedia.dw.com. URL consultato il 27 febbraio 2019.
  36. ^ R. Buij, S. A. Wich, A. H. Lubis e E. H. M. Sterck, Seasonal movements in the Sumatran orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and consequences for conservation, in Biological Conservation, vol. 107, n. 1, 2002, pp. 83–87, DOI:10.1016/s0006-3207(02)00048-4.

Bibliografia

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Pongo abelii: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

L'orango di Sumatra (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) è una delle tre specie di oranghi, endemica della parte settentrionale dell'isola indonesiana di Sumatra. È più raro dell'orango del Borneo ma più comune dell'orango di Tapanuli, anch'esso endemico di Sumatra. Il suo nome comune si basa su due parole locali separate, "orang" ("popolo" o "persona") e "hutan" ("foresta"), derivate dalla lingua ufficiale della Malesia, il malese, che si traduce in "persona (o uomo) della foresta". Originariamente era considerata una sottospecie (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) dell'orango del Borneo.

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Sumatrinis orangutanas ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Pongo abelii
Mapa distribuicao pongo abelii.png

Sumatrinis orangutanas (lot. Pongo abelii, angl. Sumatran Orangutan) – hominidų (Hominidae) šeimos primatas (Primates), priklausantis orangutanų (Pongo) genčiai.

Šaltiniai

  1. „IUCN Red List - Pongo abelii“. IUCN Red list. Nuoroda tikrinta 2017-10-16.


Vikiteka

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Sumatrinis orangutanas: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Sumatrinis orangutanas (lot. Pongo abelii, angl. Sumatran Orangutan) – hominidų (Hominidae) šeimos primatas (Primates), priklausantis orangutanų (Pongo) genčiai.

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Orang utan Sumatera ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Orang utan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) merupakan salah satu daripada dua spesies orang utan. Ditemui hanya di pulau Sumatera di Indonesia, ia lebih jarang dan lebih kecil daripada Orang utan Borneo. Orang utan Sumatera membesar sehingga ketinggiannya mencapai 1.4 meter (4.6 ka) dan berat sehingga 90 kilogram (200 lb) bagi orang utan jantan. Orang utan betina pula adalah lebih kecil, dengan purata ketinggian 90 sentimeter (3.0 ka) dan berat 45 kilogram (99 lb).

Kelakuan

 src=
Orang utan Sumatera di Bukit Lawang

Jika dibandingkan dengan Orang utan Borneo, Orang utan Sumatera lebih cenderung memakan buah-buahan serta serangga.[3] Buah kegemarannya termasuklah buah pokok ara dan nangka. Ia juga akan memakan telur burung serta haiwan vertebrata kecil.[4] Orang utan Sumatera tidak banyak menghabiskan masa untuk makan bahagian dalam kulit pokok.

Orang utan Sumatera liar di paya Suaq Balimbing dikenal pasti menggunakan peralatan.[5] Seekor orang utan akan mematahkan dahan pokok sepanjang lebih kurang sekaki, memijak rantai serta menjadikan salah satu hujungnya berbulu. Ia kemudiannya menggunakan batang kayu tersebut untuk menggali lubang pokok untuk mencari anai-anai. Ia juga menggunakan batang kayu itu untuk merodok dinding sarang lebah, menggerakkannya serta mengambil madunya. Sebagai tambahan, orang utan juga menggunakan peralatan untuk memakan buah. Semasa buah pokok Neesia masak, kulitnya yang keras dan beralun akan menjadi lembut sehingga ia gugur dan terbuka. Di dalamnya terdapat biji yang disukai orang utan, tetapi diselaputi rerambut seakan gentian kaca yang menyebabkan kesakitan jika termakan. Orang utan pemakan Neesia ini akan memilih kayu sepanjang lima inci, mengopek kulitnya, dan kemudian mengumpulkan rerambut dengan menggunakan kayu tersebut. Setelah buat tersebut selamat dimakan, orang utan akan makan biji-biji tersebut sama ada menggunakan batang kayu ataupun jari. Walaupun paya yang sama terdapat di, Orang utan Borneo liar tidak pula dilihat menggunakan peralatan seperti itu.

NHNZ telah merakam aksi Orang utan Sumatera untuk rancangan Wild Asia: In the Realm of the Red Ape; rancangan tersebut menunjukkan seekor orang utan menggunakan satu alatan mudah, sebatang ranting, untuk mengopek buah dari tempat yang sukar. Terdapat juga babak seekor haiwan menggunakan sehelai daun besar sebagai payung semasa hujan ribut yang lebat.

Orang utan Sumatera lebih banyak hidup di atas pokok berbanding orang utan Borneo; ia berkemungkinan disebabkan kehadiran haiwan pemangsa yang besar seperti harimau Sumatera. Ia bergerak dari pokok ke pokok melalui pembrakiuman.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). Wilson, D. E., dan Reeder, D. M. (ed.), penyunting. Mammal Species of the World (edisi ke-3). Percetakan Universiti Johns Hopkins. m/s. {{{pages}}}. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai editor (link) Selenggaraan CS1: Extra text: senarai editor (link)
  2. ^ Singleton, I., Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. (2008). Pongo abelii. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 4 January 2009.
  3. ^ S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik (2004). "Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)". Journal of Human Evolution. 47 (6): 385–398. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.08.006. PMID 15566945.Selenggaraan CS1: Pelbagai nama: senarai pengarang (link)
  4. ^ "Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan". BBC. Diarkibkan daripada asal pada 2012-07-21. Dicapai 2009-07-03.
  5. ^ Zimmer, Carl. "Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans" Discover Magazine, November 1995.

