dcsimg

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

fornecido por AnAge articles
Maximum longevity: 8 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Behavior ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Threespine sticklebacks rely on visual cues for mating behavior. Females tend to be attracted to more reddish coloring of males during mating seasons. They also use olfactory signals to detect the presence of conspecifics, prey, and predators. Like many other fish, threespine sticklebacks use alarm cues to avoid predation and sex pheromones during breeding. Lab-raised sticklebacks have been found to rely heavily on olfactory cues of kinship, habitat and diet, and shoal size. However, the sensory organs and pathways utilized in this communication are not well understood.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; chemical

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citação bibliográfica
Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Conservation Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The unarmored threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni, a subspecies found in California, are listed as endangered in the United States.

US Federal List: endangered; no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Once eggs are fertilized, they take between 5 and 10 days to hatch, depending on the temperature of the water. Upon hatching, threespine stickleback larvae are about 4 mm in length. The larvae will continue to grow by absorption of the yolk, which they will completely consume about four days after hatching. Approximately nine days after hatching, the larvae reach a length of about 8 mm and assume the shape of the adult fish. This is the juvenile stage, in which the immature young become independent of their father. Juveniles become adults when they reach sexual maturity, which is usually within 1 to 2 years of hatching.

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Benefits ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Threespine sticklebacks have been widely studied in terms of speciation and evolutionary history because of their phylogeny and adaptive radiations. Their abundance and the relative ease to cross, raise, and maintain in the lab make them an excellent animal model for a variety of studies. Threespine sticklebacks have also served as subjects in research on environmental effects since they are considered bioindicators.

Positive Impacts: research and education

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Threespine sticklebacks have many predators and are thus an important source of food for many different animals. They also act as predators for benthic invertebrates, such as amphipods and insect larvae.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • tapeworm (Schistocephalus solidus)
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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Threespine sticklebacks are generalist carnivores and prey on limnetic and littoral invertebrates. Limnetic ecotypes in lentic environments feed on zooplankton, while benthic ecotypes feed on bottom-dwelling invertebrates in the littoral zone. Common benthic prey items include crustaceans (Amphipoda) and larval insects (Chironomidae). Threespine stickleback exhibit a predation cycle that consists of search, pursuit, attack, and capture components.

Animal Foods: eggs; insects; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; zooplankton

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Vermivore); planktivore

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

The threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are in marine, brackish and coastal freshwater habitats of the northern hemisphere. They are found in boreal and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in marine waters and lowland freshwater habitats in the Atlantic and Pacific basins.

In the Atlantic Ocean, threespine sticklebacks are distributed from the Iberian Peninsula through the British Isles to Iceland and southern Greenland, and south along the east coast of North America to Chesapeake Bay. Freshwater populations are found throughout most of this range, but do not go farther south than Maine, USA. Freshwater populations are also distributed along the coast of the Mediterranean and in inland waters across Eastern Europe to the Baltic Sea.

In the Pacific Ocean, threespine sticklebacks are found from Baja California, Mexico northward along the coast of North America, across the Bering Strait, and then along the coast of mainland Asia and Japan to the southwest coast of Korea. Marine and freshwater populations are found in Japan, but the limit of marine populations in Asia is unclear. Freshwater populations are restricted to coastal areas in both Asia and North America.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Gasterosteus aculeatus occupy a wide range of habitats. They have been found in small, ephemeral streams in southern California and in more permanent flowing waters of variable sizes. These fish do not tolerate high-gradient streams, and they are rarely found in habitats more than a few hundred meters above sea level. In freshwater lakes, they are divided into benthic and limnetic ecotypes. Benthic environments include shallow, relatively eutrophic lakes or the littoral zone of deeper lakes. Limnetic ecotypes are typically found in the water column of deep oligotrophic lakes. Marine fish inhabit the open ocean.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; saltwater or marine ; freshwater

Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; benthic ; lakes and ponds; rivers and streams; coastal ; brackish water

Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
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Animal Diversity Web

Life Expectancy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Lifespans of threespine sticklebacks have been recorded in a large number of studies, but the results vary. A definitive pattern for the lifespan has not been determined. Threespine sticklebacks can live to approximately five years in the laboratory. One individual reached eight years of age in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
8 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
5 years.

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Physical description varies widely with age and habitat. In general, threespine sticklebacks tend to be streamlined and less than 10 cm long (usually from 3 to 8 cm). Freshwater populations vary in body shape, depending on the habitat they occupy. Limnetic ecotypes tend to have slender bodies with narrow mouths, long snouts, and large eyes. Benthic ecotypes tend to be deep-bodied, with a wide, terminal gape.

The fish can have a robust set of spines, a pelvic girdle, and numerous lateral bony plates (up to thirty or more on each side), but the extent of these features varies by population. Dorsal and pelvic spines vary in number, placement, and length, and the spines tend to be longer in populations that co-occur with predatory fishes. The pelvic girdle consists of a bilateral structure with an anterior process that has an ascending branch on each side, a posterior process and a spine and fin ray. The abdomen is ringed in bony armor. Marine fish almost always possess a fully developed pelvic girdle and a full complement of bony lateral plates. However, many freshwater populations have reduced armor plates and pelvic girdles, and some populations have lost these features entirely.

Although body color also varies among populations, threespine sticklebacks are generally cryptic, with brown-to-green barring above and paler coloring below. As males approach reproductive condition, they become less cryptic, and their eyes become an iridescent blue. In some populations, red coloration may expand onto the flanks behind the pectoral fin.

Range length: 3 to 8 cm.

Average length: 5 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Threespine sticklebacks are small, abundant, and slow swimmers, all of which combine to make them suitable prey for many different predators. However, they have evolved several predator defenses in their morphology and behavior. Anti-predator morphology includes dorsal spines, bony lateral plates, and a pelvic girdle that consists of a pair of anterior processes with ascending branches, posterior processes and pelvic spines. Behavioral responses to predation risk include schooling, remaining close to protective cover, and predator inspection. Anti-predator morphology and behaviors tend to be more well-developed in fish from environments that contain predators.

Known predators of threespine sticklebacks include fish in the families Percidae, Esocidae, and Salmonidae. Some lakes in Alaska and British Columbia have been stocked with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and silver salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for game, and these fish prey on sticklebacks in those lakes. Avian piscivores that prey on stickleback fish include loons (Gaviiformes), grebes (Podicipediformes), the common merganser (Mergus merganser), herons (Ardeidae), and kingfishers (Alcedinidae). Piscivorous macroinvertebrates, such as dragonfly naiads (Odonata) and beetles (Coleoptera) feed on eggs, fry and juvenile sticklebacks. Leeches (Hirudinea) prey on stickleback eggs and have also been found to consume adult sticklebacks stuck in traps.

Known Predators:

  • perch, (Percidae)
  • trout and salmon, (Salmonidae)
  • pike, (Esocidae)
  • loons, (Gaviiformes)
  • grebes, (Podicipediformes)
  • common merganser, (Mergus merganser)
  • herons, (Ardeidae)
  • kingfishers, (Alcedinidae)
  • dragonflies, (Odonata)
  • beetles, (Coleoptera)
  • leeches, (Hirudinea)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
Animal Diversity Web

Reproduction ( Inglês )

fornecido por Animal Diversity Web

Prior to the onset of breeding, males will develop a reproductive phenotype, including blue eyes, red throats, and red fore-bellies. During the breeding season, a male will leave the shoal and settle on the bottom in shallow water, where he will construct a nest and establish a territory. The males are are generally not monogamous, and a male often tries to lead numerous females into his nest to lay eggs. Afterward, he will fertilize all the eggs at once.

Males attract females with zig-zag-like courtship dances, and females respond with a form of dancing, as well as a "head-up" posture. The male will then lead the female to his nest, lying on the substrate next to the entrance to signify that she may enter and lay her eggs. Females lay their eggs in the male’s nest and then leave the male alone to attend to the eggs until they hatch. Once eggs are fertilized, they may take five to ten days to hatch, depending on the temperature of the water. The male nesting cycle consists of a sexual phase for 1 to 4 days, and then a parental phase after the eggs are fertilized.

Mating System: polygynous

Threespine sticklebacks breed in sloughs, ponds, rivers, lakes, drainage canals, marshes, tidal creeks and sublittoral zones of the sea. Individuals reach sexual maturity at between 1 and 2 years of age, and breeding occurs annually from late April to July.

Breeding interval: Threespine stickleback generally breed once yearly

Breeding season: late April to July

Range gestation period: 5 to 10 days.

Average time to independence: 2 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 to 2 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 to 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous

Once males shift to their parental phase, they provide all the care for their young. This includes fanning eggs with their pectoral fins to provide oxygen for the developing embryos and protecting them from predators. They also convert the nest into a nest pit, which consists of tangled vegetation where newly hatched fry can hide and rest. The males typically defend the fry up to two weeks after hatching. Paternal care has been identified as an important social factor in threespine stickleback development and learning. Sticklebacks with no paternal contact tend to fail avoiding predators later in life. These anti-predator behaviors may be stimulated at an early age as stickleback fathers chase and catch their fry when they first emerge from the nest.

Parental Investment: male parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male)

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Wood, S. 2011. "Gasterosteus aculeatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Gasterosteus_aculeatus.html
autor
Susan Wood, The College of New Jersey
editor
Keith Pecor, The College of New Jersey
editor
Renee Mulcrone, Special Projects
original
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Animal Diversity Web

Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This stickleback is an active fish that forms schools (5). Marine three-spined sticklebacks are migratory, whereas freshwater forms tend to be resident (they stay in the same area for life) (2). Spawning occurs in early spring and summer. The male builds a hollow nest with seaweeds or aquatic plants. After much cajoling by the male, the female lays her eggs inside the nest and the male takes over parental duties, guarding the fertilised eggs and fanning them with his fins to provide them with oxygen (4). The young sticklebacks stay within the safety of the nest until they have absorbed their yolk sacs; they then enter the water where they initially live on plankton (2). After a while they begin to feed on worms, crustaceans, aquatic insects, small fishes and even the eggs and fry of their own species (5).
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Conservation ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Conservation action has not been targeted at this common species.
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Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
The stickleback is a well-known fish, and is the archetypal 'tiddler', the first small fish caught by many school children (4). It is a small, beautifully streamlined, torpedo shaped fish, with a broad tail fin. Although most individuals tend to measure between 4 and 6 cm in length (2), some marine sticklebacks may grow to 10 cm (3). The common name derives from the most unique feature of these fish, the presence of two to four, but typically three, sharp spines on the back in front of the dorsal fin (3). The sides of this stickleback are usually covered with large bony plates; this armour is more developed on individuals living in the sea than freshwater sticklebacks (2). The back is dark grey, greyish or bluish-green, and the flanks are silvery (2). During the spawning season, males develop a metallic sheen and a prominent bright orange or red colouration on the front part of the underside (2).
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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Both marine and freshwater forms of this fish are known (2). The freshwater form is found in well-vegetated sites that typically have muddy or sandy bottoms. In the sea they are found only in coastal areas and juveniles are associated with drifting patches of seaweed. This species is also common in estuaries (5).
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Range ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This widespread species is found throughout Britain and continental Europe from the Iberian Peninsula, the Black Sea and Italy in the south, reaching as far north as Iceland, Norway and the White Sea in Russia (2). Elsewhere it occurs in North Africa, Iran, the North Pacific, and the North Atlantic (5).
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Status ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
Common and widespread in Britain (3).
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Threats ( Inglês )

fornecido por Arkive
This species is not currently threatened.
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Associations ( Inglês )

fornecido por BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / parasite / endoparasite
Acanthocephalus clavula endoparasitises anterior intestine of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
Argulus foliaceus ectoparasitises scale of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
fluke of Dactylogyrus ectoparasitises skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / endoparasite
metacercarium of Diplostomum endoparasitises vitreous humour of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / endoparasite
metacaria (diplostomula) of Diplostomum gasterostei endoparasitises retina of Gasterosteus aculeatus
Other: major host/prey

Animal / parasite / endoparasite
Echinorhynchus clavula endoparasitises intestine of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
colony of Glugea anomala ectoparasitises white cysted skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
fluke of Gyrodactylus ectoparasitises skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
colony of Ichthyophthirius multifilis ectoparasitises white spotted skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / endoparasite
Neoechinorhynchus rutili endoparasitises intestine of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
tapeworm of Proteocephalus filicollis ectoparasitises intestine of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
plerocercoid of Schistocephalus solidus ectoparasitises distended body cavity of Gasterosteus aculeatus

Animal / parasite / ectoparasite
colony of Trichodina ectoparasitises skin of Gasterosteus aculeatus
Other: minor host/prey

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Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por Ecomare
Driedoornige stekelbaarzen kunnen zowel in zoet als in zout water leven. De meeste zwemmen 's winters in het kustwater of in riviermondingen. In het voorjaar trekken ze het zoete binnenwater in om een nestje te bouwen en eieren te leggen. Het mannetje heeft daar veel werk aan. Hij bouwt het nest, verdedigt zijn territorium tegen andere mannetjes, verleidt de vrouwtjes met een ingewikkelde zigzagdans, waaiert de eitjes zuurstofrijk water toe met zijn vinnen en beschermt de eitjes en later de jonge stekelbaarsjes met hand en tand tegen vraatzuchtige rovers.
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por Ecomare
Three-spined sticklebacks can live in fresh as well as salt water. Most spend the winter in coastal waters or river mouths. They migrate in the spring to inland waters where they make a nest and lay eggs. The male has to work hard. He builds the nest, defends his territory against other males, lures the females with a complicated zigzag dance, fans the eggs with oxygen-rich water using his fins and protects the eggs and later the young sticklebacks with all its might from voracious predators.
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Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por EOL authors
The threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a species of fish in the family Gasterosteidae, which includes five genera and 15 other species. The threespine stickelback is small, between 4-6 cm, and is found in a circumpolar distribution that includes northern Europe, northern Asia and North America. It has also been introduced to central and southern Europe. Threespine sticklebacks are primarily and historically anadromous marine fish that feed on plankton for most of their adult lives in coastal waters and return to freshwater to mate and lay eggs. Threespine sticklebacks do not have scales, but have bony armor plates along their sides. In addition to the marine forms, threespine sticklebacks also exist in freshwater forms found in landlocked lakes. These many freshwater populations are thought to have derived from migratory anadromous G. aculeatus in many independent events, such as marine individuals permanently moving into a freshwater area or getting caught in land-locked lakes after the ice age, and subsequently adapting to an entirely freshwater existence. Freshwater threespine sticklebacks have notably reduced numbers of lateral armor plates as compared to marine populations and also show huge morphological diversity among different populations, so much that some populations living in the same lake do not interbreed. Gasterosteus aculeatus has contributed much to the study of species formation and are a research organism for evolutionary biologists and geneticists studying adaptation to new environments. Currently the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) recognizes three subspecies of threespine stickleback: Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus; G.a. williomsoni, the unarmored threespine stickeback; and G. a. santaeannae, the Santa Ana stickleback, but some taxonomists would classify the sticklebacks inhabiting isolated lakes into many more subspecies. Although the species itself is abundant and in no threat of extinction, various populations that represent specific diversity are in danger of local extirpation. Froese and Pauly 2010; Hammerson et al 2012; Natureserve 2011; US Fish and Wildlife Service 2012; Wikipedia 4 January 2012; Wikipedia 6 February 2012)
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Diagnostic Description ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Distinguished uniquely from its congeners in Europe by having trunk and caudal peduncle covered by a complete series of 29-35 bony scutes. Other characters important to separate this species from other species of the genus include posterior edge of scutes crenulated and scutes forming a lateral keel on caudal peduncle. Scutes may be missing on posterior part of trunk in hybrid zone with Gasterosteus gymnurus and in some isolated freshwater populations of northeastern Europe (Ref. 59043). Identified by the 3 to 4 sharp, free spines before the dorsal fin, the pelvic fin reduced to a sharp spine and a small ray, and the series of plates along the sides of the body (Ref. 27547). Gill rakers long and slender, 17 to 25 on the first arch or strictly freshwater forms, 1 or 2 more in anadromous forms; lateral line with microscopic pores (Ref. 27547). The anadromous form is fully plated, with up to 37 plates on the sides and a rather pronounced keel on each side of the caudal peduncle (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from each other and from the soft-rayed fins, each spine having a reduced membrane attached to its posterior side; anal spine free from rest of the fin; posterior margin of pectorals nearly truncate; caudal truncate to slightly indented (Ref. 27547). Freshwater forms usually mottled brown or greenish; anadromous forms silvery green to bluish black (Ref. 27547). A few isolated populations are black (Ref. 27547). Sides usually pale; belly yellow, white or silvery (Ref. 27547). Fins pale; pectoral rays often have dark dots (Ref. 27547). Breeding males (except for black forms) become brilliant bluish or green with blue or green eyes, and the forward part of the body, especially the breast region, turns bright red or orange (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196).
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Life Cycle ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Spawning behavior is similar for both freshwater and anadromous forms (Ref. 28966). Just before breeding, males become very territorial. The male builds a nest of plant-material glued together with spiggin, a protein produced in the kidney (Ref. 52349). Once a nest is built, the male entices the female into the nest by performing a courtship dance which is a series of zigzag movements (Ref. 1998). A receptive female follows the male who points the opening of the nest by posing above it with his head down. The female enters the nest, deposits up to a few hundred eggs, and is driven out by the male after eggs have been deposited. The male then enters the nest to fertilize the eggs. The male can choose to court another female to enter the nest and lay eggs before entering himself to fertilise the deposited eggs. Females may lay eggs in several nests over a period of several days or may be courted by the same male (Ref. 27547). The male guards and ventilates the eggs and young (Ref. 1998). During spawning season, males develop a bright orange to red belly and blue-green flank and eyes. Eggs hatch in 7-8 days. Anadromous forms usually die of exhaustion after spawning cycle. Freshwater individuals are able to complete several cycles within one year or sometimes over several years (Ref. 59043).
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Migration ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Anadromous. Fish that ascend rivers to spawn, as salmon and hilsa do. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Morphology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 2 - 4; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10 - 14; Analspines: 1; Analsoft rays: 7 - 11; Vertebrae: 29 - 34
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Trophic Strategy ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Shoaling species outside the breeding season, especially when young. Inhabits vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). In the sea, confined to coastal waters. Forms schools. Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Anadromous and nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Preyed upon by American mergansers.
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Biology ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
Adults occur in fresh waters, estuaries and coastal seas (Ref. 4119). Anadromous, with numerous non-anadromous populations in brackish or pure freshwater, rarely in marine waters. In the sea, confined to coastal waters. In freshwater, adults prefer to live in small stream but may occur in a variety of habitats including lakes and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Inhabit shallow vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). Form schools. Young associated with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Juveniles move to the sea (anadromous populations) or to deeper, larger water bodies (freshwater populations) in July-August, forming large feeding schools (Ref. 59043). Feed on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Maximum length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Occasionally taken commercially in Scandinavia and processed into fishmeal and oil (Ref. 28219, 28964). Commonly used as a laboratory animal (Ref. 1998). A large bibliography is available at www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Hall/1345/stickbibl.html.
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Importance ( Inglês )

fornecido por Fishbase
fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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Üçtikanlı tikanbalığı ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Üçtikanlı tikanbalığı— (lat. Gasterosteus aculeatus)-Tikanbalığıkimilər fəsiləsinin Qasterosteus cinsinin nümayəndəsidir.

Yayılması

Atlantik və Sakit okeanların şimal hissələrində geniş yayılmışdır. Murmansk yaxınlığında, Ağ dənizdə rast gəlinir. İlk dəfə Xəzər dənizində tikanbalığıkimilər sinfinə daxil olan üçiynəli tikanbalığına 1984-cü ildə təsadüf olunub və bundan sonra az müddət ərzində o, Orta və Cənubi Xəzərdə, həm də Dəvəçi limanında geniş yayılıb.

Morfoloji əlamətləri

Çılpaq bədənli,xırda balıqlardır, uzunluğu 5-6, az hallarda 10 sm-ə çatır. Dəvəçi limanında tədqiq olunmuş üçiynəli tikanbalığının uzunluğu 4,5-6,1 sm, kütləsi 1,4-4,3 q olmuşdur.Bel üzgəcinin qarşısında 3 sərbəst tikan vardır.Qarın üzgəcləri də tikan şəklindədir.

Yaşayış yeri və həyat tərzi

Yaşayış yeri Dəvəçi limanı,Orta və Cənubi Xəzərin şərq və qərb sahilləridir.Tikanbalıqları xırda xərçəngkimilər, həşarat sürfəsi, dibdə yaşayan orqanizmlər və başqa balıqların kürü və sürfələri ilə qidalanırlar. Müşahidə yolu ilə müəyyən edilmişdir ki, bir ədəd tikanbalığı 5 saat ərzində uzunluğu 6 mm olan 74 ədəd enlibaş balıq körpəsi yemişdir.Üçtikanlı tikanbalığı qısa ömürlüdür, 3-4 il yaşayır.

Çoxalması

Bir yaşında cinsi yetişkənliyə çatır. Kürü tökmə aprel ayından iyul ayınadək davam edir.Kürütökmə prosesi olduqca maraqlı keçir. Erkəklər su bitkilərindən xüsusi girişi və çıxışı olan yuva düzəldirlər. Dişi balıqlar öz kürülərini həmin yuvaya tökür və kürüdən sürfələr çıxanadək yuvanı qoruyurlar.

Təsərrüfat əhəmiyyəti

Ondan təbabətdə istifadə olunan müalicə əhəmiyyətli yağ, quşçuluq və heyvandarlıq təsərrüfatları üçün un istehsal olunur.Vətəgə əhəmiyyəti yoxdur.[1]

Ədəbiyyat

  1. Azərbaycanın heyvanlar aləmi. Onurğalılar, III cild. Bakı: Elm, 2004, s.129.
  2. Əbdürrəhmanov Y.Ə. Azərbaycan faunası (Balıqlar), VII, cild, Bakı, Elm, 1966, 224 s. 3.

İstinadlar

  1. Əsgerov F.S., Zaytsev Y.Y., Qasımov R.Y., Quliyev Z.«Biomüxtəliflik: Xəzərin əsrarəngiz balıqları» “Bəşər-XXI” nəşriyyatı, Bakı, 2003, səh66.
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Üçtikanlı tikanbalığı: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijano )

fornecido por wikipedia AZ

Üçtikanlı tikanbalığı— (lat. Gasterosteus aculeatus)-Tikanbalığıkimilər fəsiləsinin Qasterosteus cinsinin nümayəndəsidir.

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Punxoset ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El punxoset, espinós o jonqueter (Gasterosteus aculeatus) és un peix de la família dels gasterosteids, d'aigua dolça, d'uns 5-8 cm de llargària i caracteritzat per les espines dorsals i laterals mòbils. L'espinós és conegut en algunes comarques amb el nom d'escanyagats per la facultat que té d'obrir unes espines laterals i dorsals en el moment de morir o per defensar-se. És molt sensible a les alteracions de l'hàbitat i això ha fet que la seva subsistència als rius catalans estigui en perill.

