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Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Leschen.

Comments ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
There are several recognized subspecies, but only subsp. toxicaria occurs in China.

The latex contains varying amounts of cardiac glycosides and can be very poisonous. The bark fiber is used for cordage.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 37 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Trees 25-40 m tall, d.b.h. 30-40 cm, occasionally with buttresses when large. Bark gray, coarse. Branchlets brown pubescent when young, furrowed when dry. Stipules lanceolate, caducous. Petiole 5-8 mm, with long thick hairs; leaf blade elliptic to obovate but narrowly elliptic on mature plants, 7-19 × 3-6 cm, abaxially pale green but brown when dry and densely covered with long thick hairs but more densely so along main veins, adaxially dark green and sparsely covered with long thick hairs, base rounded to ± cordate and asymmetric, margin serrate, apex acuminate; secondary veins 10-13 on each side of midvein, apically inflexed. Male inflorescences ca. 1.5 cm wide; involucral bracts triangular, boatlike, outside pubescent. Female inflorescences pear-shaped, 1-flowered, covered by numerous bracts. Male flowers: filament very short; anthers ellipsoid, with purple spots. Female flowers: without sepals; style 2-branched, subuliform, pubescent. Drupes bright red to purple red, pear-shaped, ca. 2 cm in diam. when mature. Fl. Mar-Apr, fr. May-Jun.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 37 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
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visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam].
licença
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 37 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por eFloras
Rain forests; below 1500 m.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
citação bibliográfica
Flora of China Vol. 5: 37 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
fonte
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
projeto
eFloras.org
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
eFloras

Notes ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The pre-Linnaean naturalist Rumphius (Georg Everard Rumpf ?1628-1702) claimed that this was used by natives of the island of Macassar (in modern-day Indonesia) as a source of poison for warfare, and relayed some stories that were told to him about the tree:

"Whether it bears fruit or not no one can tell me, not even those who have been beneath it for gathering the poison. Under this tree and for a stone's throw around it, there grows neither grass nor leaves, nor any other trees, and the soil stays barren there, russet, and as if scorched. And under the most pernicious ones one will find the telltale sign of bird feathers, for the air around the tree is so tainted that if some birds want to rest themselves on the branches, they soon find themselves get dizzy and fall down dead." (pg. 129 in Beekman ed. 1993)
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Antiaris toxicaria ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST

El upas (Antiaris toxicaria) ye un árbol de la familia de les moracees, nativu del sudeste asiáticu. Na islla de Xava, onde abonda, conocer como "upas", pola pallabra nativa pa designar el venenu, siendo'l so látex utilizáu como pa envelenar fleches.

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Detalle de les fueyes

Descripción

Ye un árbol de gran porte, algamando los 40 m d'altor, con un fuste recto y delgao de non más de 40 cm de diámetru recubiertu d'una corteza ablancazada y rugosa. Les fueyes son elíptiques, d'ente 7 y 20 cm de llargu y 3 a 6 d'anchu. Tanto la corteza como la xamasca contienen un látex mafosu, ricu nel glucósido antiarina; el frutu ye una drupa acoloratada d'unos 2 cm de diámetru. [1]

Taxonomía

Antiaris toxicaria describióse por Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour y espublizóse en Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 16: 478, pl. 22. 1810.[2]

Variedaes
Sinonimia
  • Antiaris dubia Span. ex Hook.
  • Antiaris innoxia Blume
  • Antiaris ablonda Miq.
  • Antiaris saccidora Dalzell
  • Antiaris zeylanica Seem.
  • Cestrum toxicarium J.F.Gmel.
  • Ficus challa Schweinf.
  • Ipo saccidora (Dalzell) A.Lyons
  • Ipo toxicaria Pers.
  • Lepurandra saccidora Nimmo
  • Toxicaria macassariensis Aepnel. ex Steud.[3]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. «Antiaris toxicaria en». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultáu'l 12-11-2012.
  2. «Antiaris toxicaria». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 12 de payares de 2012.
  3. Antiaris toxicaria en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2003. Fl. China 5: 1–506. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Antiaris toxicaria: Brief Summary ( Asturiano )

fornecido por wikipedia AST
Antiaris toxicaria

El upas (Antiaris toxicaria) ye un árbol de la familia de les moracees, nativu del sudeste asiáticu. Na islla de Xava, onde abonda, conocer como "upas", pola pallabra nativa pa designar el venenu, siendo'l so látex utilizáu como pa envelenar fleches.

 src= Detalle de les fueyes
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Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia AST

Upasbaum ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Upasbaum (Antiaris toxicaria) ist die einzige Art der Pflanzengattung Antiaris innerhalb der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae).[1] Weitere Trivialnamen sind Javanischer Giftbaum,[1] Borneobaum, Javagiftbaum oder Ipobaum[2] sowie Antiarbaum.[3]

Beschreibung

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Illustration
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Unreife Früchte und Blätter
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Zweig mit wechselständig und zweizeilig angeordneten, einfachen Laubblättern
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„Der Upas, oder Giftbaum, auf der Insel Java“ – Ölgemälde von Francis Danby, um 1820, Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Vegetative Merkmale

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Der Upasbaum wächst als schnellwüchsiger, halbimmergrüner und monözischer, sehr großer Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von etwa 40 Meter oder seltener bis zu 60 Meter. Er bildet teils hohe Brettwurzeln, der Stammdurchmesser kann bis etwa 2 Meter erreichen. Die Borke ist weißlich-grau bis bräunlich. Antiaris toxicaria ist gut selbst-stutzend (self-pruning), d. h. sie lässt unproduktive oder schattenwerfende Zweige und sogar größere Äste mit sauberen Narben fallen→ Abszission.