Pautan luar

Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan: Orang utan Sumatera.
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Orang utan Sumatera: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS

Orang utan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) merupakan salah satu daripada dua spesies orang utan. Ditemui hanya di pulau Sumatera di Indonesia, ia lebih jarang dan lebih kecil daripada Orang utan Borneo. Orang utan Sumatera membesar sehingga ketinggiannya mencapai 1.4 meter (4.6 ka) dan berat sehingga 90 kilogram (200 lb) bagi orang utan jantan. Orang utan betina pula adalah lebih kecil, dengan purata ketinggian 90 sentimeter (3.0 ka) dan berat 45 kilogram (99 lb).

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Sumatraanse orang-oetan ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Sumatraanse orang-oetan (Pongo abelii) is een ernstig met uitsterven bedreigde orang-oetan (mensaap) die van nature in het tropisch regenwoud op het Indonesische eiland Sumatra voorkomt.

Kenmerken

De Sumatraanse orang-oetan en Borneose orang-oetan werden oorspronkelijk als twee ondersoorten van dezelfde soort beschouwd, maar worden nu algemeen gezien als twee aparte soorten. In vergelijking met de Borneose orang-oetan is de Sumatraanse orang-oetan kleiner en heeft het een lichter gekleurde en dikkere vacht. De Sumatraanse orang-oetan is socialer en eet meer insecten dan de Borneose soort. Anders dan de Borneose orang-oetan houdt de Sumatraanse orang-oetan zich voornamelijk in de bomen op, wat mogelijk komt door de aanwezigheid van de Sumatraanse tijger op Sumatra, de belangrijkste natuurlijke vijand van de Sumatraanse orang-oetan.

Volwassen mannetjes wegen gemiddeld 87 kilo en zijn 0,97 meter groot. Vrouwtjes wegen gemiddeld 37 kg en zijn 0,78 meter groot. De Sumatraanse orang-oetan kan meer dan 50 jaar oud worden. De oudste Sumatraanse orang-oetan in gevangenschap werd 62 jaar.[2]

Bedreiging

Status

De soort wordt sinds 2002 door de IUCN aangemerkt als ernstig bedreigd ("kritiek"). De belangrijkste bedreiging is habitatverlies door ontbossing, voornamelijk voor houtwinning. In de laatste 75 jaar is de populatie met 80% gedaald. De soort komt nu alleen nog in het westelijk deel van Noord-Sumatra voor, voornamelijk in Nationaal Park Gunung Leuser. Het huidige aantal individuen die in het wild voorkomen wordt geschat op 14.600.[3]

De Sumatraanse orang-oetan staat sinds 2000 op de IUCN-lijst van de 25 meest bedreigde primatensoorten ter wereld.[4]

Activiteiten

Het in 1998 opgerichte Australische The Orangutan Project vestigt een nieuwe populatie in Nationaal Park Bukit Tigapuluh in Oost-Sumatra, via herintroductie van orang-oetans die als huisdier werden gehouden. Deze populatie bestaat uit ongeveer 70 individuen.

Het Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme is sinds 2002 actief bezig met het redden van de Sumatraanse orang-oetan. In Nederland werd in 2003 de stichting Monkey Business opgericht naar aanleiding van de kritieke toestand van de soort.

Genoom

In 2011 is het genoom van de Sumatraanse orang-oetan in kaart gebracht, de derde mensapensoort (na de mens en chimpansee) waarvan dit gebeurde. Wetenschappers denken dat dit het mogelijk zal maken voor dierenbeschermers om prioriteit te geven aan populaties met hoge genetische diversiteit. Ook kunnen broedprogramma's in dierentuinen hiermee streven naar grotere genetische diversiteit.[5]

Een eerste analyse wees uit dat de soort genetisch trager is geëvolueerd dan de mens en chimpansee. De bestaande populatie is genetisch gezien diverser dan bij de Borneose orang-oetan, desalniettemin er minder exemplaren van de Sumatraanse overblijven.[5][6] Ook vergeleken met de mens is de Sumatraanse orang-oetan genetisch diverser.[7] Verder zijn volgens de analyse de mens en de Sumatraanse orang-oetan voor ruim 97% identiek.[8]

Afbeeldingen

Externe links

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Sumatraanse orang-oetan op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Oudste Sumatraanse orang-oetan (62) ter wereld overleden. NU.nl (19 juni 2018). Geraadpleegd op 19 juni 2018.
  3. More Sumatran orangutans than previously thought. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (4 maart 2016). Geraadpleegd op 11 maart 2016.
  4. (2009). Primates in Peril: The World's 25 Most Endangered Primates 2008–2010 (PDF): 1–92 (IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI)).
  5. a b "Orang-utans join the genome gang", Nature, 26 januari 2011 DOI:10.1038/news.2011.50
  6. Orangutan genome 'evolved slowly'. BBC (27 januari 2011). Geraadpleegd op 30 januari 2011.
  7. Tiny orang-utan populations are surprisingly diverse. New Scientist (26 januari 2011). Geraadpleegd op 30 januari 2011.
  8. Locke, D.P., Hillier, L. W., Warren, W. C., Worley, K. C., Nazareth, L. V., Muzny, D. M., et al. (2011). Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes. Nature 469: 529-533 . DOI: 10.1038/nature09687.
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Sumatraanse orang-oetan: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De Sumatraanse orang-oetan (Pongo abelii) is een ernstig met uitsterven bedreigde orang-oetan (mensaap) die van nature in het tropisch regenwoud op het Indonesische eiland Sumatra voorkomt.