Morfologia

  • El cos és allargat amb el morro punxegut.
  • El peduncle caudal és molt estret.
  • En els costats té plaques òssies que donen origen a tres varietats: Trachurus, Leiurus i Semiarmatus (aquest darrer híbrid de les altres dues).
  • Presenta tres radis espinosos lliures a la primera dorsal. La segona dorsal té radis blans. Les pèlviques es redueixen a un radi espinós.
  • El mascle és de color blau platejat i la femella marró amb bandes transversals negres. En l'època de zel, el mascle presenta el ventre de color vermell molt llampant.
  • Arriba als 5-8 cm, encara que alguns exemplars arriben als 11 cm amb tres anys.

Reproducció

La reproducció té lloc a la primavera. Són nidificants i entre els mesos d'abril i maig, el mascle construeix un niu al fons fluvial on fa un clot a la sorra o al fang, damunt del qual hi dipositen restes de vegetació. Després festeja la femella amb un ball peculiar. La femella és incitada pel mascle que s'acosta al niu i pon els ous. Després, el mascle els fecunda per fecundació externa. Una vegada produïda la fecundació, és el mascle el que tindrà cura del niu. Netejarà i oxigenarà els ous renovant l'aigua amb corrent que provoca movent les aletes. No deixarà que cap altre peix s'hi acosti i continuarà vetllant per la seguretat dels alevins durant un temps prudencial. Quan arriba la calor els alevins formaran estols molt nombrosos a les parts del riu on el corrent és més lent.

Subespècies

  • Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae (Regan, 1909)
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni (Girard, 1854)[1]

Alimentació

L'espinós s'alimenta de petits invertebrats bentònics i ous d'altres peixos, viu als curs mitjà i baix dels rius i és un bon indicador del seu estat de conservació, perquè necessita aigües netes i amb vegetació aquàtica.

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a diverses zones de la península Ibèrica i a la resta d'Europa.

Als Països Catalans només en queden algunes poblacions als rius dels Aiguamolls de l'Empordà, als ullals del delta de l'Ebre i en alguns rius i rierols del Baix Empordà com el Riu Daró. Segons altres és present als rius Muga, Tordera, Ebre, Fluvià, Ter, Daró i Orlina. També fou introduït a S'Albufera de Mallorca amb la finalitat de controlar les plagues de moscard.

 src=
Jonqueter fotografiat als Països Baixos.

Comportament

És una espècie gregària d'aigua dolça i pot haver-hi poblacions sedentàries i emigrants. Aquestes darreres passen l'hivern a la mar entrant a aigües dolces per poder criar.

Observacions

Referències

  1. «Gasterosteus aculeatus». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)


Bibliografia

  • Ahnelt, H., H. Pohl, H. Hilgers i H. Splechtna, 1998: The threespine stickleback in Austria (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Pisces: Gasterosteidae) -- morphological variations. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien v. 100 B: 395-404.
  • Bacescu, M. i R. Mayer, 1956: Cercetari asupra ghidrinilor (Gasterosteus aculeatus) din apele ramânesti. Bul. Inst. Cercetari Pisc. v. 15 (núm. 2): 19-36.
  • Caldecutt, W. J. i D. C. Adams, 1998: Morphometrics of trophic osteology in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Copeia 1998 (núm. 4): 827-838.
  • Caldecutt, W. J., M. A. Bell i J. A. Buckland-Nicks, 2001: Sexual dimorphism and geographic variation in dentition of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus. Copeia 2001 (núm. 4): 936-944.
  • Pichugin, M. Yu., L. V. Sidorov, i O. F. Gritsenko, 2003: Biological and morphological traits of Gasterosteus aculeatus from the Kuril Islands. Voprosy Ikhtiologii v. 43 (núm. 2): 169-177. (En rus, traducció a l'anglès al J. Ichthyology v. 43 (núm. 3):221-229).


Enllaços externs

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Punxoset: Brief Summary ( Catalão; Valenciano )

fornecido por wikipedia CA

El punxoset, espinós o jonqueter (Gasterosteus aculeatus) és un peix de la família dels gasterosteids, d'aigua dolça, d'uns 5-8 cm de llargària i caracteritzat per les espines dorsals i laterals mòbils. L'espinós és conegut en algunes comarques amb el nom d'escanyagats per la facultat que té d'obrir unes espines laterals i dorsals en el moment de morir o per defensar-se. És molt sensible a les alteracions de l'hàbitat i això ha fet que la seva subsistència als rius catalans estigui en perill.

licença
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original
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Crothell Dri Phigyn ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac mewn dŵr croyw ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Gasterosteidae ydy'r Crothell Dri Phigyn sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: crethyll tri phigyn (Lladin: Gasterosteus aculeatus; Saesneg: Three-spined stickleback).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Asia, Ewrop, America, Môr y Gogledd, y Môr Du, y Môr Baltig a Chefnfor yr Iwerydd ac mae i'w ganfod ar adegau yn aberoedd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.[1]

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan www.marinespecies.org; adalwyd 4 Mai 2014
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Crothell Dri Phigyn: Brief Summary ( Galês )

fornecido por wikipedia CY

Pysgodyn sy'n byw yn y môr ac mewn dŵr croyw ac sy'n perthyn i deulu'r Gasterosteidae ydy'r Crothell Dri Phigyn sy'n enw benywaidd; lluosog: crethyll tri phigyn (Lladin: Gasterosteus aculeatus; Saesneg: Three-spined stickleback).

Mae ei diriogaeth yn cynnwys Asia, Ewrop, America, Môr y Gogledd, y Môr Du, y Môr Baltig a Chefnfor yr Iwerydd ac mae i'w ganfod ar adegau yn aberoedd ac arfordir Cymru.

Ar restr yr Undeb Rhyngwladol dros Gadwraeth Natur (UICN), caiff y rhywogaeth hon ei rhoi yn y dosbarth 'Lleiaf o Bryder' o ran niferoedd, bygythiad a chadwraeth.

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wikipedia CY

Koljuška tříostná ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ
 src=
Sameček koljušky hlídající hnízdo

Koljuška tříostná (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linné, 1758) je drobná, v Česku nepůvodní ryba. Do vod v České republice ji zřejmě vypustili akvaristé na počátku 20. století.[2] Koljuška se však velice rychle přizpůsobila a v českých vodách zcela zdomácněla.

Popis

Jedná se o drobnou rybku dosahující délky nejvýše 10 cm. Na hřbetě má před hřbetní ploutví umístěny nejčastěji tři volné a pohyblivé ostny, jejich počet se ale může pohybovat mezi 2–5. Hřbetní ploutev je posazena poměrně vzadu, přibližně na úrovni řitní ploutve. Tělo je štíhlé, protáhlé, z boků zploštělé a bez šupin, místo nich je opatřeno kostěnými štítky v řadě podél postranní čáry. Jejich počet se pohybuje okolo 35. Hlava je zakončena velkými ústy středního postavení. Hřbet je šedomodrý, boky stříbřité, až nazelenalé, břicho bílé, v době tření se u samců zbarvuje červeně. Běžně se dožívá věku okolo dvou let, maximálně pak čtyř let.

Výskyt

Velmi odolný druh obývající různá prostředí. Běžně se vyskytuje ve sladkých i brakických vodách a částečně také v okrajových částech moří v severním mírném podnebném pásu. Dává přednost stojatým nebo mírně tekoucím vodám. Oblast jejího výskytu zahrnuje takřka celou Eurasii a velkou část Severní Ameriky. Na našem území koljuška dává, nebo dávala přednost drobným stojatým vodám – příkopům, tůňkám a zanedbaným rybníčkům, často i takovým, kde se jiné druhy ryb ani nevyskytovaly. V řekách a rozlehlejších vodních plochách preferuje spíše příbřežní zónu. Ačkoli neplave špatně, žije spíše u dna. Koljušky žijí v hejnech, zejména pak mladší jedinci. Jsou velmi čilé a aktivní.

Potrava

Koljuška se živí výhradně dravě. Požírá larvy hmyzu, červy, korýše a dokonce se živí i svým potěrem.

Rozmnožování

Tření probíhá v období od března do července, v závislosti na místě výskytu.

Těsně před třením jsou samci velmi teritoriální a Pohlavně dospívájí už ve věku okolo 5 měsíců. Samec staví hnízdo z rostlinného materiálu, lepeného spolu se spigginem, proteinem produkovaným v ledvinách. Jakmile je hnízdo postaveno, samec láká samici do hnízda tím, že provede námluvný tanec, což je série klikatých pohybů. Zaujatá samice následuje samce, který ukazuje vstup do hnízda tím, že nad ním plave hlavou dolů. Samice vplave do hnízda, ukládá až několik set vajec a je okamžitě po uložení vajec vyhozena samcem. Samec poté vstoupí do hnízda, aby vajíčka oplodnil. (Samec si může vybrat, zda připustí do hnízda i další samice). Samice mohou naklást vejce v několika hnízdech, po dobu několika dnů, nebo mohou být dvořena stejným samcem. Samci hlídají a větrají snůšku vajec. Během třecího období se samcům zbarvuje břicho do jasně oranžové až červené barvy s modrozelený lemem. Vejce se vylíhnou po 7-8 dnech. Anadromní formy obvykle umírají na vyčerpání po třecím cyklu. Sladkovodní jedinci jsou schopni dokončit několik cyklů během jednoho roku, nebo někdy i několika let.

Rozměry a růst

Koljuška je extrémně krátkověká ryba, která často hyne po absolvování výtěru ve druhém roce života. Nejstarší známé koljušky se dožily stáří 39 – 40 měsíců, což znamená, že uhynuly ve 4. roce života. Na druhou stranu dokáže plůdek koljušky v ideálních podmínkách dosáhnout ve 4 měsících délky 4 – 5 cm a dosáhnout pohlavní dospělosti. Toto opatření dovoluje koljuškám obývat nehostinná stanoviště – stoky, příkopy a tůňky, kde často dochází k úhynu většiny obsádky. Díky rychlému dospívání se koljušky dokážou namnožit do původního počtu dříve než by to dokázal jakýkoli jiný rybí druh.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. UHLÍŘ, Aleš. Dedeník. www.dedenik.cz [online]. [cit. 2019-01-15]. Dostupné online. (česky)

Externí odkazy

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Koljuška tříostná: Brief Summary ( Checo )

fornecido por wikipedia CZ
 src= Sameček koljušky hlídající hnízdo

Koljuška tříostná (Gasterosteus aculeatus Linné, 1758) je drobná, v Česku nepůvodní ryba. Do vod v České republice ji zřejmě vypustili akvaristé na počátku 20. století. Koljuška se však velice rychle přizpůsobila a v českých vodách zcela zdomácněla.

licença
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Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia CZ

Trepigget hundestejle ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Den trepiggede hundestejle (Gasterosteus aculeatus) er en 4-11 centimeter lang pigfinnefisk, der er udbredt over store dele af den nordlige halvkugle. Den forekommer på lavt vand med frodig vegetation og ses udenfor yngletiden ofte i stimer. I Danmark er den en af de almindeligst forekommende fisk, både langs kysterne og i mindre søer. Den lever af små krebsdyr, fiskeyngel og insektlarver, og den kan i ferskvand gøre skade ved at æde rogn og yngel af ørred.

Forekomst

Hundestejlen kan både leve i saltvand og ferskvand. Der forekommer i to former. Den ene form lever i lukkede ferskvande uden adgang til havet, fx i vegetationsrige smådamme og grøfter. Den anden form består af vandrende bestande, der lever i havet om vinteren, men trækker op i ferskvand om foråret, for at yngle. Saltvandsformen, der er størst, findes ved alle Europas kyster samt i det nordlige Stillehav og i det vestlige Atlanterhav mod nord til Sydgrønland. Den kan blive op til 11 centimeter lang i saltvand, mens den i ferskvand eller brakvand kun bliver 5-8 centimeter.[1]

Udseende

Den trepiggede hundestejle har normalt tre kraftige, frie pigstråler på ryggen. Den kan dog trods navnet have helt op til 5 pigge. Over ryg og sider findes et mere eller mindre tæt panser af benplader. Farverne skifter med årstiden. Om vinteren er rygsiden blågrøn med sølvskinnende sider. I yngletiden bliver ryggen brunlig med mørke tværbånd og siderne får messingskær. Desuden får hannen i denne tid blodrøde farver på bugen og hovedets underside.

Den trepiggede hundestejle kan ligne den nipiggede hundestejle, der dog har 7-12 frie pigstråler foran rygfinnen og er slankere og ofte kun 5-6 cm lang. Huden er desuden nøgen uden benplader, bortset fra på halestilken, og i yngletiden er hannen sort på brystet.

Formering og yngelpleje

I maj anlægger hannen sin yngledragt og udvælger sig et mindre område, et yngleterritorium, som den ivrigt forsvarer mod indtrængende. Her bygger den en rede, der ligger på bunden og består af løse plantedele og trådalger. Reden er op til 10 centimeter i diameter med et indgangshul, der peger skråt opad. Hvis en gydemoden hun kommer forbi, lokkes den hen til reden under udfoldelse af meget kurmageri. Den gydemodne hun har opspilet bug på grund af rognen. Modelforsøg har vist, at det netop er den runde bug, der fremkalder hannens interesse. Omvendt er det hannens røde farve på bugen, der virker ophidsende på hunnen.[1]

Hvis kurmageriet lykkes, svømmer hunnen ind i reden, hvor den gyder sine 100-400 æg. Derefter gyder hannen sin sæd over æggene, og hunnen forlader området. Hannen får eventuelt flere hunner til at gyde æg i reden, så den kan indeholde op til 1.000 æg. Hannen holder vagt ved reden og tilvifter frisk vand over æggene med brystfinnerne. Æggene ville ellers dø af iltmangel. Efter klækning forbliver ungerne i reden i en uges tid, mens de tærer på deres blommesæk. Herefter spreder de sig i de øvre vandlag, hvor de lever af mikroskopiske planktonorganismer. Ud på sommeren trækker vandreformens yngel ud til havet, hvor de samler sig i store stimer langs kysten. Om efteråret er de næsten fuldvoksne og er det følgende forår kønsmodne.[1]

Naturlige fjender

Mange fisk undgår at æde den trepiggede hundestejle på grund af piggene, hvilket er en af årsagerne til at den er så talrig. Den trepiggede hundestejle kan ved fare rejse sine pigge op og på grund af særlige spærreled kan de kun lægges ned, når fisken selv ønsker det. Derfor lærer mange rovfisk at undgå den trepiggede hundestejle. Dog er ål og torsk tilsyneladende i stand til at lægge piggene ned under synkningen, idet de æder store mængder hundestejler. Også laks tager undertiden hundestejler. Desuden fisker måger og terner mange hundestejler.[1]

Se også

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

  1. ^ a b c d Hans Hvass, Danmarks Dyreverden. Bind 5, side 40-44. 2. udgave, Rosenkilde og Bagger 1978. ISBN 87-423-0076-2.
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Trepigget hundestejle: Brief Summary ( Dinamarquês )

fornecido por wikipedia DA

Den trepiggede hundestejle (Gasterosteus aculeatus) er en 4-11 centimeter lang pigfinnefisk, der er udbredt over store dele af den nordlige halvkugle. Den forekommer på lavt vand med frodig vegetation og ses udenfor yngletiden ofte i stimer. I Danmark er den en af de almindeligst forekommende fisk, både langs kysterne og i mindre søer. Den lever af små krebsdyr, fiskeyngel og insektlarver, og den kan i ferskvand gøre skade ved at æde rogn og yngel af ørred.

licença
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direitos autorais
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DA

Dreistachliger Stichling ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Dreistachlige Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus, lat. aculeatus – stachlig) ist ein bekannter Fisch.

Wirtschaftlich ist der Dreistachlige Stichling weitestgehend bedeutungslos, durch seinen hohen Verbreitungsgrad und seine Robustheit ist er jedoch in breiten Bevölkerungsschichten bekannt und wurde bereits in der Systema Naturae von Carl von Linné beschrieben. Die Volkstümlichkeit dieses Fisches spiegelt sich auch in der Vielzahl der Lokalbezeichnungen wider: Rotzbarsch, Großer Stichling, Stachelbarsch, Stechbüttel, Wolf, Steckerling, Stichbeutel usw.

Sein komplexes Fortpflanzungsverhalten machte ihn zum beliebten Untersuchungsobjekt in der Verhaltensforschung. In Deutschland wurde er zum Fisch des Jahres 2018 ernannt.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Dreistachlige Stichling kommt, mit Ausnahme des Donaudeltas, in ganz Europa, in Algerien, Nordasien und Nordamerika vor. Er bewohnt stehende und fließende Gewässer und lebt sowohl im Süßwasser als auch im küstennahen Salz- und Brackwasser. Typischerweise bewohnt er dort pflanzenreiche Areale mit sandigem oder schlammigem Grund.

Viele der im Küstenbereich lebenden Populationen wandern zur Laichzeit ins Süßwasser.

Die IUCN führt den Dreistachligen Stichling als „nicht gefährdet“.

Merkmale

Der Dreistachlige Stichling erreicht eine Gesamtlänge von bis zu elf Zentimetern,[1] wobei die Maximalgröße eher von den im Salzwasser lebenden Exemplaren erreicht wird. Der Körper ist im Vergleich zu den Vertretern anderer Stichlingsgattungen verhältnismäßig hochrückig. Dabei ist die relative Körperhöhe abhängig vom bewohnten Habitat; Salzwasserpopulationen und Bewohner großer Binnenseen bleiben gewöhnlich schlanker als Stichlinge aus Fließgewässern.

Weibliche und juvenile Tiere sowie nicht fortpflanzungsbereite Männchen tragen meist eine schlichte schwarzbraune Marmorierung auf hellem, silbrigen Grund. Der Rücken ist dabei dunkler gefärbt als die Bauchseite. Bei Salzwasserpopulationen ist der Silberglanz besonders ausgeprägt. Grundsätzlich variiert die Farbgebung in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensraum, es sind auch messinggelbe und vollkommen schwarze Populationen bekannt. Während der Laichzeit tragen adulte Männchen ein farbenfrohes Brutkleid: Die Marmorierung weicht zurück und die Bauchseite färbt sich von der Schnauzenspitze bis zum Schwanzstiel intensiv orangerot. Der Rücken und die Iris der Augen nehmen ein helles Türkis an.

Wie alle Stichlinge trägt auch der Dreistachlige Stichling keine Schuppen. Er bildet jedoch dachziegelartig überlappende Knochenplatten aus, die Unterscheidungsmerkmal für drei erblich fixierte Varianten sind:

forma trachurus (komplett beschildet)
Die Körperseiten sind vom Kiemendeckel bis zum Schwanzstiel vollständig mit 29 bis 35 Schilden bedeckt.
forma semiarmatus (unvollständig beschildet)
Die Lateralschilde bestehen nur aus einer Reihe Knochenplatten und einem Caudalkiel auf der Vorderhälfte und den Schilden auf dem Schwanzstiel, dazwischen befindet sich ein nackter Bereich.
forma leiurus (gering beschildet)
Es befinden sich höchstens vier bis zehn Knochenplatten ohne Caudalkiel im vorderen Rumpfbereich.

Die Form trachurus durchläuft während ihrer Entwicklung Phasen mit zunächst geringer und danach unvollständiger Beschildung (Pädomorphose), bevor sie, dann mit einer Standardlänge von 2,2 bis 2,5 Zentimetern, eine vollständige Lateralplattenreihe ausgebildet hat. Bei den anderen beiden Varianten wird dieser Entwicklungsprozess in früheren Entwicklungsphasen abgebrochen. Die Form leiurus kommt ausschließlich im Süßwasser vor, während die beiden anderen marine Wanderformen darstellen.

Namensgebend und besonders auffällig sind die drei (selten vier) aufstellbaren Stacheln vor der Rückenflosse. Zwischen dem Kopf und der weichstrahligen Rückenflosse sitzen sechs Knochenplatten, deren dritte, vierte und sechste je einen der Stacheln tragen. Die Bauchflossen tragen ebenfalls je einen langen, kräftigen Stachel. Mit diesen vergrämenden Stacheln kann sich der Fisch vor dem Angriff größerer Fische in gewissem Umfang schützen, da die abgespreizten Stacheln beim Zubeißen die Lippen des Fressfeindes verletzen.[2]

Die Brustflossen sind großflächig, da sie primär zur Erzeugung der Vortriebs verwendet werden. Das Schwimmen durch seitliche Schläge mit der Schwanzflosse hat nur noch untergeordnete Bedeutung und ist nur bei schneller Flucht oder Schwimmen gegen starke Strömungen relevant.

Anzahl der Flossenstrahlen:

  • Dorsale 1 III(IV) (hierbei handelt es sich um die Rückenstacheln)
  • Dorsale 2 10–14
  • Anale I/8–11
  • Caudale 12
  • Pectorale 10
  • Ventrale I/1

Verhalten

Die überaus gewandten Schwimmer ernähren sich von zahlreichen Kleintieren (Insektenlarven, Würmer) aber auch von Fischlaich und -brut. Die Nahrungsaufnahme erfolgt häufig sehr gierig. So ist es zum Beispiel möglich, einen Dreistachligen Stichling an einem Wurm kurzzeitig aus dem Wasser zu heben, den er gerade zu verschlingen versucht.

Die im Vergleich zu anderen Stichlingsgattungen wirkungsvollere Defensivbewaffnung erlaubt es den Gasterosteus-Arten, ihre Nester nicht mehr im Schutz von mehr oder weniger dichter Vegetation zu errichten, sondern den Bodengrund verhältnismäßig deckungsarmer Areale zu nutzen. Zu Beginn der Laichzeit unternimmt das Männchen im ausgewählten Brutrevier zunächst mehrere Grabversuche und konzentriert sich dann auf eine Stelle, an der es eine flache Mulde aushebt. Bereits in dieser Phase beginnt es, Nistmaterial herbeizuschaffen, häufig werden Algen der Gattung Spirogyra eingesetzt. Stehen diese nicht oder nicht in ausreichender Menge zur Verfügung, kommen aber auch andere feinfädige Baustoffe zur Anwendung. Durch wiederholtes Ausspucken, Treibenlassen und Wiederaufnehmen wird das Baumaterial während des Transports zum Bauplatz auf seine Eigenschaften überprüft. Welche Kriterien dabei zur Anwendung kommen, ist aber noch unklar. Handelt es sich bei dem Nest um einen Zweit- oder Drittbau, werden die alten Nester häufig als Materialspender verwendet. Bei sich bietender Gelegenheit werden auch die Nester benachbarter Stichlingsmännchen "bestohlen". In der ausgehobenen Grube wird das Material zunächst angehäuft und mit einem Nierensekret verklebt. Dabei streicht der Stichling mit gekrümmtem Körper und zitternden Schwanz- und Bauchflossen über das Nistsubstrat. Durch wiederholte Stöße mit dem Maul im Wechsel mit erneutem Verkleben wird die Konstruktion zunehmend verfestigt und im Bodengrund verankert. Hat der Bau eine ausreichende Größe erreicht, wird mit horizontalen Maulstößen zunächst eine seitliche Vertiefung und in der Folge die eigentliche Nisthöhle geformt. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt wird neues Baumaterial bevorzugt um den Eingang herum drapiert und verklebt. Wahrscheinlich zur Festigkeitsprüfung wird das Nest zwischenzeitlich immer wieder kräftig mit den Brustflossen befächelt. Gegen Ende der Bauphase bespuckt der Besitzer sein Nest noch mit Sand. Dabei werden insbesondere die Ränder der unmittelbaren Umgebung angeglichen. Schwimmt das Stichlingsmännchen in die Bruthöhle hinein und zwängt sich durch die weniger verfestigte Rückwand, ist das Nest fertig. Die Errichtung des Nistplatzes kann wenige Stunden, aber auch mehrere Tage in Anspruch nehmen. Die Baudauer hängt primär vom Testosteronspiegel des Männchens ab, sekundär aber auch von günstigen Rahmenbedingungen wie der Verfügbarkeit geeigneten Baumaterials und vor allem der Präsenz paarungswilliger Weibchen.