Die kurz gestielten, wechselständig und zweizeilig angeordneten, einfachen, obseits glänzenden und ledrigen, unterseits helleren und matteren Laubblätter sind bei einer Länge von bis zu 20 Zentimeter und einer Breite bis etwa 8–10 Zentimeter elliptisch, länglich oder eilanzettlich und verkehrt-eiförmig bis -eilanzettlich. Die Lamina ist öfters etwas ungleich. Die Blätter sind spitz, abgerundet oder zugespitzt bis bespitzt oder geschwänzt, die Basis ist abgerundet bis stumpf oder teils leicht herzförmig, die kräftige Nervatur ist parallel-vorwärts gefiedert. Die Blattränder sind ganz bis feingekerbt, -gezähnt und teils behaart (gewimpert). Auch die kurzen Stiele und die Unterseite der Nervatur und der Hauptnerv teils auch an der Oberseite, sowie die kleinen Zweige sind mehr oder weniger behaart. Es sind kleine, abfallende Nebenblätter vorhanden.

Generative Merkmale

Die kleinen, männlichen Blüten stehen zu mehreren, in kleinen, feinhaarig gestielten, pilzförmigen, grünlichen Köpfchen (Scheinblüten) mit vielen kleinen Hüllblättern, die am Rand einen Hüllkelch bilden und auch am Boden des fleischigen Blütenbodens sitzen, zusammen. Die einzelnen Blüten bestehen aus etwa drei bis fünf, feinhaarigen, schöpfkellenförmigen Tepalen die mit der Spitze über die zwei bis vier Staubblätter, mit großen Antheren und sehr kurzen Filamenten, geneigt sind. Es stehen bis zu acht Köpfchen zusammen.

Die größeren, grünlichen und feinhaarigen weiblichen Blüten ohne Blütenhülle, stehen meist einzeln, sie bestehen aus mehreren, kleinen Hüllblättern die zu einem umschließenden, fleischigen Hüllkelch verwachsen sind.[4] Der (halb)oberständige Fruchtknoten ist mit dem Hüllkelch verwachsen und hat einen zweiästigen, weißlichen Griffel mit sehr langen, vorstehenden (Narben-)Ästen.

Die pelzigen, feinhaarigen, steinfruchtartigen, einsamigen, fleischigen und essbaren Scheinfrüchte sind orange bis rötlich und ellipsoid bis rundlich und etwa 1,5–2 Zentimeter lang. Der große Kern ist rundlich und hellbräunlich, mit einem dünnen Endokarp das die Samen umschließt. Wenn man die Kerne schüttelt dann klappert es aufgrund der Ablösung des Embryos von der Samenschale.[5]

Die Blütezeit liegt im März und April.

Die Chromosomenzahl ist 2n = 24 oder 28

Vorkommen

Antiaris toxicaria kommt in den Tropen Asiens und Afrikas sowie bis Australien und Melanesien inkl. Tonga vor, so insbesondere im südlichen Indien, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesien und im südlichen China. Es werden fünf Unterarten unterschieden:

  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. toxicaria
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. macrophylla (R.Br.) C.C. Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. humbertii (Leandri) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. madagascariensis (H.Perrier) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii (Engl.) C.C.Berg
    • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii var. africana A.Chev.
    • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii var. usambarensis (Engl.) C.C.Berg
    • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii var. welwitschii (Engl.) Corner

Verwendung

Der brennend-scharfe, gelblich-weiße Milchsaft aus der Rinde von Antiaris toxicaria ist stark giftig und diente in Südostasien als Pfeilgift (Upas Antiar). Die im Milchsaft vorkommenden Cardenolid-Glykoside führen zum Herzstillstand. Die Giftstoffe kommen auch in den Samen vor.[6] Die Giftigkeit des Baums war Gegenstand von Legenden, wonach der Baum so giftig sei, dass Vögel beim bloßen Überfliegen verstürben. Auch wurde behauptet, dass Menschen, die sich einem blühenden Baum näherten, den Tod gefunden hätten.

Der Milchsaft wird aber auch zu verschiedenen medizinischen Zwecken verwendet. Der Rindenbast kann für gröberes Flechtwerk, Gewebe und Papier verwendet werden.

Die Früchte sind essbar.

Das relativ weiche und recht leichte Holz des Upasbaums dient auch der Holzgewinnung (Ako-, Vawi-, Kirundu-Holz).[7]

Systematik

Antiaris toxicaria wurde 1810 durch Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour in Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Band 16, S. 478, Tafel 22 veröffentlicht.[8] Antiaris toxicaria ist die einzige Art der Gattung Antiaris in der Tribus Castilleae innerhalb der Familie Moraceae.[1]

Literatur

  • Richard F. Gustafson: The Upas Tree: Pushkin and Erasmus Darwin. In: PMLA. 75(1), 1960, S. 101–109, doi:10.2307/460432.
  • Sir Henry Yule: UPAS. In: Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive. New Edition, J. Murray, London 1903, S. 952–959 (ausführliche Darstellung der Legendenbildung um den Upas-Baum in der europäischen Literatur der Frühen Neuzeit), archive.org.
  • D. Louppe, M. Brinck, A. A. Oteng-Amoako: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 7(1), Timbers 1, Prota, 2008, ISBN 978-90-5782-209-4, S. 75–79, online auf prota4u.org, abgerufen am 30. Januar 2018.
  • Antiaris toxicaria in der Flora of China, Vol. 5.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Antiaris toxicaria im Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Abgerufen am 18. September 2013.
  2. Georg August Pritzel, Carl Jessen: Die deutschen Volksnamen der Pflanzen. Neuer Beitrag zum deutschen Sprachschatze. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, S. 34, archive.org.
  3. Friedrich Holl: Wörterbuch deutscher Pflanzen-Namen. Keyser, 1833, S. 2.
  4. C. (Cornelis) C. Berg, E. J. H. Corner, H. P. Nooteboom: Flora Malesiana. Series I: Seed Plants, Vol. 17, Pt. 2, 2005, Review in Taxon. 55(1), 2006, S. 251, DOI:10.2307/25065564.
  5. Poonam Agrawal u. a.: Quantification of Convallatoxin in Antiaris toxicaria Leuschseeds by RP-HPLC. In: TACL. 4(3), 2014, S. 172–177, DOI:10.1080/22297928.2014.925821.
  6. W. Blaschek, R. Hänsel u. a.: Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Auflage, Folgeband 2: Drogen A–K, Springer, 1998, ISBN 978-3-642-63794-0, S. 132 ff, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
  7. Der Knaur, Universallexikon. Band 10, Lexikographisches Institut München 1992/93, S. 5296.
  8. Antiaris toxicaria bei Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis Abgerufen am 18. September 2013.
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wikipedia DE

Upasbaum: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Upasbaum (Antiaris toxicaria) ist die einzige Art der Pflanzengattung Antiaris innerhalb der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae). Weitere Trivialnamen sind Javanischer Giftbaum, Borneobaum, Javagiftbaum oder Ipobaum sowie Antiarbaum.