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Sumatraorangutang ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Sumatraorangutang (Pongo abelii) tilhører slekten orangutanger (Pongo), som er store eurasiske aper (Ponginae). Arten er endemisk for øya Sumatra i Sørøst-Asia. Den nærmeste slektningen er borneoorangutangen (P. pygmaeus), som lever på øya Borneo og skiller seg fra sumatraorangutangen gjennom blant annet kortere pels.

Inndeling

Inndelingen under følger Goodman et al. (1990)[2] og Groves (2005).[3] Slektskapsforholdene mellom menneskeapene er, gjengitt i hierarkisk skrivemåte og supplert med en evolusjonær tidsskala.

Treliste

Referanser

  1. ^ Singleton, I., Wich , S.A., Nowak, M. & Usher, G. 2016. Pongo abelii. (errata version published in 2016) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T39780A102329901.
  2. ^ M. Goodman; D. A. Tagle; D. H. Fitch; W. Bailey; J. Czelusniak; B. F. Koop; P. Benson; J. L. Slightom (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 30 (3): 260–266. doi:10.1007/BF02099995. PMID 2109087.
  3. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 181–184. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

Eksterne lenker


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Sumatraorangutang: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Sumatraorangutang (Pongo abelii) tilhører slekten orangutanger (Pongo), som er store eurasiske aper (Ponginae). Arten er endemisk for øya Sumatra i Sørøst-Asia. Den nærmeste slektningen er borneoorangutangen (P. pygmaeus), som lever på øya Borneo og skiller seg fra sumatraorangutangen gjennom blant annet kortere pels.

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Orangutan sumatrzański ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Orangutan sumatrzański (Pongo abelii) – jeden z trzech gatunków orangutana. Endemiczny dla Sumatry. Mniejszy niż orangutan borneański, dorasta do 125–150 cm wzrostu i 30–90 kg w zależności od płci[2].

Orangutan sumatrzański jest gatunkiem zagrożonym[3].

W przeciwieństwie do Pongo pygmaeus ma na twarzy długie włosy[2].

Systematyka

W przeszłości orangutana sumatrzańskiego uznawano za podgatunek w obrębie Pongo pygmaeus. Obecnie uznaje się je za odrębne gatunki[1].

Wśród obecnie żyjących wielkich małp orangutany są najmniej spokrewnione z człowiekiem[1].

Istnieją także krzyżówki międzygatunkowe[4].

Tryb życia

Orangutan sumatrzański prowadzi częściowo samotny tryb życia, w przypadku spotkania szukających pokarmu zwierząt - w 20% napotyka się więcej niż jednego osobnika. Tym samym struktura społeczna orangutanów różni się znacząco chociażby od żyjących w stadach szympansów. Być może odpowiada za to specyfika środowiska, w którym jeden osobnik potrzebuje dużej powierzchni, by się wyżywić[4].

Odnotowano też różnice w zachowaniu zwierząt zamieszkujących różne tereny, nie wydaje się jednak, by wynikały one z różnic w środowiskach. Mogą one stanowić pewnego rodzaju kulturę[4].

Cykl życiowy

Samiec osiąga dojrzałość płciową w wieku 15 lat, samica natomiast już w wieku 8 lat[4].

Osobowość

Osobowość orangutanów mierzy się za pomocą Orangutan Personality Questionnaire (OPQ)[4].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Liczebność tego gatunku ulega spadkowi, przez ostatnie 75 lat wyniósł on ponad 80%[1]. W 2016 r. ich populację szacowano na 13.846 osobników zamieszkujących na obszarze 16.775 km², z czego 82,5% na terenie prowincji Aceh. W latach 1985–2007 obszar występowania gatunku zmniejszył się o 60%.

Przypisy

  1. a b c d Pongo abelii. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  2. a b WWF Poland - Ochrona przyrody z ludźmi i dla ludzi
  3. Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M. (2007). Pongo abelii. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007. Data dostępu: 2007-09-13.
  4. a b c d e Alexander Weiss, James E. King & Lori Perkins. Personality and Subjective Well-Being in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii). „Journal of Personality and Social Psychology”. 90, s. 501–511, 2006 (ang.).
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Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
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Orangutan sumatrzański: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Orangutan sumatrzański (Pongo abelii) – jeden z trzech gatunków orangutana. Endemiczny dla Sumatry. Mniejszy niż orangutan borneański, dorasta do 125–150 cm wzrostu i 30–90 kg w zależności od płci.

Orangutan sumatrzański jest gatunkiem zagrożonym.

W przeciwieństwie do Pongo pygmaeus ma na twarzy długie włosy.

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Pongo abelii ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Orangotango-de-sumatra (nome científico: Pongo abelii) é uma das três espécies de orangotangos. São encontrados apenas na ilha de Sumatra, sendo uma das mais raras espécies (aproximadamente 7300 indivíduos em estado selvagem).[3] Os machos podem atingir 1,4 metros de altura e chegam a pesar 90 quilos, porém as fêmeas, são bem menores e podem atingir 90 cm e pesar 45 quilos.

Comportamento e ecologia

Comparado ao orangotango-de-bornéu, o orangotango-de-sumatra tende a ser mais frugívoro e especialmente insetívoro. Prefere frutas como figos e jacas. Também come ovos de pássaros e pequenos vertebrados.[4] Os orangotangos-de-sumatra gastam pouco tempo se alimentando das cascas no interior das árvores.

O orangotango-de-sumatra é quase exclusivamente arborícola. As fêmeas nunca viajam no chão e os machos o fazem raramente, isto deve-se a presença de tigres.[3]

Distribuição geográfica

Atualmente, os orangotangos se concentram maioritariamente no extremo norte de Sumatra. Entretanto, estudos científicos locais, comprovam a antiga existência desses animais por toda a ilha asiática e até mesmo em Java. Se concentram principalmente entre os 200 e 1000 metros de altitude, mas também podem ser achados em altitudes maiores.[carece de fontes?]