Sobald das Nest fertiggestellt ist, wird ein laichbereites Weibchen mit Bogensprüngen ("Zickzack-Tanz") angelockt. Dieses präsentiert ihren (der Eier wegen) prallen Bauch, woraufhin das Männchen ihr seitlich liegend den Nesteingang zeigt. Das Weibchen dringt dann in das Nest ein und laicht ab, während das Männchen mit dem Maul an ihrem Schwanzstiel und Rücken stochert ("Schnauzentriller"). Unmittelbar darauf verlässt das Weibchen das Nest auf der dem Eingang gegenüberliegenden Seite, während die Eier vom Männchen besamt werden. Nach vollzogenem Laichakt vertreibt das Männchen seine Partnerin aus dem Brutrevier. Dieser Vorgang kann sich mit weiteren Weibchen wiederholen, die wiederum in einer Laichperiode bis zu sechsmal ablaichen können.

 src=
Ein Stichlingsmännchen befächelt seine Brut mit Frischwasser.

Den Schutz und die Pflege der Brut übernimmt das Männchen allein. Nach dem Ablaichen stellt es sich vor den Nesteingang und fächelt mit den Brustflossen ständig Frischwasser über das Gelege. Herausgefallene Eier werden durch das Männchen wieder eingesammelt und zurück ins Gelege gebracht. Die jungen Stichlinge schlüpfen nach sieben bis zwölf Tagen und bleiben dann noch einige Tage im Nest. Bei ihren ersten Schwimmversuchen werden sie noch vom Vater wieder eingefangen und ins Nest zurückgebracht. Während der gesamten Laich- und Brutpflegezeit verhält sich das Männchen ausgesprochen territorial. Besonders nach dem Schlupf der Jungen werden nicht nur Geschlechtsgenossen, sondern auch weibliche Stichlinge und artfremde Tiere attackiert (sofern es die Größe zulässt).

Die Laichzeit ist für beide Geschlechter äußerst strapaziös und viele Stichlinge sterben nach ihrer ersten Laichperiode. Außerhalb der Fortpflanzungszeit leben sie in losen Schwärmen.

Der Dreistachlige Stichling ist nicht besonders langlebig und erreicht nur ein Alter von zwei bis drei Jahren.

Evolution

Nach dem Rückgang der Gletscher des letzten Pleistozän eroberte der ursprünglich marine dreistachlige Stichling das Süßwasser.[3] Durch die Eroberung von neuen Lebensräumen, unterteilbar in Fluss- und See-Habitate, mussten sie sich durch natürliche Selektion an neue Gegebenheiten wie Fressfeinde, Nahrungsangebot, Versteckmöglichkeiten und andere Habitatsveränderungen anpassen.[4] Aufgrund dieser verschiedenen Selektionsbedingungen entwickelten sich verschiedene Phänotypen und es entstand ein bemerkenswerter Polymorphismus.

Dieser zeigt sich zum Beispiel in der Ausprägung der Lateralbeschildung in verschiedenen Habitaten. Die Lateralbeschildung dient hauptsächlich dem Schutz vor Fressfeinden[5] und ist schon in den marinen Vorfahren voll ausgebildet. Mit der Besiedlung der Flüsse änderten sich jedoch die Selektionsbedingungen. Da es in Flüssen sehr viel mehr Versteckmöglichkeiten als im offenen Meer gibt, verlor die Wichtigkeit der Schutzschilde an Bedeutung. So konnten sich auch Phänotypen mit weniger gut ausgebildeter Beschildung durchsetzen. Folglich findet man in Flusspopulationen mehr unvollständig und gering beschildete Individuen als in den Populationen ihrer marinen Vorfahren.

Mit dem Erreichen der Flüsse breiteten sich die dreistachligen Stichlinge auch in den angrenzenden Seen aus, in welchen sie, wie ihre marinen Vorfahren, in eher offenem Wasser überleben mussten. Somit war es wiederum von Vorteil, eine gut ausgebildete Beschildung zu haben, da die dort lebenden Individuen ihren Fressfeinden durch weniger Versteckmöglichkeiten deutlich mehr ausgeliefert sind. So wurden die Individuen mit einer vollen Beschildung wieder bevorzugt selektioniert und dies führte zu mehr voll beschildeten Individuen in See-Populationen. Die gleichzeitige Selektion eines Merkmals in verschiedene Richtungen wird als parallele Evolution bezeichnet. Die Ausprägung verschiedener genetischer Variationen und deren ständigen Vermischung durch Migration führte zu einem Polymorphismus.

Verschiedene Forschungen versuchen die Beschildung im dreistachligen Stichling genetisch zu erklären und die verantwortlichen Gene zu identifizieren. Ein verantwortliches Gen, welches für die Beschildung kodiert, ist Ectodysplasin (EDA), es befindet sich auf Chromosom 4[6]. Obwohl EDA für einen großen Teil der phänotypischen Ausprägung verantwortlich ist, erklärt es nicht 100 % der Merkmalsausprägung[7]. Dies deutet nicht auf ein klassisch mendelsches Merkmal hin, sondern auf eine komplexere Interaktion von mehreren Genen bezüglich eines Merkmals.

Durch die parallele Evolution, die Ausbildung von Polymorphismen und die Abundanz in der ganzen Welt ist der dreistachlige Stichling zu einem wichtigen Modellorganismus in der Evolutionsbiologie geworden.

Besonderes

Bedingt durch die vielfältigen Erscheinungsformen wurde der Dreistachlige Stichling viele Male neu beschrieben, so wurden zum Beispiel die Varianten trachurus, semiarmatus und leiurus früher als eigene Arten betrachtet. In der Folge existieren für diese Art mindestens 33 Synonyme.

Quellen

Literatur

  • Fritz Roth: Über den Bau und die Entwicklung des Hautpanzers von Gasterosteus aculeatus (= Anatomischer Anzeiger), Jena 1919, (Dissertation Universität Jena 1919, 24 Seiten).
  • Hans-Joachim Paepke: Die Stichlinge. Gasterosteidae. Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg 1996, ISBN 3-89432-492-9.
  • Günther Sterba: Süßwasserfische der Welt. Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89350-991-7.
  • Kurt Deckert: Fische, Lurche, Kriechtiere (= Urania Tierreich. Band 4). Urania, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00376-3.
  • Richard Muckle: Der Dreistachlige Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) im Bodensee. In: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 90. Jg. 1972, S. 249–258 (Digitalisat)

Einzelnachweise

  1. Dreistachliger Stichling auf Fishbase.org (englisch)
  2. bund-hessen.de
  3. Speciation in nature: the threespine stickleback model systems. In: www.sciencedirect.com. Abgerufen am 4. April 2016.
  4. John A. Baker, Matthew A. Wund, Rachel Y. Chock, Lauren Ackein, Ragan Elsemore: Predation history and vulnerability: Conservation of the stickleback adaptive radiation. In: Biological Conservation. Band 143, Nr. 5, 1. Mai 2010, S. 1184–1192, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.02.026 (sciencedirect.com [abgerufen am 4. April 2016]).
  5. Daniel Berner, Anne-Catherine Grandchamp, Andrew P. Hendry: Variable Progress Toward Ecological Speciation in Parapatry: Stickleback Across Eight Lake-Stream Transitions. In: Evolution. Band 63, Nr. 7, 1. Juli 2009, ISSN 1558-5646, S. 1740–1753, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00665.x (wiley.com [abgerufen am 4. April 2016]).
  6. Pamela F. Colosimo, Kim E. Hosemann, Sarita Balabhadra, Guadalupe Villarreal, Mark Dickson: Widespread Parallel Evolution in Sticklebacks by Repeated Fixation of Ectodysplasin Alleles. In: Science. Band 307, Nr. 5717, 25. März 2005, ISSN 0036-8075, S. 1928–1933, doi:10.1126/science.1107239, PMID 15790847 (sciencemag.org [abgerufen am 5. April 2016]).
  7. Marius Roesti, Benjamin Kueng, Dario Moser, Daniel Berner: The genomics of ecological vicariance in threespine stickleback fish. In: Nature Communications. Band 6, 10. November 2015, S. 8767, doi:10.1038/ncomms9767, PMID 26556609, PMC 4659939 (freier Volltext) – (nature.com [abgerufen am 5. April 2016]).

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia DE

Dreistachliger Stichling: Brief Summary ( Alemão )

fornecido por wikipedia DE

Der Dreistachlige Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus, lat. aculeatus – stachlig) ist ein bekannter Fisch.

Wirtschaftlich ist der Dreistachlige Stichling weitestgehend bedeutungslos, durch seinen hohen Verbreitungsgrad und seine Robustheit ist er jedoch in breiten Bevölkerungsschichten bekannt und wurde bereits in der Systema Naturae von Carl von Linné beschrieben. Die Volkstümlichkeit dieses Fisches spiegelt sich auch in der Vielzahl der Lokalbezeichnungen wider: Rotzbarsch, Großer Stichling, Stachelbarsch, Stechbüttel, Wolf, Steckerling, Stichbeutel usw.

Sein komplexes Fortpflanzungsverhalten machte ihn zum beliebten Untersuchungsobjekt in der Verhaltensforschung. In Deutschland wurde er zum Fisch des Jahres 2018 ernannt.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia DE

Dreistachliger Stichling ( Alemânico )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

De Draistachligi Stichlig (Gasterosteus aculeatus; alemanischi Näme) isch e aapassigsfääige Süesswasserfisch, wo wenig Aasprüch a s Gwässer het, woner lebt.

Uussie

De Stichlig isch e chliiine längliche gfleckte Fisch, wo 6 bis 8 cm lang werd. I de Laichzitt sind d Mandli höbsch bunt. Stichlig hend kai Schuppe. Sin Name het er, well er ufem Rugge drai biweglichi Stachel het.

Verbraitig

De Stichlig isch a nördliche Chüsteregione vo Europa haimisch und cha bis 700 km landiiwärts vorchoo. Er lebt im Brackwasser und i Süessgwässer i de Chüstenööchi, schwimmt Flüss duruuf, so de Rhii, lebt i Gräbe, Waier und Tümpel. Wichtig isch, as gnueg Wasserpflanze ume sind.

Lebeswiis

De Stichlig lebt vo Insekte und Chliichrepsli. Er werd vo Raubfisch und vo Vögel gfange. Im Früesummer baut s Mandli us Wasserpflanze e Nest und lockt Wiibli aa. Noch eme Hoochzigsritual lait s Wiibli sini Aier is Nest, wo vom Mandli bifruchtet wered. Deno verjagt s Mandli s Wiibli und biwacht s Nest und e chliises Revier um s Nest ume. Stichlig chönd 8 Joor alt were.

Büecher

  • Stefan Ineichen (Hrsg.): Stadtfauna, 600 Tierarten der Stadt Zürich; Bern 2010; ISBN 978-3-258-07561-7
  • Hans-Joachim Paepke: Die Stichlinge. Gasterosteidae. Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg 1996, ISBN 3-89432-492-9.
  • Günter Sterba: Süßwasserfische der Welt. Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89350-991-7.
  • Kurt Deckert: Fische, Lurche, Kriechtiere. Urania, Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-332-00376-3 (Urania Tierreich. Band 4).
  • Richard Muckle: Der Dreistachlige Stichling (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) im Bodensee, in: Schriften des Vereins für Geschichte des Bodensees und seiner Umgebung, 90. Jg. 1972, S. 249–258 (Digitalisat)

Weblinks

 src= – Sammlig vo Multimediadateie
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus in dr Rote Lischt vu dr gfehrdete Arten vu dr IUCN 2009. Yygstellt vu: J. Freyhof, M. Kottelat, 2008. Abgruefe am 19. Oktober 2009
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Autorët dhe redaktorët e Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia emerging languages

Dreistachliger Stichling: Brief Summary ( Alemânico )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

De Draistachligi Stichlig (Gasterosteus aculeatus; alemanischi Näme) isch e aapassigsfääige Süesswasserfisch, wo wenig Aasprüch a s Gwässer het, woner lebt.

licença
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Gulmmet ( Northern Sami )

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 src=
Gulmmet

Gulmmet dahjege gulmmit (Gasterosteus aculeatus) lea guolli.

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Kombikk ( Feroês )

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Kombikk (frøðiheiti - Gasterosteus aculeatus) finnast úr fjøruni og í hyljum langt uppi í fjøllunum. Hesin lítli (sjáldan meiri enn 6 cm) fiskur, við trimum hvøssum píkum fyri fjaðrar á rygginum, er tann tolnasti fiskur, hvat salti og hita viðvíkur, á okkara leiðum. Hann trívist í reinum vatni eins væl og søltum sjógvi og har hitin er úr 0 °C til 21 °C. Men best dámar honum, tá tað er grunt við nakað av gróðri og lítlum røringi, til dømis í áarhyljum.

Millum kombikk er tað kallfiskurin, ið ansar eggunum. Tíðliga á vári skiftir hann lit og byggir eitt reiður úr ymsum planturestum, sum hann límar saman við sevju úr nýrunum. Hagar lokkar hann kvennfiskar, eina ella fleiri, at gýta. Tá reiðrið er fult, 300-1000 egg, aktar hann reiðrinum til eggini klekjast, meðan hann við fjaðrunum alla tíðina rørir reinan sjógv at reiðrinum. Kombikk hava stóran týdning sum føðikelda hjá sjófugli fram við landi og smáfiski. Kombikk verða tí oftast ikki eldri enn 1-1½ ár og í rárasta føri 4 ár.

Kelda

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Kombikk: Brief Summary ( Feroês )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Kombikk (frøðiheiti - Gasterosteus aculeatus) finnast úr fjøruni og í hyljum langt uppi í fjøllunum. Hesin lítli (sjáldan meiri enn 6 cm) fiskur, við trimum hvøssum píkum fyri fjaðrar á rygginum, er tann tolnasti fiskur, hvat salti og hita viðvíkur, á okkara leiðum. Hann trívist í reinum vatni eins væl og søltum sjógvi og har hitin er úr 0 °C til 21 °C. Men best dámar honum, tá tað er grunt við nakað av gróðri og lítlum røringi, til dømis í áarhyljum.

Millum kombikk er tað kallfiskurin, ið ansar eggunum. Tíðliga á vári skiftir hann lit og byggir eitt reiður úr ymsum planturestum, sum hann límar saman við sevju úr nýrunum. Hagar lokkar hann kvennfiskar, eina ella fleiri, at gýta. Tá reiðrið er fult, 300-1000 egg, aktar hann reiðrinum til eggini klekjast, meðan hann við fjaðrunum alla tíðina rørir reinan sjógv at reiðrinum. Kombikk hava stóran týdning sum føðikelda hjá sjófugli fram við landi og smáfiski. Kombikk verða tí oftast ikki eldri enn 1-1½ ár og í rárasta føri 4 ár.

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Spinoke ( Valão )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
des spinokes (portrait saetchî pa Ron Offermans, so abondroets)

Li spinoke, c' est on ptit pexhon, 5 a 8 cm long, k' on voet pattavå l' Walonreye, la k' i gn a des clairès aiwes

Les spinokes vicnut a ptitès nindjes. S' on n' freut nén atincion åzès troes ptitès spenes k' il ont so leu dos, on les pôreut radmint prinde po des graevîs.

Divinltins, les efants lzès pexhént e moes d' avri, may.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : : Gasterosteus aculeatus

Famile : espinokidîs (Gasterosteidae)

Kidujhance

Dins on vevî u on ri, li spinoke frote tofer si tiesse dins les broûs. [1]

Sourdants

  1. sorlon l' roman Djihan-Leu da L. Somme (p. 90).
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Spinoke: Brief Summary ( Valão )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= des spinokes (portrait saetchî pa Ron Offermans, so abondroets)

Li spinoke, c' est on ptit pexhon, 5 a 8 cm long, k' on voet pattavå l' Walonreye, la k' i gn a des clairès aiwes

Les spinokes vicnut a ptitès nindjes. S' on n' freut nén atincion åzès troes ptitès spenes k' il ont so leu dos, on les pôreut radmint prinde po des graevîs.

Divinltins, les efants lzès pexhént e moes d' avri, may.

No d' l' indje e sincieus latén : : Gasterosteus aculeatus

Famile : espinokidîs (Gasterosteidae)

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Stiekelboars ( Stq )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Disambig-dark.svg
Dissen Artikkel is uur dän gewöönelken Stiekelboars (Gasterosteus aculeatus - düütsk: Dreistachliger Stichling). Ieuwenske disse Oard kon me uk uur Oarde uut juu Familie Gasterosteidae "Stiekelboarse" naame. Stiekelboars
N Stiekelboars-Montje (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

N Stiekelboars-Montje (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Systematik Oardenge: Gasterosteiformes Familie: Stiekelboarse (Gasterosteidae) Sleek: Gasterosteus Oard: Stiekelboars (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Die Stiekelboars (Gasterosteus aculeatus - düütsk: Dreistachliger Stichling) is ne Oard fon doo Bunkenfiske. Die Stiekelboars frät foarallen Äisen, litje Krääpse un Moaden fon Insekten un mongs uk litjere Fiske.

Määrkmoale

 src=
Wiefken (buppe) un Montje fon dän Stiekelboars ap ne färöiske Bräifmäärk

Die Stiekelboars is normoal 4 bit 8 cm, säilden uk bit tou 11 cm groot. Sien Häid is glääd un ap sin Rääch häd hie normoal träi Stiekele, man in dän noudwäästelken Deel fon Schottlound rakt dät uk Stiekelboarse sunner Stiekele. Wan doo Stiekelboarse meerje, häd dät Montje ne blaugräine Bupperkaante un n rooden Buuk, wiertruch him dät Wiefken as Montje ärkanne kon.

Commons – Sammelenge fon Bielden, Filme un Heerdoatäie
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Stiekelboars: Brief Summary ( Stq )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages

Die Stiekelboars (Gasterosteus aculeatus - düütsk: Dreistachliger Stichling) is ne Oard fon doo Bunkenfiske. Die Stiekelboars frät foarallen Äisen, litje Krääpse un Moaden fon Insekten un mongs uk litjere Fiske.

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Stiekīs ( Samogitiano )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
Stiekīs

Stiekīs aba stiekis (sovalkėitėškā: dyglė, dzūkėškā: ragė, luotīnėškā: Gasterosteus aculeatus, onglėškā: Three-spined stickleback, vuokīškā: Dreistachliger Stichling) īr žovalė, katra prėgol dīglėniu žovū (Gasterosteidae) šeimā.

Anuos nogara tomsē žalsva aba pilkšva, šuonā gelsvė. Ožaug lėgė 9 cm ėlgoma. Nogaras peleks so trėm dedlēs spiglēs.

Lietovuo ta īr nuognē tonkė žovės, katra gīven ė prieskūs ondenīs, ė jūruo. Jiedėmō nie tinkama.

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Òstrzëca ( Cassúbio )

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 src=
Òstrzëca

Òstrzëca (Gasterosteus aculeatus) - to je rëba z rodzëznë òstrzëcowatëch. Żëje m. jin. w rzékach na Kaszëbach. Òstrzëce zjôdają m.jin. lodôczi.

Bùtnowé lënczi

(pl)


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Òstrzëca: Brief Summary ( Cassúbio )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
 src= Òstrzëca

Òstrzëca (Gasterosteus aculeatus) - to je rëba z rodzëznë òstrzëcowatëch. Żëje m. jin. w rzékach na Kaszëbach. Òstrzëce zjôdają m.jin. lodôczi.

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Колюшка трохіголкавая ( Bielorrussa )

fornecido por wikipedia emerging languages
Gasterosteus aculeatus.jpg

Трохіголкавая колюшка (Gasterosteus aculeatus, народныя назвы: ваўчок, рагулька) — рыба, від колюшкі.

Рыбка звычайна мае памеры 5-6 см, рэдка да 10 см. Цела сьціснутае з бакоў, галава завостраная, на сьпіне перад сьпінным плаўнікам тры даволі буйныя калючкі, у калючкі пераўтвораны і брушныя плаўнікі. Лускі няма, а уздоўж цела да хваста разьмешчаная паласа з касьцяных пласьцінак. Колер цела ў маладых рыбак серабрысты, у сталых – верх галавы і сьпіна сінія ці чарнавата-шэрыя, бруха серабрыста-шэрае. Вясной, у пэрыяд нерасту афарбоўка цела ў самцоў робіцца вельмі стракатай: сьпіна – ізумрудна-зялёнай, вочы – ярка-сінімі, ніз галавы і брушка – чырвонымі. Часам усё цела прымае чырвоную афарбоўку. У самак у гэты час брушка робіцца жоўтым, а поперак цела назіраюцца цёмныя палоскі.

Колюшка шырока распаўсюджана па сьвеце, у Эўропе жыве ад Новай Зямлі да Чорнага мора, у Беларусі яна раней сустракалася толькі ў басэйне Заходняга Буга і Нёмана, а ў апошнія дзесяцігодзьдзі яе пачалі сустракаць у рэках дняпроўскага басэйна.

Жыве колюшка 3-4 гады, размнажэньне пачынае ў аднагадовым узросьце. Самец перад нерастам будуе гняздо на грунце, у месцах са слабай плыньню. У яго ён па чарзе заганяе некалькі самак, якія адкладаюць там ікру. Пасьля гэтага ўвесь пэрыяд разьвіцьця ікрынак самец ахоўвае гняздо і тэрыторыі вакол яго, грозна распраўляючы свае калючкі пры набліжэньні праціўніка.Гэтая маленькая рыбка, дзякуючы сваім іголкам, можа сябе абараніць ня толькі ад дробных рыб, але і ад буйных драпежнікаў: шчупака, акуня і інш. Таму пры невялікай пладавітасьці (ня больш 250 ікрынак), выжывае даволі шмат моладзі.

