Description
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Inglês
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Salamandrina perspicillata is a tiny salamander of about 35 mm SVL and 85 mm total length, respectively (Romano et al. in press; Zuffi 1999). Total length up to 92 mm in largest males (Vanni, 1980) and up to 130 mm in largest females or little more (Romano and Mattoccia 2005; Bovero et al. 2006). On the Lepini mountains (Latium, Central Italy) populations are characterised by large size salamanders (Romano and Mattoccia 2005 and references therein; Bovero et al. 2006; Angelini et al. 2008). The body is dorsoventrally flattened, with clearly visible ribs, giving the salamander a very skinny appearance. No parotoids. Four toes on both the front and the hind feet. Salamandrina is usually deep brown or grey-blackish on the dorsal side of body and tail. Tail is also partially reddish dorsally. The underside of the tail and the feet, and frequently the distal part of the belly, are bright red. The rest of the ventral region is white, whitish or greyish, with dark grey to black spots. On the head a V–shaped, more or less evident, whitish or yellowish spot between the eyes, forms a sort of “spectacles” which give rise to both the common name (Spectacled Salamander) and scientific name ( perspicillata is a Latin neologism which means “with spectacles”). Variation in dorsal coloration includes semialbinism, completely red back, or a yellowish spotted pattern (see Lanza and Canestrelli 2002, for a review).While the sexes do not show any variation in external body features, there is some sexual dimorphism. Males are smaller than females, slightly different in the ratio of tail length to body length, have relatively more developed feet, larger head and eyes, and more distant nostrils (Vanni, 1980). Unfortunately, because the biometric parameters of males and females overlap each other partially (Vanni, 1980), they cannot be used to distinguish the sexes (Lanza 1983; Zuffi 1999). In living males the cloaca seems just slightly more prominent than in females (Vanni, 1980; Lanza, 1983), however this character is not unambiguously discriminant. Salamandrina perspicillata can be distinguished from S. terdigitata on the basis of mtDNA haplotypes and allozyme profiles (Mattoccia et al. 2005; Nascetti et al. 2005; Canestrelli et al. 2006), but they differ also in body size and dorsal coloration (Romano et al. in press) and in the ventral pattern (Costa et al. 2008). Salamandrina perspicillata has a larger size and less extended red coloration on the back tail, and a median reddish dorsal line is very rare in this species (Romano et al. in press). At the moment, the only way to definitively distinguish between the two species is on the basis of mtDNA haplotypes and allozyme profiles because any distinction on the basis of body size and dorsal coloration is only statistical and is not definitive for any given specimen. In other words, to attribute individuals to either of the two species, morphometry, dorsal and ventral patterns can be very useful, but not determinative. However the percentage of correct classification using these non-genetic approaches is very good (> 90% in both methods).View a video of Salamandrina perspicillata feeding (note this video was made before S. terdigitata and S. perspicillata were split into separate species). Salamandrina (Lacépède, 1788) was previously considered a monotypic genus (with Salamandrina terdigitata as the sole species: see also the taxonomic notes on this species). Subsequently this genus has been split into two species on the basis of analysis using both mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers (Mattoccia et al. 2005; Nascetti et al. 2005; Canestrelli et al. 2006). Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi 1821) was considered a junior synonym of S. terdigitata. However, after the split into two species, the name S. perspicillata has been upgraded because the two type localities of S. terdigitata and S. perspicillata are different and S. perspicillata (type locality: Mugello, Tuscany, Central Italy) is the first description of the central-northern species.(image, http://amphibiaweb.org/images/amazing/amazing_logo.jpg) Featured in Amazing Amphibians on 13 January 2014 (http://amphibiaweb.org/amazing_amphibians/20140113_Sal_perspicillata.html)
- Angelini, C., Antonelli, D and Utzeri, C. (2001). ''Aspetti della fenologia riproduttiva di Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788) in Italia centrale.'' Pianura, 13, 105-108.
- Angelini, C., Antonelli, D., and Utzeri, C. (2008). ''A multi-year and multi-site population study on the life history of Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) (Amphibia, Urodela).'' Amphibia-Reptilia, 29, 161-170.
- Angelini, C., Cari, D., and Utzeri, C. (2006). ''Records of Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) in the Colli Albani (Latium, central Italy), with some ecological notes (Urodela, Salamandridae).'' Acta Herpetologica, 1, 53-60.
- Angelini, C., Vanni, S., and Vignoli, L. (2007). ''Salamandrina.'' Fauna d'Italia Amphibia. Vol. XLII. B. Lanza, F. Andreone, M.A. Bologna, C. Corti and E. Razzetti, eds., Edizioni Calderini de Il Sole 24 ORE Editoria Specializzta S.r.l., Bologna.
- Barbieri, F and Pellegrini, M. (2006). ''Salamandrina terdigitata.'' Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili d'Italia / Atlas of Italian Amphibians and Reptiles. Societas Herpetologica Italica. R. Sindaco, G. Doria, E. Razzetti and F. Bernini, eds., Edizioni Polistampa, Firenze.
- Barbieri, F. (1999). ''Salamandrina terdigitata.'' Erpetologia del Piemonte e della Valle d’Aosta. Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili. Monografie 26. F. Andreone and R. Sindaco, eds., Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino 26 (1998), Torino.
- Barbieri, F. (1994). ''Salamandrina dagli occhiali – Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788).'' Atlante degli Anfibi e Rettili della Liguria. Catalogo dei beni Naturali 2. G. Doria and S. Salvidio, eds., Servizio Beni Ambientali e Naturali, Regione Liguria, Genova.