Reprodução

O período de gestação é de cerca de 260 dias e a cria é amamentada até completar aproximadamente 3 anos de idade. Os machos se tornam sexualmente maduros a partir dos nove anos e as fêmeas aos sete.[carece de fontes?]

Genoma

 src=
Um Orangotango-de-sumatra em Bukit Lawang.

Os orangotangos tem 48 cromossomos.[5] O genoma dos orangotangos de Sumatra foi sequênciado em janeiro de 2011, baseado numa fêmea criada em cativeiro chamada Susie.[6] Seguindo humanos e chimpanzés, o orangotango-de-sumatra se tornou o terceiro hominídeo a ter seu genoma sequênciado.[6][7][8]

Os pesquisadores também publicaram cópias menos completas de 10 orangotangos, 5 de Bornéu e 5 de Sumatra. Verificou-se que a diversidade genética foi menor no orangotango-de-bornéu do que no orangotango-de-sumatra, apesar do fato de que o Bornéu ser o lar de seis ou sete vezes mais orangotangos do que em Sumatra. A comparação mostrou que as duas espécies divergiram há aproximadamente 400.000 anos atrás, mais recentemente do que se pensava anteriormente.[6]

Ver também

Referências

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–181. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  2. Singleton, I., Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. (2008). Pongo abelii (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 06 de dezembro de 2012..
  3. a b «Orangotango-de-sumatra na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 9 de setembro de 2012 A referência emprega parâmetros obsoletos |acessdate= (ajuda)
  4. «Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan» (em inglês). BBC. Consultado em 3 de julho de 2009. Arquivado do original em 21 de julho de 2012
  5. Sharshov, Alexander. «New Page 1». SB RAS Novobrisk. Institute of Cytology and Genetics. Consultado em 28 de janeiro de 2011
  6. a b c Singh, Ranjeet (26 de janeiro de 2011). «Orang-utans join the genome gang». Nature (em inglês). doi:10.1038/news.2011.50. Consultado em 27 de janeiro de 2011
  7. Spencer, Geoff (26 de janeiro de 2011). «NIH-funded scientists publish orangutan genome sequence». National Institutes of Health News (em inglês). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Consultado em 28 de janeiro de 2011
  8. Cohen, Jon (26 de janeiro de 2011). «Orangutan Genome Full of Surprises». Science Now (em inglês). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Consultado em 28 de janeiro de 2011
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Pongo abelii: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Orangotango-de-sumatra (nome científico: Pongo abelii) é uma das três espécies de orangotangos. São encontrados apenas na ilha de Sumatra, sendo uma das mais raras espécies (aproximadamente 7300 indivíduos em estado selvagem). Os machos podem atingir 1,4 metros de altura e chegam a pesar 90 quilos, porém as fêmeas, são bem menores e podem atingir 90 cm e pesar 45 quilos.

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Orangutan sumatriansky ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Orangutan sumatriansky alebo staršie aj orangutan sundský sumatranský [2] (Pongo abelii; staršie: Pongo pygmaeus abelii) je druh orangutana, ktorý žije iba na severe ostrova Sumatra.

Z ostatných druhov je vzácnejší ako orangutan bornejský (ostrov Borneo), ale hojnejší ako Pongo tapanuliensis (ostrov Sumatra).

Samce dorastajú do výšky 1,4 m a vážia 90 kg. Samice sú menšie, vysoké 90 cm s váhou 45 kg. V porovnaní s orangutanom bornejským sú štíhlejší a majú dlhšiu tvár, ich srsť je dlhšia so svetlejšou červenou farbou[3].

Vo voľnej prírode sa dožíva viac ako 50 rokov.[4]

Referencie

  1. Singleton, I., Wich , S.A., Nowak, M., Usher, G. & Utami-Atmoko, S.S. 2017. Pongo abelii (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T121097935A123797627. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T121097935A115575085.en. Prístup 13. november 2018.
  2. [1]
  3. Orangutan Pongo [online]. pin.primate.wisc.edu, [cit. 2018-11-13]. Dostupné online.
  4. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) [online]. sciencedirect.com, 2004-12-06, [cit. 2018-11-13]. Dostupné online. (po anglicky)

Iné projekty

Zdroj

Tento článok je čiastočný alebo úplný preklad článku Sumatran orangutan na anglickej Wikipédii.

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Orangutan sumatriansky: Brief Summary ( Eslovaco )

fornecido por wikipedia SK

Orangutan sumatriansky alebo staršie aj orangutan sundský sumatranský (Pongo abelii; staršie: Pongo pygmaeus abelii) je druh orangutana, ktorý žije iba na severe ostrova Sumatra.

Z ostatných druhov je vzácnejší ako orangutan bornejský (ostrov Borneo), ale hojnejší ako Pongo tapanuliensis (ostrov Sumatra).

Samce dorastajú do výšky 1,4 m a vážia 90 kg. Samice sú menšie, vysoké 90 cm s váhou 45 kg. V porovnaní s orangutanom bornejským sú štíhlejší a majú dlhšiu tvár, ich srsť je dlhšia so svetlejšou červenou farbou.

Vo voľnej prírode sa dožíva viac ako 50 rokov.