Рыбка харчуецца дробнымі рачкамі, лічынкамі насякомых, чарвякамі, ікрой і моладзьдзю іншых рыб. Яна вельмі пражэрлівая, і пры вялікім распаўсюджаньні можа наносіць шкоду, выядаючы ікру многіх каштоўных рыб, зьнішчаючы запасы іншага корму ў вадаёме. Сама ж яна кормам для іншых рыб служыць ня можа, дзякуючы надзейным калючкам.

У эўрапейскіх краінах яе вылоўліваюць у вялікай колькасьці для прыгатаваньня рыбнай мукі на корм свойскім жывёлам, птушкам і рыбам у сажалках. Тлушч колюшкі выкарыстоўваецца для лячэньня ран і апёкаў. Раней зь яго гатавалі лекі для лячэньня сухотаў.

Колюшка лёгка прыжываецца ў акварыюме і размнажаецца ў акварыюме, але не выносіць суседзтва зь іншымі відамі акварыюмных рыбак.

Commons-logo.svgсховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў

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Three-spined stickleback ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics. Many populations are anadromous (they live in seawater but breed in fresh or brackish water) and very tolerant of changes in salinity, a subject of interest to physiologists. It displays elaborate breeding behavior (defending a territory, building a nest, taking care of the eggs and fry) and it can be social (living in shoals outside the breeding season) making it a popular subject of inquiry in fish ethology and behavioral ecology. Its antipredator adaptations, host-parasite interactions, sensory physiology, reproductive physiology, and endocrinology have also been much studied. Facilitating these studies is the fact that the three-spined stickleback is easy to find in nature and easy to keep in aquaria.[4]

Description

Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus.jpg

This species can occasionally reach lengths of 8 cm (3.1 in), but lengths of 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) at maturity are more common. The body is laterally compressed. The base of the tail is slender. The caudal fin has 12 rays. The dorsal fin has 10–14 rays; in front of it are the three spines that give the fish its name (though some individuals may have only two or four). The third spine (the one closest to the dorsal fin) is much shorter than the other two. The back of each spine is joined to the body by a thin membrane. The anal fin has eight to 11 rays and is preceded by a short spine. The pelvic fins consist of just a spine and one ray. All spines can be locked in an erect position, making the fish extremely hard to swallow by a predator. The pectoral fins are large, with 10 rays. The body bears no scales, but is protected by bony plates on the back, flanks, and belly. Only one ventral plate is present, but the number of flank plates varies greatly across the distribution range and across habitat types (see below); it is normally higher in marine populations (some freshwater populations may in fact lack lateral plates altogether).[3]

Dorsal coloration varies, but tends towards a drab olive or a silvery green, sometimes with brown mottling. The flanks and belly are silvery. In males during the breeding season, the eyes become blue and the lower head, throat, and anterior belly turn bright red. The throat and belly of breeding females can turn slightly pink. A few populations, however, have breeding males which are all black[5] or all white.[6]

Habitat and distribution

The three-spined stickleback is found only in the Northern Hemisphere, where it usually inhabits coastal waters or freshwater bodies. It can live in either fresh, brackish, or salt water. It prefers slow-flowing water with areas of emerging vegetation. It can be found in ditches, ponds, lakes, backwaters, quiet rivers, sheltered bays, marshes, and harbours.

In North America, it ranges along the East Coast from Chesapeake Bay to the southern half of Baffin Island and the western shore of Hudson Bay, and along the West Coast from southern California to the western shore of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. It can be found throughout Europe between 35 and 70°N. In Asia, the distribution stretches from Japan and the Korean peninsula to the Bering Straits.

Its distribution could be said to be circumpolar were it not for the fact that it is absent from the north coast of Siberia, the north coast of Alaska, and the Arctic islands of Canada.

Variation in morphology and distribution

Gasterosteus aculeatus 1879.jpg
The head of a threespine stickleback reconstructed into a 3D mesh from a microCT scan. This individual was from a freshwater stream population on Vancouver Island, BC. Many stickleback traits can vary a great deal between freshwater populations, including the number of bony lateral plates, a few of which can be seen towards the posterior edge of this mesh, and the number and length of gill rakers and pharyngeal teeth, which can be see inside the mouth.

Three subspecies are currently recognized by the IUCN:

  • G. a. aculeatus is found in most of the species range, and is the subspecies most strictly termed the three-spined stickleback; its common name in Britain is the tiddler, although "tittlebat" is also sometimes used.
  • G. a. williamsoni, the unarmored threespine stickleback, is found only in North America; its recognised range is southern California, though isolated reports have been made of it occurring in British Columbia and Mexico;
  • G. a. santaeannae, the Santa Ana stickleback, is also restricted to North America.

These subspecies actually represent three examples from the enormous range of morphological variation present within three-spined sticklebacks. Hybrids between some of these morphs show foraging disadvantages, a form of reinforcement in the course of speciation. This is evidence for speciation by reinforcement.[7]

Overall these morphs fall into two rough categories, the anadromous and the freshwater forms:

The anadromous form spends most of its adult life eating plankton and fish in the sea, and returns to freshwater to breed. The adult fish are typically between 6 and 10 cm long, and have 30 to 40 lateral armour plates along their sides. They also have long dorsal and pelvic spines. The anadromous form is morphologically similar all around the Northern Hemisphere, such that anadromous fish from the Baltic, the Atlantic and the Pacific all resemble each other quite closely.

Three-spined stickleback populations are also found in freshwater lakes and streams. These populations were probably formed when anadromous fish started spending their entire lifecycle in fresh water, and thus evolved to live there all year round. Freshwater populations are extremely morphologically diverse, to the extent that many observers (and some taxonomists) would describe a new subspecies of three-spined stickleback in almost every lake in the Northern Hemisphere. One consistent difference between freshwater populations and their anadromous ancestors is the amount of body armour, as the majority of freshwater fish only have between none and 12 lateral armor plates, and shorter dorsal and pelvic spines. However, also large morphological differences occur between lakes. One major axis of variation is between populations found in deep, steep-sided lakes and those in small, shallow lakes. The fish in the deep lakes typically feed in the surface waters on plankton, and often have large eyes, with short, slim bodies and upturned jaws. Some researchers refer to this as the limnetic form. Fish from shallow lakes feed mainly on the lake bed, and are often long and heavy bodied with relatively horizontal jaws and small eyes. These populations are referred to as the benthic form.

Since each watershed was probably colonised separately by anadromous sticklebacks, morphologically similar populations in different watersheds or on different continents are widely believed to have evolved independently. A unique population is found in the meromictic Pink Lake in Gatineau Park, Quebec. Populations have been observed rapidly adapting to different conditions, such as in Lake Union, where sticklebacks have lost and regained armor plates in response to pollution from human activity around the watershed.[8][9][10][11]

One aspect of this morphological variation is that a number of lakes contain both a limnetic and a benthic type, and these do not interbreed with each other. Evolutionary biologists often define species as populations that do not interbreed with each other (the biological species concept), thus the benthics and limnetics within each lake would constitute separate species. These species pairs are an excellent example of how adaptation to different environments (in this case feeding in the surface waters or on the lake bed) can generate new species. This process has come to be termed ecological speciation. This type of species pair is found in British Columbia. The lakes themselves only contain three-spined sticklebacks and cutthroat trout, and all are on islands. Tragically, the pair in Hadley Lake on Lasqueti Island was destroyed in the mid-1980s by the introduction of a predatory catfish, and the pair in Enos Lake on Vancouver Island has started to interbreed and are no longer two distinct species.[12] The two remaining pairs are on Texada Island, in Paxton Lake and Priest Lake, and they are listed as Endangered in the Canadian Species at Risk Act.[13]

Other species pairs which consist of a well-armored marine form and a smaller, unarmored freshwater form are being studied in ponds and lakes in south-central Alaska that were once marine habitats such as those uplifted during the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The evolutionary dynamics of these species pairs are providing a model for the processes of speciation which has taken place in less than 20 years in at least one lake. In 1982, a chemical eradication program intended to make room for trout and salmon at Loberg Lake, Alaska, killed the resident freshwater populations of sticklebacks. Oceanic sticklebacks introduced through nearby Cook Inlet recolonized the lake. In just 12 years beginning in 1990, the frequency of the oceanic form dropped steadily, from 100% to 11%, while a variety with fewer plates increased to 75% of the population, with various intermediate forms making up another small fraction.[14] This rapid evolution is thought to be possible through genetic variations that confer competitive advantages for survival in fresh water when conditions shift rapidly from salt to fresh water. However, the actual molecular basis of this evolution still remains unknown.

Although sticklebacks are found in many locations around the coasts of the Northern Hemisphere and are thus viewed by the IUCN as species of least concern, the unique evolutionary history encapsulated in many freshwater populations indicates further legal protection may be warranted.[1]

Diet

In its different forms or stages of life, the three-spined stickleback can be a bottom-feeder (most commonly chironomid larvae and amphipods)[15] or a planktonic feeder in lakes or in the ocean; it can also consume terrestrial prey fallen to the surface.[16] It can cannibalize eggs and fry.[17]

Life history

Male stickleback with red throat and shiny blue eye

Many populations take two years to mature and experience only one breeding season before dying, and some can take up to three years to reach maturity. However, some freshwater populations and populations at extreme latitudes can reach maturity in only one year.

Reproduction

Reproduction of the three-spined stickleback
Illustration of nesting three-spined sticklebacks

Sexual maturation depends on environmental temperature and photo-period.[18] Longer days and warmer days stimulate brighter colouration in males and the development of eggs in females.

From late April, males and females move from deeper waters to shallow areas. There, each male defends a territory where he builds a nest on the bottom. He starts by digging a small pit. He then fills it with plant material (often filamentous algae), sand, and various debris which he glues together with spiggin, a proteinaceous substance secreted from the kidneys. The word spiggin is derived from spigg, the Swedish name for the three-spined stickleback. He then creates a tunnel through the more or less spherical nest by swimming vigorously through it. Nest building typically takes 5–6 hours[19] though it may also be spread out over several days. After this, the male courts gravid females that pass by with a zigzag dance. He approaches a female by swimming very short distances left and right, and then swims back to the nest in the same way. If the female follows, the male often pokes his head inside the nest, and may swim through the tunnel. The female then swims through the tunnel as well, where she deposits 40–300 eggs. The male follows to fertilize the eggs. The female is then chased away by the male. For the duration of the eggs' development, the male will chase away other males and non-gravid females. He may, however, court other gravid females (more than one batch of eggs can be deposited in the same nest).

The sequence of territorial courtship and mating behaviours was described in detail by Niko Tinbergen in a landmark early study in ethology. Tinbergen showed that the red colour on the throat of the territorial male acts as a simple sign stimulus, releasing aggression in other males and attracting females.[20] The red colouration may also be used by females as a way to assess male quality. Red colouration is produced from carotenoids found in the diet of the fish. As carotenoids cannot be synthesised de novo, the degree of colouration gives an indication of male quality (ability to find food), with higher-quality males showing more intense colouration. Also, males that bear fewer parasites tend to exhibit brighter red colours. Many studies have shown that females prefer males with brighter red colouration.[21][22][23][24] However, the response to red is not universal across the entire species,[25][26] with black throated populations often found in peat-stained waters.

The male takes care of the developing eggs by fanning them. He lines himself up with the entrance of the nest tunnel and swims on the spot. The movement of his pectoral fins creates a current of water through the nest, bringing fresh (well-oxygenated) water to the eggs. He does this not only during the day, but throughout the night, as well.[27] Fanning levels tend to increase until the eggs are about to hatch, which takes 7–8 days at 18–20 °C. Fanning levels also increase when the water is poorly oxygenated.[28] Towards the end of the egg development phase, the male often makes holes in the roof and near the rim of the nest, presumably to improve ventilation of the nest during fanning at a time when the eggs are more metabolically active. Once the young hatch, the male attempts to keep them together for a few days, sucking up any wanderers into his mouth and spitting them back into the nest. Afterwards, the young disperse and the nest is either abandoned by the male, or repaired in preparation for another breeding cycle.

In Nova Scotia, a form of three-spined stickleback departs from the usual pattern of parental care. Unlike other sticklebacks that nest on the substrate, Nova Scotian male sticklebacks build nests in mats of filamentous algae. Surprisingly, almost immediately after fertilization, the males disperse the eggs from the nest and resume soliciting females for eggs. Hence, there appears to have been a loss of parental care in this population. Because these males have reduced dorsal pigmentation, resulting a pearlescent white appearance, they have been dubbed "white sticklebacks". It is currently unknown whether they are a distinct species, or simply a morph of the common Atlantic stickleback.[29][30][31]

As the breeding cycle of the three-spined stickleback is light and temperature dependent, it is also possible to manipulate breeding in the lab. For example, it is possible to stimulate sticklebacks to breed twice in a calendar year, instead of once, under the right conditions.[32] This can be useful for genetic and behavioural multi-generational studies.

Infection with the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus can cause a reduction in egg mass or complete absence of eggs in female three-spined sticklebacks.[33][34][35]

Cooperative behavior

Some evidence indicates the existence of cooperative behavior among three-spined sticklebacks, mainly cooperative predator inspection. Predator inspection appears to allow acquisition of information about the risk a potential predator presents, and may deter attack, with the cost being an increased chance of being attacked if the predator proves to be hungry.

Tit for tat strategy

Sticklebacks are known to cooperate in a tit for tat (TFT) strategy when doing predator inspection. The idea behind TFT is that an individual cooperates on the first move and then does whatever its opponent does on the previous move. This allows for a combination of collaborative (it starts by cooperating), retaliatory (punishes defection), and forgiving (respond to cooperation of others, even if they had defected previously) behavioral responses.[36] When three-spined sticklebacks approaching a live predator were provided with either a simulated cooperating companion or a simulated defecting one, the fish behaved according to tit-for-tat strategy, supporting the hypothesis that cooperation can evolve among egoists.[37]

Typically, sticklebacks operate in pairs. Individuals have partners with which they repeatedly perform pairwise predator inspection visits. Two reciprocal pairs per trial occur significantly more often than what was expected due to chance. These results provide further evidence for a tit-for-tat cooperation strategy in sticklebacks.[38]

Stickleback behavior is often cited as an archetypal example of cooperative behavior during predator inspection. Fish from three sites differing in predation risk inspected a model predator in pairs and reciprocated both cooperative moves and defections by the partner, but not on every opportunity.[39] Sticklebacks that originated in the two sites containing piscivorous fish were more likely to reciprocate following a cooperative move than following a defection. Individuals from higher-risk sites were generally more cooperative.[39] Individuals accompanied by a model companion show reciprocal moves of cooperation and defection in response to the model's movements about a third of the time. Both examples of stickleback behavior demonstrate the elements of a strategy of cooperation that may resemble tit-for-tat.[39]

Partner-dependence

The tit-for-tat cooperation strategy has been shown to be evident in sticklebacks. In addition, the size of a stickleback's partner fish may also be a factor in determining what a stickleback will do when both fish are faced with a predator. Two sticklebacks simultaneously presented to a rainbow trout, a predator much larger in size, will have differing risks of being attacked. Usually, the larger of the two sticklebacks has a higher risk of being attacked.[40] Individual sticklebacks are more likely to move closer to a trout (or some other predator) when a larger potential partner moves close to the trout than when a smaller partner approaches the trout.[40] Although both large and small partners behave similarly, a small partner's behavior affects the strategy of the test fish more than that of the large partner.[40] Regardless of whether it is alone or with a partner that cooperates, a larger fish will approach a predator more closely than does a smaller fish.[40] If a partner defects, then a stickleback's condition-factor (i.e. its ability to flee) determines how closely it approaches the predator rather than the stickleback's size.[40] Both the strategy and reaction to different-sized partners seem to be dependent on whether the partner cooperates or defects.

Parasites

Stickleback next to extracted Schistocephalus solidus plerocercoids

The three-spined stickleback is a secondary intermediate host for the hermaphroditic parasite Schistocephalus solidus, a tapeworm of fish and fish-eating birds. The tapeworm passes into sticklebacks through its first intermediate hosts, cyclopoid copepods, when these are eaten by the fish. The parasite matures into its third larval stage, the plerocercoid, in the abdomen of the stickleback. Infected sticklebacks are afterwards consumed by fish-eating birds, which serve as the tapeworm's definitive host.[41][42]

Genetics

Three-spined sticklebacks have recently become a major research organism for evolutionary biologists trying to understand the genetic changes involved in adapting to new environments. The entire genome of a female fish from Bear Paw Lake in Alaska was recently sequenced by the Broad Institute and many other genetic resources are available.[43] This population is under risk from the presence of introduced northern pike in a nearby lake. Three-spined sticklebacks are also used for researching sex-specific brain gene expression. Parents exposed to predator models produced offspring with different gene expressions compared to those that were not exposed to predators. Non-overlapping genes appear highly influenced by the sex of the parent, with genes being differentially expressed in offspring based on whether the male or female parent was exposed to predation.[44]

Eco-evolutionary dynamics

Three-spined stickleback research has been central to the field of eco-evolutionary dynamics.[45][46] Eco-evolutionary dynamics is an area of study investigating how ecological processes (e.g., population dynamics, community interactions, and nutrient cycling) affect how populations evolve, and in turn, how these patterns of evolution feed back to affect ecological processes.[47][48] Importantly, these dynamics arise when substantial evolutionary change occurs on the same time scale as ecological change (i.e., less than 1,000 generations).[47][49][50] Three-spined stickleback are particularly useful for studying eco-evolutionary dynamics because multiple populations have evolved rapidly and in predictable, repeated patterns after colonizing new environments.[45][51] These repeated patterns of evolution allow scientists to assess whether the impacts of stickleback evolution on ecological processes are reproducible.

An eco-evolutionary framework has been used to explore multiple aspects of stickleback biology. Notably, this research has focused on how populations of three-spined stickleback have diverged to occupy different ecological niches (a process called adaptive radiation) and how sticklebacks have coevolved with their parasites.[45][46]

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of adaptive radiation

Most eco-evolutionary dynamics research in sticklebacks has focused on how the adaptive radiation of different ecotypes affects ecological processes.[45][46][52][53][54] Ecotypes represent genetically and morphologically recognizable populations occupying distinct ecological niches.[51][52][53][55][56] In three-spined stickleback, divergent ecotypes are often found as sympatric (i.e., co-occurring) or parapatric (i.e., partially overlapping, but mostly isolated) species pairs, including benthiclimnetic pairs,[52] freshwater—anadromous pairs,[55] and lake—stream pairs.[53][56] Pairs of stickleback ecotypes have diverged at time scales ranging from 10,000 years to only decades ago.[51][55]

Different combinations of stickleback ecotypes affect ecosystem processes in different ways. For example, the combined presence of specialized benthic and limnetic sticklebacks has a different effect on the diversity and abundance of prey species compared to the presence of only a generalist ancestral stickleback ecotype.[52] Notably, this effect appears to be driven by limnetic sticklebacks specializing on zooplankton prey, rather than by an increase in the number of co-occurring stickleback species alone.[52] The impacts of ecotype specialization on prey communities can even affect the abundance of algae and cyanobacteria that do not directly interact with sticklebacks, along with aspects of the abiotic environment,[52][53] such as the amount of ambient light available for photosynthesis[52] and levels of dissolved oxygen,[52] carbon,[54] and phosphorus.[53] These diverse changes in ecosystem processes can persist to affect natural selection on subsequent stickleback generations,[53] potentially shaping how stickleback populations will evolve in the future. Because the presence of specialist verses generalist ecotypes can impact ecosystems in a way that, in turn, affects selection on future stickleback generations, the adaptive radiation of specialized ecotypes could drive eco-evolutionary feedback loops in natural populations.[53]

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions

Sticklebacks have also been studied to investigate the eco-evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite coevolution.[57][58][59] Three-spined sticklebacks can be hosts to a variety of parasites (e.g., Schistocephalus solidus, a common tapeworm of fish and fish-eating birds[41]). The diversity of parasite species within individual stickleback is influenced by an individual's dietary niche and immune response.[59] This covariation between parasite infection and host traits is likely a consequence of eco-evolutionary feedback, whereby the evolution of dietary and parasite resistance traits in sticklebacks alters parasite reproduction and infection rates, which in turn affects parasite exposure and selection on parasite resistance in sticklebacks.[58] These feedbacks can also extend beyond stickleback-parasite interactions to modify ecosystem processes.[57] Specifically, differences in resistance and infection rates among stickleback ecotypes can alter how sticklebacks affect the abundance of prey species and levels of dissolved nutrients and oxygen.[57] These ecosystem impacts can further affect selection on sticklebacks in subsequent generations, which suggests a complex feedback loop between the evolution of host-parasite interactions, community composition, and abiotic conditions.[57]

Common methods

Many researchers have used mesocosm experiments to test how the adaptive radiation of stickleback ecotypes and stickleback-parasite interactions can impact ecological processes.[45][52][53][54][57] In these experiments, researchers simulate the natural environments of sticklebacks in enclosed tanks, including natural plant and invertebrate communities and freshwater ecological zones.[52][53][54][57] They then systematically manipulate an independent variable (e.g., which stickleback ecotypes were present or the presence of parasites), and measured differences in biotic and abiotic aspects of ecosystems among the different stickleback treatments.[46][53][54][57] In some cases, researchers have then tested for potential feedback loops between ecotype evolution and ecological change by removing the adult stickleback from the mesocosms and replacing them with juveniles of different ecotypes.[53][57] By doing so, the researchers could then measure how the effects of adult sticklebacks on their ecosystems influenced overall juvenile fitness (e.g., survival and growth rates) and differences in fitness between juveniles of different ecotypes.[53][57]

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Three-spined stickleback: Brief Summary ( Inglês )

fornecido por wikipedia EN

The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its range, ideal for questions about evolution and population genetics. Many populations are anadromous (they live in seawater but breed in fresh or brackish water) and very tolerant of changes in salinity, a subject of interest to physiologists. It displays elaborate breeding behavior (defending a territory, building a nest, taking care of the eggs and fry) and it can be social (living in shoals outside the breeding season) making it a popular subject of inquiry in fish ethology and behavioral ecology. Its antipredator adaptations, host-parasite interactions, sensory physiology, reproductive physiology, and endocrinology have also been much studied. Facilitating these studies is the fact that the three-spined stickleback is easy to find in nature and easy to keep in aquaria.

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Gasterosteus aculeatus ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El espinoso o espinocho (Gasterosteus aculeatus) es un pez de la familia Gasterosteidae oriundo de Europa, del norte de Asia y de Norteamérica. Es marino, aunque existen variedades anádromas y de agua dulce.