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wikipedia DE

चांदकुडा ( Marathi )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
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चांदकुडा झाडाची पाने
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चांदकुडा झाडाचे खोड आणि साल

चांदकुडा (किंवा चांदला, करवत, जासुंद) हा भव्य, ७०-८० मीटर उंच व नऊ मीटर घेराचा महान वृक्ष ब्रह्मदेश, श्रीलंका, इंडोनेशिया (जावा), मलेशिया आणि भारत (कोकण, कारवार, खंडाळा) या देशांतील सदापर्णी जंगलात सापडतो.

चांदकुडाची विविध भाषेतील नावे :

  • हिंदी - चांदकुडा
  • कानडी - अजनपत्ती
  • संस्कृत : वल्कल
  • इंग्रजी - सॅक ट्री, यूपस ट्री. ॲन्टिआर,
  • शास्त्रीय नाव - ॲंटिॲरिस टॉक्सिकॅरिया

या झाडाच्या खोडाला बुंध्याजवळ अनेक आधारमुळे असतात. साल गर्द करडी, कठीण व गुळगुळीत असते. पाने साधी, एकाआड एक, मोठी, खरबरीत, लंबगोलाकृती व लांबट टोकाची असतात. फुले एकलिंगी असून सप्टेंबर-ऑक्टोबरात एकाच झाडावर येतात. नरपुष्पे (पानांच्या बगलेत), सवृंत, पुष्पासनावर गर्दीने उगवलेली व मादीपुष्पे एकाकी व छदमंडलाने वेढलेली असतात.

पुंपुष्पात चार संदले व तीन ते आठ केसरदले आणि स्त्री-पुष्पात दोन किंजले असतात. फळे लाल, मखमली सालीची, मांसल, एकबीजी, लहान (१.२ - १.८ सेंमी.) व कुंभाकृती असतात.

वृक्षाच्या सालीपासून जाड धाग्याचे कापड, पोती आणि दोऱ्या बनवितात.

या झाडाचा चीक अत्यंत विषारी असून बाणांच्या टोकांस लावतात. लाकूड व हस्तिदंत घासून गुळगुळीत करण्यासाठी पाने वापरतात. बिया कडू व ज्वरनाशक असून आमातिसारावर उपयुक्त असतात. सालीतील धागा कागद-निर्मितीत उपयुक्त आहे.

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Antiaris toxicaria ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Antiaris toxicaria is a tree in the mulberry and fig family, Moraceae. It is the only species currently recognized in the genus Antiaris. The genus Antiaris was at one time considered to consist of several species, but is now regarded as just one variable species which can be further divided into five subspecies. One significant difference within the species is that the size of the fruit decreases as one travels from Africa to Polynesia.[1] Antiaris has a remarkably wide distribution in tropical regions, occurring in Australia, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, Indonesia, the Philippines, Tonga, and various other tropical islands. Its seeds are spread by various birds and bats, and it is not clear how many of the populations are essentially invasive. The species is of interest as a source of wood, bark cloth, and pharmacological or toxic substances.

Naming and etymology

The generic epithet Antiaris is derived directly from the Javanese name for it: ancar[2] (obsolete Dutch-era spelling: antjar).[3] Some of the better known synonyms include: Antiaris africana Engl., Antiaris macrophylla R.Br. and Antiaris welwitschii Engl..

Antiaris toxicaria leaves on twig
Coppice, showing young bark

In English it may be called bark cloth tree, antiaris, false iroko, false mvule or upas tree,[4] and in the Javanese language it is known as the upas or ancar. In the Indonesian language it is known as bemu. In the related official language of the Philippines, Filipino, upas, and in Malaysia's Malaysian language as Ipoh or ancar. In Thai it is the ยางน่อง (yangnong). In Mandinka, it is the jafo and in Wolof the kan or man. In Coastal Kenya, it is called mnguonguo by the Giriama.

The Chinese of Hainan Island, refer to the tree as the "Poison Arrow Tree" (Chinese: 箭毒木; pinyin: Jiàndú Mù — "Arrow Poison Wood,") because its latex was smeared on arrowheads in ancient times by the Li people for use in hunting and warfare.[5]

Taxonomy

Currently one species of Antiaris is formally accepted, namely Antiaris toxicaria,[6][7][1] with about twenty synonyms recorded and rejected as invalid. The status of other species still is unresolved, namely Antiaris turbinifera. However, given the wide range of the genus, it is quite likely that investigations under way will lead to the establishment of new species. Some varieties and subspecies are already established, pending further investigation. At present the accepted taxonomy is as follows:

  • Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. africana (Engl.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. humbertii (Leandri) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. macrophylla (R.Br.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. madagascariensis (H.Perrier) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria var. usambarensis (Engl.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii (Engl.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris turbinifera Hemsl. (unresolved)

Characteristics

Fruiting twigs

Antiaris toxicaria is monoecious. It is a large tree, growing to 25–40 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter, often buttressed at the base, with pale grey bark. The trees have milky to watery latex.[8] The leaves are elliptic to obovate, 7–19 cm long and 3–6 cm broad.[9] The African tree bears larger fruit than Asian and Polynesian populations. The Indonesian Antiaris toxicaria flowers in June. In Kenya peak seeding time is March. The edible fruit is a red or purple drupe 2 cm in diameter, with a single seed.[8] The tree grows rapidly and attains maturity within 20 years. It is classified by Hawthorne W.D. as a non-pioneer light demanding tree.[10]

Distribution

The Antiaris tree is found in grassy savanna and coastal plateaus. In Africa, there are three varieties clearly distinguished by habitat and their juvenile forms. One is confined mainly to wooded grassland, the other two are found in wet forests; rainforest, riverine forest and semi-swamp forests. It generally does not grow at altitudes above some 1500 metres above sea-level.[11]

Uses

Antiaris toxicaria is a fairly small-scale source of timber and yields a lightweight hardwood with density of 250–540 kilogram per cubic metre (similar to balsa). As the wood peels very easily and evenly, it is commonly used for veneer.