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wikipedia SK

Sumatraorangutang ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Sumatraorangutang[2] (Pongo abelii) är en utrotningshotad primat som förekommer endemiskSumatra. Populationen räknades fram till tidiga 2000-talet som underart till Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) och listas numera som god art.[1][3]

Artepitet i det vetenskapliga namnet hedrar den brittiska läkaren och naturforskaren Clarke Abel.[4]

Utseende

Denna primat har rödaktig päls och håren är allmänt längre än hos Borneoorangutang. Dessutom har båda kön ett längre skägg än arten på Borneo. Vid hanarnas kinder finns svullnader som är täckta av fina vita hår. Sumatraorangutang är smalare än sin nära släkting.[5] Med en genomsnittlig kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 97 cm och en vikt mellan 60 och 90 kg är hanar tydlig större än honor. Honor blir vanligen 78 cm långa och 40 till 50 kg tunga.[6] När stora hanar står är de cirka 180 cm höga och när de sträcker ut sina armar åt varje håll är avståndet mellan fingertopparna 225 cm.[5]

Utbredning och habitat

Arten har flera från varandra skilda populationer på norra Sumatra. De flesta individer lever i regioner som ligger lägre än 1000 meter över havet och några exemplar hittas längre upp i bergstrakterna. Sumatraorangutang behöver ursprungliga fuktiga skogar som habitat.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna är aktiva på dagen och de klättrar främst i växtligheten. För natten bygger de av trädens grenar och blad ett slags näste. Sumatraorangutang är mera social än sin nära släkting och den syns ofta i mindre grupper.[5]

Liksom den andra arten i släktet äter den främst frukter som kompletteras med blad, insekter och ibland med individer från primatsläktet tröglorier (Nycticebus). Honor kan få sin första unge när de är 15 år gamla och de har sedan kullar med 8 till 9 år mellanrum. Dräktigheten varar cirka 254 dagar. De äldsta kända individerna levde 53 (honor) respektive 58 (hanar) år.[1]

Hot och status

Ibland dödas en individ av en sumatratiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) eller en trädleopard (Neofelis diardi) som är artens enda naturliga fiender.[5]

Sumatraorangutang reagerar mycket känslig på skogsavverkningar. Dessutom hotas arten av illegal jakt, till exempel för köttets skull eller av bönder som betraktar primaten som skadedjur på odlade frukter. Ibland fångas ungdjur för att hålla de som sällskapsdjur. IUCN uppskattar att beståndet minskade med 80 procent under de gångna 75 åren (tre generationer) och listar Sumatraorangutang som akut hotad (CR).[1]

För att skydda arten inrättades Gunung Leuser nationalpark och flera andra skyddsområden som är en del av världsarvet Sumatras tropiska regnskog.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M. 2008 Pongo abelii Från: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 4 oktober 2014.
  2. ^ Orangutanger, Nationalencyklopedin, läst 4 oktober 2014.
  3. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Pongo abelii (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  4. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2009). ”Abel”. The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9. OCLC 270129903
  5. ^ [a b c d] K. Urban (23 april 2008). Pongo abelii (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Pongo_abelii/. Läst 4 oktober 2014.
  6. ^ Martha Lorenz (9 januari 2004). ”Sumatran orangutan”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 6 oktober 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065802/http://www.arkive.org/sumatran-orangutan/pongo-abelii/. Läst 4 oktober 2014.

Externa länkar

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wikipedia SV

Sumatraorangutang: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Sumatraorangutang (Pongo abelii) är en utrotningshotad primat som förekommer endemiskSumatra. Populationen räknades fram till tidiga 2000-talet som underart till Borneoorangutang (Pongo pygmaeus) och listas numera som god art.

Artepitet i det vetenskapliga namnet hedrar den brittiska läkaren och naturforskaren Clarke Abel.

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wikipedia SV

Sumatra orangutanı ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR

Sumatra orangutanı (Pongo abelii) orangutanların iki cinsinden biridir. Sadece Endonezya'daki Sumatra adasına özgü bir türdür ve adadaki Tapanuli orangutanı ile Bornea orangutanıyla birlikte üç türden biridir. Ayrıca Bornea orangutanından daha az görülen bir türdür.

Stub icon Primat ile ilgili bu madde bir taslaktır. Madde içeriğini geliştirerek Vikipedi'ye katkıda bulunabilirsiniz.
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Суматранський орангутан ( Ucraniano )

fornecido por wikipedia UK

Опис

Виразні очі, майже людське на вигляд обличчя, що може виражати широкий спектр емоцій. Чіпкі руки та ноги, що допомагають йому жити на деревах. Довгі міцні та гнучкі пальці, що забезпечують гарне зчеплення під час руху. Самці суматранських орангутанів виростають висотою до близько 1,4 метрів та важать близько 90 кг. Самиці в середньому виростають до 90 см та 45 кг. Порівняно з борнейськими орангутанами, суматранські товстіші та мають видовжене обличчя, волосся їхнє довше, зі світлішим відтінком рудого кольору.[3]

Поведінка

Основну частину життя ці тварини проводять на деревах, щовечора будують гніздо з листя та гілок за лічені хвилини, пересуваються в густій траві за допомогою довгих рук та цупких пальців. Рідко спускаються з дерев, також сплять на них. Надзвичайно розумний, так у пошуках їжі він зазвичай допомагає собі різним знаряддям. Зокрема, використовує листя дерев як туалетний папір, велике листя — як парасольку, а з гілок робить знаряддя для збору комах.[4]

Живлення

Переважає рослинна їжа. Їдять фрукти: дуріани, джекфрут, манго, лічі, мангостан, інжир, також харчується листям, ліанами, молодими паростками і тваринною здобиччю малих розмірів (терміти, мурахи, вміст пташиних гнізд).[5]