Subespecies

Se reconocen tres subespecies:

Alimentación

En cuanto al comportamiento alimentario del espinoso, esta especie muestra una clara preferencia a alimentarse mayoritariamente de presas bentónicas, pero también puede consumir presas terrestres en superficie, siendo los quironómidos en estado de larva las presas más abundantes en su dieta.[2]

Evolución

Esta especie ha mostrado una gran facilidad de adaptación, incluyendo la aparición cambios evolutivos en cortos períodos de tiempo (décadas). Durante el terremoto de Alaska de 1964 grandes extensiones de terreno sufrieron un aumento de altura sobre el nivel del mar. Esto dejó a varias poblaciones de espinosos marinos aislados del mar en lagos que se formaron "de un día para el otro". Para sobrevivir, estas poblaciones, aisladas entre ellas, evolucionaron genéticamente en pocas generaciones y ahora están mejor adaptadas al agua dulce. Una adaptación tan rápida puede significar que el espinoso evolucionó a largo plazo con regiones de su genoma alternativamente adaptadas al agua dulce y al agua salada.[3]

Notas y referencias

  1. Hammerson, G., Freyhof, J., Kottelat, M. y Lukey, J.R. (2010). «Gasterosteus aculeatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2011.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2012.
  2. Sánchez-Hernández, J., Servia, M.J., Vieira-Lanero, R. & Cobo, F. (2012). Aplicación del análisis de los rasgos biológicos (“traits”) de las presas para el estudio del comportamiento alimentario en peces bentófagos: el ejemplo del espinoso (Gasterosteus gymnurus Cuvier 1829). Limnetica, 31 (1): 59-76.
  3. Emily A. Lescaka, et. al. (14 de diciembre de 2015). PNAS Online, ed. «Evolution of stickleback in 50 years on earthquake-uplifted islands» (en inglés). Consultado el 15 de diciembre de 2015.

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Gasterosteus aculeatus: Brief Summary ( Espanhol; Castelhano )

fornecido por wikipedia ES

El espinoso o espinocho (Gasterosteus aculeatus) es un pez de la familia Gasterosteidae oriundo de Europa, del norte de Asia y de Norteamérica. Es marino, aunque existen variedades anádromas y de agua dulce.

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Ogalik ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Ogalik (Gasterosteus aculeatus) on ogalikuliste seltsi kuuluv väike kala, millele on iseloomulikud keha katvad luuplaadikesed ja seljauime ees paiknevad ogad. Nad on laialdaselt levinud põhjapoolkera rannikumeredes ning neid võib kohata nii mere- kui ka magevees.

Ogalikud on hästi tuntud isahoole poolest, kus just isased kalad ehitavad pesa ning hoolitsevad marja ja vastsete eest.

Kirjeldus

Ogalik on väikekala, kes kasvab kuni 10 cm pikkuseks ja 4 g raskuseks, eluiga ei ületa tavaliselt 4 aastat. Tema seljauime sees on kolm pikka oga, keha katavad luuplaadid, soomused puuduvad. Kehavärvuselt on ülaosa rohekaspruun kuni hõbedane, altpoolt hõbedane või valge. Kudemisajal muutub isaste värvus: silmad sinaka läikega, kõhualune punane, selg sinakas roheline.

Ogalik on levinud jõgedes, järvedes ning väiksema soolsusega meredes kogu Euroopas, Alžeerias, Aasia põhjaosas ja Põhja-Ameerika vetes. Eelistab veekogus taimestikuvööndi liivast või mudast põhja.

Erinevalt enamikust kaladest erineb ogaliku kudemisperiood selles poolest, et esineb lõimetishooldus, kusjuures isane ehitab selle jaoks omapärase pesa.

Rahvapäraseid nimetusi

Luuk, krepka, pistakarka, hakk, raudak, raudkala, sitapiik, täägel, traks jne.

 src=
Pulmarüüs isane ogalik. Pildistatud Haapsalu lähedal.

Püük Eestis

Eestis on ogalikke kalastatud suuresti ainult Kaberneeme rannas ja Kaberneeme lahe saartel ning rohkemini näljaaegadel. Eesti Vabariigi ajal tõusis aga nende järgi nõudmine, kuna kanafarmides arvati neid väga heaks söödaks ja munatoodangu tõstjaks. Hiljem lisandusid ka karusloomakasvatused.[2]

Suuremahulist ogalike püüki alustas Jüri Art ning erilist edu saavutas selles Ferdinand Art. Näiteks 1930ndate lõpus püüdis viimane aastas 20–25 tonni ogalikke (samas oli kogu küla toodang umbes 40 t ja võib-olla ka natuke enam). Püük oli iseäranis tulusam septembrist detsembri lõpuni ja seda ka okupatsiooniajal, kuna neid oli siis kergem turustada ning erinevalt teistest kaladest sai neid püüda ranna lähedalt, mis oli sügisesi mereolusid arvestades eelistatud. Püügiviis hakkas kaduma 1975. aasta järel seoses Ferdinand Arti surmaga.[2]

Vaata ka

Viited

  1. (2008). Gasterosteus aculeatus. IUCNi punase nimistu ohustatud liigid. IUCN 2011.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Eesti kalanduse minevikust II, Stockholm: Eesti Kalurite Koondis, lk 25–26

Välislingid

  • Ogalik andmebaasis eElurikkus Muuda Vikiandmetes
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Ogalik: Brief Summary ( Estônio )

fornecido por wikipedia ET

Ogalik (Gasterosteus aculeatus) on ogalikuliste seltsi kuuluv väike kala, millele on iseloomulikud keha katvad luuplaadikesed ja seljauime ees paiknevad ogad. Nad on laialdaselt levinud põhjapoolkera rannikumeredes ning neid võib kohata nii mere- kui ka magevees.

Ogalikud on hästi tuntud isahoole poolest, kus just isased kalad ehitavad pesa ning hoolitsevad marja ja vastsete eest.

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original
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wikipedia ET

Arrain hiruarantza ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Arrain hiruarantza (Gasterosteus aculeatus) gasterosteidae familiako arraina da, Europan, Asiako iparraldean eta Ipar Amerikan bizi dena. Gehienetan itsas-arraina bada ere, badaude ur gezako eta anadromoak diren aldaerak. Gorputz zapala du, ezkatarik gabea, azalean hezurrezko xaflak eta bizkarrean bi edo hiru arantza zorrotz mugikor.[2]

Arrain hiruarantza Europa, Asia eta Ameriketako iparraldean zehar banatzen den espeziea da eta mundu mailan bere egoera ona den arren, Euskal Herrian "kaltebera" bezala sailkaturik dago. Denbora luzez asko ikertu da arrain honen gainean, izan ere, aldakortasun morfologiko handia azaltzen du eta ezin hobea da eboluzioa eta populazioen genetika ikertzeko.

Deskribapena

Talde bereko espezieen arteko handiena dugu arrain hiruarantza. Gehienetan 5 cm inguru neurtzen dituen arren, tamaina bikoitza lor dezake gutxi batzuetan. Bere gorputza lateralki konprimituta dago eta isatsaren oinarria laua da.

Isats-hegatsak izena ematen dioten hiru arantza ditu (ale batzuek bi edo lau arantza dituzte) eta hirugarren arantza (bizkar-hegatsetik hurbilen dagoena) beste biak baino askoz motzagoa da. Arantza bakoitza oinarritik dago gorputzera lotuta, mintz fin baten bidez. Uzki-hegatsak 8-10 erradio ditu eta honen atzean ere arantza motz bat agertzen da. Aldiz, hegats pelbikoek arantza eta erradio bakarra dute. Azkenik, bular-hegatsak handiak dira eta 10 erradio dituzte.

Arrain hiruarantza ezkata guztiak tentetzeko gai da eta beraz, harrapariek harrapatu arren, gutxitan irentsiko dute.

Arrain hiruarantzak ez du ezkatarik gorputzean baina bizkarraldean, alboetan eta sabelaldean xafla oseoak ditu, gune hauek babestuz. Xafla kopurua aldakorra da eta esate baterako, populazio itsastarren xafla kopurua altuagoa da (ur gezako populazio batzuek ez dute plakarik ere aurkezten).

Arrain hiruarantzaren kolorazioa aldakorra den arren, berde oliba eta zilar kolorekoak izaten dira eta orban marroiak aurkezten dituzte gehienetan. Alboak eta sabelaldea zilar kolorekoa dute. Ugal sasoian zehar arren begiak urdindu egiten dira eta buruaren behealdea, eztarrialdea eta sabelaldea gorritu. Emeen kasuan, kolorazioa ernaldian zehar aldatzen da eta gorputzeko atal horiek arrosa koloreak hartzen dituzte. Populazio gutxi batzuetan, hala ere, arrak belztu edo erabat zuritu daitezke ugal sasoian zehar.

Azpiespezieak

Hiru azpiespezie dira ezagunak:

Banaketa

Arrain hiruarantza soilik ipar hemisferioan bizi da, Europan, Asian eta baita Ipar Amerikan ere. Europan Eskandinaviatik Iberiar Penintsularaino zabaltzen da, Erresuma Batuan eta Herri Baltikoetan barne, eta baita Mediterraneo itsasoan eta Itsaso Beltzean ere.

Iberiar Penintsulan, kantauriar isurialdean, Galizia, Portugal, Andaluziako atlantiar isurialdeko ubideetan eta baita Levante aldeko eta Kataluniako ubide jakin batzuetan agertzen da. Eskualde mediterranearrean, hala ere, espezieak oso egoera larria bizi du arrain exotiko eta lehiakorren erasoa bizi duelako, bereziki ganbusiarena.

Euskal Herrian arrain honen bi populazio soilik daudela uste da, bata Bizkaian eta bestea Gipuzkoan. Bizkaiko populazioa Ibaizabal arroaren beheko aldean dago kokatuta eta horren barruan bi azpigune daude: ezkerreko ertzean Galindo ibaiaren beheko aldean eta eskuineko ertzean Gobela, Udondo eta Asuan. Dena dela, azken prospekzioetan ez da arrain hiruarantzarik aurkitu bertan. Aldiz, Gipuzkoako populazioa Bidasoa ibaiaren beheko aldean dago (Jaizubia, Txingudi eta Plaiaundi inguruan). Igararen azpiarroan (Donostiako udal mugartean) populazio bat deskribatuta dagoen arren, uste da egun iraungita dagoela.

Habitata

Kostaldeko arraina dugu hiruarantza eta populazio gehienak anadromoak dira (itsas uretan bizi dira baina ur gezatan ugaltzen dira). Hori dela eta, gazitasunarekiko oso toleranteak dira. Korronte gutxiko urak nahiago ditu, goraka ari den landaredia duten eremuak. Beraz, urmael, laku, ibai motel, babestutako badia eta paduratan aurki genezake.

Habitat bereko espezie gehiago

Elikadura

Zooplanktona, krustazeo txikiak, intsektu urtarrak eta zizareak jaten ditu. Besterik ezean joera kanibalak dituzte, arrautzak edo arrain txikiak janez.

Ugalketa eta ontogenia

Apirilean hasi eta ekainera arte, arrain hiruantzak sakontasun gutxiko uretara abiatzen dira. Bertan, ar bakoitzak eremu bat babestuko du eta aukeratutako lekuan habia eraiki.

Habia eraikitzeko arrek zulo txiki bat egiten dute eta jatorri begetaleko materialez eta hondarrez betetzen hasten dira. Giltzurrunetan isurkin likatsu bat ekoizten dute eta itsasgarri moduan erabili, habian material horiek itsasteko. Orduan tunel moduko bat eratzen dute, indarrez igeri eginez habiaren inguruan. Habiaren eraikuntzak 5-6 ordu iraun ohi ditu baina zenbait egunetan zehar luzatu daiteke.

Behin habia eraikita, arrek emeak gorteiatzen dituzte sigi-sagan mugituz egiten duten dantza baten bitartez. Pixkanaka emearengana hurbiltzen doaz, ezker-eskuin mugimendu txikiak eginez eta gero habiarantz abiatzen dira, mugimendu berdinak errepikatuz. Emeak jarraitzen badituzte, habian dauden arrek burua aterako dute eta berriro tunelean zehar murgiltzen dira, emeak jarrai ditzan.

Tunel barruan emea sartzen denean arrautzak askatuko ditu (30-400) eta orduan, arrak ernaldu egingo ditu. Arrautzak garatu bitartean arrek habiak zaintzen dituzte eta beste arrak eta ugal sasoian ez dauden emeak usatu egingo dituzte. Baina eme ugalkorrak hurbiltzen badira, arrek berriro ere hauekin ugaldu daitezke eta beraz, habia bakarrean eme desberdinen arrautzak pilatu daitezke.

Arrek habia zaintzeaz gain tuneleko ura oxigenatu egiten dute, hegatsen bidez korronte txikiak sortuz, gauez eta egunez. Arrautzak eklosionatu baino zertxobait aurretik, gainera, arrek zuloak egiten dituzte tuneleko hormetan, oxigenazioa areagotzeko.

Arrautzen eklosioa 7-8 egunetan gertatzen da ura 18-20 °C-ra dagoenean. Behin arraintxoak kanpoan daudenean arrek ahaleginak egiten dituzte denak elkarrekin mantentzeko eta baten batek ihes egiten duenean, aitak ahoan sartu eta habiara itzuli egingo du, besteekin batera. Zainketa sasoia bukatuta ar gehienak hil egingo dira.

Arraintxoek bi urte behar izaten dituzte erabat garatzeko eta 3 urterekin lortzen dute heldutasun sexuala. Hala ere, ur gezetako zenbait populazioetan heldutasun sexuala aurreratu egiten da eta urte bakarrarekin ugal daitezke.

Arrek ugal-sasoian eztarrialde gorritua aurkezten dute eta gorritasun mailaren arabera aukeratzen dituzte emeek. Zenbat eta gorriagoak, orduan eta "kalitate" hobeko arrak. Izan ere, kolore gorria irentsitako karotenoide kopuruari zor diote eta beraz, arrik gorrienek janaria aurkitzeko gaitasun gehiago izango dute.

Bizimodua

Sardak eratzen dituen arrain aktiboa da hiruarantza. Populazio itsastarrak migratzaileak dira baina ur gezetako populazioek eskualde berdinean egiten dute bizitza osoa.

Euskal Herrian espezie honen habitat berdinak ustiatzen ditu Gambusia affinis arrain inbasoreak eta beraz, bi espezie hauen arteko lehia dago. Lehia honen ondorioz daude, besteak beste, Euskal Herriko arrain hiruarantza populazioak arriskupean.

Kontserbazioa

Arrain hiruarantza "Kaltebera" bezala sailkaturik dago EAEko espezie mehatxatuen zerrenda gorrian. Galindo ibaian egin diren laginetan agertu diren dentsitateak 77 eta 706 alekoak dira/100 m2-ko, Gobela ibaiaren kasuan 2 eta 465 ale/ 100 m2-koak dira eta Asua ibaiaren kasuan aurkitu diren dentsitateak 1 eta 6 ale/100 m2-koak dira.

Galindo ibaiari dagokionez ematen du populazioak egonkor mantendu direla azken 8 urte hauetan baina Gobela ibaiari dagokionez joera beherantzkoa dela dirudi. Plaiaundiko populazioak egoera onean daudela uste da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Gasterosteus aculeatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.
  2. Lur entziklopedietatik hartua.
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Arrain hiruarantza: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Arrain hiruarantza (Gasterosteus aculeatus) gasterosteidae familiako arraina da, Europan, Asiako iparraldean eta Ipar Amerikan bizi dena. Gehienetan itsas-arraina bada ere, badaude ur gezako eta anadromoak diren aldaerak. Gorputz zapala du, ezkatarik gabea, azalean hezurrezko xaflak eta bizkarrean bi edo hiru arantza zorrotz mugikor.

Arrain hiruarantza Europa, Asia eta Ameriketako iparraldean zehar banatzen den espeziea da eta mundu mailan bere egoera ona den arren, Euskal Herrian "kaltebera" bezala sailkaturik dago. Denbora luzez asko ikertu da arrain honen gainean, izan ere, aldakortasun morfologiko handia azaltzen du eta ezin hobea da eboluzioa eta populazioen genetika ikertzeko.

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Gasterosteus gymnurus ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Gasterosteus gymnurus Gasterosteus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gasterosteidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Gasterosteus gymnurus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

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Gasterosteus gymnurus: Brief Summary ( Basco )

fornecido por wikipedia EU

Gasterosteus gymnurus Gasterosteus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Gasterosteidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Kolmipiikki ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kolmipiikki, jota usein kutsutaan kansanomaisilla nimillä rapatuikki ja rautakala, (Gasterosteus aculeatus) on 4–7 cm pitkä kalalaji, jolla on selässään nimensä mukaisesti kolme piikkiruotoa. Sen vartalo on hopean värinen. Kolmipiikki on pohjoisen pallonpuoliskon kala, jota esiintyy monenlaisissa suolapitoisuuksissa. Kolmipiikki elää kolmivuotiaaksi.

Levinneisyys

Kolmipiikki elää lauhkean vyöhykkeen vesissä pohjoisella pallonpuoliskolla. Atlantin ja Tyynenmeren rannikkovesien ohella sitä tavataan muun muassa Juutinraumassa ja Itämeressä sekä järvissä ja lammissa. Suomessa kolmipiikkejä esiintyy kaikkialla merenrannikolla ja lisäksi pohjoisen Lapin suurissa järvissä. Aikoinaan kolmipiikillä oli kaupallista arvoakin: siitä saatavasta öljystä valmistettiin vernissaa ja puristusjätettä käytettiin kanojen ravinnoksi. Kolmipiikillä on, piikkisyydestään huolimatta, suuri merkitys ahvenen ravinnossa.

Lisääntyminen

Kutuaikana kolmipiikkikoiras rakentaa pesän. Se kaapii pohjalle kuopan kantamalla paikalta pois hiekkaa suussaan. Painauman kala täyttää levärihmoilla, jotka se punoo yhteen munuaisistaan erittyvällä lankamaisella liimalla. Sitten se poraa tunnelin kiemurtelemalla kummun läpi. Kumppanin houkuttelemiseksi koiraan kurkku punastuu ja silmät muuttuvat sinisiksi. Kilpakosijat koiras häätää tiehensä mutta piirittää naarasta poukkoillen (ns. zig zag -tanssi, jota käytetään usein esimerkkinä kosintamenoista eläinten käyttäytymistä tutkivassa tieteessä, etologiassa) ja johdattaa sen pesäänsä. Koiras tökkii naaraan pyrstön tyveä saadakseen sen laskemaan mätimunansa. Munat hedelmöitettyään koiras karkottaa naaraan ja odottaa uutta kumppania. Saman koiraan pesään saattaa käydä munimassa liki kymmenenkin naarasta. Jos pesän aukaisee, eri naaraiden munimat mädit voi erottaa toisistaan jopa paljain silmin.

Kolmipiikin mätimunat hautuvat 2–3 viikkoa. Koko ajan koiras vartioi niitä tiiviisti. Se myös huolehtii munista leyhyttelemällä rintaevillään vettä pesätunnelin läpi. Se tuo hapekasta vettä munien ulottuville ja poistaa hengityksessä syntyvää hiilidioksidia. Vajavaisesti kehittyvät munat koiras poistaa pesästä.

Pienet läpikuultavat poikaset ovat ensimmäisen elinviikkonsa ajan koiraan huolenpidon kohteena. Koiras karkottaa viholliset ja ohjaa pesästä kauas harhautuneet jälkeläiset takaisin turvaan. Tarvittaessa se imaisee karkulaisen varovasti suuhunsa ja siirtää muiden joukkoon. Aluksi poikanen elää ruskuaispussinsa ravinnon turvin. Kun ruskuaispussi on kulunut loppuun, koiras häätää poikaset luotaan ja ne joutuvat selviytymään omin päin.

Morfologia ja sen tutkimus

Kolmipiikit ovat varsin suosittuja evoluutiobiologian tutkimuskohteita niiden mielenkiintoisen morfologian vuoksi. Kaloilla on vaihteleva määrä suojarakenteita kuten luukilpiä tai piikkejä ja joiltain populaatioilta suojarakenteet saattavat puuttua kokonaan. Suomestakin löytyvät kolmipiikin kolme erilaista morfologista muotoa: Leiurus, semiarmatus ja trachurus. Niiden erottaminen toisistaan ei onnistu paljain silmin. Uudenaikaisilla molekyylibiologisilla menetelmillä pystytään tunnistamaan geenejä, jotka säätelevät suojarakenteiden syntyä ja voidaan tutkia minkälaisissa olosuhteissa suojarakenteita syntyy ja milloin ei.

Kuolleet kolmipiikit

Usein heinäkuun lopulla ja elokuussa matalilta merenrannoilta löytyy runsaasti kuolleita kolmipiikkejä. Kuolleet ovat vanhoja koiraita, jotka kuolevat rasittavan poikasten hoidon päätyttyä. Hyvin yleinen kuolinsyy on myös kolmipiikkimato eli lokkilapamato (Schistocephalus solidus). Heisimatoihin kuuluva loinen on suurimmillaan yli viisisenttinen leveä, valkea ja jaokkeinen mato. Mato käyttää kolmipiikkiä väli-isäntänään. Kalan vatsaontelossa elävä mato kasvaa niin, että kalan vatsa pullistuu voimakkaasti ja sen uiminen on vaikeaa. Infektoitunut kala on veden pinnalla räpiköidessään helppo saalis tiiroille, jotka ovatkin madon pääteisäntiä.

Lähteet

  1. NatureServe: Gasterosteus aculeatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 26.12.2013. (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

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Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia FI

Kolmipiikki: Brief Summary ( Finlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia FI

Kolmipiikki, jota usein kutsutaan kansanomaisilla nimillä rapatuikki ja rautakala, (Gasterosteus aculeatus) on 4–7 cm pitkä kalalaji, jolla on selässään nimensä mukaisesti kolme piikkiruotoa. Sen vartalo on hopean värinen. Kolmipiikki on pohjoisen pallonpuoliskon kala, jota esiintyy monenlaisissa suolapitoisuuksissa. Kolmipiikki elää kolmivuotiaaksi.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia FI

Gasterosteus aculeatus ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Épinoche à trois épines

 src=
En saison de reproduction, le ventre du mâle prend une teinte rouge ou orangée caractéristique.
 src=
Détail de la tête : la gorge devient rouge et les iris deviennent verts ou bleu-vert et iridescents.

L'épinoche (Gasterosteus aculeatus), à ne pas confondre avec l'épinochette, est un petit poisson de la famille des Gasterosteidae. Il était très commun dans l'hémisphère nord et est en voie de régression, sans être encore considéré comme menacé par l'UICN en raison de bonnes capacités estimées de résilience écologique. De petite taille et bardé d'épines, il n'est pas considéré comme une espèce d'intérêt halieutique ou commercial, mais il est arrivé que ce poisson ait été intégré en Scandinavie parmi les poissons transformés en farine de poisson[1] et huile de poisson[1].
Il est couramment utilisé comme un animal de laboratoire, particulièrement pour des études sur les comportements[2].

Noms communs

Épinoche, Épinoche à trois épines, Étrangle-chat, estrang-la-gat, peispicant, épine, épinglet, crève-valet, écharde, quatre-épées, tronncut...

