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Xylocopa darwini ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Xylocopa darwini ist eine Biene aus der Gattung der Holzbienen (Xylocopa) innerhalb der Familie der Apidae. Sie ist endemisch auf den Galapagosinseln in Ecuador.[1]

Beschreibung

Als einzige einheimische Biene von insgesamt drei vorhandenen Arten dient die Holzbiene als wichtiger Bestäuber des Archipels.[2] Es besteht ein ausgeprägter Sexualdimorphismus. Die männlichen Bienen besitzen eine gelb-bräunliche Farbgebung, während die weiblichen Bienen eine schwarze Farbgebung besitzen.[3] Wie bei Holzbienen üblich, nistet sie in Ästen und Stämmen von Bäumen und legt ihre Eier in die Hohlräume.

Forschungen legen nahe, dass die Holzbiene die von ihr beanspruchten Pflanzen gegenüber Eindringlingen verteidigt.[4]

Verbreitung

Der Lebensraum der Holzbiene beschränkt sich auf 9 der 12 größten Inseln. Dazu gehören Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, San Salvador, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe und Española.[5]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Xylocopa darwini. Charles Darwin Foundation, abgerufen am 22. Februar 2021.
  2. Marianne Philipp, Jens Böcher, Hans R. Siegismund & Lene R. Nielsen: Structure of a plant‐pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands. In: Ecography. Band 29, 2006, S. 531–540, doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x.
  3. Robert I. Bowman: The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project. University of California Press, Berkeley 1966, S. 64.
  4. Earle Gorton: Notes on male territorial behavior in the Galapagos carpenter bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In: The Pan-Pacific entomologist. Band 41, 1965, S. 158–161.
  5. Pablo Vargas Et al.: Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude. In: PLOS ONE. Band 10, Nr. 3, 2015, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120597.
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Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Xylocopa darwini ist eine Biene aus der Gattung der Holzbienen (Xylocopa) innerhalb der Familie der Apidae. Sie ist endemisch auf den Galapagosinseln in Ecuador.

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Xylocopa darwini ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

Female, Santa Cruz island

Xylocopa darwini, the Galápagos carpenter bee, is the only native species of bee in the Galápagos Islands, to which it is endemic. Altogether, only three species of bee are found in the islands.[2][3] This species found on 75% of the largest islands. It is sexually dimorphic and is known for its complex behavior. As the only native bee, Xylocopa darwini serves as an important primary pollinator within the plant-pollinator network of the archipelago.

Description

The leaf-cutter bee and the wool carder bee are introduced, making the Galápagos carpenter bee the only native species.[4] As a sexually dimorphic species, the male and female bees look different. The female bee is dark and shiny with black setae, and is commonly found throughout the year. The male is rarer, with a black abdomen and yellow-brown setae.[5] A rare specimen in the Smithsonian collection exhibits gynandromorphism, with a visually female left side and a visually male right side.[6]

Distribution

Galapagos carpenter bees can be found on 9 out of the 12 largest islands, but not all of the islands in the archipelago. These include Isabela, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz, Santiago, Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Santa Fe, and Española.[7]

Behavior

This insect gets its common name 'carpenter bee' from the way that females form nests. They bore holes into the branches and trunks of trees and lay their eggs within the solitary cavities.[7][8] They prefer to bore holes into soft dead wood, such as the wood of sea hibiscus, Croton, palo santo and coral trees.[9] Male Galápagos carpenter bees have been recorded exhibiting territorial behavior, and may defend plants from intruders. They patrol the claimed shrub or tree and chase away trespassing animals, but allow female bees to enter the defended area.[10]

Ecological role

These insects serve as an important keystone species since they are the predominant pollinators of native and introduced plants on the islands.[11][12][13] They are the most generalized pollinators in the Galápagos ecosystem, meaning that they consume nectar and pollen from the widest array of different flowers, adding up to at least 84 flowering species.[11][13] They compete for food with other pollinators including birds, lizards, and other insects.[11] Their niche as pollinators is vital to the stability of plant populations, even though most well documented plant species on the archipelago are capable of self-pollination.[11] Galapagos carpenter bee populations could be negatively impacted by invasive species through competition and predation. Introduced birds such as the smooth-billed ani have been documented preying on the bees, which could significantly affect the unique ecosystem of the archipelago.[14]

These bees are parasitized by the blister beetle Cissites maculata, and the two species have a phoretic relationship. The presence of both the bees and parasitoid beetles on the islands suggests that they were transported together and colonized the archipelago concurrently.[7][9]