The bark has a high concentration of tannins that are used in traditional clothes dyeing and paints.

The seed from the fruit, which is a soft and edible[12] red or purple drupe 2 cm in diameter, is dispersed by birds, bats, possums, monkeys, deer, antelopes and humans.

In Africa and Polynesia the bast fibre is harvested and is used in preparing strong, coarse bark cloth for clothing. The clothes often are decorated with the dye produced from the bark tannins.

Antiaris toxicaria is an excellent, fast-growing shade tree and often is grown around human dwellings for shade. The leaf litter is an excellent compost material and high in nutrients. It often is applied as mulch or green manure in local gardens, which however, must be grown beyond the shade of the extremely dense canopy of the tree.

Recently, the plant had allegedly been used by retired Tanzanian pastor Ambilikile Mwasapile to allegedly cure all manner of diseases, including HIV/AIDS, diabetes, high blood pressure, cancer, asthma, and others.[13] While found to be harmless to humans when boiled in accordance with Mwasapile's mode of creating a medicinal drink out of the bark, it allegedly was undergoing testing by the WHO and Tanzanian health authorities to verify whether it has any medicinal value.[14] However, conflicting reports suggest that the plant in question is not in fact Antiaris, but rather Carissa edulis.[15]

Poison

Sumpitan quiver and poison cup from the Dayak people of Sabah, Malaysia

The latex of Antiaris toxicaria contains intensely toxic cardenolides, in particular a cardiac glycoside named antiarin.[16] It is used as a toxin for arrows, darts, and blowdarts in Island Southeast Asian cultures. In various ethnic groups of the Philippines, Borneo, Sulawesi and Malaysia the concentrated sap of Antiaris toxicaria is known as upas, apo, or ipoh, among other names. The concentrate is applied (by dipping) to darts used in sumpit blowguns employed for hunting and warfare.[17][18] In Javanese tradition in Indonesia, Antiaris toxicaria (also known as upas) is mixed with Strychnos ignatii for arrow poison.[11]

In China, this plant is known as "arrow poison wood" and the poison is said to be so deadly that it has been described as "Seven Up Eight Down Nine Death" meaning that a victim can take no more than seven steps uphill, eight steps downhill or nine steps on level ground before dying. Some travellers' tales have it that the Upas tree is the most poisonous in the world, so that no one can reach the trunk before falling down dead.[19]

Upas Tree from an 1887 illustration

Another account (professedly by one Foersch, who was a surgeon at Semarang in 1773) was published in The London Magazine, December 1783, and popularized by Erasmus Darwin in Loves of the Plants (Botanic Garden, pt. ii). The tree was said to destroy all animal life within a radius of 15 miles or more. The poison was fetched by condemned malefactors, of whom scarcely two out of twenty returned.[20] Geoffrey Grigson proposed that this exaggerated description was perpetrated by George Steevens.[21] In fact, the deaths were due to an adjoining extinct volcano near Batar, called Guava Upas. Due to confusion of names, the poisonous effects of the deadly valley have been ascribed to the Upas tree.[22]

Literary allusions to the tree's poisonous nature are frequent and as a rule are not to be taken seriously.[23][24] A poem that has been frequently commented on and set to music is "The Upas-Tree" by Pushkin.[25]

One of the heroes of Thomas Mann's novel The Magic Mountain written in 1924 mentioned this tree in the context "The knowledge of drugs possessed by the coloured races was far superior to our own. In certain islands east of Dutch New Guinea, youths and maidens prepared a love charm from the bark of a tree—it was probably poisonous, like the manzanilla tree, or the antiaris toxicaria the deadly upas tree of Java, which could poison the air round with its steam and fatally stupefy man and beast".

Literature

  • Berg, C.C., 1977. Revisions of African Moraceae (excluding Dorstenia, Ficus, Musanga and Myrianthus). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, 47: 267–407.
  • Bisset, N.G., 1962. Cardiac glycosides: Part VI. Moraceae: The genus Antiaris Lesch. Planta Medica, 10: 143–151.
  • Boer, E. & Sosef, M.S.M., 1998. Antiaris Lesch. In: Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T. & Prawirohatmodjo, S. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia,5(3). Timber trees: Lesser-known timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands. pp. 73–75.
  • Browne, F.G., 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching, Malaysia. pp. 348–349.
  • Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. Revised reprint volume 1 (A-H). Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. pp. 175–185.
  • Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1948. The wealth of India: a dictionary of Indian raw materials & industrial products. Volume 1. Publications and Information Directorate, New Delhi, India. pp. 83–84.
  • Dolder, F., Tamm, C. & Reichstein, T., 1955. Die Glykoside von Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Glykoside und Aglycone, 150 [Glycosides of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Glycoside and aglycones, 150]. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 38(6): 1364–1396.
  • Hano, Y., Mitsui, P. & Nomura, T., 1990. Seven prenylphenols, antiarones C, D, E, F, G, H and I from the root bark of Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. Heterocycles 31(7): 1315–1324.
  • Pételot, A., 1954. Les plantes médicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. [The medicinal plants of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam]. Vol. 3. Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques, Saigon, Vietnam. pp. 126–127.
  • Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Co., Quezon City, the Philippines. pp. 224–226.