- Bedriaga, J. (1897). Die Lurchfauna Europas: Urodela, Schwanzlurche. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou: Nouvelle serie 10, Moscow.
- Bonini, L., Tiso, E. and Bernini, F. (2004). ''Salamandrina dagli occhiali – Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788).'' Atlante degli Anfibi e dei Rettili della Lombardia. F. Bernini, L. Bonini, V. Ferri, A. Gentilli, E. Razzetti and S. Scali, eds., Monografie di Pianura 5, Provincia di Cremona, Cremona.
- Bovero, S., Angelini, C. and Utzeri, C. (2006). ''Aging Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) by skeletochronology.'' Acta Herpetologica, 1(2), 153-158.
- Brizzi, R., Delfino, G., Selmi, M.G. and Sever, D.M. (1995). ''The spermathecae of Salamandrina terdigitata (Amphibia: Salamandridae): Patterns of sperm storage and degradation.'' Journal of Morphology, 223, 21-33.
- Bruno, S. (1973). ''Anfibi d'Italia: Caudata.'' Natura, 64, 209-450.
- Canestrelli, D., Zangari, F., and Nascetti, G. (2006). ''Genetic evidence for two distinct species within the Italian endemic species Salamandrina terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae).'' Herpetological Journal, 16, 221-227.
- Corsetti, L. (1994). ''Ricerche sulla fauna dei Monti Lepini.'' Osservazioni sulla ecologia e biologia riproduttiva di Salamandrina terdigitata nei Monti Lepini (Lazio) (Amphibia Salamandridae). Corsetti, L. and Nardi, G., eds., Mus. St. Nat. Patrica (FR) Eds, Quad. 4 (1993), St. Nat. Patrica.
- Corsetti, L. (1999). ''Habitat characteristics of the spectacled salamander Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788) in southern Latium (Central Italy).'' Amphibia-Reptilia, 20, 77-82.
- Corsetti, L. (1999). ''Reproductive activity and embryo growth of the spectacled salamander Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788) in southern Latium (central Italy).'' British Herpetological Society Bulletin, 67, 13-20.
- Corsetti, L. and Romano, A. (2007). ''Amphibians of the Ausoni Mountains (Latium, Central Italy).'' Acta Herpetologica, 2(2), 129-137.
- Costa, C., Menesatti, P., Raimondi, S., Angelini, C. and Utzeri, C. (2008). ''Using image analysis on the ventral colour pattern to discriminate between Salamandrina perspicillata and Salamandrina terdigitata.'' Herpetologia Sardiniae. Corti, C., eds., Societas Herpetologica Italica/Edizioni Belvedere, Latina.
- Della Rocca, F., Vignoli, L. and Bologna, M.A. (2005). ''The reproductive biology of Salamandrina terdigitata (Caudata, Salamandridae).'' Herpetological Journal, 15, 273-278.
- Houck, L.D. and Arnold, S.J. (2003). ''Courtship and mating behavior.'' Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of the Urodela. Sever, D.M., eds., Scientific Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire.
- Lacépède, B.G.E. and de La Ville, Comte de (1788). Histoire naturelle des quadrupèdes ovipares, et des serpentes. Volume I. Imprimerie du Roi Hotel de Thou, Paris.
- Laghi, P. and Pastorelli, C. (2006). Predazione di uova di Salamandrina perspicillata (Amphibia, Caudata) da parte di girini di Rana italica (Amphibia, Anura). Riassunti del VI Congr. Naz. Societas Herpetologica Italica 27.IX-1.X, Roma.
- Lanza, B. (1967). ''Reazione di tipo unkenreflex in un Urodelo (Salamandrina terdigitata).'' Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 23, 855-857.
- Lanza, B. (1983). Anfibi, Rettili (Amphibia, Reptilia). AQ/1/205. Collana del Progetto Finalizzato ''Promozione della Qualità dell' Ambiente''. Guide per il riconoscimento delle specie animali delle acque interne italiane. 27. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma.
- Lanza, B. (1988). ''Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788): emblem of the Unione Zoologica Italiana.'' Bollettino dei Musei di Zoologia e di Anatomic comparata della ft. Universita. Torino, 55, 1-4.
- Mattoccia, M., Romano, A. and Sbordoni, V. (2005). ''Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species.'' Zootaxa, 995, 1-19.
- Nascetti, G., Zangari F. and Canestrelli D. (2005). ''The spectacled salamanders, Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacépède, 1788) and S. perspicillata (Savi, 1821): genetic differentiation and evolutionary history.'' Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei, 16, 159-169.
- Romano, A. and Diego-Rasilla, F.J. (2008). ''Capacità di homing in Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) tramite fotorecettori extaoculari.'' Herpetologia Sardiniae. C. Corti, eds., Edizioni Belvedere, Latina, Italy.
- Romano, A., Forcina, G. and Barbanera, F. (2008). ''Breeding site selection by olfactory cues in the threatened Northern Spectacled Salamander Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821).'' Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 18(1), 799-805.
- Romano, A., Mattoccia, M., Marta, S., Bogaerts, S., Pasmans, F., and Sbordoni, V. (in press). ''Distribution and morphological characterization of the endemic Italian salamanders Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) and S. terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Caudata: Salamandridae).'' Italian Journal of Zoology.
- Romano, A., Montinaro, G., Mattoccia, M., and Sbordoni, V. (2007). ''Amphibians of the Aurunci Mountains (Latium, Central Italy). Checklist and conservation guidelines.'' Acta Herpetologica, 2(1), 17-25.