References

  1. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Xylocopa darwini", Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), retrieved 2015-06-19
  2. ^ Nicholls, Henry (2014), The Galápagos : A Natural History, New York: Basic Books, pp. 62–63, ISBN 978-0-465-03597-7
  3. ^ "Xylocopa darwini", Galapagos Species Checklist, Charles Darwin Foundation, retrieved 2015-06-19
  4. ^ Rasmussen, Claus; Carríon, Ana L.; Castro-Urgal, Rocío; Chamorro, Susana; Gonzalez, Victor H.; Griswold, Terry L.; Herrera, Henri W.; McMullen, Conley K.; Olesen, Jens M. & Traveset, Anna (July 2012), "Megachile timberlakei Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): Yet another adventive bee species to the Galápagos Archipelago", The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 88 (1): 98–102, doi:10.3956/2012-04.1, S2CID 85790928
  5. ^ Bowman, Robert I., ed. (1966), The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 64, OCLC 752923272, retrieved 2015-06-19
  6. ^ Zama, Paula Caetano & Coelho, Igor Rismo (13 June 2017), "New Cases of Gynandromorphism in Xylocopa Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae)", Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 57 (24): 313–319, doi:10.11606/0031-1049.2017.57.24
  7. ^ a b c Vargas, Pablo; Rumeu, Beatriz; Heleno, Ruben H.; Traveset, Anna & Nogales, Manuel (25 March 2015), "Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude", PLOS ONE, 10 (3): e0120597, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020597V, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120597, PMC 4373804, PMID 25807496
  8. ^ "Galapagos carpenter bee", Galapagos Conservation Trust, retrieved 2020-04-05
  9. ^ a b Hurd, Paul D. (October 1958), "The Carpenter Bees of the Eastern Pacific Oceanic Islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)", Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 31 (4): 249–251, JSTOR 25083084
  10. ^ Linsley, E.G. (1965), "Notes on male territorial behavior in the Galapagos carpenter bee", The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 41: 158–161 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library
  11. ^ a b c d Chamorro, Susana; Heleno, Ruben; Olesen, Jens M.; McMullen, Conley K. & Traveset, Anna (1 November 2012), "Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review", Annals of Botany, 110 (7): 1489–1501, doi:10.1093/aob/mcs132, PMC 3489146, PMID 22691541
  12. ^ Philipp, Marianne; Böcher, Jens; Siegismund, Hans R. & Nielsen, Lene R. (2006), "Structure of a plant-pollinator network on a pahoehoe lava desert of the Galápagos Islands", Ecography, 29 (4): 531–540, doi:10.1111/j.0906-7590.2006.04546.x
  13. ^ a b Schluter, Dolph (1 January 1986), "Character Displacement between Distantly Related Taxa? Finches and Bees in the Galapagos", The American Naturalist, 127 (1): 95–102, doi:10.1086/284470, S2CID 83906633
  14. ^ Cisneros-Heredia, D. F. (February 2018), "The Hitchhiker Wave: Non-native Small Terrestrial Vertebrates in the Galapagos", in Torres, María de Lourdes & Mena, Carlos F. (eds.), Understanding invasive species in the Galapagos Islands : from the molecular to the landscape, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, ISBN 978-3-319-67177-2
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wikipedia EN

Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN
Male, Isabela island Female, Santa Cruz island

Xylocopa darwini, the Galápagos carpenter bee, is the only native species of bee in the Galápagos Islands, to which it is endemic. Altogether, only three species of bee are found in the islands. This species found on 75% of the largest islands. It is sexually dimorphic and is known for its complex behavior. As the only native bee, Xylocopa darwini serves as an important primary pollinator within the plant-pollinator network of the archipelago.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia EN

Xylocopa darwini ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Xylocopa darwini on rautamehiläisiin kuuluva pistiäislaji. Se on kotoperäinen Galápagossaarilla ja saarten ainoa mehiläislaji, jota tavataan siellä luonnollisesti.[1] Se onkin saariston tärkeimpiä pölyttäjähyönteisiä.[2] Se on myös monipuolinen pölyttäjä, sillä se vierailee monilla hyvin erilaisilla saariston kasveilla.[3]

X. darwini on kehittynyt jostain Amerikan mantereelta Galápagossaarille levinneestä rautamehiläislajista. Sen alkuperää ei kuitenkaan ole tiedossa, mutta rautamehiläiset ovat tulleet mahdollisesti jonkin ajopuun mukana, sillä suvun lajit pesivät puiden rungoissa ja oksissa.[1] Haplotyyppitutkimuksen perusteella X. darwini -lajin esivanhemmat levisivät Galápagossaarille kahdessa aallossa. Ensimmäinen aalto tuli keskisille ja läntisille saarille ja toinen aalto Españolalle ja San Cristobálille.[4]