Notes

  1. ^ a b Boer, E.; Brink, M.; Sosef, M.S.M. (1999). Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. In: de Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors). Plant Resources of South-East Asia, No. 12(1): Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publisher. pp. 126–129.
  2. ^ Heyne, K. (1987). Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, vol. 2: 684-685. Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta.
  3. ^ Kochummen, K.M. (1978). Moraceae. In Ng, F.S.P. (ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya vol. 3: 120. Longman.
  4. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2012). CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-1-4200-8044-5.
  5. ^ "The Deadly Poison Arrow Tree" (in Chinese). Xinhua. May 10, 2007. Archived from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
  6. ^ Leschenault, M. (1810). "Mémoire Sur le Strychnos tieute et l"Antiaris toxicaria, plantes vénéneuses de Vile de Java, apec le suc desquelles les indigènes empoisonnent leurs flèches" (PDF). Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. Paris: Chez G. Dufour et Compagnie. 16: 459–483. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  7. ^ Boer, E.; Brink, M.; Sosef, M.S.M. (1999). "Antiaris toxicaria Lesch". http://www.proseanet.org. PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Antiaris toxicaria - MORACEAE". biotik.org. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
  9. ^ "Archived copy". www.worldagroforestry.org. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  10. ^ Hawthorne, W.D. (1995). Ecological profiles of Ghanaian forest trees. Oxford: Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford. p. 46.
  11. ^ a b Timber trees: lesser known species Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.) PROSEA 5(3). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 1998
  12. ^ Berg, C.C.; Corner, E.J.H.; Jarrett, F.M. (2006). Flora Malesiana. Series I, Seed plants. Volume 17, Part 1: Moraceae - genera other than Ficus. Leiden, Netherlands: Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. p. 18.
  13. ^ Namu, John-Allan. "Loliondo Miraculous Drink". NTV. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  14. ^ Juma, Mussa. "WHO to Study Loliondo Medicine". Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  15. ^ "Scientists at Work on 'Babu' Cure". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  16. ^ Kopp, B; Bauer, WP; Bernkop-Schnurch, A (1992). "Analysis of some Malaysian dart poisons". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 36 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90061-u. PMID 1501494.
  17. ^ Marinas, Amante P., Sr. (17 April 2012). Blowgun Techniques: The Definitive Guide to Modern and Traditional Blowgun Techniques. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0554-6.
  18. ^ Darmadi, Hamid (30 March 2018). "Sumpit (Blowgun) as Traditional Weapons with Dayak High Protection". Journal of Education, Teaching and Learning. 3 (1): 113. doi:10.26737/jetl.v3i1.601.
  19. ^ Buel, James William (1887). Sea and Land: An illustrated history of the wonderful and curious things of nature existing before and since the deluge (PDF). Toranto: J.S. Robertson & Brothers. pp. 470–471.
  20. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Upas". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782.
  21. ^ “The Upas Tree,” The Harp of Aeolus, and other Essays on Art, Literature & Nature (Routledge, 1947) 56-65.
  22. ^ "The Upas Tree". Scientific American. July 31, 1858. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  23. ^ Staff (1844). "The Upas". The Student: A Magazine of Theology, Literature, and Science. London: James Gilbert. 1 (B): 37–40. Retrieved December 1, 2013.
  24. ^ "Upas (sourced)". Wikiquote. Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
  25. ^ Poem Hunter

References

*Hot and cold soaking treatment of twenty wood species from Irian Jaya,Abdurrohim S and Martawijaya A. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan Indonesia: 1987. 4(3): 1–9.
*Flora of West Tropical Africa. Hutchinson J and Dalziel JM. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and Administration: London 1958. 2nd Ed., Vol. 1(2), .
*Analysis of some Malaysian dart poisons, Kopp B, Bauer WP and Bernkop-Schnurch A, Journal of Ethnopharmacology: . 1992. 36(1): 57–62.
*Timber trees: lesser known species Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.) PROSEA 5(3). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden: 1998
*A pocket directory of trees and seeds in Kenya, Teel W. KENGO, Nairobi: 1984
*Studies on the Indonesian Antiaris Toxicaria Sap, Fujimoto Yukio, Suzuki Yuko, Kanaiwa Takao, Amiya Takashi, Hoshi Katsuji, Fujino Sumiko, "Journal of pharmacobio-dynamics", 6 (2), The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan: 19830200: pp 128–135

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Antiaris toxicaria: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

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Antiaris toxicaria is a tree in the mulberry and fig family, Moraceae. It is the only species currently recognized in the genus Antiaris. The genus Antiaris was at one time considered to consist of several species, but is now regarded as just one variable species which can be further divided into five subspecies. One significant difference within the species is that the size of the fruit decreases as one travels from Africa to Polynesia. Antiaris has a remarkably wide distribution in tropical regions, occurring in Australia, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, Indonesia, the Philippines, Tonga, and various other tropical islands. Its seeds are spread by various birds and bats, and it is not clear how many of the populations are essentially invasive. The species is of interest as a source of wood, bark cloth, and pharmacological or toxic substances.

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Antiaris toxicaria ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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El upas o pohon upas de las Molucas[1]​ (Antiaris toxicaria) es un árbol de la familia de las moráceas, nativo del sudeste asiático. En la isla de Java, donde abunda, se lo conoce como "upas", por la palabra nativa para designar el veneno, siendo su látex utilizado como para envenenar flechas.

 src=
Detalle de las hojas

Descripción

Es un árbol de gran porte, alcanzando los 40 m de altura, con un fuste recto y delgado de no más de 40 cm de diámetro recubierto de una corteza blanquecina y rugosa. Las hojas son elípticas, de entre 7 y 20 cm de largo y 3 a 6 de ancho. Tanto la corteza como el follaje contienen un látex viscoso, rico en el glucósido antiarina; el fruto es una drupa rojiza de unos 2 cm de diámetro.[2]

Taxonomía

Antiaris toxicaria fue descrita por Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour y publicado en Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 16: 478, pl. 22. 1810.[3]

Variedades
Sinonimia
  • Antiaris dubia Span. ex Hook.
  • Antiaris innoxia Blume
  • Antiaris rufa Miq.
  • Antiaris saccidora Dalzell
  • Antiaris zeylanica Seem.
  • Cestrum toxicarium J.F.Gmel.
  • Ficus challa Schweinf.
  • Ipo saccidora (Dalzell) A.Lyons
  • Ipo toxicaria Pers.
  • Lepurandra saccidora Nimmo
  • Toxicaria macassariensis Aepnel. ex Steud.[4]

Referencias

  1. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
  2. «Antiaris toxicaria en». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2012.
  3. «Antiaris toxicaria». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 12 de noviembre de 2012.
  4. Antiaris toxicaria en PlantList

Bibliografía

  1. Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2003. Fl. China 5: 1–506. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.