Загрози та охорона виду

Станом на 2015 рік нараховувалося 6 624 особини цих орангутанів. Головними загрозами є знищення та фрагментація ареалу (зменшення природного середовища через безвідповідальну та нелегальну лісозаготівлю, розбудову доріг та шахт, сільське господарство), а також конфлікт з людьми. Нелегальна торгівля дитинчатами орангутангів як домашніми тваринами також є загрозою.[5]

Галерея

Див. також

Примітки

  1. Singleton, I.; Wich, S.A.; Griffiths, M. (2008). Pongo abelii. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN) 2008: e.T39780A10266609. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T39780A10266609.en.
  2. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — P. 1. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  3. Orangutan Pongo. Primate Info Net.
  4. Мавпи проти машин: чи подобаються приматам комп'ютерні ігри? (англ.). ВВС. 8 лютого 2012. Процитовано 5 червня 2016.
  5. а б WWF, 2015. Вплив зміни клімату на види. С.6


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Đười ươi Sumatra ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Đười ươi Sumatra (tên khoa học Pongo abelii) một loài linh trưởng lớn đặc hữu của Indonesia, chúng chỉ sinh sống ở đảo Sumatra. Đây là một trong hai loài đười ươi (orangutan).

Mô tả vật lý

Chúng có kích thước 1,4 mét (4,6 ft) và trọng lượng 90 kilôgam (200 lb) trung bình ở con đực. Con cái lớn hơn với kích thước trung bình 90 xentimét (3,0 ft) và nặng 45 kilôgam (99 lb). So với đười ươi Borneo loài này ốm hơn và có khuôn mặt dài hơn; lông của chúng có màu đỏ nhạt. Đây là loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng cao.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Singleton, I., Wich, S. A. & Griffiths, M. (2008). Pongo abelii. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ “Primate Factsheets: Orangutan (Pongo) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology”. Truy cập 7 tháng 2 năm 2015.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Đười ươi Sumatra: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Đười ươi Sumatra (tên khoa học Pongo abelii) một loài linh trưởng lớn đặc hữu của Indonesia, chúng chỉ sinh sống ở đảo Sumatra. Đây là một trong hai loài đười ươi (orangutan).

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Суматранский орангутан ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Семейство: Гоминиды
Подсемейство: Понгины
Вид: Суматранский орангутан
Международное научное название

Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827

Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 944294NCBI 9601EOL 2925671FW 232339

Суматра́нский орангута́н[1] (лат. Pongo abelii) является одним из трёх видов орангутанов. Видовое латинское название дано в честь британского врача и натуралиста Кларка Абеля (1789—1826)[2].

Места обитания

Встречается только на острове Суматра в Индонезии, в основном на северной части этого острова. Суматранский орангутан встречается реже, чем калимантанский орангутан, а в течение последних 75 лет численность этого вида уменьшилась примерно в четыре раза. Основные факторы, повлиявшие на такое резкое снижение численности — это загрязнение окружающей среды, незаконный отлов животных, продажа и браконьерство. Кроме того, вид сильно зависит от состояния леса, поэтому повсеместная вырубка лесов оказывается для него фатальной[3].

Большинство орангутанов этого вида обитает вне природоохранных территорий, что весьма затрудняет мониторинг, а также другие мероприятия по спасению вида. Однако недавно около 70 индивидов реинтродуцировали на территории Национального парка «БукитТига Пулух». Практически все животные прижились в новых условиях и успешно размножаются[3].

Раньше считалось, что суматранский орангутан и орангутан, обитающий на Калимантане, — это один и тот же вид, однако современные исследования опровергли это предположение[3].

Образ жизни и биология

Суматаранский орангутан — одиночное животное, лишь самки с детёнышами собираются в небольшие группы. Это связано с тем, что фруктовые деревья, дающие обильный урожай, рассеяны по лесу, а одно дерево редко может прокормить больше двух орангутанов[4]. Основную часть жизни эти существа проводит на деревьях, передвигаясь в густой кроне с помощью длинных рук, цепких пальцев. По земле передвигаются на четырёх конечностях. При этом суматранский орангутан, в отличие от сородича с острова Калимантан, редко спускается на землю. Спит также на деревьях, предварительно устраивая удобное гнездо, как правило, каждый раз новое. Это связано с наличием на Суматре тигров[4]. Орангутан — миролюбивое животное, однако если на его индивидуальный участок заходит чужак, оно будет всячески демонстрировать силу и агрессию. Средняя продолжительность жизни суматранского орангутана — 30 лет, а максимальная — 60 лет[3].

Половая зрелость у самок наступает в 8—12 лет, у самцов — на несколько лет позже. Беременность длится восемь с половиной месяцев, на свет появляются один-два малыша, которые очень привязаны к матери. Период молочного вскармливания длинный — три-четыре года, но после его окончания детёныши остаются при матери ещё несколько лет. Отношения между родителями и детьми очень трогательны, они полны заботы и самых разнообразных, почти человеческих чувств и эмоций[3].

Преобладает растительная пища, хотя орангутан может поедать насекомых, яйца и птенцов. Любит орехи, мёд и кору деревьев. Известны случаи охоты на медленных лори[5]. Животные идеально приспособились для жизни в кроне деревьев. Даже для того, чтобы утолить жажду, они предпочитают слизывать влагу с листьев или пить дождевую воду, накопившуюся в дуплах, чем спускаться к водоёмам[3].