Lähteet

  • Vargas P, Rumeu B, Heleno RH, Traveset A, Nogales M: Historical Isolation of the Galápagos Carpenter Bee (Xylocopa darwini) despite Strong Flight Capability and Ecological Amplitude. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10. vsk, nro 3. Public Library of Science. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 8.12.2018. (englanniksi)

Viitteet

  1. a b Vargas et l, s. 2.
  2. Not Another Booby.... Galapagos News, 2011, 6. vsk, nro 2. Galapagos Conservancy. Artikkelin verkkoversio (pdf) Viitattu 8.12.2018. (englanniksi)
  3. Chamorro, Susana & Heleno, Ruben & Olesen, Jens M. & McMullen, Conley K. & Traveset, Anna: Pollination patterns and plant breeding systems in the Galápagos: a review. Annals of Botany,, 1.11.2012, 110. vsk, nro 7. Artikkelin verkkoversio Viitattu 8.12.2018. (englanniksi)
  4. Vargas et l, s. 9.
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Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Xylocopa darwini on rautamehiläisiin kuuluva pistiäislaji. Se on kotoperäinen Galápagossaarilla ja saarten ainoa mehiläislaji, jota tavataan siellä luonnollisesti. Se onkin saariston tärkeimpiä pölyttäjähyönteisiä. Se on myös monipuolinen pölyttäjä, sillä se vierailee monilla hyvin erilaisilla saariston kasveilla.

X. darwini on kehittynyt jostain Amerikan mantereelta Galápagossaarille levinneestä rautamehiläislajista. Sen alkuperää ei kuitenkaan ole tiedossa, mutta rautamehiläiset ovat tulleet mahdollisesti jonkin ajopuun mukana, sillä suvun lajit pesivät puiden rungoissa ja oksissa. Haplotyyppitutkimuksen perusteella X. darwini -lajin esivanhemmat levisivät Galápagossaarille kahdessa aallossa. Ensimmäinen aalto tuli keskisille ja läntisille saarille ja toinen aalto Españolalle ja San Cristobálille.

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Xylocopa darwini ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Abeille charpentière des Galapagos

Xylocopa darwini ou Xylocope de Darwin est une abeille charpentière (niche dans le bois). C'est la seule espèce d'abeille indigène et endémique de l'archipel des Galapagos [1], responsable initialement et à ce titre d'une activité pollinisatrice capitale.

Depuis quelques années, deux autres espèces d'abeilles sauvages appartenant à la famille des Megachilidae (Megachile timberlakei et Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum) ont été (involontairement) introduites. Elles viennent s'ajouter aux centaines de nouvelles espèces d'insectes que l'Humain a déjà transportées.

L'abeille mellifère ou domestique (Apis mellifera) est également présente et exploitée sur les 4 iles habitées. D'autres petites espèces sauvages pourraient également déjà être installées sur une ou plusieurs îles.

Références

Références taxinomiques

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wikipedia FR

Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Abeille charpentière des Galapagos

Xylocopa darwini ou Xylocope de Darwin est une abeille charpentière (niche dans le bois). C'est la seule espèce d'abeille indigène et endémique de l'archipel des Galapagos , responsable initialement et à ce titre d'une activité pollinisatrice capitale.

Depuis quelques années, deux autres espèces d'abeilles sauvages appartenant à la famille des Megachilidae (Megachile timberlakei et Anthidium vigintiduopunctatum) ont été (involontairement) introduites. Elles viennent s'ajouter aux centaines de nouvelles espèces d'insectes que l'Humain a déjà transportées.

L'abeille mellifère ou domestique (Apis mellifera) est également présente et exploitée sur les 4 iles habitées. D'autres petites espèces sauvages pourraient également déjà être installées sur une ou plusieurs îles.

 src=

Xylocopa darwini, Mâle posé. Isabela Island, Galapágos, Ecuador.

 src=

Xylocopa darwini , Nid dans un tronc de cactus arborescent (Opuntia sp.) Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz Island, Galapágos, Ecuador.

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Xylocopa darwini sur Bastardia viscosa, ïles Santa Cruz, Galapágos

 src=

Xylocopa darwini, Femelle sortant de son nid dans une chaise en bois. Charles Darwin Foundation, Santa Cruz Island, Galapágos, Ecuador.