Distribution

Ce poisson peuple ou peuplait jusqu'aux années 1970 toute la zone circum-polaire de l'Arctique et des régions tempérées de l'hémisphère nord, ainsi que le sud de la mer Noire, de l'Italie et même le nord de l'Afrique.
Il était très abondant en Europe : des pays baltes, du sud de la Suède et de l'Islande jusqu'au Portugal, en Espagne, en Italie et au nord de la Grèce. Il se trouve aussi en Roumanie.
En France, cette espèce se rencontre surtout dans la moitié nord et dans les bassins de la Garonne et du Rhône.

Habitat

C'est un poisson assez ubiquiste qui peut fréquenter de nombreux habitats.

L'épinoche à deux épines est benthopélagique et anadrome ; on le trouve dans des eaux saumâtres (estuaires, lagunes), marines (près du littoral uniquement), et dans les eaux douces intérieures ; dans ce dernier cas, ce poisson peut vivre et se reproduire dans les ruisseaux et petites rivières à courant modéré, dans des eaux éventuellement isolées (étangs et mares prairiales) et dans les fossés. Mais il semble préférer des eaux propres (non polluées par les insecticides en particulier) et non-acides (pH de 6.0 à 8.0, 7.0 idéalement pour la reproduction), d'une température de 4 °C à 20 °C (jusqu'à 26 °C dans le sud de son aire de répartition), et d'un degré de dureté variant de 4°d GH à 20°d GH (15 °d GH semblant un optimum pour la reproduction)[3].
En mer, on l'a trouvé jusqu'à une profondeur de – 100 m[4]. L’épinoche à 3 épines apprécie les zones riches en végétation aquatique, mais peut aussi vivre sur des fonds vaseux ou sableux.

Description

Corps fusiforme et latéralement comprimé. Les écailles sont remplacées par une peau couvrant des plaques osseuses le long de la ligne latérale. Les formes anadromes sont entièrement caparaçonnées de plaques osseuses (37 au maximum sur les côtés) avec un renforcement sur chaque côté du pédoncule caudal. La ligne latérale est garnie de pores microscopiques.

Le dos est brun verdâtre iridescent alors que les flancs et le ventre sont argentés bleutés. Avec l'âge et selon la saison, des marbrures et plus ou moins sombres ornent le dos et les côtés.

L'évolution a doté ce poisson de nombreux aiguillons défensifs :
- la nageoire dorsale (composée de 10 à 14 rayons) est précédée (côté tête) de un à quatre aiguillons espacés très durs. Chaque épine dorsale est séparée des autres et des rayons de la nageoire dorsale, chacune ayant une petite membrane réduite sur la partie postérieure;
- les nageoires ventrales ne sont constituées que d’un seul aiguillon;
- la nageoire anale et transformée en une épine défensive, légèrement recourbée;
- la nageoire caudale (à 12 rayons) est arrondie, sans piquants.

La colonne vertébrale est composée de 29 à 33 vertèbres.

Les lames des branchies sont longues et minces (On en compte 17 à 25 sur le premier arc pour les épinoches vivant en eau douce et une ou deux de plus chez les formes anadromes)

Environ 4 à 8 centimètres en eau douce, et exceptionnellement jusqu'à 11 cm sur les littoraux)[5].

Nourriture

Vers, petits crustacés, larves et adultes d'insectes aquatiques, insectes aériens noyés, alevins (jeunes poissons) ou petits poissons.
Il a été signalé des cas de cannibalisme (adultes mangeant des alevins ou œufs)[2].

Coloration

Le corps est argenté et le dos verdâtre. Le ventre est habituellement jaune, blanc ou gris. Les formes d’eau douce sont habituellement plutôt brun tacheté ou verdâtre; alors que les formes anadromes vont du vert au gris bleuté noir. Quelques sous-populations isolées sont uniformément noires. Les rayons pectoraux sont souvent ornées de points noirs.
Hormis pour les populations uniformément noires, le mâle a le ventre et la gorge qui deviennent rouge "corail" ou orange vif en période de reproduction.

Reproduction

D'avril à juin, c'est une espèce ariadnophile.
Ce poisson a la particularité de pondre ses œufs dans un nid construit par le mâle à partir de matériel végétal aggloméré par des fils visqueux qu'il secrète[6]. Le mâle y assure la garde des œufs et des larves. Ce poisson peut se reproduire deux fois dans l'année.
Son taux de reproduction, dans de bonnes conditions, lui permet de doubler le nombre d'individu d'un petit noyau de population en moins de 15 mois(K=0.6-1.8; tm=1; tmax=4; Fec=80), mais certains chercheurs suspectent que comme de nombreux autres poissons, il puisse être victime de perturbateurs endocriniens (voir § ci-dessous).

Les jeunes peuvent se déplacer autour d’algues dérivantes ou objets couverts d’algues à la dérive et ainsi coloniser de nouveaux milieu, au gré des inondations ou via les petites rivières et/ou réseaux de fossés.

Éthologie et reproduction

Il a récemment été démontré que chez cette espèce, les mâles les plus colorés et les plus assidus auprès des femelles n'étaient pas les plus aptes à fertiliser, puis couver les œufs pondus dans le nid par la femelle. Il semblerait que ce soit à cause de la défaillance en énergie consécutive à leur intense cour nuptiale. En revanche, les mâles moins ardents prennent beaucoup plus efficacement soin des œufs, assurant ainsi mieux la descendance de l'espèce. Ceci suggère qu'au regard de la sélection naturelle, la nature est capable de développer et gérer un compromis entre l'investissement dans la parade nuptiale et les soins paternels [7].

État des populations et menaces

Il a assez peu de prédateurs à l'état adulte, et l'espèce semble avoir génétiquement adapté son 'armure' à ses prédateurs en réponse à la pression de sélection[8],[9], ce qui peut poser problème dans les situations où un prédateur invasif apparait rapidement (ex brochet introduit en Alaska[10],[11]). Les œufs et les alevins peuvent être mangés par de nombreuses espèces, dont larves de libellules[12] ou divers poissons dont la truite qui pourrait menacer certaines populations relictuelles[13]. Bien que ce poisson était autrefois considéré comme très résistant et très abondant, il est en forte régression et a même disparu d'une partie de son aire de répartition.
Parmi les causes suspectées, outre la pollution générale de l'environnement, et la destruction ou dégradation des zones humides par le drainage et les pesticides (insecticides notamment), des chercheurs étudient[14] les perturbateurs endocriniens qui peuvent affecter le sexe-ratio, la fertilité et le taux de reproduction de nombreux poissons (et probablement d'autres organismes aquatiques ; gastéropodes, moules..). C'est le cas notamment des perchlorates qui peuvent transformer des femelles en hermaphrodites vrais[15],[16], avec aussi des effets comportementaux et sur la nage [17]. Ceci a demandé la mise au point de méthodes analytiques adaptées aux perchlorate dans les tissus de poissons[18]. L'épinoche est considérée comme l'un des bons modèles pour l'étude (là où elle est présente) de la présence de perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) et de certains stress (stress oxydant, exposition aux pesticides..)[19],[20],[21]. Divers biomarqueurs d'exposition sont pour cela utilisés ; analysés dans le muscle ou le foie, en complément de l'observation au microscope d'éventuelles anomalies des gonades (indices d'intersexuation tels que tissus testiculaires apparaissant sur les ovaires ou inversement).

À l'inverse, le long des côtes suédoises, l'épinoche prolifère au détriment de poissons plus gros (perches et brochets) qui sont habituellement les prédateurs des épinoches adultes. Avec l'élévation de la population d'épinoches, les brouteurs et le zooplancton disparait au profit d'algues filamenteuses et finalement, c'est tout l'écosystème qui s'appauvrit[22].

Utilisation comme poisson-modèle

Cette espèce facile à élever et au comportement sexuel et territorial marqué est utilisée comme espèce modèle en écotoxicologie. Elle a été utilisée pour étudier la cinétique environnementale du mercure en Alaska[23]. Elle présente certaines caractéristiques intéressantes pour la bioindication[24]

Pour mieux comprendre cette espèce, on étudie aussi les phénomènes de spéciation[25], sa dynamique de populations[26] et sous-populations, son histoires ou ses préférences biogéographiques[27] ainsi que ses caractères morphogénétiques[28] et les relations de populations exclusivement dulcaquicoles récemment dérivées d'un ancêtre putatif anadrome[29],[30],[31].

Voir aussi

Vidéographie

Notes et références
  1. a et b Ref. 28219, 28964 de fish base
  2. a et b (Ref. 1998 citée par Fishbase)
  3. Fish aquabase
  4. Fishbase (rubrique environnement)
  5. Ref. 35388 de Fishbase (consultée le 2008 05 25)
  6. Ref. 41678 de fish base, consulté le 2008 05 25
  7. von Hippel, F.A. (2000), Vigorously courting male sticklebacks are poor fathers. Acta Ethologica 2:83-89
  8. Lescak, E.A. 2010. Selection for threespine stickleback armor phenotypes in Wallace Lake, Alaska. M.S Thesis. Anchorage, Alaska: University of Alaska Anchorage, 65 pp.
  9. Marchinko, K.B. 2009. Predation’s role in repeated phenotypic and genetic divergence of armor in threespine stickleback. Evolution 63: 127–138.
  10. Haught, S. & von Hippel, F.A. (2011). Invasive pike establishment in Cook Inlet Basin lakes, Alaska: diet, native fish abundance and lake environment. Biological Invasions 13(9):2103-2114.
  11. Patankar, R., von Hippel, F.A. & Bell, M.A. (2006). Extinction of a weakly-armoured threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) population in Prator Lake, Alaska. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 15:482-487.
  12. Lescak, E.A., von Hippel, F.A., Lohman, B.K. & Sherbick, M.L. (in press). Predation of threespine stickleback by dragonfly naiads. Ecology of Freshwater Fish.
  13. Lescak, E.A. & von Hippel, F.A. (2011). Selective predation of threespine stickleback by rainbow trout. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 20(2):308-314.
  14. Exemple : Étude in situ de la réponse d’une batterie de biomarqueurs chez l’épinoche a trois épines
  15. Bernhardt, RR, von Hippel, FA & O'Hara, TM (2011). Chronic perchlorate exposure causes morphological abnormalities in developing stickleback (L'exposition au perchlorate chronique provoque des anomalies morphologiques lors du développement de l'épinoche) ; Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30(6):1468-1478
  16. Bernhardt, R.R., von Hippel, F.A. & Cresko, W.A. (2006). Perchlorate induces hermaphroditism in threespine stickleback. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25(8):2087-2096.
  17. Bernhardt, R.R. & von Hippel, F.A. (2008). Chronic perchlorate exposure impairs stickleback reproductive behaviour and swimming performance. Behaviour 145:527-559
  18. Dodds, E.D., Kennish, J.M., von Hippel, F.A., Bernhardt, R. & Hines, M. (2004). Quantitative analysis of perchlorate in extracts of whole fish homogenates by ion chromatography: Comparison of suppressed conductivity detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 379:881-887.
  19. Katsiadaki, I., Scott, A.P., Mayer, I. 2002. The potential of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) as a combined biomarker for oestrogens and androgens in European waters. Marine Environmental Research 54 : 725-728.
  20. Katsiadaki, I., Scott, A.P., Hurst, M.R., Matthiessen, P., Mayer, I. 2002. Detection of environmental androgens : a novel method based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of spiggin, the stickleback (Gasterostus aculeatus) glue protein. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 21 : 1946-1954.
  21. Katsiadaki, I., Morris, S., Squires, C., Hurst, M.R., James, J.D., Scott, A.P. 2006. A sensitive, in vivo test for the detection of environmental anti-androgens, using the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Environmental Health Perspectives 114 : 115-121
  22. Alexandra Pihen, « L'incroyable Histoire du petit poisson qui a mangé les gros », Science et vie,‎ décembre 2020, p. 89-91
  23. (en) Kenney, L.A., von Hippel, F.A., Willacker, J.J. & O’Hara, T.M. (in press). Mercury concentrations of a resident freshwater forage fish at Adak Island, Aleutian archipelago, Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
  24. (en) Willacker, J.J., von Hippel, F.A., Wilton, P.R. & Walton, K.M. (2010). Classification of threespine stickleback along the benthic-limnetic axis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 101:595-608.
  25. (en) Gelmond, O., von Hippel, F.A. & Christy, M.S. (2009). Rapid ecological speciation in three-spined stickleback from Middleton Island, Alaska: The roles of selection and geographic isolation. Journal of Fish Biology 75:2037-2051.
  26. (en) von Hippel, F.A. (2008). Conservation of threespine and ninespine stickleback radiations in the Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska. Behaviour 145:693-724.
  27. (en) Weigner, H.L. & von Hippel, F.A. (2010). Biogeography and ecological succession in freshwater fish assemblages of the Bering Glacier region, Alaska. In Payne, J., Josberger, E. & Shuchman, B. (eds.): Bering Glacier: Interdisciplinary Studies of Earth’s Largest Temperate Surging Glacier. The Geological Society of America.
  28. (en) Kimmel, C.B., Cresko, W.A., Phillips, P.C., Ullmann, B., Currey, M., von Hippel, F.A., Kristjánsson, B.K., Gelmond, O. & McGuigan, K. (2012). Independent axes of genetic variation and parallel evolutionary divergence of opercle bone shape in threespine stickleback. Evolution 66-2:419-434. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01441.x
  29. (en) Furin, C.G., von Hippel, F.A. & Bell, M.A. (in press). Partial reproductive isolation of a recently derived resident-freshwater population of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from its putative anadromous ancestor. Evolution.
  30. (en) Karve, A.D., von Hippel, F.A. & Bell, M.A. (2008). Isolation between sympatric anadromous and resident threespine stickleback species in Mud Lake, Alaska. Environmental Biology of Fishes 81:287-296.
  31. (en) von Hippel, F.A. & Weigner, H. (2004). Sympatric anadromous-resident pairs of threespine stickleback species in young lakes and streams at Bering Glacier, Alaska. Behaviour 141(11-12):1441-1464

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Gasterosteus aculeatus: Brief Summary ( Francês )

fornecido por wikipedia FR

Épinoche à trois épines

 src= En saison de reproduction, le ventre du mâle prend une teinte rouge ou orangée caractéristique.  src= Détail de la tête : la gorge devient rouge et les iris deviennent verts ou bleu-vert et iridescents.

L'épinoche (Gasterosteus aculeatus), à ne pas confondre avec l'épinochette, est un petit poisson de la famille des Gasterosteidae. Il était très commun dans l'hémisphère nord et est en voie de régression, sans être encore considéré comme menacé par l'UICN en raison de bonnes capacités estimées de résilience écologique. De petite taille et bardé d'épines, il n'est pas considéré comme une espèce d'intérêt halieutique ou commercial, mais il est arrivé que ce poisson ait été intégré en Scandinavie parmi les poissons transformés en farine de poisson et huile de poisson.
Il est couramment utilisé comme un animal de laboratoire, particulièrement pour des études sur les comportements.

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Garmachán ( Irlandês )

fornecido por wikipedia GA

Is iasc é an garmachán. Is baill d'fhine na Gasterosteidae iad.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Údair agus eagarthóirí Vicipéid
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Espiñento ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O espiñento (Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, Linnaeus 1758) é un peixe da familia Gasterosteidae, da orde Gasterosteiformes, de pequeno tamaño e caracterizado por posuír 2-4 espiñas illadas diante da aleta dorsal.

Morfoloxía

Gasterosteus aculeatus tüskés pikó.jpg

Alcanza tamaños máximos de 11 cm de lonxitude, pero o tamaño medio ronda os 5 cm.

É de corpo comprimido, cuberto de placas óseas, coa boca moi pequena e dotada de varias filas de pequenos dentes. A aleta dorsal ten 11 a 13 radios brandos, e a anal 8-10, pero o máis característico é a presenza de 2-4 espiñas fortes illadas diante da aleta dorsal (tipicamente, tres), e unha diante da anal. Estas espiñas poden estar ergueitas ou manterse abatidas contra o corpo. A aleta caudal é pequena, de bordo recto e está precedida dun longo e estreito pedúnculo caudal.

A cor é gris, azulenta, ou verde oliva, cos costados prateados. Nos machos, os flancos tórnanse vermellos durante a freza.

Hábitat e bioloxía

 src=
Espiñentos

Trátase dunha especie de vida mariña pero tamén presente en augas salobres e en auga doce.

Distribúese pola costa norte dos océanos Atlántico e Pacífico, entre os 26º e os 71º norte, en augas pouco profundas (ata 100 metros).

Aliméntase de pequenos peixes, de ovos de peixes e de pequenos crustáceos.

Taxonomía

Na especie Gasterosteus aculeatus admítense tres subspecies:

  • Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, Linnaeus, 1758. É a subespecie común en Europa.
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae, Regan, 1909. Restrinxida a Norteamérica.
  • Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni, Girard, 1854. Propia do sur de California e México.

Notas

  1. NatureServe (2015). "Gasterosteus aculeatus". Lista Vermella da IUCN (IUCN) 2015: e.T8951A76576912. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-1.RLTS.T8951A76576912.en.

Véxase tamén

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Espiñento: Brief Summary ( Galego )

fornecido por wikipedia gl Galician

O espiñento (Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus, Linnaeus 1758) é un peixe da familia Gasterosteidae, da orde Gasterosteiformes, de pequeno tamaño e caracterizado por posuír 2-4 espiñas illadas diante da aleta dorsal.

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Hornsíli ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Hornsíli (fræðiheiti Gasterosteus aculeatus) er ein af tólf tegundum síla innan ættarinnar Gasterosteidae. Þessar tegundir lifa á norðurhveli jarðar.

Hornsíli finnst nánast um allt norðurhvelið ýmist í fersku vatni, ísöltu eða söltu. Hornsílin eru smáir fiskar frá 5 til 10 sentímetrar að stærð en mjög mikill breytileiki er á stærð ólíkra afbrigða.

Orðið hornsíli

Hornsíli draga nafn sitt af broddum sem eru á bakinu framan við bakuggann. Hornsílið hefur þrjá slíka brodda enda kallast hornsílið á ensku threespine stickleback. Aðrar tegundir ættarinnar hafa fleiri eða færri slíka brodda, til dæmis er evrópska tegundin spinachia spinachia með fimmtán brodda á bakinu og norður-ameríska tegundin apeltes quadracus með fjóra brodda.

Æxlun hornsíla

Atferli hornsíla er mjög sérstakt, sérstaklega hjá hængnum sem á hrygningartíma sér um egg og seiðin og breytir um lit og verður rauður, enda kallaður rauðkóngur þegar þannig er á honum statt. Hrygingartími hornsíla er á vorin, en þá byggir hornsílishængurinn eggjunum eins konar hús úr plöntuhlutum og fleiru, sem hægt væri að kalla hreiður, og er það á stærð við mannshnefa. Þegar þessum undirbúningi er lokið, fær hann hrygnu — með góðu eða illu — til að synda inn í hreiðrið. Er hún hefur hrygnt þar, rekur hann hana burt. Hængurinn frjóvgar svo hrognin með sviljasafa og tekur sér varðstöðu við hreiðrið og ver það af miklum ákafa. Hann gætir ekki aðeins eggjanna allan tímann sem þau eru að klekjast, heldur lítur einnig eftir seiðunum um skeið, eftir að þau eru komin úr eggjunum. Syndi þau úr hreiðrinu, eltir hann þau uppi, tekur í munninn og syndir með þau að hreiðrinu og hreinlega spýtir þeim inn í það aftur. Seiðin halda til í hreiðrinu í u.þ.b. eina viku áður en þau taka að bjarga sér sjálf.

Fæðuhættir

Hornsíli afla sér fæðu á mismunandi hátt og eru fæðuhættir þeirra breytilegir eftir búsvæðum. Oftast samanstendur fæða þeirra af smáum sjávar- eða ferskvatnshryggleysingjum sem þau finna í botnsetinu til dæmis tubifex-ormum. Dæmi um breytileika í atferli hornsíla er hvernig þau bera sig að í fæðuleit í botnseti. Í stöðuvötnum stingur hornsílið trýninu beint 90° í botnsetið en hornsíli sem lifa í straumvatni stinga trýninu í 45° við botn.

Heimildir

Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
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Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
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wikipedia IS

Hornsíli: Brief Summary ( Islandês )

fornecido por wikipedia IS

Hornsíli (fræðiheiti Gasterosteus aculeatus) er ein af tólf tegundum síla innan ættarinnar Gasterosteidae. Þessar tegundir lifa á norðurhveli jarðar.

Hornsíli finnst nánast um allt norðurhvelið ýmist í fersku vatni, ísöltu eða söltu. Hornsílin eru smáir fiskar frá 5 til 10 sentímetrar að stærð en mjög mikill breytileiki er á stærð ólíkra afbrigða.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Höfundar og ritstjórar Wikipedia
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia IS

Gasterosteus aculeatus ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo spinarello[2] (Gasterosteus aculeatus), è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Gasterosteidae.

Habitat e distribuzione

Ha una diffusione assai vasta, che parte dai Pirenei per arrivare alle coste siberiane dell'Oceano Pacifico. In Europa è presente nei fiumi tributari del Mare del Nord, del Mar Baltico, del Mar Nero, dell'Oceano Atlantico e del Mar Mediterraneo occidentale. In alcuni mari a modesta salinità (come il Baltico ed il mar Nero) questa specie si ritrova anche in acque marine dove assume abitudini anadrome. Questa specie predilige acque a corrente debole o debolissima, limpide e ricche di piante acquatiche.

Gasterosteus aculeatus (brood care) 02.jpg

Descrizione

Presenta capo grande con bocca terminale leggermente rivolta verso l'alto, occhi grandi, pinna caudale a forma di ventaglio con peduncolo caudale sottile, tre spine acuminate sul dorso davanti alla pinna dorsale, un'armatura dermica composta di piastre ossee sui fianchi (carattere che può anche mancare). Il colore è brunastro sul dorso ed argentato con macchioline scure sui fianchi. La livrea nuziale del maschio è inoltre caratterizzata da gola e ventre rosso fuoco e occhi azzurro vivo. Le dimensioni variano dal sesso il maschio generalmente più piccolo della femmina di solito misura 3-4 cm contro i 6-7 cm delle femmine.

PICT0246-1.JPG

Biologia

Alimentazione

È prevalentemente carnivoro e si nutre soprattutto di larve di insetto, molluschi e crostacei.

Riproduzione

Il comportamento riproduttivo di questa specie è studiato da secoli. Il maschio prepara un nido sul fondo con erbe acquatiche quindi invita la femmina ad entrarvi con un'apposita danza rituale ed introduce ripetutamente il capo nell'apertura del nido. La femmina sceglie il compagno in base a stimoli visivi, dovuti alla livrea rossa del maschio che è agevolato se possiede un colore sgargiante; inoltre incidono anche le dimensioni, e quindi la maggiore taglia del maschio garantisce un maggiore successo nel corteggiamento, ed infine è importante anche il luogo di nidificazione. Una volta che la femmina, stimolata dal maschio, ha deposto le uova, la scaccia e feconda le stesse quindi monta la guardia al nido fino alla loro schiusa e fino a che gli avannotti non sono pronti ad uscire e va alla ricerca di nuove partner.