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Antiaris toxicaria: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

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El upas o pohon upas de las Molucas​ (Antiaris toxicaria) es un árbol de la familia de las moráceas, nativo del sudeste asiático. En la isla de Java, donde abunda, se lo conoce como "upas", por la palabra nativa para designar el veneno, siendo su látex utilizado como para envenenar flechas.

 src= Detalle de las hojas
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Antiaris toxicaria ( Francês )

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Antiaris toxicaria (appelé upas antiar[2], ou plus simplement upas, ou encore ipoh) est un arbre sempervirent de la famille des Moraceae.

Originaire du sud-est de l'Asie (de l'Inde et du Sri Lanka à l'est jusqu'au sud de la Chine, aux Philippines et aux Fidji), il produit un latex très toxique connu dans l'île de Java sous le nom de upas (du mot javanais signifiant poison) ou antiar.

Description

L'Upas se présente comme un grand arbre, pouvant atteindre de 25 à 40 mètres de hauteur avec un tronc allant jusqu'à 40 cm de diamètre. Ses feuilles sont ovales, de 7 à 19 cm de longueur. Les fruits sont des drupes rouge-violet de 2 cm de diamètre. Le latex, présent dans le tronc et le feuillage, contient un glycoside cardiotonique vénéneux appelé antiarine.

Légende des vapeurs mortelles

 src=
L'upas, ou arbre à poison, sur l'île de Java, tableau de Francis Danby (v.1820).

En décembre 1783, un article signé du nom d'un certain Dr Foersch, un supposé voyageur néerlandais qui aurait été chirurgien à Samarang (sur l'île de Java) en 1773, livre dans le London Magazine un récit de voyage contenant des allégations mensongères au sujet de l'upas[3]. Il décrit l'arbre comme émettant des vapeurs empoisonnées capables de tuer toute vie animale dans un rayon de 15 miles. Il raconte également que l'arbre est utilisé comme un moyen de punir les condamnés à mort, qui ont le choix entre subir leur peine aux mains du bourreau ou bien tenter d'aller recueillir le poison de l'upas en s'exposant aux vapeurs mortelles, tâche périlleuse que seuls deux condamnés sur dix en moyenne arrivent à accomplir en s'en tirant vivants, toujours selon Foersch. En réalité, l'article est une pure invention[4]. L'auteur réel de l'article n'était autre que le facétieux érudit britannique George Steevens[5]. La vérité fut découverte par la suite. Mais le récit a inspiré entretemps plusieurs auteurs et artistes.

Dans la littérature, cette légende au sujet de l'upas a été reprise et popularisée par Erasmus Darwin (le grand-père de Charles Darwin) dans son ouvrage Botanic Garden (partie II). Erasmus Darwin, qui était à la fois naturaliste et poète, consacre également un développement vivace à l'upas et à ses propriétés dans son poème scientifique The Temple of Nature. L'upas est aussi évoqué dans le poème de Robert Southey Thalaba le destructeur (Thalabas the Destroyer) en 1801. Le poète russe Alexandre Pouchkine a aussi consacré un poème à l'upas. Honoré de Balzac reprend cette légende dans une nouvelle intitulée Voyage de Paris à Java (1832).

En peinture, cette légende a inspiré un tableau de Francis Danby peint autour de 1820 : The Upas, or Poison-Tree, in the Island of Java, conservé au Victoria and Albert Museum de Londres au Royaume-Uni[6].

Notes et références

  1. IPNI. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens., consulté le 28 juillet 2020
  2. ou upas anthiar, désignant à la fois l'arbre et le latex qu'il produit.
  3. Encyclopædia Britannica, édition de 1911, volume 27, article "Upas". [lire en ligne]
  4. The Student : A Magazine of Theology, Literature, and Science, vol. I, London, James Gilbert, 1844, pages 37 suiv.
  5. (en) Hugh Chisholm (dir.), « Steevens, George », dans Encyclopædia Britannica (1911), vol. 25, Cambridge University Press, 1911, 11e éd. (lire en ligne)
  6. The Upas, or Poison-Tree, in the Island of Java, fiche du tableau sur le site du Victoria and Albert Museum de Londres. Page consultée le 23 juin 2017.

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Antiaris toxicaria: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Antiaris toxicaria (appelé upas antiar, ou plus simplement upas, ou encore ipoh) est un arbre sempervirent de la famille des Moraceae.

Originaire du sud-est de l'Asie (de l'Inde et du Sri Lanka à l'est jusqu'au sud de la Chine, aux Philippines et aux Fidji), il produit un latex très toxique connu dans l'île de Java sous le nom de upas (du mot javanais signifiant poison) ou antiar.

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Úpas ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA
 src=
Úpas

Crann síorghlas atá dúchasach don Mhalaeisia is ea an t-úpas (Antiaris toxicaria). A dhuilleoga ubhchruthach, a bhláthanna bídeach glas i gcinn sféarúla. Tálann sé laitéis lachtach a d'úsáidtí mar nimh chumasach ar rinn saighde. Cheaptaí san 18ú céad go raibh an crann nimhiúil don cheantar máguaird mar gur tháinig an nimh amach ón gcrann chun gach rud beo a mharú.

 src=
Tá an t-alt seo bunaithe ar ábhar as Fréamh an Eolais, ciclipéid eolaíochta agus teicneolaíochta leis an Ollamh Matthew Hussey, foilsithe ag Coiscéim sa bhliain 2011. Tá comhluadar na Vicipéide go mór faoi chomaoin acu beirt as ucht cead a thabhairt an t-ábhar ón leabhar a roinnt linn go léir.
 src=
Is síol é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Ipuh ( Indonésio )

fornecido por wikipedia ID
Untuk arti yang lain, lihat Ipuh (disambiguasi).
Lihat pula: Kota Ipoh

Ipuh, ipoh atau upas (Antiaris toxicaria) adalah sejenis pohon anggota suku Moraceae. Pada masa lalu, pohon ini sangat terkenal karena getahnya yang sangat beracun, yang digunakan untuk meracuni mata panah (Gr. toxicon: racun panah). Selain itu, ipuh juga menghasilkan serat dari pepagannya, yang digunakan sebagai bahan pakaian orang zaman dahulu.[2]

Nama-nama lainnya di antaranya tengis, tatai, ketatai (Mly.); ancar, upas (Jw.); pancar, balung (Md.); ipo (Mak., Bug.); gado (Gal.)[2]. Nama marganya, Antiaris, berasal dari namanya dalam bahasa Jawa yang ditulis menurut ejaan lama: antjar[3].