- Romano, A., Spilinga, C., Montioni, F., Fiacchini, D., and Ragni, B. (2008). ''Egg predators of an endemic Italian salamander, Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821).'' Acta Herpetologica, 3(1), 71-75.
- Romano, A., and Di Cerbo, AR. (2007). ''Leech predation on amphibian eggs.'' Acta Zoologica Sinica, 53(4), 750-754.
- Romano, A., and Mattoccia, M. (2005). ''Maximum size of the Spectacled Salamander, Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) (Urodela Salamandridae).'' Herpetozoa, 18(3/4), 186-187.
- Romano, A., and Ruggiero, A. (2008). ''Olfactory recognition of terrestrial shelters in females of Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821).'' Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology, 7(1), 3-10.
- Ruffo, S. and Stoch, F. (eds.) (2005). Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2.serie, Sezione Scienze della Vita 16, Verona.
- Salthe, S.N. (1967). ''Courtship patterns and phylogeny of the Urodeles.'' Copeia, 1, 100-117.
- Savi, P. (1821). ''Descrizione inedita di una nuova specie di Salamandra terrestre, Salamandra perspicillata, Nob. del dottore Paolo Savi, ajuto del professore di botanica dell'Università di Pisa. Biblioteca italiana.'' Giornale di Lettura, Scienze ed Arti, Milano, 22 anno VI(2), 228-230.
- Steinfartz, S., Vicario, S., Arntzen, J.W. and Caccone, A. (2007). ''A Bayesian approach on molecules and behavior: reconsidering phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of the Salamandridae with emphasis on Triturus newts.'' Journal of Experimental Zoology, Part B. Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 308(2), 139-162.
- Strotgen, F. (1927). ''Liebespiele und Begattung bei den Brillensalamander.'' Blätter für Aquarien und Terrarienkunde , 38, 94-95.
- Utzeri, C., Antonelli, D. and Angelini, C. (2004). ''A note on terrestrial activity and feeding in the Spectacled Salmander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela, Salamandridae).'' Herpetological Bulletin, 90, 27-31.
- Utzeri, C., Antonelli, D. and Angelini, C. (2005). ''Note on the behavior of the Spectacled Salamander Salamandrina terdigitata (Lacepede, 1788).'' Herpetozoa, 18(3/4), 182-185.
- Vignoli, L., Della Rocca, F. and Bologna, M.A. (2001). ''Predazione di uova di salamandrina dagli occhiali da parte di Tricotteri.'' Pianura, 13, 176.
Distribution and Habitat
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Inglês
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
Salamandrina perspicillata is endemic to central and northern peninsular Italy, prevalently in the Apennine Mountains and other hilly areas, in the whole of eastern side of Apennine and on the western side until the province of Caserta (Campania region, southern Italy. South of this it is replaced by Salamandrina terdigitata (Barbieri and Pellegrini, 2006; Romano et al. in press). It is usually found at elevations between 200 and 900m asl, but might occur between near sea level (Ruffo and Stoch 2005; Romano et al. in press) and 1,900m asl. (Barbieri, 1998)The northern limit of this species is near Brallo di Pregola, Lombardia region (Bonini et al. 2004) and the southern limit is in the municipality of Caserta, Campania (Romano et al. in press). The western limit is near Bolzaneto, Liguria region, province of Genoa (Barbieri 1994; Barbieri & Pellegrini 2006), although Bedriaga (1897) reported records also for Cogoleto, which is about 25 km further to the west. The eastern limit of S. perspicillata is in the northern Apulia (Romano et al. in press). It is mainly found in forests with dense undergrowth in hilly and mountainous areas, often in north-facing mountain valleys. Only females of this species are aquatic during the short oviposition phase for which well-oxygenated waters, slow running streams usually with rocky beds, drinking troughs, residual and vernal ponds (sometime of very small dimensions) and, rarely, caves are used (e.g. Lanza 1983; Corsetti 1999a; Angelini et al. 2006; Romano et al. 2007; Corsetti and Romano 2007). It appears to avoid seriously modified habitats. During summer and winter the Spectacled Salamander has been found between 20-135 cm underground (Bruno 1973, Vanni 1980, Lanza 1983), but on average there is scanty available information on terrestrial shelter used by S. perspicillata . Furthermore in spring and summer some salamanders have been found between 130-170 cm from the ground in the clefts of vertical rocks near breeding sites (cf. Romano and Ruggiero 2008).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
This species is relatively common in some parts of its range, but habitat alteration, fragmentation and pollution have resulted in the decline or disappearance of some populations. Considering that the species often breeds in artificial water bodies, the adequate management of these sites appears a crucial prerequisite for effective conservation of the populations in habitats (Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean) where the water availability can be very scanty (Corsetti and Romano 2007; Romano et al. 2007). Also deforestation and clear-cutting is considered a possible threat for natural populations (Romano et al. 2008). Finally, introduction of predator fishes can damage natural populations. Salamandrina is currently protected by law in a few Italian regions (see the legislative references in Angelini et al. 2007).
Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors
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Inglês
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fornecido por AmphibiaWeb articles
The terrestrial activity of Salamandrina perspicillata is mainly, but not exclusively, crepuscular and nocturnal. The species is active mostly between 6:00-12:00 pm and there is a positive correlation between time of activity and average ambient air temperature (Utzeri et al. 2004). Very scanty information is available on the reproductive behaviour of S. perspicillata. Courting Salamandrina have been observed only once in captivity, in December, by Strotgen (1927) who is considered by Lanza (1988) as the only author who has made reliable observation of the animals in heat. Recently, Houck and Arnold (2003) described first-hand observations of courtship behaviour in the field which agree substantially with that reported by Strotgen (1927). However both reports describing courtship behaviour are considered lacking in detail and not validated under natural conditions by authors who have carried out research on courtship patterns and phylogeny of the Salamandridae (Salthe, 1967; Steinfartz et al., 2007 and references therein). Salamandrina exhibit a variant of ventral amplexus (cf. Houck and Arnold, 2003) in which, on the ground, the pair face head-to-head and circle but without the forelimbs interlocked. The male deposits a 2 mm high spermatophore at the end of courtship. Sperm storage is among the longest in the Salamandridae and it can reach six months (Brizzi et al. 1995). Oviposition usually occurs mainly from March to April but, according to the year and locality, can begin at the end of December and last until August (Lanza 1983; Zuffi 1999). However in the Latium there is a mountain chain and an adjacent volcano complex where spawning activity has been recorded in some sites also from late September (Corsetti 1999a, 1999b; Angelini et al. 2006; Angelini et al. 2007). Salamandrina perspicillata show high fidelity to the spawning site (Vanni, 1980; Della Rocca et al. 2005; Angelini et al. 2008) and larger females oviposit earlier than the smaller ones (Angelini et al. 2001; Della Rocca et al. 2005; Angelini et al. 2006). A female generally spawns 30-60 eggs (Vanni 1980, Zuffi 1999). The eggs are deposited singularly on suitable submerged objects, each egg glued to the substrate by a peduncle. Egg masses are the result of adhesion of closely eggs deposited by the same female or by several females. The diameter of the yolk is 1.5-3.7 mm (Angelini et al. 2007). Development takes 20-22 days at 14ºC, and the larvae hatch at a length of 7-13 mm (Angelini et al. 2007). They superficially resemble the larvae of Salamandra salamandra, although S. perspicillata larvae are much smaller and more slender. The time to metamorphosis varies between 2 and 5 months (Lanza 1983, Corsetti 1999b), depending mainly on water temperature, oxygen availability and food resources. Metamorphosis occurs at a length of 20-35 mm (Angelini et al. 2007). The newly metamorphosed salamanders take on adult coloration within a few months. Sexual maturity is reached in females at 4-5 years (Bovero et al. 2006). Longevity was recorded in captivity to be 10 to 12 years (Boehme et al 1999) and up to 12 years in the wild (Bovero et al. 2006). These salamanders feed on the ground, on all sorts of small invertebrates, especially arthropods such as Arachnida, Isopoda, Emyptera, Collembola, Coleoptera, Orhtoptera, Hymenoptera although preferred prey seem to be Acarina (see Utzeri et al. 2004 and references therein). Salamanders feed also on worms and snails (Utzeri et al. 2004). Larvae consume small aquatic invertebrates and especially on Chironomidae larvae (Corsetti 1994). The only documented cases of predation on adult salamanders concerns a bird, Lanius sp. (Angelini et al. 2007), and the crustaceans Potamon fluviatile and Austropotamobius pallipes (Vanni 1980; Della Rocca et al. 2005). The slow-worm Anguis fragilis and the common toad Bufo bufo are also thought to be predators (Vanni 1980). Salamandrina larvae are preyed upon by other urodeles such as Triturus carnifex (Romano pers. obs.) and invertebrates such as Notonecta (Corsetti 1994), Odonata (Romano pers. obs.), Crustacea (Lanza 1983) and probably many others. Salamandrina eggs are preyed upon by a variety of aquatic organisms, such as caddisfly larvae (Vignoli et al. 2001; Romano et al. 2008a), leeches (Romano and Di Cerbo 2007; Romano et al. 2008a), tadpoles or Rana italica (Laghi and Pastorelli 2006).When threatened, the Spectacled Salamander displays a typical defensive posture reminiscent of the "unken-reflex" (e.g. Lanza, 1967; Corsetti 1994; Utzeri et al. 2005) which can be held for few minutes. The salamander curls its body dorsally to a variable degree as far as forming a loop. In exhibiting this behaviour, salamanders partially display the bright red colour of the underside of the tail and limbs and a small part of the ventral pattern of their belly and throat (which are lack and white patched). As a defense mechanism, these salamanders are also capable of appearing to be dead while otherwise alive (thanatosis), lying with the back on the ground and displaying the ventral coloration (Utzeri 2005; Romano pers. obs.). A stand-up behavior has been described by Utzeri et al. (2005): on the ground, some salamanders standing up on their limbs, apparently supported by the tail. However the meaning of the stand-up behavior is completely unknown. Preliminary work shows that extraocular photoreceptors are involved in the migration of females towards spawning sites (Romano and Diego-Rasilla 2008). However, olfaction could represent the main orientation system in the proximity of a given water body, where the finest spatial discrimination is needed. It was found that females of Northern Spectacled Salamanders were able to recognize their home breeding water when a multiple-choice experimental device was used (Romano et al. 2008b). Perhaps scent trails are also used in the return towards terrestrial winter shelters (Romano and Ruggiero 2008). Detection of the scent of conspecifics in a terrestrial environment could be considered as one of the mechanisms adopted by these salamanders to facilitate the migration towards their winter refuges (Romano and Ruggiero 2008). This species is widespread in the Apennine Mountains (Barbieri and Pellegrini, 2006; Romano et al. in press).