I maschi si prendono cura dei piccoli per un periodo di circa due settimane. Però i comportamenti riproduttivi sono molto complessi, basti pensare al tentativo dei maschi di ingannare i loro simili, fecondando le uova deposte nel nido realizzato da altri, e per fare questo utilizzano una sorta di metamorfosi che cambia il loro colore e li trasforma esteriormente in apparenti femmine; inoltre bisogna rammentare il cannibalismo delle femmine che si nutrono delle uova delle loro simili.[3]

Tassonomia

La specie è suddivisa in 3 sottospecie:

Sottospecie Descrizione Diffusione Aspetto Dimensioni Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1789 Europa, Asia, Africa mediterranea, Nordamerica Vedi voce Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae Regan, 1909 USA Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni Girard, 1854 California meridionale

Note

  1. ^ (EN) World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Gasterosteus aculeatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ Mipaaf - Decreto Ministeriale n°19105 del 22 settembre 2017 - Denominazioni in lingua italiana delle specie ittiche di interesse commerciale, su www.politicheagricole.it. URL consultato il 22 aprile 2018.
  3. ^ "Il comportamento riproduttivo dello spinarello", di Gerard J.FitzGerald, pubbl. su "Le Scienze (Scientific American)", num.298, giu.1993, pag.80-86

 title=
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Gasterosteus aculeatus: Brief Summary ( Italiano )

fornecido por wikipedia IT

Lo spinarello (Gasterosteus aculeatus), è un pesce appartenente alla famiglia Gasterosteidae.

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Trispyglė dyglė ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT
Binomas Gasterosteus aculeatus
LogoFB.png

Trispyglė dyglė (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – dyglinių (Gasterosteidae) šeimos žuvis.

 src=
Trispyglė dyglė (Gasterosteus aculeatus) neršto laikotarpio spalvomis

Nugara tamsiai žalsva arba pilkšva, šonai gelsvi. Užauga iki 9 cm ilgio

Lietuvoje labai dažna žuvis, paplitusi gėluose vandenyse. Gyvena ir Baltijos jūroje.


Vikiteka

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Trispyglė dyglė: Brief Summary ( Lituano )

fornecido por wikipedia LT

Trispyglė dyglė (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – dyglinių (Gasterosteidae) šeimos žuvis.

 src= Trispyglė dyglė (Gasterosteus aculeatus) neršto laikotarpio spalvomis

Nugara tamsiai žalsva arba pilkšva, šonai gelsvi. Užauga iki 9 cm ilgio

Lietuvoje labai dažna žuvis, paplitusi gėluose vandenyse. Gyvena ir Baltijos jūroje.


Vikiteka

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Trīsadatu stagars ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Trīsadatu stagars jeb kazrags (Gasterosteus aculeatus) ir saldūdens vai jūras zivju suga, kas izplatīta lielā daļā Eiropas, Ziemeļāzijas un Ziemeļamerikas, iekšzemē un jūru piekrastēs.[1]

Trīsadatu stagars tiek zvejots arī komerciāli, lai izgatavotu zivju barību un zivju eļļu, bet visparastākais trīsadatu stagaru pielietojums ir zinātniskajās laboratorijās.[1] Baltijas jūrā nozvejo 4000—8000 t gadā.[2]

Izplatība

 src=
Trīsadatu stagars mājo gan jūrā, gan saldūdens tilpēs
 src=
Katram muguras dzelonim aizmugurē ir neliela spuras membrāna

Trīsadatu stagaram ir plašs izplatības areāls ziemeļu puslodes arktiskajos un mērenajos ūdeņos: upēs, ar jūru saistītos ezeros, upju grīvās un jūru piekrastēs līdz 100 m dziļumā. Dienvidos areāls sasniedz Melno jūru, Itālijas dienvidus, Pireneju pussalu, Ziemeļāfriku, Austrumāzijā Japānas ziemeļus (35° paralēli), bet Ziemeļamerikā līdz 30—32° ziemeļu paralēlei. Sastopams arī Grenlandē.[1]

Latvijā un Baltijas jūrā

Latvijā trīsadatu stagars sastopams jūras piekrastē un ar jūru savienotos saldūdeņos — upēs, ūdenskrātuvēs un piejūras ezeros (piemēram, Alūksnes, Puzes un Usmas ezeros). Baltijas jūrā galvenokārt sastopams ūdens virsējos slāņos un piekrastē līdz 2—3 m dziļumā. Atsevišķi īpatņi konstatēti arī jūras centrālajā daļā līdz pat 70 m dziļumā.[2] Trīsadatu stagars īpaši bieži sastopams Rīgas līča Kurzemes piekrastē.[3]

Izskats

Trīsadatu stagars ir neliela zivtiņa. Ķermeņa garums līdz 12 cm, svars līdz 8 g. Latvijā trīsadatu stagari ir mazāki, ķermeņa garums līdz 8 cm, svars līdz 4 g.[2] Ķermenis trīsadatu stagaram ir samērā augsts, no sāniem saplacināts. Mute ar sīkiem zobiem, vērsta nedaudz uz augšu. Uz sāniem 0—37 kaula plātnītes, zvīņu nav. Uz muguras nosacīti divas spuras, no kurām pirmā sastāv no 2—5 atsevišķiem dzeloņiem, otrai spurai ir 10—14 mīksti stari.[1][2] Katram atsevišķajam dzelonim aizmugurē pievienota neliela spuras membrāna. Anālai spurai viens ass, atsevišķi stāvošs dzelonis, 7—11 mīksti stari, vēdera spurai viens ass dzelonis, viens mazs, mīksts stars. Sānu līnija ar ļoti sīkām porām.[1] Salīdzinot ar deviņadatu stagaru, trīsadatu stagaram ķermenis augstāks, uz sāniem izteiktākas un pēc skaita vairāk kaula plātnītes.[3]

Pēcriesta tērpā trīsadatu stagars izskatās sudrabains ar tumšāku muguru: mugura zaļganpelēka, zilganpelēka vai zaļganbrūna, sāni un vēders sudrabaini. Uz vēdera spurām samērā bieži var būt tumši raibumi.[1][2][3] Dažas izolētas trīsadatu stagaru populācijas melnas.[1] Riesta tērpā trīsadatu stagars ir ļoti krāšņs (izņemot melno morfu): mātītēm uz sāniem izveidojas 8—9 tumšas šķērssvītras; tēviņiem ķermenis kļūst koši smaragdzaļš, vēders un daļēji arī sāni sarkani vai oranžs, acs varavīksnene zila vai zaļa.[1][2][3]

Īpašības

 src=
Trīsadatu stagara tēviņš riesta laikā
 src=
Riesta laikā tēviņš kļūst ļoti krāšņs, iegūstot koši sarkanu vēderu un zilas acis

Trīsadatu stagars saldūdeņos vislabprātāk apdzīvo nelielas upītes, bet mājo arī lielās upēs un ezeros, jūrā sastopams krasta tuvumā.[1] Saldūdeņos parasti uzturas nelielos bariņos, bet jūrā veido lielus barus, īpaši nārsta laikā.[2] Apdzīvo seklas, ar augiem bagātas vietas, uzturoties virs dūņām vai smiltīm. Mazuļi slēpjas starp peldošiem augu gabaliņiem.[1]

Barība

Trīsadatu stagars barojas ar planktonu, tārpiem, vēžveidīgajiem, ūdens kukaiņiem un to kāpuriem, zivju kāpuriem, ikriem un nelielām zivtiņām.[1][2] Trīsadatu stagars barojas arī ar savas sugas mazuļiem.[1]

Vairošanās

Trīsadatu stagaram dzimumgatavība iestājas 1—4 gadu vecumā, sasniedzot 3—5 cm garumu, Latvijā 4—5 cm.[2] Pirms nārsta tēviņš kļūst ļoti teritoriāls un agresīvs. Uz grunts no augiem tas veido tuneļveida ligzdu, to sastiprinot kopā ar olbaltumvielu, ko izdala nieres. Kad ligzda pabeigta, tas ar riesta deju (zigzag kustību kombinācija) aicina mātīti. Ja mātīte atsaucas tēviņa aicinājuma, tā dodas uz ligzdu, kuras ieeju tēviņš norāda, nostājoties ar galvu uz leju kā rādītāju. Kad mātīte ir iznērsusi ikrus, tēviņš to vedina laukā no ligzdas. Tikai pēc tam tēviņš atgriežas un apaugļo ikrus, bet tēviņš var izvēlēties aicināt vēl kādu mātīti, tad ikru apaugļošana notiek tikai pēc otrās ikru iznēršanas. Arī mātīte pēc vairākām dienām var nērst ikrus cita tēviņa vai iepriekšējā tēviņa ligzdā. Tēviņš apsargā ligzdu un ventilē gan ikrus, gan kāpurus, pastiprinot skābekļa pieplūdi.[1]

Trīsadatu stagari nārsto no marta līdz augustam, Latvijā no maija līdz jūnijam, kad ūdens temperatūra ir 7—26 °C no 4 cm līdz 1 m dziļumā. Raksturīgs porciju nārsts 3—7 piegājienos, kas ilgst apmēram 2 mēnešus. Mātītes auglība 30—1950 ikru. Vienā ligzdā 1—3 mātītes iznērš 0,1—4000 ikrus. To attīstība ilgst 4—27 dienas, atkarībā no ūdens siltuma. Kad mazuļi sāk brīvi peldēt, tēviņš var veidot jaunu ligzdu.[2] Pēc nārsta daudzi īpatņi, zaudējuši visus spēkus, iet bojā, īpaši jūrā dzīvojošie, tāpēc nereti atrodami izskaloti krastā. Saldūdens populāciju tēviņi spēj atkārtot vairākus vairošanās ciklus viena gada laikā vai pat vairākus gadus pēc kārtas.[1][3] Kopumā trīsadatu stagars sasniedz 6—8 gadu vecumu.[1][2]

Atsauces

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Wikipedia autori un redaktori
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wikipedia LV

Trīsadatu stagars: Brief Summary ( Letão )

fornecido por wikipedia LV

Trīsadatu stagars jeb kazrags (Gasterosteus aculeatus) ir saldūdens vai jūras zivju suga, kas izplatīta lielā daļā Eiropas, Ziemeļāzijas un Ziemeļamerikas, iekšzemē un jūru piekrastēs.

Trīsadatu stagars tiek zvejots arī komerciāli, lai izgatavotu zivju barību un zivju eļļu, bet visparastākais trīsadatu stagaru pielietojums ir zinātniskajās laboratorijās. Baltijas jūrā nozvejo 4000—8000 t gadā.

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cc-by-sa-3.0
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Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia LV

Driedoornige stekelbaars ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

Vissen

De driedoornige stekelbaars (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is een kleine vis die inheems is in de Benelux. De stekelbaars komt voor in zoet, brak en zout water.

De stekelbaars is niet verwant aan de baars maar meer met de zeepaardjes en de zeenaalden.

Beschrijving

Driedoornige stekelbaars boven oesterschelpen

De driedoornige stekelbaars is een klein visje met een erg smalle staartwortel, een spitse bek en een zijdelings afgeplat lichaam dat vaak voorzien is van beenplaten. De vis is zilverkleurig met zwarte vlekken op de flanken. In de paartijd krijgt het mannetje een vuurrode buik en keel en de ogen worden een sterk iridiserend blauwgroen. De vis heet driedoornig, maar er komen exemplaren met meer en met minder stekels voor.

Aan het aantal beenplaten op de flanken kan de levenswijze van de stekelbaars worden afgelezen:

  • De forma trachurus heeft over het gehele lichaam beenplaten en kan tot 11 cm lang worden. Hij paait in zee en groeit daar ook op.
  • De forma semiarmatus heeft alleen beenplaten aan de voorzijde van het lichaam. Dit is de anadrome vorm. Hij wordt maximaal 9 cm lang.
  • De forma leiurus heeft slechts enkele beenplaten. Deze vorm blijft altijd in zoet water en wordt maximaal acht centimeter lang.

Binnen het grote verspreidingsgebied worden zeer veel niet kruisende populaties onderscheiden, die wellicht ook als soort aangemerkt kunnen worden.

Oppervlakkig gezien lijkt de driedoornige stekelbaars wel wat op de tiendoornige stekelbaars. De tiendoornige stekelbaars is spoelvormig en niet zijdelings afgeplat. De kleur is meer groengrijs dan zilverachtig en hij heeft ongeveer tien kleine rugstekels.

In zee komt ook de zeestekelbaars voor, maar dat is een zeldzame verschijning die is verdwenen samen met zijn biotoop, de zeegrasvelden. In 2005 is door het NIOZ nog één exemplaar in een fuik gevangen. Deze fuik wordt al decennialang elke dag gelicht, zodat dit duidelijk een dwaalgast betrof. De zeegrasvelden in de Waddenzee zijn nooit teruggekeerd nadat ze verdwenen door een ziekte, doordat de heldere gedeelten zijn verdwenen na de aanleg van de afsluitdijk. Bij deze zeer langgerekte soort is de gelijkenis met de zeenaald veel duidelijker.[2]

Verspreiding

De stekelbaars heeft een circumpolaire verspreiding. In Europa is de verspreiding wat onregelmatig, maar in het algemeen wel gebonden aan de kust. In Zuidoost-Europa zijn veel gebieden waar de driedoornige stekelbaars ontbreekt. Ook in Centraal Spanje ontbreekt de driedoornige stekelbaars. Ook in Zweden komt de soort niet voor, maar wel in Noorwegen, Finland en de Baltische staten.

Ecologie

Overleving

De driedoornige stekelbaars kan maximaal vier jaar oud worden, maar wordt meestal niet ouder dan twee jaar. Ze sterven vaak na hun eerste voortplantingsseizoen. Opvallend is dat in sprengenbeken met zeer helder zuurstofrijk water vaak enkele behoorlijk grote stekelbaarzen voorkomen. Door de goede omstandigheden overleven de stekelbaarzen daar waarschijnlijk makkelijker. Stekelbaarzen hebben heel vaak last van karperluis.

Voedsel

De stekelbaars is een echte zichtjager en heeft een dieet van kleine waterdiertjes, zoals muggenlarven, watervlooien, nimfen van eendagsvliegen, visbroed etc.

Gedrag en voortplanting

 src=
Paaikleed van het mannetje

De stekelbaars leeft buiten het broedseizoen in flinke scholen, maar in het broedseizoen wordt het mannetje territoriaal. Hij maakt op de bodem een nest dat hij van kleine plantendelen aan elkaar kleeft met spiggine, een stof die in de nieren wordt geproduceerd. Andere mannetjes in het territorium worden herkend aan hun rode buik en worden meteen verjaagd. Rijpe vrouwtjes, herkenbaar aan de opgezwollen zilverachtige buik, worden betrokken in een baltsspel dat zeer uitgebreid is bestudeerd door de Nederlandse nobelprijswinnaar Niko Tinbergen. De bekende romanschrijver Maarten 't Hart heeft dit onderzoek in Leiden voortgezet en ook hij heeft daar een boek over gepubliceerd.[3]

Het vrouwtje wordt in het nestje geleid door de bewegingen van de man, als ze in het nestje ligt wordt ze door stootbewegingen van de man naar de staartwortel van het vrouwtje ertoe aangezet de eieren af te staan. Vervolgens zwemt het mannetje door het nestje en bevrucht de eitjes.

Het mannetje verzorgt de eieren door met de borstvinnen van tijd tot tijd zuurstofrijk water toe te voeren. Dit nest wordt door het mannetje bewaakt totdat de eitjes uitkomen.

Ondersoorten

Er is veel onderzoek gedaan naar verschillende ondersoorten van de stekelbaars. De drie bepantseringstypes zijn het gevolg van de omgeving. In zoetwatermeren is wel sprake van een soort soortvorming. In sommige Noord-Amerikaanse meren komen ondersoorten voor waarvan het ene type pelagisch leeft en het andere benthisch. Deze vormen paren niet meer met elkaar en zijn een interessant object voor het bestuderen van sympatrische soortvorming, dan wel allopatrische soortvorming.

Anadrome stekelbaars

De populatie van de anadrome stekelbaars is door verminderde intrekmogelijkheden behoorlijk achteruitgegaan, wat ook resulteerde in andere ecologische effecten. Deze soort is bijvoorbeeld een belangrijke voedselbron voor vogels zoals de lepelaar. Er wordt veel moeite gedaan om in de broedgebieden van de lepelaar een milieu te scheppen waar ook de anadrome stekelbaars van profiteert. Zo zijn er in de Oostvaardersplassen poelen gegraven en is er op Texel een vistrap gemaakt waardoor de vis het zoete water kan bereiken. Ook op veel andere plaatsen in het land worden vistrappen aangelegd om de intrek van driedoornige stekelbaars te bevorderen.

Bescherming

Gezien zijn massale aanwezigheid geniet de stekelbaars geen speciale bescherming. Zoals uit het voorbeeld van de anadrome stekelbaars blijkt, kan de soort wel serieus achteruitgaan als de trekbeweging wordt belemmerd. Internationaal gezien kunnen ook interessante ondersoorten in meren verdwijnen door de introductie van snoek. Juist bij talrijke dieren moeten populaties toch goed in de gaten gehouden worden, want een afname kan belangrijke ecologische gevolgen hebben.

Ongewenste aanwezigheid

Stekelbaarzen in geïsoleerde wateren als amfibieënpoelen zijn ongewenst omdat sommige zeldzame en bedreigde soorten amfibieën zich in met vis bezette poelen zeer slecht voortplanten. De stekelbaars kan zich daar door allerlei goedbedoelde acties als het uitzetten van waterplanten vestigen, omdat de nestjes absoluut niet opvallen en een klein aantal overgebrachte eitjes al genoeg is voor vestiging. Bij tiendoornige stekelbaarzen is dit risico nog groter omdat ze hun nestjes in de planten ophangen.

Externe link

Noten

  1. (en) Driedoornige stekelbaars op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. NIOZ Zeestekelbaars
  3. Maarten 't Hart (1978). De Stekelbaars: Het Spectrum.

Referenties

Icoontje WikiWoordenboek Zoek driedoornige stekelbaars in het WikiWoordenboek op.
licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Driedoornige stekelbaars: Brief Summary ( Neerlandês; Flamengo )

fornecido por wikipedia NL

De driedoornige stekelbaars (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is een kleine vis die inheems is in de Benelux. De stekelbaars komt voor in zoet, brak en zout water.

De stekelbaars is niet verwant aan de baars maar meer met de zeepaardjes en de zeenaalden.

licença
cc-by-sa-3.0
direitos autorais
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visite a fonte
site do parceiro
wikipedia NL

Trepigga stingsild ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Trepigga stingsild er den vanlegaste stingsildarten i Noreg. Han er utbreidd i fersk- og brakkvatn over heile Eurasia, bortsett frå i Donau. Dei kan òg treffast på i saltvatn, men då helst tett inne med kystane.

Arten er særs vanleg som laboratoriedyr, særleg har åtferdsbiologar som Niko Tinbergen gjort mykje viktig forskingsarbeid med han. Han seiast å vera relativt lett å halda i akvarium, men vert ikkje tilrådd for amatørakvaristar då han krev både kaldt vatn og levande fôr.

Kjenneteikn

Trepigga stingsild er ein ganske liten fisk, med ei lengd på 5-11 cm. Ferskvassformer er mindre enn brakk- og saltvassvariantar. Namnet sitt har han fått på grunn av fremre delen av ryggfinnen, som er omdanna til normalt 3-4 skarpe piggar. Den bakste finnestråla på ryggen er òg omdanna til ein pigg som står åleine. Han har òg ei rekkje harde beinplater på sidene av kroppen og ei bukfinne som er redusert til ein skarp pigg og ei lita stråle. Denne kroppspansringa fungerer som eit forsvar mot større rovfisk.

Reine ferskvassformer av arten har som regel eit brunt eller grønaktig skjer, medan anadrome former er blankt grøne til blåsvarte. Det eksisterer òg nokre få heilt svarte bestandar. Sidene er vanlegvis bleike og buken gul, kvit eller sølvaktig. I gytetida vert hannar (utanom i svarte bestandar) sterkare farga, med ein karakteristisk raud eller oransje buk.

Levesett

Stingsilda er ein særs tilpassingsdyktig liten rovfisk som lever i stim på grunt vatn. Dei trivst best i vatn med ein viss grad av vegetasjon; ofte på mudder- eller sandbotn, men kan klara seg ved eit særs breitt spekter av tilhøve innanfor temperaturar på 4 – 20°.

Føda til arten består for det meste av makk, små krepsdyr, larvar og vaksne vassinsekt, drukna flygande insekt og fiskeyngel. Det finst fleire døme på at dei kan jakta på og eta sitt eige avkom.

Formeiring

 src=
Trepigga stingsildhann med reiret sitt

I gytetida vert stingsildhannane særs territoriale, og forsvarar eit lite revir rundt eit forseggjort reir som ligg på mjuk botn. Dette byggar hannane sjølv av ymse plantemateriale, som vert sett saman med eit sekret som vert produsert i nyrene og m.a. inneheldt glykoproteinet spiggin. Reira er tunnelforma, og under gytinga sym hoa gjennom dei. Både hoer og hannar har ofte fleire partnarar gjennom same sesong; hannane oftast i det same reiret.

Etter gytinga heldt hannen fram med den territoriale åtferda si, og vaktar reiret aggressivt mot predatorar. Han heldt òg reiret ved like ved å syta for oksygentilførnad og fjerning av daude eller sjuke egg og larvar.

Mange bestandar treng 2 år på å modnast, men det finst òg dei som brukar både 1 og 3 år. Dei færraste overlever meir enn ein gytesesong.

Kjelder

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direitos autorais
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visite a fonte
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Trepigga stingsild: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NN

Trepigga stingsild er den vanlegaste stingsildarten i Noreg. Han er utbreidd i fersk- og brakkvatn over heile Eurasia, bortsett frå i Donau. Dei kan òg treffast på i saltvatn, men då helst tett inne med kystane.

Arten er særs vanleg som laboratoriedyr, særleg har åtferdsbiologar som Niko Tinbergen gjort mykje viktig forskingsarbeid med han. Han seiast å vera relativt lett å halda i akvarium, men vert ikkje tilrådd for amatørakvaristar då han krev både kaldt vatn og levande fôr.

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Trepigget stingsild ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Trepigget stingsild er en art i gruppen stiklingfisker. Man regner med tre underarter. Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus lever i det meste av artens utbredelsesområde. Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni og Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae finnes bare i Nord-Amerika.

Noen bestander er marine mens andre utelukkende lever i ferskvann. Det er store morfologiske variasjoner mellom ferskvannsbestandene.