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Xylocopa darwini ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Insecten

Xylocopa darwini is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie bijen en hommels (Apidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1926 door Cockerell.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Geplaatst op:
16-12-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Xylocopa darwini ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Xylocopa darwini, ou Abelha carpinteira de Galápagos, é a única espécie nativa de abelha encontrada nas Ilhas Galápagos, para a qual é um endêmico.[2][3] A fêmea é toda preta, enquanto o macho tem um abdômen preto e é amarelo-marrom no resto do corpo.[4]

Referências

  1. «ITIS Standard Report Page: Xylocopa darwini», Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), consultado em 19 de junho de 2015
  2. Nicholls, Henry (2014), The Galápagos : A Natural History, ISBN 978-0-465-03597-7, New York: Basic Books, pp. 62–63
  3. «Xylocopa darwini», Charles Darwin Foundation, Galapagos Species Checklist, consultado em 19 de junho de 2015
  4. Bowman, Robert I., ed. (1966), The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 64, OCLC 752923272, consultado em 19 de junho de 2015

Bibliografia

 title=
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Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Xylocopa darwini, ou Abelha carpinteira de Galápagos, é a única espécie nativa de abelha encontrada nas Ilhas Galápagos, para a qual é um endêmico. A fêmea é toda preta, enquanto o macho tem um abdômen preto e é amarelo-marrom no resto do corpo.

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Autores e editores de Wikipedia
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wikipedia PT

Xylocopa darwini ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Xylocopa darwini är en biart som beskrevs av Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell 1926.[2] Den ingår i släktet snickarbin och familjen långtungebin.[3][4] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[3] Arten finns bara på Galapagosöarna.[5]

Beskrivning

Honan är helt svart, medan hanen har en svart bakkropp och är klädd med brungul päls på resten av kroppen.[5]

Utbredning

Xylocopa darwini är endemisk för Galapagosöarna[5] där den är vanlig och finns på 11 öar[6].

Ekologi

Arten förekommer i kustzonen och den torra, beväxta zonen över denna. Den är polylektisk, den flyger till blommande växter från flera familjer, som bittervedsväxter (Castela galapageia), kinesträdsväxter (Cardiospermum corindum), kaktusväxter (Opuntia galapageia), strävbladiga växter (Cordia lutea) potatisväxter (Solanum pimpinellifolium och Nolana galapagensis), akantusväxter (Justicia galapagana) samt korgblommiga växter (Scalesia affinis och Scalesia helleri).[5] Arten är en viktig pollinatör på Galapagosöarna[6]. Som nästan alla snickarbin (med undantag för ett undersläkte, Proxylocopa) bygger arten bon i dött eller murknande trä.[7] Denna art utnyttjar trädarter som de redan nämnda Scalesia affinis (korgblommiga växter) och Castela galapageia (bittervedsväxter) samt Tricerma octogonum (benvedsväxter), Talipariti sp. (malvaväxter), Croton scouleri (törelväxter), Bursera graveolens (rökelseträdsväxter) samt Erythrina velutina (ärtväxter).[6]

Bildgalleri

Källor

  1. ^ Xylocopa darwini Cockerell, 1926” (på engelska). Discover Life. https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Xylocopa+darwini&flags=subgenus:. Läst 23 februari 2019.
  2. ^ (2008) , manuscript, World Bee Checklist Project - update 2008-09
  3. ^ [a b] Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L. (red.) (2018). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2018 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, Nederländerna. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2018/search/all/key/xylocopa+darwini/match/1. Läst 23 februari 2018.
  4. ^ ITIS Bees: World Bee Checklist. Ruggiero M. (project leader), Ascher J. et al., 2009-09-28
  5. ^ [a b c d] Robert I. Bowman (1966) (på engelska). The Galápagos: Proceedings of the Symposia of the Galápagos International Scientific Project. University of California Press. sid. 64, 220, 225. https://books.google.se/books?id=f8T3Dl5tokYC&pg=PA64-IA2&dq=Xylocopa+darwini&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXp5Ox8NHgAhVCxosKHVM1BzwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Xylocopa%20darwini&f=false. Läst 23 februari 2019
  6. ^ [a b c] Conley K. McMullen (1989). ”The Galapagos Carpenter Bee, Just How Important is it?” (på engelska) (PDF, 1,14 MB). Noticias de Galapagos (48). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11021194.pdf. Läst 23 februari 2019.
  7. ^ Keaser, Tamar (9 januari 2010) (på engelska). Large Carpenter Bees as Agricultural Pollinators. "2010". doi:10.1155/2010/927463. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/psyche/2010/927463/. Läst 21 januari 2019.

Externa länkar

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Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Xylocopa darwini är en biart som beskrevs av Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell 1926. Den ingår i släktet snickarbin och familjen långtungebin. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Arten finns bara på Galapagosöarna.

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Xylocopa darwini ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Xylocopa darwini là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Cockerell mô tả khoa học năm 1926.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết phân họ ong Xylocopinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Xylocopa darwini: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Xylocopa darwini là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Cockerell mô tả khoa học năm 1926.

licença
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original
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wikipedia VI