Pengenalan

 src=
Pelat botani dari Gilg & Schumann (1900an)

Pohon berukuran sedang hingga besar; tinggi mencapai 45(-60) m, batang bebas cabang hingga 23 m dan gemang batang hingga 180 cm; kadang-kadang dengan banir sempit setinggi 3 m[4]. Pepagan putih keabu-abuan, halus dan sedikit memecah. Pepagan bagian dalam pucat kekuningan; lateksnya berwarna kuning krem, yang segera menjadi kecoklatan dan menggumpal berbutir bila kena udara.[3][5]

Ranting-ranting tebalnya 2-3 mm, berambut abu-abu keputihan. Daun penumpu 3–4 mm, berambut kuning. Daun-daun tunggal, berseling, tebal seperti kertas, jorong lonjong, 6-20 × 3,6-8,5 cm; tulang daun sekunder berjumlah 8-14 pasang; ujung daun meruncing hingga membundar; tepinya rata; pangkalnya membundar, kadang-kadang seperti jantung, umumnya tak-simetris; bertangkai 2–10 mm, berambut kuning-jingga, beralur di sisi atasnya.[3][5]

Bunga jantan dalam bongkol yang cekung, garis tengah lk. 1,25 cm, bertangkai 0,8 cm, berkumpul 2-4 bongkol sekali. Bunga betina tidak dalam bongkol, namun berkumpul di ketiak. Buah berbentuk pir, garis tengah lk. 1,25 cm, merah kemudian menghitam jika masak. Biji tunggal.[3][5]

Kegunaan

 src=
Ranting-ranting

Ipuh menghasilkan kayu ringan yang dalam perdagangan digolongkan sebagai kayu terap. Densitas kayunya tercatat antara (250–)390 – 540 kg/m3 pada kadar air 15%. Kayu ini umumnya digunakan dalam konstruksi ringan, interior bangunan, furnitur, panil kayu, penutup lantai, kotak pengemas, venir, dan kayu lapis. Salah satu produsen kayu ipuh adalah Papua Nugini, yang pada 1996 tercatat mengekspor 6.570 m3.[4].

Lateks yang dihasilkannya, pada salah satu forma sangat beracun, sementara pada forma yang lainnya kurang atau tidak beracun sama sekali. Pada masa silam, getah ipuh ini digunakan sebagai racun panah dalam peperangan, atau sebagai racun sumpit untuk berburu.[2] Namun, getah yang dihasilkan oleh akar ipuh masih dipergunakan di pedalaman Kalimantan Barat untuk meracun ikan. Sesungguhnya, racun yang berasal dari akar ipuh tidak terlalu beracun apabila digunakan untuk memancing ikan. Karena, setelah ditangkap, ikan langsung dicuci dahulu sebelum dimanfaatkan. Pemerintah Kalimantan Barat, kini sudah melarang penggunaan ipuh untuk meracun ikan.

Pepagan ipuh menghasilkan bahan pewarna.[4] Pepagan bagian dalam dari pohon yang muda, oleh orang-orang pedalaman diolah menjadi serat yang sifatnya menyerupai kain linen kasar[2].

Buahnya dapat dimakan. Biji, dan beberapa bagian tumbuhan yang lain digunakan sebagai bahan obat tradisional; biji ipuh dimanfaatkan sebagai anti-disentri.[4]

Ekologi dan penyebaran

 src=
Pepagan dan trubusan

Ipuh adalah pohon hutan primer yang menyebar jarang-jarang hingga ketinggian 1.500 m dpl. Kadang-kadang ditemui di sabana berumput dan dataran tinggi pesisir. Di Afrika, ipuh juga tumbuh di daerah semi-arid.[4]

Pohon ini diketahui menyebar luas mulai dari Afrika Barat, Madagaskar, India, Srilanka, Cina selatan, Indocina, melintasi Nusantara hingga ke Pasifik (sampai ke Fiji dan Tonga) dan Australia utara.[4]

Catatan taksonomis

Antiaris adalah marga monotipik.[4]

Referensi

  1. ^ Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16 (1810): 478
  2. ^ a b c d Heyne, K. 1987. Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia, jil. 2: 684-685. Yay. Sarana Wana Jaya, Jakarta.
  3. ^ a b c d Kochummen, K.M. 1978. Moraceae. In Ng, F.S.P. (ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya vol. 3: 120. Longman.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Boer, E. & M.S.M. Sosef. 1998. Antiaris Lesch. in Sosef, M.S.M., L.T. Hong, & S. Prawirohatmodjo (eds.) Timber trees: Lesser-known timbers. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 5(3): 73-75.
  5. ^ a b c Argent, G. et al.. t.t. Manual of the Larger and More Important Non-Dipterocarp Trees of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vol. 2: 429-430. Forest Institute, Samarinda.

Pranala luar

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Ipuh: Brief Summary ( Indonésio )

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Untuk arti yang lain, lihat Ipuh (disambiguasi). Lihat pula: Kota Ipoh

Ipuh, ipoh atau upas (Antiaris toxicaria) adalah sejenis pohon anggota suku Moraceae. Pada masa lalu, pohon ini sangat terkenal karena getahnya yang sangat beracun, yang digunakan untuk meracuni mata panah (Gr. toxicon: racun panah). Selain itu, ipuh juga menghasilkan serat dari pepagannya, yang digunakan sebagai bahan pakaian orang zaman dahulu.