Nördlicher Brillensalamander
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Alemão
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fornecido por wikipedia DE
Der Nördliche Brillensalamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) ist eine der beiden Arten der Brillensalamander und lebt im zentralen Italien.
Merkmale
Zierlicher, nur 6–13 cm (meist 8–9 cm) lang werdender Landsalamander mit 4 Zehen an allen Füßen, aber ohne Ohrdrüsenpakete (Parotiden). Die Oberseite ist glanzlos schwärzlich, seltener dunkelbraun, mit einem hellen brillenförmigen, dreieckigen oder V-förmigen Fleck zwischen den Augen. Die Schwanzspitze ist hellbraun oder rötlich. Die Rückenmitte weist gelegentlich einen schmalen, rötlichen Streifen auf. Der Bauch ist weißlich mit schwarzen Flecken, die Kehle schwarz mit kleinen weißen Punkten und einem größeren, hellen, unregelmäßig geformten Fleck. Die Unterseite der Beine und des Schwanzes, sowie der Kloakenregion, sind auffallend rot gefärbt. Die Geschlechter sind äußerlich nur schwer unterscheidbar. Die bis 30 mm lang werdenden Larven haben einen niedrigen, spärlich bis dicht dunkel gefleckten Flossensaum, der nach vorne nur bis etwa zur Rückenmitte reicht und kurze Kiemenbüschel („Bergbach-Typ“). Ihr Schwanzende ist gerundet und weist manchmal einen kurzen Enddorn auf.
Verwechslungsarten
Äußerlich ist die Art kaum vom Südlichen Brillensalamander zu unterscheiden, die Verbreitungsgebiete der beiden Arten überschneiden sich aber nur geringfügig. In der Provinz Benevento südöstlich von Rom kommen örtlich beide Arten im selben Lebensraum vor. Bei S. terdigitata ist die rote Farbe auf der Schwanzoberseite ausgedehnter als bei S. perspicillata und bei ersterer auch häufiger eine rötliche Rückenlinie ausgebildet als bei der zweitgenannten Art. Der Unterschied in der stärkeren Rotausdehnung beim Südlichen Brillensalamander scheint auch für die Unterseite zu gelten.
In den Lebensräumen der Brillensalamander können auch Höhlensalamander vorkommen. Diese haben aber 5 Zehen an den Hinterfüßen und sind unterseits nicht so kontrastreich gefärbt, vor allem fehlt das kräftige Rot. In den Laichgewässern können manchmal auch Larven des Feuersalamanders leben. Diese weisen auf den Beinwurzeln oberseits jeweils einen hellen Fleck auf, der den Larven der Brillensalamander fehlt. Außerdem haben sie 5 Zehen an den Hinterfüßen, die Larven der Brillensalamander dagegen 4.
Verbreitung
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Die rote Fläche zeigt das Verbreitungsgebiet des Nördlichen Brillensalamanders.
Von der Provinz Genua in Ligurien, sowie den Provinzen Pavia, Alessandria und Piacenza im Norden bis Caserta bei Neapel im Süden. Dazwischen weit verbreitet in den Apenninen.
Lebensraum
Von Meeresspiegelhöhe bis 1480 m über NN, meist in Höhen von 400 bis 1100 m. An manchen Stellen sind die Salamander häufig. Sie leben dabei bevorzugt in schattigen, nach Norden liegenden Tälern, dort in Laubwäldern entlang kleiner Flüsse und Bäche, vor allem auf felsigem Untergrund. Kennzeichnend für die Aufenthaltsbereiche sind eine Bodenschicht mit krautigem Unterwuchs, Moosen, Falllaub, Rinden, verrottenden Baumstrunken sowie Steinen. Die bodennahe Luftfeuchte ist ständig hoch. Als Laichgewässer dienen Bachkolke, Quelltöpfe und ganz besonders Tümpel in Bachnähe, die vom Bach gespeist werden. Daneben werden alte Brunnen und wassergefüllte Viehtröge genutzt. Die Winterquartiere befinden sich an Land, im Boden (in 20–100 cm Tiefe), in Totholz und unter Baumrinde.
Lebensweise
Von November bis Februar/März überwintern die Tiere, zumindest im Norden des Areals und in höhergelegenen Regionen, anschließend wandern sie in Richtung Laichgewässer. Die Paarung wurde bislang noch nie vollständig beobachtet. Sie findet wahrscheinlich nachts an Land statt, wobei das Männchen dem Weibchen die Spermien auf einer Spermatophore (Samenträger) präsentiert. Nach Aufnahme der Spermien suchen die Weibchen die Laichgewässer auf und legen ihre ellipsenförmigen, weißlichen oder cremefarbenen Eier einzeln oder in länglichen Gruppen bis zu 20 Stück an Steinen, Wurzeln, Ästen oder Gräsern ab. Insgesamt kann ein Weibchen 40–60 Eier je Saison produzieren. Eiablagen finden im Norden des Areals im März/April statt. Bei mildem, regenreichem, mediterranen Winterklima dagegen, wie in Mittel-Italien, schon ab Ende Oktober/Anfang November bis Ende Mai. Eine Winterruhe der erwachsenen Tiere ist dann entweder nur kurz (November/Dezember) oder entfällt ganz. Brillensalamander sind vor allem nachts, an feuchten, regnerischen Tagen auch in den Morgen- und späteren Nachmittagsstunden aktiv, besonders im Frühling und Herbst. Ihre Nahrung besteht aus kleinen Wirbellosen, z. B. Käfern, Heuschrecken, Ameisen, Spinnen, Asseln, Tausendfüßern, Schnecken und Würmern. Ihre Feinde sind kaum bekannt, vermutet werden Forellen, Flusskrebse und Süßwasserkrabben, sowie an Land Blindschleichen und Erdkröten.[1]
Bei Bedrohung können Brillensalamander den Schwanz anheben und auffällig kopfwärts einrollen, wodurch die kräftige rote Schwanzunterseite sichtbar wird. Dabei wird auch noch der Kopf hochgereckt und nach hinten gebogen. Diese oft als Abwehrverhalten interpretierte Reaktion wird mit dem sogenannten „Unkenreflex“ der Bombina-Arten verglichen. Manchmal drehen sich die Tiere auch auf den Rücken und präsentieren so ihre gesamte kontrastreich gefärbte Unterseite. Dabei verhalten sie sich regungslos („Totstellen“).