Bibliografi

  • Tom Klepaker: Postglacial evolution in lateral plate morphology in Norwegian freshwater populations of the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Doktoravhandling ved Universitetet i Bergen

Eksterne lenker

iktyologistubbDenne iktyologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Trepigget stingsild: Brief Summary ( Norueguês )

fornecido por wikipedia NO

Trepigget stingsild er en art i gruppen stiklingfisker. Man regner med tre underarter. Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus lever i det meste av artens utbredelsesområde. Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni og Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae finnes bare i Nord-Amerika.

Noen bestander er marine mens andre utelukkende lever i ferskvann. Det er store morfologiske variasjoner mellom ferskvannsbestandene.

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Ciernik ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL
 src= Ten artykuł dotyczy gatunku ryb. Zobacz też: miejscowość Cierniki. Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wikisłownik Hasło w Wikisłowniku

Ciernik[3][4], kat[3][5], kolka[3][5], czart[6] (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny ciernikowatych (Gasterosteidae).

Występowanie

Półkula północna, w Polsce pospolity.

Tworzy dwie formy: słodko- i słonowodną. Ciernik żyjący w Morzu Bałtyckim występuje w wodach słonawych przy ujściu rzek do morza. W wodach słodkich zamieszkuje zbiorniki wodne, a także zakola rzek, gdzie prąd jest znikomy. Występuje przy brzegu i na płyciznach, często w tych samych zbiornikach, co cierniczek. Żyje w luźnych ławicach. W zakolach rzek i w czystszych jeziorach może być bardzo liczny. Ma małe wymagania co do jakości wody.

Cechy morfologiczne

Ciało wydłużone, bocznie spłaszczone, osiąga 5–8 cm, u morskich form wędrownych maksymalnie 11 cm długości. Pysk spiczasty, mały otwór gębowy w położeniu końcowym. Wzdłuż boków szereg płytek kostnych, lepiej rozwinięty u populacji żyjących w morzu. Osobniki żyjące w wodach słodkich mogą być ich całkowicie pozbawione. Na grzbiecie występują 2–5 (zwykle 3) kolce. Grzbiet szarozielony, niebieskozielony lub ciemnoszary, boki srebrzyste.

Odżywianie

Pożywienie cierników jest bardzo różnorodne. Młode osobniki żywią się planktonem. Dorosłe żywią się głównie małymi zwierzętami wodnymi, takimi jak larwy owadów i skorupiaki. Poza tym lubią ikrę i narybek innych ryb, w tym także przedstawicieli własnego gatunku. Wrogami ciernika są duże ryby drapieżne, wydry, rzęsorki, zimorodki oraz inne ptaki wodne.

Cierniki często polują w nocy, lokalizują zdobycz posługując się narządem linii bocznej, chociaż duże i wrażliwe oczy pozwalają na korzystanie ze wzroku nawet przy bardzo niewielkiej ilości światła.

Rozród

Trze się od końca III do początku VII. Niektóre populacje żyjące w morzu wyruszają na tarło pod prąd rzek i potoków. Populacje stacjonarne odbywają tarło w wodach, w których żyją. W okresie tarła u samców gardło i podbrzusze stają się jaskrawoczerwone lub pomarańczowe, a całe ciało nabiera metalicznego połysku. W odpowiednim miejscu, np. w zagłębieniu na dnie lub nisko między roślinami, buduje gniazdo ze szczątków roślinnych sklejonych wydzieliną z nerek i wabi do niego wszystkie znajdujące się w okolicy samice. Ikra złożona przez samicę do gniazda jest natychmiast zapładniana przez samca. Samiec zwykle przegania samice i sam broni zapłodnionej ikry i narybku, dopóki ten nie wchłonie woreczka żółtkowego i nie rozpocznie samodzielnego życia.

Hodowla w akwarium

Akwarium średnie lub duże, temperatura nie większa niż 22 °C, pokarm tylko żywy. Samce są bardzo agresywne w stosunku do innych samców, szczególnie w porze godowej.

Mechanizm molekularny zmian morfologicznych w ewolucji cierników

 src=
Mechanizm molekularny zmian morfologicznych w ewolucji cierników (Gasterosteus aculeatus)[7].
A, C. Schematyczny rysunek formy morskiej i słodkowodnej ciernika, widok od strony brzusznej. Zaznaczone struktury pasa barkowego (kolor żółty) i miednicowego (niebieski). Forma słodkowodna ma zredukowane kolce odbytowe i struktury pasa miednicowego w porównaniu do formy morskiej. Pas barkowy pozostaje bez zmian.
B, D. Schematyczny rysunek fragmentu genomu ciernika zawierający gen Pitx1. Kolorem czarnym zaznaczona jest nić DNA; kolorem lazurowym sekwencje regulatorowe odpowiadające za ekspresję Pitx1 w wymienionych strukturach; kolorem czerwonym sekwencja kodująca genu Pitx1.

Przyczyną redukcji pasa miednicowego u cierników słodkowodnych jest mutacja w jednym z enhancerów (kolor niebieski) genu Pitx1 (kolor czerwony), powodująca brak ekspresji genu Pitx1 w zawiązkach płetw brzusznych w okresie embrionalnym. Przekształcone w kolce płetwy brzuszne ciernika są strukturami homologicznymi z tylnymi kończynami innych kręgowców. Gen Pitx1 warunkuje różnice strukturalne pomiędzy przednimi i tylnymi kończynami kręgowców.

U formy słodkowodnej zauważalna jest asymetria zredukowanych kolców, kolec po lewej stronie jest nieco większy. Spowodowane jest to efektem genu Pitx2, którego produkt jest zbliżony do białka Pitx1. W odróżnieniu od Pitx1 gen Pitx2 ulega ekspresji tylko w lewej części ciała, normalnie warunkując asymetryczne położenie narządów, na przykład serca po lewej stronie. W przypadku cierników słodkowodnych, jego słaby efekt powoduje silniejsze rozwinięcie kolców po lewej stronie ciała.

Przypisy

  1. Gasterosteus aculeatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Gasterosteus aculeatus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b c Krystyna Kowalska, Jan Maciej Rembiszewski, Halina Rolik Mały słownik zoologiczny, Ryby, Wiedza Powszechna, Warszawa 1973
  4. Stanislav Frank: Wielki atlas ryb. Przekład: Henryk Szelęgiewicz. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1974.
  5. a b Ryby. Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1976, seria: Mały słownik zoologiczny.
  6. Ryby : encyklopedia zwierząt. Henryk Garbarczyk, Małgorzata Garbarczyk i Leszek Myszkowski (tłum.). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN : Dorota Szatańska, 2007. ISBN 978-83-01-15140-9.
  7. Shapiro, MD et al. Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. „Nature”. 428. 6984, s. 717-723, 2004.

Bibliografia

  • Fritz Terofal, Claus Militz: Ryby słodkowodne. Leksykon przyrodniczy. Henryk Garbarczyk, Eligiusz Nowakowski i Jacek Wagner. Warszawa: Świat Książki, 1997. ISBN 83-7129-441-7.
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Ciernik: Brief Summary ( Polonês )

fornecido por wikipedia POL

Ciernik, kat, kolka, czart (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny ciernikowatych (Gasterosteidae).

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Gasterosteus aculeatus ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, conhecido pelos nomes comuns de esgana-gata ou esgana-gato, é um peixe nativo de grande parte do norte da Europa, do norte da Ásia e América do Norte. Foi introduzido em partes do sul e centro da Europa, incluindo a Bélgica, onde a espécie foi apresentada num selo postal emitido em 1990.

Taxonomia

São reconhecidas três subespécies:

Comportamento sexual

O esgana-gata macho exibe um ventre vermelho na época da reprodução, que usa para atrair fêmeas para o ninho que construiu, e comporta-se agressivamente contra outros machos que apareçam no seu território[1].

Referências

 title=
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Gasterosteus aculeatus: Brief Summary ( Português )

fornecido por wikipedia PT

Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758, conhecido pelos nomes comuns de esgana-gata ou esgana-gato, é um peixe nativo de grande parte do norte da Europa, do norte da Ásia e América do Norte. Foi introduzido em partes do sul e centro da Europa, incluindo a Bélgica, onde a espécie foi apresentada num selo postal emitido em 1990.

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Storspigg ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Storspigg (Gasterosteus aculeatus) är en taggfenig fisk i familjen spiggar.

Utseende

Storspiggen kan bli upp till 10 centimeter lång. Störst blir de individer som lever i saltvatten. Framför den mjuka ryggfenan finns 2 till 4 (oftast 3) taggar.[1]

Ovansidan är gröngrå och sidorna silverfärgade. Vissa populationer kan vara påtagligt mörkt färgade, mer eller mindre svarta[2]. Under lektiden blir hanarna klarröda och/eller blåglänsande på haka, buk, nertill på sidorna samt i ögat[1].

Kroppen är täckt av smala, benlika plattor[1].

Utbredning

Storspiggen förekommer i Europa från Svarta havet, norra sidan av Medelhavet, längs kusten över Brittiska öarna, in i Östersjön, längst Norges kust till Murmanskområdet. Också runt Island och Grönlands sydspets. I Asien från Korea och Japan till Tjuktjien. I Nordamerika dels längs Alaskas västkust ner till norra Kalifornien, dels längs östkusten från Labrador till Virginia.[3]

Ekologi

Arten förekommer i åar, sjöar samt bräckt och salt vatten. Det förekommer även att den vandrar mellan sött och salt vatten.[1] Storspiggen föredrar grunda regioner med mjuka bottnar (sand eller gyttja) och mycket växtlighet. Den lever normalt i stim utom under lektiden.[3] Den äter huvudsakligen bottenlevande kräftdjur och andra ryggradslösa djur, vatteninsekter samt fiskyngel.[2] I Östersjön konkurrerar den med abborre och gädda i yngre stadier om födoresursen och ökad förekomst av storspigg där tycks ha trängt undan abborre och gädda på sina håll längs kusterna[4]. Storspiggen blir högst fyra år gammal.[1]

Fortplantning

 src=
Storspigghane i lekdräkt med blått öga och rött hakparti

Lektiden infaller under vår och tidig sommar. Hanen bygger ett näste av vattenväxter på bottnen. Han hävdar ett revir kring nästet, och lockar äggstinna honor att lägga ägg i det. Efter äggläggningen kör han bort honan. En hona kan lägga upp till 400 ägg. men flera honor kan inbjudas till nästet, som kan rymma över 1000 ägg. Hanen vaktar och ventilerar nästet, plockar bort obefruktade ägg, och försvarar det frenetiskt. Äggen kläcks efter 1 till 2 veckor. Hanen vaktar ungarna i någon vecka, varefter de sprids i vegetationen. Den blir könsmogen vid omkring ett års ålder.[3]

Bygdemål

I norra Halland har den dialektalt enligt Rietz kallats för Hundagädda.[5] Rietz hänvisar dock enbart till släktet Gasterosteus, men anger ingen art. Möjligen kan benämningen alltså generellt ha använts för flera arter inom släktet.

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] Lars Nielsen, Ulf Svedberg 2006 Våra fiskar ISBN 91-518-4572-5
  2. ^ [a b] FishBase
  3. ^ [a b c] Bernt J Muus, Jørgen G Nielsen, Ulf Svedberg 1999 Havsfisk och fiske i Nordeuropa ISBN 91-518-3505-3
  4. ^ Stickleback increase in the Baltic Sea – A thorny issue for coastal predatory fish” (på en). Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 163: sid. 134–142. 2015-09-20. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.06.017. ISSN 0272-7714. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272771415002267. Läst 16 april 2018.
  5. ^ Johan Ernst Rietz: Svenskt dialektlexikon, sida 267, spalt 1, Gleerups, Lund 1862…1867, faksimilutgåva Malmö 1962 [1]
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Storspigg: Brief Summary ( Sueco )

fornecido por wikipedia SV

Storspigg (Gasterosteus aculeatus) är en taggfenig fisk i familjen spiggar.

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Üç dikenli balık ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR
 src=
Üç dikenli balık

Üç dikenli balık ya da Dikence balığı, Denizlerin kıyı kesimlerinde, nehirlerin denize karışan acı su bölgelerinde ve zaman zaman nehirlerde yaşayan küçük bir balıktır. Boyu 7-9 santimetre olup vücudu kalın pullarla kaplıdır.

Çeşitli renklerinin güzelliği ve 300-1,000 dolayında yumurtasının erkek balık tarafından bir yuva yapılarak korunması, dikenceyi ilginç bir doğa olayı yapar. Ekonomik bir değeri yoktur.

Dış bağlantılar

 src= Wikimedia Commons'ta Üç dikenli balık ile ilgili medyaları bulabilirsiniz.
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Üç dikenli balık: Brief Summary ( Turco )

fornecido por wikipedia TR
 src= Üç dikenli balık

Üç dikenli balık ya da Dikence balığı, Denizlerin kıyı kesimlerinde, nehirlerin denize karışan acı su bölgelerinde ve zaman zaman nehirlerde yaşayan küçük bir balıktır. Boyu 7-9 santimetre olup vücudu kalın pullarla kaplıdır.

Çeşitli renklerinin güzelliği ve 300-1,000 dolayında yumurtasının erkek balık tarafından bir yuva yapılarak korunması, dikenceyi ilginç bir doğa olayı yapar. Ekonomik bir değeri yoktur.

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Колючка триголкова ( Ucraniano )

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Колючка триголкова: Brief Summary ( Ucraniano )

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Cá ba gai ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Gasterosteus aculeatus là một loài cá bản địa hầu hết các vùng nước ven biển nội địa phía bắc 30 ° N. Loài này từ lâu đã là đề tài nghiên cứu khoa học vì nhiều lý do. Chúng cho thấy sự thay đổi hình thái tuyệt vời thông qua phạm vi phân bố và di truyền học dân số. Hầu hết quần thể loài này bơi ngược sông (chúng sống trong nước biển nhưng sinh sản trong nước ngọt hoặc nước lợ) và khả năng chịu đựng rất lớn đối với những thay đổi trong độ mặn, một chủ đề được quan tâm đến sinh lý học.

Loài này biểu hiện hành vi sinh sản phức tạp (chiếm cứ một vùng lãnh thổ, xây tổ, chăm sóc trứng và cá con) và chúng có tập tính xã hội (sống thành bầy ngoài mùa sinh sản) làm cho chúng là một nó là một chủ đề phổ biến của cuộc điều tra tập tính học và sinh thái học hành vi cá. Khả năng thích nghi chống lại kẻ săn mồi, tương tác vật chủ-ký sinh trùng, sinh lý học cảm giác, sinh lý sinh sản, nội tiết cũng đã được nghiên cứu nhiều. Các nghiên cứu loài này rất thuận lợi vì trên thực tế chúng rất dễ dàng để tìm thấy trong tự nhiên và dễ dàng nuôi trong bể cá.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Cá ba gai


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Cá ba gai: Brief Summary ( Vietnamita )

fornecido por wikipedia VI

Gasterosteus aculeatus là một loài cá bản địa hầu hết các vùng nước ven biển nội địa phía bắc 30 ° N. Loài này từ lâu đã là đề tài nghiên cứu khoa học vì nhiều lý do. Chúng cho thấy sự thay đổi hình thái tuyệt vời thông qua phạm vi phân bố và di truyền học dân số. Hầu hết quần thể loài này bơi ngược sông (chúng sống trong nước biển nhưng sinh sản trong nước ngọt hoặc nước lợ) và khả năng chịu đựng rất lớn đối với những thay đổi trong độ mặn, một chủ đề được quan tâm đến sinh lý học.

Loài này biểu hiện hành vi sinh sản phức tạp (chiếm cứ một vùng lãnh thổ, xây tổ, chăm sóc trứng và cá con) và chúng có tập tính xã hội (sống thành bầy ngoài mùa sinh sản) làm cho chúng là một nó là một chủ đề phổ biến của cuộc điều tra tập tính học và sinh thái học hành vi cá. Khả năng thích nghi chống lại kẻ săn mồi, tương tác vật chủ-ký sinh trùng, sinh lý học cảm giác, sinh lý sinh sản, nội tiết cũng đã được nghiên cứu nhiều. Các nghiên cứu loài này rất thuận lợi vì trên thực tế chúng rất dễ dàng để tìm thấy trong tự nhiên và dễ dàng nuôi trong bể cá.

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Трёхиглая колюшка ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Самец в период размножения

Рыба не имеет промыслового значения, но при массовом развитии может использоваться как корм для домашних птиц, удобрения для полей, а также для получения кормовой муки и целебного жира.[6]

Колюшки подвижные, стайные. В период нереста самцы проявляют агрессию, поэтому аквариум должен быть достаточно большим по площади. В качестве грунта следует использовать мелкий песок с зарослями растений, в том числе мелколистных. Освещение должно быть естественным или в виде ламп накаливания, включаемых через переменное сопротивление. Это связано с тем, что при резком изменении освещённости, рыбы пугаются и резко бросаются в стороны. Вода: 16—22°С, dH до 15°, рН 6,5—7,5, богатая кислородом.[7]

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 225. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Трехиглая колюшка в Aqua-room.com.
  3. Колюшки в БСЭ.
  4. Рогатка, трехиглистая колюшка // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.
  5. Токранов А. М. Хахальча (Трехиглая колюшка).
  6. 1 2 Колюшка трехиглая (Gasterosteus асиleatus).
  7. Колюшка трехиглая (Gasterosteus aculeatus) — мегаэнциклопедия о животных «Зооклуб».
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Трёхиглая колюшка: Brief Summary ( Russo )

fornecido por wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Самец в период размножения

Рыба не имеет промыслового значения, но при массовом развитии может использоваться как корм для домашних птиц, удобрения для полей, а также для получения кормовой муки и целебного жира.

Колюшки подвижные, стайные. В период нереста самцы проявляют агрессию, поэтому аквариум должен быть достаточно большим по площади. В качестве грунта следует использовать мелкий песок с зарослями растений, в том числе мелколистных. Освещение должно быть естественным или в виде ламп накаливания, включаемых через переменное сопротивление. Это связано с тем, что при резком изменении освещённости, рыбы пугаются и резко бросаются в стороны. Вода: 16—22°С, dH до 15°, рН 6,5—7,5, богатая кислородом.

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三刺鱼 ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Gasterosteus aculeatus
Linnaeus, 1758[2]

三刺鱼学名Gasterosteus aculeatus)为刺鱼科刺鱼属鱼类。分布于美洲沿岸和亚洲沿岸、太平洋北部以及黑龙江图们江等。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。[2]

亚种

  • 三刺鱼指名亚种学名Gasterosteus aculeatus aculeatus
  • 学名Gasterosteus aculeatus williamsoni
  • 学名Gasterosteus aculeatus santaeannae

参考文献

  1. ^ Gasterosteus aculeatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 1996.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 三刺鱼. 中国动物物种编目数据库. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).


扩展阅读

 src= 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源:三刺鱼

 src= 維基物種中有關三刺鱼的數據

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三刺鱼: Brief Summary ( Chinês )

fornecido por wikipedia 中文维基百科

三刺鱼(学名:Gasterosteus aculeatus)为刺鱼科刺鱼属鱼类。分布于美洲沿岸和亚洲沿岸、太平洋北部以及黑龙江图们江等。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。

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イトヨ ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語
イトヨ Gasterosteus aculeatus.jpg
Gasterosteus aculeatus
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 亜綱 : 新鰭亜綱 Neopterygii 上目 : 棘鰭上目 Acanthopterygii : トゲウオ目 Gasterosteiformes : トゲウオ科 Gasterosteidae : イトヨ属 Gasterosteus : イトヨ G. aculeatus 学名 Gasterosteus aculeatus
Linnaeus,1758 和名 イトヨ 英名 Three-spined Stickleback

イトヨ(糸魚 Gasterosteus aculeatus)は、トゲウオ目トゲウオ科に分類される


分布[編集]

北半球亜寒帯に広く分布し、日本でも山口県利根川以北に分布する。

特徴[編集]

全長は10cmほどで、体は木の葉のように左右に平たい。背中には背びれの棘条が3本離れて発達し、さらに腹に2本、尻びれ付近にも1本とげがある。うろこはないが、トゲウオ科特有の鱗板が体の側面に並ぶ。体色は褐色だが、成熟したオスは体が青っぽくなり、のどから腹部にかけて赤色の婚姻色を発現させる。

イトヨはサケと同じで、川で生まれた稚魚は海へ下って成長し、産卵前に川をさかのぼる回遊(遡河回遊)を行うが、海まで降りずに淡水域に留まって成長する陸封型の個体群も各地で知られる。岩手県大槌町では東日本大震災による津波の引き波で陸封型イトヨが川の下流に運ばれ、春に海から遡上してきたニホンイトヨと自然交雑している[1]

若い個体は群れで生活し、小型の甲殻類などを捕食して成長するが、婚姻色を発現させたオスは縄張りを作り、同種のオスを激しく追い払うようになる。同時にオスは縄張り内の川底に穴を掘って水草の根などを集め、トンネル状のを作り、メスを誘って産卵をおこなう。オスは産卵後も巣に残ってを保護する。寿命は1年で、オスメスとも産卵が終わると死んでしまうが、まれに生き残って2年目の繁殖に参加する個体もいる。

なお、繁殖期のオスに様々な模型を近づける実験では、たとえ形が似ていなくても体の下面が赤ければ攻撃行動を起こす。この習性は本能行動の例として知られ、教科書などにも登場する。

保全状態評価[編集]

日本では、2007年版の環境省レッドリストで、福島県以南の陸封のイトヨ太平洋型と本州のイトヨ日本海型が「絶滅のおそれのある地域個体群 (LP) 」に記載されている。

別名[編集]

ハリウオ、ハリサバ、トゲチョなど

近縁種[編集]

ハリヨ Gasterosteus microcephalus Girard, 1854

ヨーロッパ・北アメリカ(メキシコ)・日本に分布。日本では滋賀県と岐阜県のごく限られた湧水地のみに生息する。海に下ることはなく、一生を淡水で過ごす。福井県大野市の清水にも生息しており、昭和29年に大野高校生物部が福井県高等学校生物クラブの発表会で報告している。その他福島県にも生息している模様。鱗の数は雄が32枚、雌が31枚。また、藻や草木の枝で巣を作り、オスが外敵を追い払うのも特徴。

脚注[編集]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、イトヨに関連するカテゴリがあります。
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イトヨ: Brief Summary ( Japonês )

fornecido por wikipedia 日本語

イトヨ(糸魚 Gasterosteus aculeatus)は、トゲウオ目トゲウオ科に分類される


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Diet ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Feeds on copepods, euphausiids, isopods, small fishes and fish eggs

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Distribution ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Hudson Bay to Chesapeake Bay

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North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Kennedy, Mary [email]

Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
Benthopelagic species found to depths of 27 m, inhabits vegetated areas over sand and mud bottoms.

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( Inglês )

fornecido por World Register of Marine Species
nektonic

Referência

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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contribuidor
Kennedy, Mary [email]