Галерея

  •  src=

    Суматранский орангутан в Московском зоопарке

  • Суматранский орангутан II.jpg
  • Суматранский орангутан III.jpg

Примечания

  1. Жизнь животных. Том 7. Млекопитающие / под ред. В. Е. Соколова. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1989. — С. 158. — 558 с. — ISBN 5-09-001434-5
  2. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. — P. 1. — 574 p. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ОРАНГУТАН СУМАТРАНСКИЙ (PONGO ABELII)
  4. 1 2 Дикая природа Индонезии. Волшебные леса. — Оригинал: Wild_Indonezia. Magical Forest. Документальный фильм. — Би-Би-Си. — 2000. — 27 минута.
  5. Hardus M.E. et al. 2012. Behavioral, Ecological, and Evolutionary Aspects of Meat-Eating by Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii). International Journal of Primatology.
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Суматранский орангутан: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию

Суматра́нский орангута́н (лат. Pongo abelii) является одним из трёх видов орангутанов. Видовое латинское название дано в честь британского врача и натуралиста Кларка Абеля (1789—1826).

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蘇門達臘猩猩 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

蘇門達臘猩猩学名Pongo abelii)是更為稀有且体型较小的红猩猩,生活在印度尼西亚蘇門達臘,是當地的特有種。雄性蘇門達臘猩猩可以長到4.6呎高及200磅重;雌性的体型更小,平均只有3呎高和100磅重。

婆羅洲猩猩相比,蘇門達臘猩猩的毛皮較疏且長,面長,個子較矮小,兩側有白毛。

生態

蘇門達臘猩猩較婆羅洲猩猩更喜歡吃生果,並且會吃昆蟲[2]喜歡的生果有無花果波羅蜜果。牠亦會吃蛋及細小的脊椎動物[3]

斯瓦克楊桃園的野生蘇門達臘猩猩曾被發現使用工具。[4]當時一頭猩猩將一根樹枝折成約一呎長,清除小枝及削磨枝頭,並以此插入樹孔中找尋白蟻。牠們亦會以樹枝來拍打蜂巢,並挖出蜂蜜。另外,牠們亦會以長約5吋的樹枝,除去利沙樹果實種子上像玻璃纖維的刺,以便吃這些種子。雖然婆羅洲猩猩亦會吃這類種子,但就未曾發現有用上工具。

紐西蘭自然歷史製作公司在製作蘇門達臘猩猩的紀錄片時,就拍攝到牠們使用簡單的樹枝,在不同的地方尋覓食物。此外在熱帶雨林中牠們亦有使用樹葉當作雨傘。

蘇門達臘猩猩比婆羅洲猩猩更喜歡樹上的生活,這可能是由於在陸地上有蘇門答臘虎等大型掠食者存在。牠們會以臂行方式在樹林之間走動。

出生及成長

 src=
奧地利維也納休伯倫動物園的蘇門達臘猩猩。

蘇門達臘猩猩較婆羅洲猩猩更為群居。蘇門達臘猩猩的族群會聚集在無花果樹果實。成年雄性一般會避免與其他的成年雄性接觸。強暴在蘇門達臘猩猩中是很普遍。雄性亞成體會嘗試與任何雌性交配,不過成年雌性一般懂得如何避開牠們。成年雌性較喜歡與成年雄性交配。

蘇門達臘猩猩約要在12、3歲才能生育。[2]牠們生育的間距這比婆羅洲猩猩的更長,且是類人猿中最長的。猩猩嬰兒在3歲前都要由母親照顧,而幼猩猩亦會留在母親身邊。

蘇門達臘猩猩及婆羅洲猩猩似乎都有幾十年的壽命,估計可能多於50年。現存最老的蘇門達臘猩猩就出生於1960年。[5]已知最長壽命的蘇門達臘猩猩於美國邁阿密都市動物園逝世,享年55歲。[6]

保育狀況

於2002年,世界自然保護聯盟將蘇門達臘猩猩列入世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄中的極危物種。在多巴湖森林的統計中發現牠們只棲息於兩個地方:武吉拉旺村列尤擇山國家公園[7]統計下只餘下約3500頭蘇門達臘猩猩。猩猩嬰兒很多時會被捕捉及賣作獎品寵物。在捕捉的過程中一般會涉及殺死其母親。

參考資料

  1. ^ (英文) Singleton, I., Wich, S.A. & Griffiths, M. (2007). Pongo abelii. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007。擷取於2007-09-13
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schürmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik. Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Human Evolution. 2004, 47 (6): 385–398.
  3. ^ BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Sumatran orangutan 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2009-06-24.
  4. ^ Zimmer, Carl Tooling through the trees - tool use by wild orangutans Discover Magazine, November 1995
  5. ^ Singapore's most famous ape celebrates 46th birthday. Khaleej Times. 2006-06-18.[永久失效連結]
  6. ^ 'World's oldest' orang-utan dies. BBC News. 2007-12-31.
  7. ^ S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; and C. P. van Schaik. The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii:an update. Flora & Fauna International. 2003, 37 (1).
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蘇門達臘猩猩: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

蘇門達臘猩猩(学名:Pongo abelii)是更為稀有且体型较小的红猩猩,生活在印度尼西亚蘇門達臘,是當地的特有種。雄性蘇門達臘猩猩可以長到4.6呎高及200磅重;雌性的体型更小,平均只有3呎高和100磅重。

婆羅洲猩猩相比,蘇門達臘猩猩的毛皮較疏且長,面長,個子較矮小,兩側有白毛。

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维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

수마트라오랑우탄 ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

수마트라오랑우탄(Pongo abelii)은 두 종의 오랑우탄 중 더 희귀한 종이다. 인도네시아수마트라섬만 서식하는 고유종으로, 보르네오오랑우탄보다 더 크다. 수마트라오랑우탄은 숫컷은 약 140cm 정도의 키에 90kg까지 성장한다. 암컷은 더 작고 평균적으로 약 90cm에 45kg 정도이다.