Gefährdung
Die IUCN listet die Art als nicht gefährdet (least concern) mit einer stabilen Population.[2] Die Art ist weit verbreitet und oftmals häufig.
Quellen
-
Dieter Glandt: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas. Alle Arten im Porträt. 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1, S. 108–110.
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ Dieter Glandt: Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas: Alle Arten im Porträt. 2., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2015, ISBN 978-3-494-01581-1.
-
↑ Salamandrina perspicillata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.
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Nördlicher Brillensalamander: Brief Summary
(
Alemão
)
fornecido por wikipedia DE
Der Nördliche Brillensalamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) ist eine der beiden Arten der Brillensalamander und lebt im zentralen Italien.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Salamandrina perspicillata, the northern spectacled salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Italy.
The IUCN Red List follows Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating Salamandrina perspicillata from Salamandrina terdigitata which is found further south. The Salamander undergoes a long development period. Once the female salamander spawn in a body of water, the eggs begin to hatch into larvae, these larvae are unrecognizable until they develop via metamorphosis when they develop their unique markings.[2]
References
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Inglês
)
fornecido por wikipedia EN
Salamandrina perspicillata, the northern spectacled salamander, is a species of salamander in the family Salamandridae found only in Italy.
The IUCN Red List follows Mattoccia et al. (2005) and Canestrelli et al. (2006) in separating Salamandrina perspicillata from Salamandrina terdigitata which is found further south. The Salamander undergoes a long development period. Once the female salamander spawn in a body of water, the eggs begin to hatch into larvae, these larvae are unrecognizable until they develop via metamorphosis when they develop their unique markings.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Basco
)
fornecido por wikipedia EU
Salamandrina perspicillata Salamandrina generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Salamandridae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Salamandrina perspicillata, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae[1], appelée salamandrine à lunettes comme l'autre espèce de son genre, Salamandrina terdigitata.
Répartition
Cette espèce est endémique d'Italie. Elle se rencontre au Nord de Naples dans les Apennins de 50 à 1 500 m d'altitude[1],[2].
Publication originale
- Savi, 1821 : Descrizione (inedita) di una nuova specie di Salamandra terresre, Salamandra perspicillata Nob. Biblioteca Italiana, Ossia Giornale di Letteratura, Scienze ed Arti, Milano, vol. 22, p. 228-230 (texte intégral).
Notes et références
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Francês
)
fornecido por wikipedia FR
Salamandrina perspicillata, est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Salamandridae, appelée salamandrine à lunettes comme l'autre espèce de son genre, Salamandrina terdigitata.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
La salamandrina dagli occhiali settentrionale (Salamandrina perspicillata Savi, 1821), detta anche salamandrina di Savi, è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Salamandridae, molto simile alla Salamandrina terdigitata, dalla quale è stata separata nel 2005 in base a studi genetici[2][3].
Descrizione
Testa piuttosto lunga ed occhi sporgenti, coda più lunga della testa e del corpo, parti superiori brunastre o nerastre con macchia più o meno triangolare sul capo gialla o vermiglia, ventre pallido con macchie scure, gola nera e parti inferiori delle zampe e della coda degli adulti rosso brillante. Gli adulti misurano dai 7 agli 11 cm di lunghezza, coda compresa. Il carattere distintivo rispetto agli altri urodeli europei è la presenza di quattro dita sulle zampe (anziché 5).[4]
Distribuzione ed habitat
![src=]()
Areale della specie: In verde
Salamandrina terdigitata ed in rosso
Salamandrina perspicillata
È endemica dell'Italia a nord del fiume Volturno, ed è più frequente sul versante tirrenico. A nord è diffusa fino in Liguria. Frequenta principalmente zone montuose e collinari degli Appennini, solitamente tra i 200 m e i 900 m di altitudine.
L'habitat preferito: aree forestali con abbondante sottobosco. Si tratta di una specie igrofila che frequenta vallate fresche, collinari e pedemontane, solcate da ruscelli privi di ittiofauna predatrice.
![src=]()
Salamandrina perspicillata Savi, 1821, vista dorsale nel Parco Regionale Marturanum (VT, Lazio, Italia)
Conservazione
È considerata specie di elevato interesse conservazionistico e biogeografico ed è tutelata sia da norme europee (Direttiva 92/43/CEE - Direttiva Habitat[5]), sia dalla legge italiana (D.P.R. n. 357/1997[6]).
Nonostante la protezione formale, questo anfibio risulta essere minacciato da una gestione non corretta degli habitat naturali (alterazione degli ecosistemi forestali, estese ceduazioni lungo impluvi e vallecole, captazioni senza rilascio del minimo deflusso vitale, rilascio di ittiofauna per scopi alieutici, attività escursionistiche estreme come il torrentismo, ecc.).