Nama-nama lainnya di antaranya tengis, tatai, ketatai (Mly.); ancar, upas (Jw.); pancar, balung (Md.); ipo (Mak., Bug.); gado (Gal.). Nama marganya, Antiaris, berasal dari namanya dalam bahasa Jawa yang ditulis menurut ejaan lama: antjar.

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Ipuh ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS


Pokok Ipoh adalah sejenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di hutan Malaysia serta di negara-negara ASEAN yang lain. Nama sainsnya Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. [1]

Pokok Ipoh mempunyai getah beracun yang digunakan sebagai racun untuk hujung sumpitan orang asli. Racun ini bertindak dengan serta-merta dan akan membunuh mangsa yang terkena sumpitan. Untuk mengelakkan keracunan kepada pemburu, bahagian daging pada mangsa perburuan akan dipotong dan dibuang. Ciri-ciri daun pokok Ipoh ini ialah hujung daunnya berbentuk tirus,oblong elliptik,pangkal daun berbentuk bulat. Secara umumnya daun pokok ini adalah nipis.

Bandar Ipoh, Perak juga berkemungkinan mendapat nama sempena pokok Ipoh.

Rujukan

Lihat juga


Senarai pokok Pokok mangga A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia MS

Ipuh: Brief Summary ( Malaio )

fornecido por wikipedia MS


Pokok Ipoh adalah sejenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di hutan Malaysia serta di negara-negara ASEAN yang lain. Nama sainsnya Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.

Pokok Ipoh mempunyai getah beracun yang digunakan sebagai racun untuk hujung sumpitan orang asli. Racun ini bertindak dengan serta-merta dan akan membunuh mangsa yang terkena sumpitan. Untuk mengelakkan keracunan kepada pemburu, bahagian daging pada mangsa perburuan akan dipotong dan dibuang. Ciri-ciri daun pokok Ipoh ini ialah hujung daunnya berbentuk tirus,oblong elliptik,pangkal daun berbentuk bulat. Secara umumnya daun pokok ini adalah nipis.

Bandar Ipoh, Perak juga berkemungkinan mendapat nama sempena pokok Ipoh.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Pengarang dan editor Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia MS

Sui (cây) ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cây sui, còn được gọi là cây thuốc bắn, có tên khoa học Antiaris toxicaria, là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được Lesch. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1810.[1]

Phân loài, thứ

  • Antiaris toxicaria var. africana Scott-Elliot ex A.Chev.
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. humbertii (Leandri) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. macrophylla (R.Br.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. madagascariensis (H.Perrier) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria var. usambarensis (Engl.) C.C.Berg
  • Antiaris toxicaria subsp. welwitschii (Engl.) C.C.Berg

Phân bố địa lý

Cây sui mọc hoang khá nhiều ở các miền núi Việt Nam. Ngoài ra còn mọc hoang cả ở miền nam Trung Quốc (Hải Nam, Quảng Đông, Quảng Tây, nam Vân Nam), Ấn Độ, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thái Lan và Sri Lanka.

Thu hái

Nhựa sui thường được lấy bằng cách băm vỏ cây, thu nhập nhựa chảy ra, dùng để tẩm tên thuốc độc bằng tre hay bằng kim loại để săn bắn thú dữ lớn. vỏ cây sui được làm chăn đắp hay may quần áo hoặc làm túi đựng các đồ vật.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Antiaris toxicaria. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Dâu tằm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

Sui (cây): Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Cây sui, còn được gọi là cây thuốc bắn, có tên khoa học Antiaris toxicaria, là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Moraceae. Loài này được Lesch. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1810.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia VI

见血封喉树 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

見血封喉树學名Antiaris toxicaria),又稱箭毒木,為木本植物桑科見血封喉屬植物,是世界上最的植物、之一[1]

箭毒木是見血封喉屬下唯一種,但有不同亞種,生長在亞洲非洲的熱帶地區,都含有劇毒的乳汁。中國只有見血封喉一種,見於雲南西雙版納廣西南部、廣東西部和海南省等地,現已列為二級珍貴保護植物[2]

外型

中間分杈然後長出兩個樹冠,樹幹呈灰色,有泡沫狀疙瘩,樹葉細而密集。最出奇的是其板狀的根部,如火箭尾部的翼片般支撐著碩大的樹幹。葉脈明顯,葉面較為粗糙,葉柄還帶有細細的絨毛。[3]

毒性

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箭毒木的乳汁含有弩箭子苷見血封喉苷鈴蘭毒苷鈴蘭毒醇苷伊夫草苷馬來歐苷等多種有毒物質,當這些毒汁由傷口進入人體時,就會引起肌肉鬆弛、血液凝固、心臟跳動減緩,最後導致心跳停止而死亡。

人們如果不小心吃了,心臟也會麻痺,以致停止跳動。如果乳汁濺至眼,眼睛馬上也會失明。[來源請求]人和動物若被塗有毒汁的利器刺傷即死。

醫療用途

箭毒木雖然毒,但也有有益的一面,可剝樹皮取出纖維,用來紡織婦女統裙樹皮對治療中暑腹痛很有效。近年來,醫藥專家研究把其汁液去毒,提取其有效成份治療高血壓,效果甚佳。[來源請求]

傳說

凡被塗上箭毒木汁液的射中的野獸,上坡的跑七步,下坡的跑八步,平路的跑九步的就必死無疑,當地人稱為「七上八下九不活」。

擁有地區

中国廣西北海市一棵有162年樹齡的「見血封喉」。2012年8月被颱風吹倒,砸毀兩戶民宅。但居民卻懼其毒性,不敢移除。[4]同時,在中国的西双版纳亦有該樹生長。

參考文獻

 title=
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科

见血封喉树: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

見血封喉树(學名:Antiaris toxicaria),又稱箭毒木,為木本植物桑科見血封喉屬植物,是世界上最的植物、之一。

箭毒木是見血封喉屬下唯一種,但有不同亞種,生長在亞洲非洲的熱帶地區,都含有劇毒的乳汁。中國只有見血封喉一種,見於雲南西雙版納廣西南部、廣東西部和海南省等地,現已列為二級珍貴保護植物

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
维基百科作者和编辑
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia 中文维基百科