보르네오오랑우탄과 비교하여, 수마트라오랑우탄은 더 얇고 더 긴 털로 덮여 있고, 더 긴 얼굴에 더 큰 키를 갖고 있다. [출처 필요]

음식

보르네오오랑우탄과 비교하면, 수마트라오랑우탄은 더 과일을 좋아하는 경향이 있으며, 특히 곤충을 잡아먹는 습성이 있다.[2] 무화과를 포함하여 과일을 좋아한다. 또한 새알을 먹거나 작은 척추동물들을 잡아먹기도한다.[출처 필요] 수마트라오랑우탄은 나무 안에서 수유하는 데 시간을 덜 보낸다.

생활방식

암컷 수마트라오랑우탄은 암컷 보르네오오랑우탄보다 더 군집생활을 한다. 이들은 약 15살이 되었을 때 새끼를 낳는다. 새끼 오랑우탄은 3년 동안 어미 곁에서 머문다. 그 이후조차도 새끼 오랑우탄은 아직 그 어미와 함께 하기도 한다.

강간은 오랑우탄 사이에서는 흔히 일어난다. 성숙한 암컷들이 쉽게 그들을 뿌리칠 수 있기 때문에 대부분 그들을 임신시키는 데 실패할 가능성이 많은데도 불구하고, 아직 미성숙한 숫컷은 암컷에게 짝짓기를 시도하려 한다. 성숙한 암컷들은 성숙한 숫컷과 짝짓기를 하려 한다.

수마트라오랑우탄은 또한 보르네오오랑우탄보다 더 나무에서 사는 것을 좋아한다. 이것은 수마트라호랑이와 같은 대형 육식동물로부터 자신들을 지키려고 하기 때문일 것이다. 팔걸이건너기(branchiation)를 통해 나무에서 나무로 이동한다.

수명

 src=
오스트리아 비엔나의 쇤브르너 동물원의 오랑우탄

두 종의 오랑우탄은 수십 년을 살 수 있다. 포획된 오랑우탄 중 가장 오래 산 아멍[3]의 예로 볼 때, 50년 이상의 수명을 지니는 것으로 보인다.

수마트라오랑우탄은 폐경의 징후는 겉으로 알 수 없고, 첫 새끼를 낳는 평균 나이는 약 12.3세이다.[2] 수마트라오랑우탄의 출산 간격은 보르네오오랑우탄보다 더 길다. 유인원 중에서 가장 긴 출산 간격으로 보고되고 있다.

현황

 src=
부낏라왕의 수마트라오랑우탄

2002년에, 세계 보존 연합은 이 종을 위태롭게 멸종위기 상태에 있는 동물로, IUCN 레드 리스트에 등재하였다. 서식한다고 알려져 있던 지역인 토바호 숲에서의 조사에 의하면, 부낏라왕구눙레우서 국립공원의 단지 두 곳에서만 발견되었다.[4] 그 조사는 2002년 수마트라에, 대략 3500마리의 오랑우탄만이 생존해 있다고 예상했다. 새끼 오랑우탄들은 종종 포획되어 애완동물용으로 고가에 팔리고 있다. 새끼들을 포획하기 위하여, 밀렵꾼들은 통상적으로 새끼를 보호하는 어미를 우선적으로 죽이고 있음에 틀림없다[출처 필요].

미디어 출판

《아일드 아시아:붉은 원숭이의 세계》라는 수마트라오랑우탄에 대한 영화 NHNZ는, 까다로운 장소에서 음식을 구하거나, 나뭇가지 등의 단순한 도구를 사용하는 수마투라오랑우탄을 보여준다. 또한 열대 폭우가 내릴 때, 큰 이파리를 우산으로 사용하는 동물의 장면도 보여준다. 그런 도구를 사용하는 행동(동물 인지학을 참조)은 다른 동물들에서도 보인다. 그러나 이 영화는 매우 진기하다.

같이 보기

각주

  1. Singleton, I.; Wich, S.A.; Nowak, M.; Usher, G. (2016). Pongo abelii. 《IUCN 적색 목록》 (IUCN) 2016: e.T39780A17966164. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T39780A17966164.en. 2016년 11월 24일에 확인함.
  2. S. A. Wich; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; T. M. Setia; H. D. Rijksen; C. Schurmann, J.A.R.A.M. van Hooff and C. P. van Schaik (2004). “Life history of wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii)”. 《Journal of Human Evolution》 47 (6): 385–398. CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
  3. 46번째 생일을 맞이한 오랑우탄 "아멍", 연합뉴스[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)] 아멍은 1960년에 태어났다.
  4. S. A. Wich; I. Singleton; S. S. Utami-Atmoko; M. L. Geurts; H. D. Rijksen; and C. P. van Schaik (2003). “The status of the Sumatran orang-utan Pongo abelii: an update”. 《Flora & Fauna International》 37 (1). CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크)
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수마트라오랑우탄: Brief Summary ( Coreano )

fornecido por wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

수마트라오랑우탄(Pongo abelii)은 두 종의 오랑우탄 중 더 희귀한 종이다. 인도네시아수마트라섬만 서식하는 고유종으로, 보르네오오랑우탄보다 더 크다. 수마트라오랑우탄은 숫컷은 약 140cm 정도의 키에 90kg까지 성장한다. 암컷은 더 작고 평균적으로 약 90cm에 45kg 정도이다.

보르네오오랑우탄과 비교하여, 수마트라오랑우탄은 더 얇고 더 긴 털로 덮여 있고, 더 긴 얼굴에 더 큰 키를 갖고 있다. [출처 필요]

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