Note
-
^ (EN) Salamandrina perspicillata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
-
^ Mattoccia M, Romano A & Sbordoni V, Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species, in Zootaxa 2005; 995: 1-19.
-
^ Canestrelli D, Zangari F & Nascetti G, Genetic evidence for two distinct species within the Italian endemic species Salamandrina terdigitata (Bonnaterre, 1789) (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae) (PDF), in Herpetological Journal 2006; 16: 221-227. URL consultato il 9 maggio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 25 febbraio 2014).
-
^ D'Antoni S., Dupré E., La Posta S., Verucci P., 2003. Fauna italiana inclusa nella Direttiva Habitat, Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Tutela del Territorio, Direzione per la Protezione della Natura:436 pp.
-
^ Direttiva 92/43/CEE del 21 maggio 1992 relativa alla conservazione degli habitat naturali e seminaturali e della flora e della fauna selvatiche (PDF), su unisi.it. URL consultato il 10 maggio 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 dicembre 2011).
-
^ Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 8 settembre 1997, n. 357 Regolamento recante attuazione della direttiva 92/43/CEE relativa alla conservazione degli habitat naturali e seminaturali, nonché della flora e della fauna selvatiche. (GU n.248 del 23-10-1997 - Suppl. Ordinario n. 219)
Bibliografia
- Fiacchini D & Pellegrini A, Misure di conservazione per Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821) nelle Marche, in Pianura 2011; 27: 99-103.
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Italiano
)
fornecido por wikipedia IT
La salamandrina dagli occhiali settentrionale (Salamandrina perspicillata Savi, 1821), detta anche salamandrina di Savi, è un anfibio caudato della famiglia Salamandridae, molto simile alla Salamandrina terdigitata, dalla quale è stata separata nel 2005 in base a studi genetici.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Salamandrina perspicillata - jest małą salamandrą mającą od 35 do 85 mm długości. Samice są większe od samców. Jej ciało jest dosłownie spłaszczone ma wyraźnie widoczne żebra. Ma po cztery palce w obu przednich i tylnych nogach, zwykle głębokie brązowe lub szaro-czarniawy na grzbietowej stronie ciała i ogon. Ogon jest również częściowo czerwonawy.
Przypisy
Bibliografia
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Polonês
)
fornecido por wikipedia POL
Salamandrina perspicillata - jest małą salamandrą mającą od 35 do 85 mm długości. Samice są większe od samców. Jej ciało jest dosłownie spłaszczone ma wyraźnie widoczne żebra. Ma po cztery palce w obu przednich i tylnych nogach, zwykle głębokie brązowe lub szaro-czarniawy na grzbietowej stronie ciała i ogon. Ogon jest również częściowo czerwonawy.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Salamandrina perspicillata é um anfíbio caudado da família Salamandridae. É endémica de Itália.
Referências
- Savi, 1821, Bibliot. Ital., Ossia Giorn. Lett. Sci. Art., Milano, 22: 228.
- Tschudi, 1838, Classif. Batr.: 93.
- Frost, Darrel R. 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Electronic Database accessible at [1] American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Salamandrina perspicillata . Accessed on 9 August 2008.
- AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Salamandrina perspicillata. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/.
- 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species IUCN link: Salamandrina perspicillata (Not Evaluated) Downloaded on 9 August 2008.
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Português
)
fornecido por wikipedia PT
Salamandrina perspicillata é um anfíbio caudado da família Salamandridae. É endémica de Itália.
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Nordlig glasögonsalamander
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Nordlig glasögonsalamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen salamandrar som finns i Italien.
Taxonomi
Den troddes länge vara identisk med glasögonsalamandern (Salamandrina terdigitata), men 2005 konstaterade man med hjälp av DNA-analys att de två formerna var skilda arter.[2]
Utseende
Arten är liten, med en medellängd av 8,5 cm (de längsta honorna kan bli upp till 13 cm långa, och hanarna upp till 9,2 cm). Kroppens ovansida är brun till mörkgrå och tydligt tillplattad så att revbenen syns. Svansens ovansida är delvis rödaktig. Färgen kan dock variera, från halvalbinistiska former, över helröda individer till djur med gulfläckig ovansida. Undersidan av svansen, fötterna och ofta även den bakre delen av buken är klarröda, medan resten av buksidan är vitaktig till ljusgrå med mörkgrå eller svarta fläckar. Parotidkörtlar saknas, och den har fyra tår på alla fötterna, inklusive bakfötterna (som hos de flesta salamandrar brukar ha fem tår). På huvudet har den en vitaktig till gulaktig markering mellan ögonen, som med litet god vilja kan tolkas som ett par glasögon - därav de svenska och latinska namnen (perspicillata är nylatin för "med glasögon"). Arten är mycket lik den nära släktingen glasögonsalamander, men den är i genomsnitt något större och har i allmänhet mindre rött i teckningen.[2]
Utbredning
Den nordliga glasögonsalamandern finns i den norra delen av den italienska halvön i Apenninerna norr om provinsen Caserta. Söder därom ersätts den av glasögonsalamandern (Salamandrina terdigitata).[1]
Beteende
Den nordliga glasögonsalamandern är kvälls- och nattaktiv med en aktivitetsperiod som ungefär varar mellan kl 18.00 och 24.00. Arten håller till i bergsskogar med tät undervegetation, gärna i dalgångar på nordsidan. Endast honorna är akvatiska, och då enbart i samband med äggläggningen. Salamandrarna påträffas ibland underjordiskt. De lever av olika marklevande, ryggradslösa djur som spindeldjur (framför allt kvalster), men också mindre kräftdjur, hoppstjärtar, skalbaggar, hopprätvingar, steklar, maskar och sniglar. Arten kan bli upp till 12 år gammal.[2] Den håller vanligtvis till i de lägre delarna av bergskedjan, på höjder mellan 200 och 900 m, men kan återfinnas från 50 m upp till 1 500 m.[1]
Fortplantning
Parningen förefaller ske på land (något som emellertid endast har observerats i fångenskap). Äggen utvecklas i syrerika vattensamlingar som dammar, vattentråg och långsamma bäckar med steniga bottnar. I undantagsfall kan utvecklingen även ske i grottor. Endast honorna uppsöker vatten i samband med äggläggningen, som vanligen sker mellan mars och april, men som kan börja så tidigt som slutet av december och avslutas så sent som i augusti. Äggen kläcks efter 20 till 22 dagar vid 14ºC. Larverna, som lever på olika vattenlevande ryggradslösa djur, särskilt fjädermygglarver, förvandlas efter 2 till 5 månader beroende på vattentemperatur, vattnets syrehalt och tillgången på föda. Ungdjuren blir könsmogna efter 4 till 5 år.[2]
Status
Den nordliga glasögonsalamandern betraktas som livskraftig ("LC") och populationen är stabil. På vissa lokaler har det skett en viss habitatförlust och mindre vattenföroreningar, men det anses inte innebära en fara för arten i stort.[1]
Referenser
- ^ [a b c d] Salamandrina perspicillata på IUCN:s rödlista, auktorer: Antonio Romano, Marco Mattoccia, Valerio Sbordoni, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti (2008), läst 2009-08-13.
- ^ [a b c d] Antonio Romano, Università di Roma, Tor Vergata (2008-11-13, uppdaterad 2008-12-06). ”Salamandrina perspicillata” (på engelsa). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Salamandrina&where-species=perspicillata. Läst 13 augusti 2009.
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Nordlig glasögonsalamander: Brief Summary
(
Sueco
)
fornecido por wikipedia SV
Nordlig glasögonsalamander (Salamandrina perspicillata) är ett stjärtgroddjur i familjen salamandrar som finns i Italien.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Ucraniano
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fornecido por wikipedia UK
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Ucraniano
)
fornecido por wikipedia UK
Salamandrina perspicillata (Окулярна саламандра північна) — вид земноводних з роду Окулярна саламандра родини Саламандрові.
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Kỳ giông kính phương Bắc
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Kỳ giông kính phương Bắc(Salamandrina perspicillata) là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Salamandridae chỉ được tìm thấy ở Ý.
Hình ảnh
Tham khảo
- Antonio Romano, Marco Mattoccia, Valerio Sbordoni, Franco Andreone, Claudia Corti 2008. Salamandrina perspicillata. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on ngày 16 tháng 12 năm 2010.
![src=]()
Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về
Kỳ giông kính phương Bắc
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Kỳ giông kính phương Bắc: Brief Summary
(
Vietnamita
)
fornecido por wikipedia VI
Kỳ giông kính phương Bắc(Salamandrina perspicillata) là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Salamandridae chỉ được tìm thấy ở Ý.
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Salamandrina perspicillata
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Вид: Salamandrina perspicillata
Международное научное название
Salamandrina perspicillata Savi, 1821
Охранный статус 
Систематика
на Викивидах
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 775937NCBI 316516EOL 2920481 Salamandrina perspicillata (лат.) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства настоящих саламандр.
Небольшая саламандра с длиной тела от 35 до 85 мм. Самки крупнее самцов. Тело плоское с явно видимыми рёбрами. Четыре пальца на обеих передних и задних ногах. Окраска тела тёмно-коричневого или серо-чёрного цвета. Хвост частично красноватый. Нижняя часть хвоста и ног ярко-красные. Брюхо белого, беловатого или сероватого цвета с пятнами тёмно-серого или чёрного цвета.
Этот вид является эндемиком Италии. Распространён в Апеннинских горах к северу от реки Вольтурно до Лигурии. Обитает в основном в горных и холмистых районах, как правило, на высоте 200—900 метров над уровнем моря. Населяет лесные участки с обильным подлеском.
Ссылки
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Salamandrina perspicillata: Brief Summary
(
Russo
)
fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
Salamandrina perspicillata (лат.) — вид хвостатых земноводных из семейства настоящих саламандр.
Небольшая саламандра с длиной тела от 35 до 85 мм. Самки крупнее самцов. Тело плоское с явно видимыми рёбрами. Четыре пальца на обеих передних и задних ногах. Окраска тела тёмно-коричневого или серо-чёрного цвета. Хвост частично красноватый. Нижняя часть хвоста и ног ярко-красные. Брюхо белого, беловатого или сероватого цвета с пятнами тёмно-серого или чёрного цвета.
Этот вид является эндемиком Италии. Распространён в Апеннинских горах к северу от реки Вольтурно до Лигурии. Обитает в основном в горных и холмистых районах, как правило, на высоте 200—900 метров над уровнем моря. Населяет лесные участки с обильным подлеском.
- licença
- cc-by-sa-3.0
- direitos autorais
- Авторы и редакторы Википедии
Це незавершена стаття з герпетології.
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Bài viết Bộ Có đuôi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. 
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